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21 R. Yaakov Bieler, The Great Principle of the Torah, (Kodesh Press, 2016) Chapter 5 “Pleasantness and Peace” VI. תלמוד בבלי מסכת גיטין דף נט עמוד א ב מתני.' אלו דברים אמרו מפני דרכי שלום: כהן קורא ראשון ואחריו לוי ואחריו ישראל, מפני דרכי... שלום גמ.' מנה" מ? ... תנא דבי רבי ישמעאל: " (ח: כאויקרא) ְ ו֔ ְ ַ ִ ק םֶ חֶ֥ ת־לֶ י־אִֽ ֱ א ק י וּא֣ ה יבִ֑ רְ קַ מ֙ ֹ דָ ק֔ ָ ה־לֶּ יְ הִֽ י יִ֣ וֹשׁ֔ דָ ק יִ֥ נֲ א ק֖ ָ וֹ קְ יםֶֽ כְ ִ ַ קְ מ: " לכל דבר שבקדושה, לפתוח ראשון, ולברך ראשון, וליטול מנה יפה ראשון. א" ל אביי לרב יוסף: מפני דרכי שלום? דאורייתא היא! א" ל: דאורייתא, ומפני דרכי שלום. כל התורה כולה נמי מפני דרכי שלום היא, דכתי:' " (יז: גמשלי) דרכי' דרכי נועם וכל נתיבותיה שלום! " Talmud Bavli, Tractate Gittin 59a-b Mishna. The following rules were laid down in the interests of peace. A priest is called up first to read the Torah, and after him a Levi and then a Yisrael, in the interests of peace… Gemora… What is the textual source for this?... A Tanna of the school of R. Yishmael taught: (VaYikra 21:8) “Thou shalt sanctify him therefore; for he offereth the bread of thy God; he shall be holy unto thee; for I the LORD, Who Sanctify you, Am Holy.” To wit, (give him precedence) in every matter involving sanctification, to open the communal Torah reading, to say Grace first, and to choose his portion first. Said Abaye to R. Yosef: Is this rule only (a Rabbinical one), i.e., “in the interests of peace”? It derives from the Torah (VaYikra 21:8)! — He answered: It does derive from the Torah, but its object is to maintain peace. But the whole of the Law is also for the purpose of promoting peace, as it is written: (Mishlei 3:17) “Her ways are ways of pleasantness and all her paths are peace.” 25. Why should imposing a structure for the order of honors given during the public Torah reading contribute to “peace”? What is the fear of what will take place should there not be such an established sequence? If there are in the synagogue more than a single Kohen or a single Levi, why might these groups not fight among themselves in order to receive a particular honor? Furthermore, if the preponderance of honors on Shabbat and Yom Tov are to be given to the Yisraelim (at least 5 on Shabbat; 3 on Yom Tov), what is to prevent these individuals from acting badly? 26. Abaye assumes that the term “Darchei Shalom” (in the interests of peace) is indicative of Rabbinic rather than Torah legislation. His question is based upon the citation of VaYikra 21:8, a Tora verse, for this law, implying that there exists such a requirement independent of any Rabbinic ruling. What other examples are there for specifically Rabbinic enactments to achieve peace? (The continuation of the Mishna in Gittin is as follows: 1 מערבי( ; שלום דרכי מפני, ישן בבית ן2 מפני, ראשון מתמלא לאמה קרוב שהוא בור( ; שלום דרכי3 יוסי' ר, שלום דרכי מפני, גזל משום בהן יש ודגים ועופות חיה מצודות( ; גמור גזל: אומר4 יוסי' ר, שלום דרכי מפני, גזל משום בהן יש וקטן שוטה חרש מציאת(

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R.YaakovBieler,TheGreatPrincipleoftheTorah,(KodeshPress,2016)

Chapter5“PleasantnessandPeace”

VI.

