RACE IN SPORT Social Stacking Theory- Centrality in Sport.
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Transcript of RACE IN SPORT Social Stacking Theory- Centrality in Sport.
![Page 1: RACE IN SPORT Social Stacking Theory- Centrality in Sport.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061305/551432d6550346e7488b604a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
RACE IN SPORTRACE IN SPORT
Social Stacking Theory-
Centrality in Sport
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Who is the better athlete?
• White
• Black
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Hmmmmm?!
• Top geneticist Steve Jones blurs the issue by saying that the idea that black people are good at sport is meaningless - "I've never seen a pygmy win anything and they're black, too..." - in an effort to dismiss the concept of racial purity.
• Meanwhile, "race scientist" Jean-Phillipe Rushton posits a view which caused riots on his Canadian campus. He says that black people have a narrow pelvis which helps them run fast but that the downside means they are born with smaller heads and, therefore, smaller brains.
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Sport Centrality• The closer you get to the
central/thinking/leading positions in sport, the whiter the athletes get.
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Stacking Theory
• Certain positions in sport, and sports themselves, are dominated by athletes of a particular race.
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DefinitionsDefinitions• Race: Categories of people (genetically transmitted
traits) ... concept of mutual exclusivity (you're either one or the other - can't be both).
• Ethnicity: Cultural heritage, not based on genetics.• Ethnic group: Group of people who share a common
cultural background and are therefore socially distinct.• Bigotry: A set of attitudes and beliefs which defines a
group of people as being different, and inferior to oneself.
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Implications of the Concept of Race
Contrasting explanations of success:– White success - character, dedication, work
ethic, intelligence, etc.– Black success - natural physical ability
Traditional cultural definitions:• All-white = white• "not" all-white = black• Rule of "hypo-descent"
– If someone had even "one drop of black blood" they were considered black
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Con’td
• Legacy of this rule carries over to today:– e.g. Tiger Woods: Thai, Chinese,
African American, Native American, white European
– Yet he is classified as black
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Race Logic in Euro-American History
• Social Darwinism belief that white people are favored by evolution, and deserved to be in power (race logic)
• Eventually led to institutionalized set of beliefs about relationship between skin color and IQ, character and physical characteristics
• Underlying belief did not change• Joe Louis example (depiction as an animal in
published news stories)
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Racial Stacking in Sport
• “Players from a certain racial or ethnic group being either over- or under-represented at certain positions in team sports”
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Stacking Patterns in Sports
• Can you think of any examples?
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Stacking Patterns in Team Sports
• Allocation to playing position is strongly related to the perception of the abilities of the athlete:
• “thinking positions" have gone to white players• MLB: black players concentrated in outfield
positions, white players on all infield positions except first base
• Football: black players: safety, cornerback, end; white players: quarterback, guard, middle linebacker
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5lIDq6MwQQ&feature=related
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• BB: black players - forward; white players - guard and center
• Women's VB: black players - spiker; white players - setter and bumber
• Hockey: French Canadians - goalie, English Canadians - defense
• British Soccer: black West Indians/Africans - forward positions; withes - goalie and midfielder
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• Swiss skiers are very successful, but are not successful because of biology– Skiing learned early– Skiing valued in Swiss culture
• Other examples:– Weight-lifting success of Bulgarian men– Cross-country skiing success of
Skandanavians– Hockey success of Canadians
• Western racial ideology: explanation of non-white sport success in terms of racial differences
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Why does racial stacking exist?
• Intelligence, leadership and decision-making - white strengths
• Running and jumping - black strengthsSelf-stacking: belief that opportunities exist only
in certain positions - self-fulfilling prophecyRiders:• Sports change, and so does stacking• Complex causal chains: history, ethnic
backgrounds of coaches, change in positional responsibilities, etc.
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But…
• Why is NBA and NFL predominently dominated by ‘blacks’
• Why is NHL and skiing dominated by ‘whites’
• Genetics or Environment?
• Is racism blatantly evident in North American sports? Ex?
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Racism in Sport
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5lIDq6MwQQ&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-iRLmaZf4A&feature=related
• http://youtu.be/dM5oXtWogyI
Have you ever witnessed racism in sport?