R2114 UNDERSTANDING PROTECTED ENVIRONMENTS & THEIR USE · PDF fileR2114 UNDERSTANDING...
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R2114
UNDERSTANDING PROTECTED ENVIRONMENTS & THEIR USE IN PLANT CULTIVATION
Level 2
Tuesday 7 February 2017
14:50 – 15:40
Written Examination
Candidate Number: ………………………………………………………………… Candidate Name: …………………………………………………………………… Centre Number/Name: ……………………………………………………………..
Ofqual Unit Code L/601/0267 Please turn over/…..
IMPORTANT – Please read carefully before commencing:
i) The duration of this paper is 50 minutes;
ii) ALL questions should be attempted;
iii) EACH question carries 10 marks;
iv) Write your answers legibly in the lined space provided. It is NOT necessary that all lined space is used in answering the questions;
v) Use METRIC measurements only;
vi) Use black or blue ink only. Pencil can be used for drawing purposes only;
vii) Where plant names are required, they should include genus, species and where appropriate, cultivar;
viii) Where a question requires a specific number of answers; only the first answers given that meet the question requirement will be accepted, regardless of the number of answers offered;
ix) Please note, when the word ‘distinct’ is used within a question, it means that the items have different characteristics or features.
Including Examiners comments
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ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
MARKS Q1 a)
b)
Describe TWO NAMED protected structures used in Horticultural Crop Production.
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Describe the suitability of ONE of the structures named in a), for the production of a
main season tomato crop.
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Total Mark
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MARKS Q2
Describe the difference between the environment inside and outside of a NAMED
protected structure containing a crop under EACH of the following headings, by
completing the table below:
i) natural light; ii) relative humidity; iii) carbon dioxide.
Named protected structure:……………………………………………………………
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Outside Inside
Natural light
Relative humidity
Carbon dioxide
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Total Mark
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MARKS Q3 a)
b)
Describe the production of Chrysanthemum x morifolium under EACH of the
following headings:
i) propagation; ii) maintenance/cultivation.
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Describe ONE NAMED common pest OR ONE NAMED common disease that can affect Chrysanthemum x morifolium.
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Total Mark
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MARKS Q4 a)
b)
Describe the properties of TWO NAMED materials used in the manufacture of
containers, for the display of plants.
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State TWO factors to consider when selecting a container for an interior display.
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Total Mark
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MARKS Q5 a)
b)
State ONE biological control for ONE NAMED pest of a protected crop.
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State TWO benefits and TWO limitations for controlling pests in a protected
environment under EACH of the following headings:
i) chemical; ii) biological;
by completing the table below.
Chemical Biological
Benefits 1.
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2. 2.
Limitations 1.
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Total Mark
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MARKS Q6 a)
b)
c)
Name THREE distinct types of energy source used for heating a protected structure.
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State TWO practical considerations for ONE of the energy sources named in a) when selected as a heat source in a protected structure.
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State the benefits of temperature control when growing crops in a protected structure.
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Total Mark
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©These questions are the property of the Royal Horticultural Society.
They must not be reproduced or sold.
The Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley, Woking, Surrey GU23 6QB.
Charity Registration Number: 222879/SC038262
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R2114
UNDERSTANDING PROTECTED ENVIRONMENTS & THEIR USE IN PLANT CULTIVATION
Level 2
Tuesday 7 February 2017
Candidates Registered 346 Total Candidates Passed 241 82.82% Candidates Entered 291 84.10% Passed with Commendation 64 21.99% Candidates Absent/Withdrawn 49 14.16% Passed 177 60.83% Candidates Deferred 6 1.74% Failed 50 17.18%
Senior Examiner’s Comments:
1 Candidates should be able to demonstrate a good range of plant knowledge and be
able to give accurately named plant examples where appropriate. Common names
and generic names are often too vague and cannot be rewarded in the positive
manner that genus, species and where appropriate, variety/cultivar can. This is
particularly important when answering questions relating to particular (named)
plant(s). Marks can only be awarded for these narratives where the example(s) are
correctly and fully identified.
2 Candidates must be able to display accurate knowledge of the technical terms and
concepts detailed in the syllabus, in the context of horticulture and also be aware that
wider interpretation will not be rewarded. The examination should be regarded as a
possible introduction to higher level studies, which will only be open to those who are
in possession of a clear understanding of the horticultural terms and concepts which
are current.
3 The introductory rubric given on the first page of each question paper should be read
carefully by candidates. At each examination there are a significant number of
candidates who ignore or misread the instructions given and consequently may not
perform as well as they could have done.