א עמוד נט דף גיטין מסכת בבלי תלמוד ב--

שלום... דרכי מפני, ישראל ואחריו לוי ואחריו ראשון קורא כהן: שלום דרכי מפני אמרו דברים אלו'. מתני ...?מ"מנה'. גמ (ויקרא כא:ח) ": ישמעאל רבי דבי תנא חם קדשתוו יב הוא יךקאל כי־את־ל ך קדש מקר י יהיה־ל י קדוש כ ק אנ יקו

– ":מקדשכם . ראשון יפה מנה וליטול, ראשון ולברך, ראשון לפתוח, שבקדושה דבר לכל

! היא דאורייתא? שלום דרכי מפני: יוסף לרב אביי ל"א . שלום דרכי ומפני, דאורייתא: ל"א

" !שלום נתיבותיה וכל נועם דרכי 'דרכי(משלי ג:יז) "': דכתי, היא שלום דרכי מפני נמי כולה התורה כל

TalmudBavli,TractateGittin59a-bMishna.Thefollowingruleswerelaiddownintheinterestsofpeace.ApriestiscalledupfirsttoreadtheTorah,andafterhimaLeviandthenaYisrael,intheinterestsofpeace…Gemora…Whatisthetextualsourceforthis?...ATannaoftheschoolofR.Yishmaeltaught:(VaYikra21:8)“Thoushaltsanctifyhimtherefore;forhe

offereththebreadofthyGod;heshallbeholyuntothee;forItheLORD,WhoSanctifyyou,AmHoly.”Towit,(givehimprecedence)ineverymatterinvolvingsanctification,toopenthecommunalTorahreading,tosayGracefirst,andtochoosehisportionfirst.

SaidAbayetoR.Yosef:Isthisruleonly(aRabbinicalone),i.e.,“intheinterestsofpeace”?ItderivesfromtheTorah(VaYikra21:8)!

—Heanswered:ItdoesderivefromtheTorah,butitsobjectistomaintainpeace.ButthewholeoftheLawisalsoforthepurposeofpromotingpeace,asitiswritten:(Mishlei3:17)“Herwaysarewaysofpleasantnessandallherpathsarepeace.”

25. Why should imposing a structure for the order of honors given during the public Torah reading contribute to “peace”? What is the fear of what will take place should there not be such an established sequence? If there are in the synagogue more than a single Kohen or a single Levi, why might these groups not fight among themselves in order to receive a particular honor? Furthermore, if the preponderance of honors on Shabbat and Yom Tov are to be given to the Yisraelim (at least 5 on Shabbat; 3 on Yom Tov), what is to prevent these individuals from acting badly?

26. Abaye assumes that the term “Darchei Shalom” (in the interests of peace) is indicative of Rabbinic rather than Torah legislation. His question is based upon the citation of VaYikra 21:8, a Tora verse, for this law, implying that there exists such a requirement independent of any Rabbinic ruling. What other examples are there for specifically Rabbinic enactments to achieve peace?

(The continuation of the Mishna in Gittin is as follows: ) בור שהוא קרוב לאמה מתמלא ראשון, מפני 2 ן בבית ישן, מפני דרכי שלום;) מערבי1

) מצודות חיה ועופות ודגים יש בהן משום גזל, מפני דרכי שלום, ר' יוסי 3דרכי שלום; ) מציאת חרש שוטה וקטן יש בהן משום גזל, מפני דרכי שלום, ר' יוסי 4אומר: גזל גמור;

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-בראש הזית ) עני המנקף5אומר: גזל גמור; מה שתחתיו גזל, מפני דרכי שלום, ר' יוסי ) אין ממחין ביד עניי עובדי כוכבים בלקט שכחה ופאה, מפני דרכי 6אומר: גזל גמור;

)שלום. 27. The assumption that the Rabbis should strive to cause Jewish society to be more

peaceful seems to lie at the heart of the following Baraita at the conclusion of Tractate Berachot:

