Rabies in South Dakota: an unclear but present...
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• Rabies is a nearly always fatal, viral disease affecting the central nervous system. • Transmitted when the virus is introduced into bite wounds or open cuts in skin, onto mucus membranes or by transplant. • Infectious agent: RNA Lyssavirus. 1 Rabies in South Dakota: an unclear but present danger South Dakota ONE HEALTH Sioux Falls 30 October 2017 Lon Kightlinger, MSPH, Ph.D., State Epidemiologist South Dakota Department of Health Pierre, South Dakota
Transcript of Rabies in South Dakota: an unclear but present...
• Rabies is a nearly always fatal, viral disease affecting the central nervous system.
• Transmitted when the virus is introduced into bite wounds or open cuts in skin, onto mucus membranes or by transplant.
• Infectious agent: RNA Lyssavirus.
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Rabies in South Dakota:
an unclear but present dangerSouth Dakota ONE HEALTH
Sioux Falls30 October 2017
Lon Kightlinger, MSPH, Ph.D., State EpidemiologistSouth Dakota Department of Health
Pierre, South Dakota
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Human rabies progression• Incubation period: few days to 19 years. • Prodrome (2-10 days):
– malaise,– anorexia,– headache, fever, irritability,– pain at bite site.
• Acute neurological, furious rabies 80% of cases (2 -7 days):– dysphagia (difficulty swallowing),
– hydrophobia,– manic behavior alternating with lethargy,– salivation with abnormal biting or chewing.
• Paralytic rabies, 20% of cases (2 - 7 days):– Ascending flaccid paralysis
• Death.
K. Singh et al., in Mandell Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 8th ed, 2015.
GlobalRabies deaths 2010-2014China 7,236Philippines 1,182Viet Nam 467Sri Lanka 175Uganda 163Egypt 130South Africa 52Yemen 48Thailand 38Zimbabwe 38Senegal 34Tanzania 32Iran 27Kyrgyzstan 27Morocco 25Russia 24Sudan 23
http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.NTDRABIESHUMANDEATHS?lang=en
Rabid Animals Reported in the United States during 2009
Rabies in domestic animals, United States, 1958-2008
Terrestrial Rabies Reservoirs in the United States, 2015
Birhane et al. 2017. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2015. Journal of the Am Veterinary Medical Assoc 250: 1117-1130. http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/10.2460/javma.250.10.1117
South Dakota Department of Health 7
The SKUNK is the primary reservoir of rabies in South Dakota
Animal rabies, South Dakota 1960 – 30 October 2017
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124109
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118121119135
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142139
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472
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Animal rabies tests and percent positive, South Dakota, 1990 – 2016
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848
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645 633679
718671
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654 664
21%
18%
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7%6%
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15%14%
8%
5%
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12%11%
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4%4%
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5%6%
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4% 4%
0%
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Perc
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An
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Animals tested
Percent positive
RabiesRabies is a fatal, but preventable, disease of mammals most
often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal.
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SOUTH DAKOTA: 1 January – 23 October 2017: Provisional Data
South Dakota Department of HealthSD Rabies surveillance: http://doh.sd.gov/documents/statistics/2015Rabies.pdf
County: rabid animals 18
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J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rabies cases by month 2012-2017
20162014 20152013 20172012
*Others: Coyote 2, Deer 3, Donkey 1, Fox 2, Goat 3, Gopher 1, Marmot 1, Muskrat 3, Opossum 3, Rabbit 1, Rat 2, Sheep 3, Woodchuck 2.