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4 Candidates should pace themselves during each paper. The most successful
candidates allow sufficient time to read the question thoroughly before answering it
and also take time to read through their answers. They should take care to write as
legibly as possible, so that the examiner is in no doubt about what is intended.
5 Candidates need to interpret key words within questions, particularly those such as
‘state’, ‘list’ and ‘describe’. Questions requiring descriptions or explanations obviously
require a more detailed answer than those requiring a list.
6 It is important to ensure that responses to questions are to the point. Candidates
should bear in mind that small sketches might be used to convey information more
succinctly than words.
7 Successful candidates ensure that their answers are focused and to the point. It is
disappointing when they cannot be rewarded for their efforts because the answer is
irrelevant to the particular question. Candidates should take note of the mark
allocation for specific sections and allocate their time and efforts accordingly.
8 Diagrams can enhance an answer and where appropriate can replace detailed
descriptions. They should be large, clear and well annotated, ensuring that labels are
properly attached to the features they describe. Diagrams should preferably be in
pencil. Colour may be used successfully but only where it is relevant to the answer.
9 In each examination it is clear that some candidates are ill prepared to answer
papers of the type set. It is essential that candidates have the opportunity to practice
questions. Ideally some papers should be answered in a time constrained situation.
Appropriate feedback must, in any case be provided.
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MARKS Q1 a)
b)
Describe TWO NAMED protected structures used in Horticultural Crop Production.
Describe the suitability of ONE of the structures named in a), for the production of a
main season tomato crop.
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Q1a) Most candidates were able to describe protected structures used in horticultural
crop production and were awarded full marks. Suitable answers included:
Greenhouse
This is a permanent structure which is designed for growing plants in. The
framework can be made from aluminium and it is clad with horticultural glass or
other transparent materials e.g. twin walled polycarbonate to maximise natural light
entry.
Cold Frame
A cold frame is a low box-like structure with wood or brick sides. It is covered by
‘lights’ i.e. glass or twin walled polycarbonate enclosed in a wooden frame.
Other structures described by candidates which gained full marks included:
polythene tunnel, cloche, conservatory.
Q1b) The best candidates described either a greenhouse or a polythene tunnel and
gained maximum marks. Acceptable answers included:
A greenhouse is a tall structure which is able to accommodate a tomato crop. It is
economic to heat and will allow a tomato crop to be grown economically. The
structure of a greenhouse is strong enough to enable a crop of tomatoes to be
layered and has excellent light transmission to maximise quality and yield of the
crop. A greenhouse can also be easily ventilated.
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MARKS Q2
Describe the difference between the environment inside and outside of a NAMED
protected structure containing a crop under EACH of the following headings, by
completing the table below:
i) natural light; ii) relative humidity; iii) carbon dioxide.
Named protected structure Outside Inside
Natural light
Relative humidity
Carbon dioxide
3 4 2
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Q2) To gain full marks candidates were required to describe specific environmental
conditions inside and outside of a protected structure, e.g. a greenhouse. Suitable
answers included:
Outside Inside
Natural Light
Ambient light levels. Lower than ambient light
levels due to shading of the
structure and cladding
material used.
Relative Humidity
Lower relative
humidity due to
wind/rainfall/air
temperature.
Higher relative humidity with
less fluctuation due to
transpiration or loss due to
evapotranspiration.
Carbon Dioxide
Ambient levels of
carbon dioxide.
Lower levels of carbon
dioxide due to uptake by crop.
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MARKS Q3 a)
b)
Describe the production of Chrysanthemum x morifolium under EACH of the
following headings:
i) propagation; ii) maintenance/cultivation.
Describe ONE NAMED common pest OR ONE NAMED common disease that can affect Chrysanthemum x morifolium.
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Q3a) Candidates who were able to describe specific areas of the production of
Chrysanthemum x morifolium were awarded full marks. Suitable answers included:
i) Propagation of Chrysanthemum x morifolium is by softwood, tip stem cuttings approximately 100mm in length. They are prepared by making a clean cut just below a node, and removing the lower third of leaves (leave 4-5 leaves on the stem). A mild hormone rooting powder is applied to the base of the cutting.
ii) Maintenance/Cultivation A range of tasks are carried out e.g. stopping the plants by removing the apical bud just above a node to encourage lateral growth. Disbudding i.e. the removal of lateral buds by rubbing them out to leave the terminal bud. Irrigation can be applied by using a drip or capillary irrigation system to provide moisture to the growing media and to avoid wilting. A high level of nutrition is required and can be applied as a base dressing or as a liquid feed through the irrigation system.