א עמוד סד דף ברכות מסכת בבלי תלמוד (ישעי' נד:יג) :שנאמר, בעולם שלום מרבים חכמים תלמידי: חנינא רבי אמר אלעזר רבי אמר) 1"בניך שלום ורב' ה למודי בניך וכל" שלום) (תהילים קיט:קסה) "2 ".בוניך" אלא "בניך" תקרי אל -- ) 4."בארמנותיך שלוה ,בחילך שלום יהי" ) (שם קכב:ז)3."מכשול למו ואין ,תורתך לאהבי רב

טוב אבקשה ינוקאל' ה בית למען" ) (שם ט)5.) בך שלום נא אדברה ורעי אחי למען(שם ח) "." שלוםב עמו את יברך' ה .יתן לעמו עז' ה" ) (שם כט:יא)6.".לך

In your personal experience, do you see Rabbis pursuing this goal? Please give examples.

28. R. Yosef responds that in fact, “the pursuit of the ways of peace” is an interpretation of all (some of?) the Torah’s overall Commandments. How could this reflect the basic disagreement regarding the issue of whether or not to try to understand “Ta’amei HaMitzvot” (the reasons for Commandments)? (See RaMBaN on Devarim 22:6 for a sweeping discussion of two schools of thought on this topic.)

27. Would you agree with R. Yosef’s assertion that the “whole” of the Torah is in order to achieve peace? If this is the case, what about such Commandments as: a) going to war under certain circumstances; b) appointing an avenger of blood to hunt down someone who was guilty of manslaughter and designated to reside in a city of refuge; c) Torah-mandated punishments requiring the death penalty; etc.?

VII.

ילקוט שמעוני משלי רמז תתקלד

."דרכי נעם וכל נתיבותיה שלום 'דרכי“ .בקש הקדוש ברוך הוא ליתן תורה בשעה שיצאו ישראל ממצרים

.שהיו נוסעים במריבה וחונים במריבה ,"באתם ומסכות ויחנ וויסע(שמות יג:כ) "והיו חולקים זה על זה שנאמר .אין כתיב כאן "וויחנ", "ויחן שם ישראל(שם יט:ב) "שנאמר ,הושוו כלם ונעשו אגודה אחת ,כשבאו ברפידים

".וכל נתיבותיה שלום"הוי .לאומה שאוהבת שלום ?ולמי אני נותנה ,התורה כלה שלום :אמר הקדוש ברוך הוא

"...וענף עץ עבות..."(ויקרא כג:מ) :שנו רבותינו(עיין גם בסוכה לב:) .נפיו חופין את עצועץ שע -- .הוי אומר זה הדס ?ואימא הירדוף

".דרכי נועם 'דרכי"כתיב :אמר אביי .”והאמת והשלום אהבו“ (זכרי' ח:יט) :רבא אמר מהכא

!אימא כופרא ?לולב ..."כפות תמרים(ויקרא כג:מ) "...ממאי דהאי :א"ל רבינא לרב אשי(עיין גם בסוכה לב.)

".דרכי נועם 'דרכי" :אמר אביי YalkutShimoni,Mishlei#934“Herwaysarewaysofpleasantnessandallherpathsarepeace.”TheHolyOne,BlessedBeHe,WishedtoGivetheTorahatthetimewhentheJewsleftEgypt.

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Buttheywereinconflictwithoneanother,asitsays:(Shemot13:20)“’VaYisu’(andtheyjourneyed;plural)fromSukkot,‘VaYachanu”(andtheyencamped;plural)BeEitam.”Theyjourneyedinconflictandtheyencampedinconflict.

WhentheycametoRefidim,theywereunifiedandtheybecameasingleunit,asitsays:(Ibid.19:2)“’VaYichan’(andtheyencamped;singular)Israelthere.”Itisnotwritten“VaYachanu”(plural).

SaidtheHolyOne,BlessedBeHe:TheTorahisentirelyareflectionofpeace.TowhomshouldIGiveit?Toanationthatlovespeace.Thatisthemeaningof“…andallherpathsarepeace.”