-33% below baseline (5-yr median)
• Edmunds: skunk 1
• Grant: cow 1
• Hand: goat 1
• Hughes: cat 1
• Hyde: cow 1
• Lawrence: bat 2
• Minnehaha: bat 1
• Miner: skunk 2, cow 1
• Perkins: raccoon 1
• Roberts: skunk 3, cat 1
• Walworth: skunk 1
Skunk, 8
Bat, 3
Cow , 3Goat, 1
Cat, 2
Raccoon, 1
16 RABID ANIMALS
Cat 100
Bat 64
Dog 43
Raccoon29Cow 46
Horse 7
Skunk 17
Other* 27
333 NEGATIVES
Rabies in Domestic and Wild Animals, South Dakota 1990-2016
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Wild (Range: 65% - 86%)
Animals tested and confirmed rabid cases, South Dakota 2007 – 2016
Skunk, 195
Cattle, 47 Bat, 48
Cat, 22
Dog, 16
Equine, 8Other*,
5
Rabid: 341
*Other: 3 goat, 2 raccoon
Cat, 2,024
Dog, 1,263
Bat, 1,402
Cattle, 774
Skunk, 407
Raccoon, 346
Equine, 112, 94, 70, 41, 40, 34, 33, 21, 19, 18, 17, 16, 28
All tested: 6,759
Cervid 94, Rodent 70, Squirrel 41, Muskrat 40, Sheep 34, Goat 33, Coyote 21, Fox 19, Weasel 18, Woodchuck 17, Opossum 16, Lagomorph 6, Pig 3, Badger 6, Mountain lion 2, Bison 1, Shrew 1, Lemur 1, Mongoose 1, Otter 1
Number and percent of animals rabid (positive/total tested), South Dakota, 2007-2016
195
48 47
2216
8 3 2
48%
3%6%
1% 1%
7%9%
1%
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Number rabid
% of tested rabid
Animal rabies tests (464 positive/ 7,077 total
tested), South Dakota 2004-2013
East River: 82% of positives, 79% of testsWest River: 18% of positives, 21% of tests
Rabies Wild Animals, South Dakota 1990-2016
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Skunk 1,471
Bat 123
Fox 8
Raccoon 5
Other 94 Badger 2 Bison1 Opossum,1 Groundhog1 Shrew
Rabies in Domestic Animals, South Dakota 1990-2016
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Bovine 279
Dog 120
Cat 116
Equine 65
Sheep 6
Goat 4
Pig 3
Animal rabies by month, South Dakota 1993-2016
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100
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225
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months of Year
Bat 114
Skunk 1,113
Other wild 15
Domestic 454
Domestic animal rabies by month, South Dakota 1993-2016
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecMonths of Year
Cattle 198
Dog 92
Cat 93
Horse 59
Others:Sheep 6Goat 5Pig 1
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Human rabies in the USA, 1991-2016 (n=72)
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Hu
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Year
72 human rabies cases69 deaths3 survived 96% fatality rate
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Source of human rabies virus, United States, 2003-20016 (n = 35 deaths, 3 survivals)
Bat58%
Fox2%
Dog29%
Raccoon8%
Unknown3%
Texas 6California 6Massachusetts 3Indiana 2Missouri 2Virginia 2Wisconsin 2Puerto Rico 2Arkansas 1Florida 1Louisiana 1Maryland 1Michigan 1Minnesota 1Mississippi 1New Jersey 1New York 1North Carolina 1Oklahoma 1South Carolina 1Wyoming 1
Country of exposureHaiti 2Philippines 2Afghanistan 1Brazil 1Caribbean 1El Salvador 1Guatemala 1India 1
Last known rabies deaths in South Dakota
A. 1966, Hamlin County, 10 yr old white male, bitten by skunk.
B. 1970, Brule County, 3 yr old white male, bitten by skunk.
1966 Rabies death in South Dakota“A Bryant youth, who was bitten by a rabid skunk August 3 (1966), died at a Sioux Falls hospital Monday. CS, 10, seemed to be recovering from the bites until Saturday when he began suffering headaches and was rushed to Sioux Falls.
CS was bitten while sleeping out with friends. The skunk entered the sleeping bag which CS had received a week before as a birthday gift.
He was bitten on about 6 places on the ear, arm, hand and leg. The animal was found 5 blocks away and was killed and sent to Brookings for tests. The lad underwent treatment at the DeSmet Hospital for rabies before being transferred to Sioux Valley Hospital.”
(Argus Leader, 6 September 1966)
1966 Rabies death in South Dakota“The skunk was chased down and killed with a baseball
bat 5 blocks away. The animal’s brain was brought to the
veterinary science department at SDSU where fears were
confirmed; It was rabid.
CS was treated at DeSmet Hospital, received 21 rabies
shots, and returned home, them later returned to the
hospital. He died over a month after he was bitten.
Dr. Keith Van Steenberg (SDSU) tested the skunk. The
skunk’s brain contained “negri bodies” . . . .”
(Brookings Register, 10 September 1966)
