SociologyDepartment Of Britain Study

Faculty Of World StudiesUniversity Of Tehran

Dr. Arabahmadi

Elham Abedini

RaceEthnicityMigration

Apartheid

Apartheid: Until the first free multiracial elections (1994 ) , south Africa was governed byApartheid

South African :1. White ( Descent of European immigration)2. Coloured ( people whose descent is traced from members of more than one race)3. Asian4. Black

• White : just 13% of the population but ruled over the non-white majority.

Non white : had no vote , no representative in the central government

Segregation was enforced at all levels of society: public places , residential neighborhoods and schools

Apartheid

1948 : the national party formalized apartheid Security services to suppress all resistance against to apartheid

Big Demonstration1990 : De klerk ( president ) lifted the ban on the African National Congress And freed Nelson Mandela ( the leader )ANC : the main opposition group

27 April 1994 : Election Nelson Mandela : The first president after Apartheid Era

Race

Race : the most complex concept Based on Scientific Basis : Scientist try to know about differences in BiologyWhiteBlackYellowPeople mistakenly thought this is raceBut after WWII : Race science was thoroughly discreditedNo Race and these are just Biological differences

So what is Race and why some Biological differences and not others become matter ofDiscrimination?Member of community single out as a socially significant

Racialization: certain group of people came to be labeled as distinct biological groupson the basis of naturally occurring physical features

So it cause: Slavery in the American and apartheid in South Africa

Racism

Racism : form of prejudice based on socially significant physical distinction.

Racist: who believes that some individuals are superior or inferior to others on the basisOf racialized differences.

Old racism: apartheid and slavery

New racism: superiority and inferiority are constructed according to the values of theMajority culture.

Ethnicity

Mistakenly: Race is fixed and BiologicalBut Ethnicity : social concept (absolute)

Ethnicity refers to the cultural practices and outlooks of given community of People Which sets them apart from others.

Language, history and religion: serve to distinguish ethnic groups

Difference between ethnic groups : learning

Ethnicity

Minority Groups:

In sociology: Minority group is the group that member of that are disadvantaged when comparedWith dominant group ( more wealth, profit and power )

• Maybe the population of minority people in a society is more but …

Prejudice and Discrimination

Prejudice : opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another.

Discrimination: actual behavior towards another group or individual. Discrimination can be seen in activities that disqualify members of one group from opportunities open to other.

e.g: white house buyers might steer away from purchasing properties in black neighborhoods

Ethnic integration, diversity and conflict

Every country: multiethnic populations.

Models of ethnic integration:1. assimilation: immigrants abandon their original customs and practices

2. Melting pot: rather than the traditions of the immigrants being dissolved in favor of those dominant, they become blended to form new evolvingcultural patterns.

3. Cultural pluralism: every ethnic group have their own culture

Migration in a global age

Immigration in not just phenomenon of 20th but it was from the earliestStage of written history.

Immigration: the movement of people into a country to settle and emigration, the process By which people leave a country to settle in another, combine to produceglobal migration Patterns linking countries of origin and countries of destination.

Classic Model: as Canada, USA and Australia

Britain had industrial revolution and job opportunity increased: many immigration

Asylum seeker: individuals must claim that being forced to leave the country would breakObligations that the government has under the united nations “convention and protocol relating to the status of refugee “

Many immigration from common wealth countries to Britain.Immigration to European Union

Migration and the decline of empire: Britain since the 1960sBecause of White protesting! crimes…Low job opportunity…

Migration in a global age