Q3b) Most candidates described either a pest or a disease that affects Chrysanthemum x
morifolium and gained full marks. Acceptable answers included:
Red Spider Mite cause localised death of the leaf mesophyll cells due to the piercing
and sucking activity of the mite. This results in fine mottling of the leaf. In large
numbers the mites can kill leaves and in severe infestations fine silk strands are
produced.
Botrytis is a fungal disease which affects soft tissue, e.g. leaves, non woody stems
and the flower buds of Chrysanthemum x morifolium. It is seen as a fuzzy grey mould
which is prevalent in cool or humid conditions.
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MARKS Q4 a)
b)
Describe the properties of TWO NAMED materials used in the manufacture of
containers, for the display of plants.
State TWO factors to consider when selecting a container for an interior display.
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Q4a) The majority of candidates described a range of materials used in the manufacture of
containers for the display of plants, and gained full marks. Suitable answers included:
Terracotta is heavy, breakable and not frost proof unless it is glazed. It is porous and
drains well.
Fibreglass is light in weight compared to terracotta and waterproof. It has a long life
span and can be manufactured in a wide range of shapes and sizes.
Other materials described by candidates which gained marks included: metal, wood
and glazed stoneware.
Q4b) A range of suitable factors to consider when selecting a container for an interior
display were stated by most candidates who were awarded full marks. These
included:
The amount of maintenance required to keep the container in a good condition.
How watertight the container is to avoid it damaging flooring.
The weight of the container when moving it into position.
Selection of a container which is suitable for its surroundings and its’ aesthetic appeal.
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MARKS Q5 a)
b)
State ONE biological control for ONE NAMED pest of a protected crop.
State TWO benefits and TWO limitations for controlling pests in a protected
environment under EACH of the following headings:
i) chemical; ii) biological;
by completing the table below.
Chemical Biological
Benefits 1. 1.
2. 2.
Limitations 1. 1.
2. 2.
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Q5a) Candidates gained full marks for stating a suitable biological control for a pest of a
protected crop. Acceptable answers included: Encarsia formosa, a parasitic wasp to
control glasshouse whitefly or Phytoseiulus persimilis a predatory mite to control
glasshouse red spider mite.
Botanical names of the biological control was not essential for full marks.
Q5b) Candidates stated a range of benefits and limitations of using chemical and biological
control for controlling pests in a protected environment and gained maximum marks.
These included:
Chemical Biological
Benefits
Effective control if correct
chemical at correct rate has
been applied.
Avoids the build-up of
chemical residue in crops and
the environment.
Benefits
Does not rely on the
establishment of a natural
parasite or predator.
Extended periods of balanced
pest control will be achieved if
the parasite or predator is
balanced with the pest.
Limitations
Resistance build-up can
occur in pests.
Biological control agents
never totally eradicate the
pest problem.
Limitations
Period of time before an
edible crop can be harvested
and marketed.
Use of biological control
agents limits the range of
other control measures
available.
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MARKS Q6 a)
b)
c)
Name THREE distinct types of energy source used for heating a protected structure.
State TWO practical considerations for ONE of the energy sources named in a) when selected as a heat source in a protected structure.
State the benefits of temperature control when growing crops in a protected structure.
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Q6a) Most candidates named distinct types of energy source used for heating a protected
structure, i.e. electricity, gas, oil or the appliance that used those fuels to produce the
heat. Both were acceptable and were awarded full marks.
Q6b) Full marks were gained by candidates who stated suitable practical considerations
for the energy sources. These included:
Electricity
The availability of electricity to the site. The heat produced by electricity can be
controlled by a thermostat but it produces dry heat that will not raise the relative
humidity in a protected structure.
Gas
A mains gas supply may not be available necessitating the use of bottled gas. If
combustion of the gas is poor it may lead to toxic gases being released e.g. nitrogen
dioxide. Moisture will also be given off during combustion which will raise the relative
humidity.
Q6c) The best candidates stated a range of benefits for controlling the temperature when
growing crops in a protected structure. Benefits are gained from raising and lowering
the temperature. These included:
Extending the period of cropping maintains continuity of supply.
Ability to grow an extended range of crops and cultivars.
Improved quality of production.
Maximum yield due to optimum healthy growth.
Control over crop timing and harvesting period.
Reduced pest and particularly disease problems.
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