TheRabbistaught:(VaYikra23:40)“…boughsofthicktrees”—atreewhosebranchescoveritsbark.Iwouldsayitreferstothemyrtle.Butperhapsitreferstotheoleander.SaidAbaye:Itiswritten:“Herwaysarewaysofpleasantness...” Ravasaidfromhere:(Zecharia8:19)“…thereforeloveyetruthandpeace.”SaidRavinatoR.Ashi:Whosaysthat(VaYikra23:40)“…branchesofpalmtrees…”istheLulav?

Perhapsitistheinflorescenceofthepalms?SaidAbaye:““Herwaysarewaysofpleasantness...”

28. What is the basis of the assumption that a plural form of a verb indicates controversy and argument, while a singular form that describes many people, is indicative of peacefulness? Are any and all disputes by definition a reflection of contentiousness?

29. The implication of the Midrash is that were the Torah to be given to argumentative, belligerent individuals, instead of contributing to peace, it would become a tool to create even greater controversy. Give examples of Mitzvot that could be used for such a purpose.

30. The suggestions for the alternate identity of two of the species that make up the four types that are held and waved on Sukkot are plants that are poisonous and have sharp thorns. The Midrash and Gemora insist that HaShem would never Command something that was deleterious to one’s health. How can this idea serve as a paradigm with respect to other Mitzvot that could potentially be understood as not in an individual’s best interests?

VIII.ב הלכה ג פרק עירובין מסכת) וילנא( ירושלמי תלמוד

שלום". דרכי“ מפני 1?בחצירות מערבין מה מפני :יהושע ר"א

ברה. גבי עירובה ושלחה לחבירתה, דבובה שהיתה אחת באשה מעשה ונשקתיה. וגפפתיה נסתיה אימה. קומי ואמר אתא ידעה. הוינא ולא לי רחמה הוות הכין :אמרה שלום. עשו כך מתוך:שלום" נתיבותיה וכל נועם דרכי ) "דרכיה]יז ג (משלי דכתיב הוא הדא

1Topermitcarryinginacourtyard,community,ortown,anEiruvChatzerot(lit.“amixingofthecourtyards”)isnecessary.Theeruvconsistsof3parts:1)Wallsorhalachicpartitionssurroundingthedesiredarea,2)Rentingaccessfromthenon-Jewishresidents,and3)Acommunallyowneddepositoffood…http://halachipedia.com/index.php?title=Allowing_Carrying_Using_an_Eruv_Chatzerot

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SaidR.Yehoshua:WhyareEiruveiChatzeirotrequired?Becauseof“thewaysofpeace.”Itoncehappenedthataparticularwomanwasengagedinadisputewithherneighbor,and

thereforesentherEiruv(therequiredamountoffoodthatmustbecontributedbyeachparticipantfamily)viaherson.

Sheembracedhim,huggedhimandkissedhim.Hecameandrecountedallthathappenedtohismother.Shesaid:She(theneighborwithwhomshehadbeenfeuding)trulylovesmeandIwasunaware.Becauseofthistheymadepeacebetweenthem.Thisiswhatismeantwhenitiswritten:(Mishlei3:17)“Herwaysarewaysofpleasantnessandall

herpathsarepeace.”

31. The Yerushalmi puts an interesting spin upon the Rabbinic Mitzva of Eiruv Chatezeirot, which ostensibly appears to allow for a modicum of carrying on Shabbat, in the face of the Melacha of Hotza’a, which restricts taking things from one domain to another, or a certain distance within a public domain. Eiruv Chatzeirot, by requiring everyone residing in a courtyard to deposit food for two meals in one location and thereby create the legal fiction that the entire courtyard is a single private domain rather than a public domain, appears to be more conceptual than social. To claim not only that bringing the food to the agreed-upon location could serve to not only solidify social bonds between people, but even to ameliorate situations that have deteriorated resulting in neighbors not getting along, is novel, to say the least. Is this only a “collateral benefit” or should we take R. Yehoshua’s contention more literally and think of the Mitzva as having been instituted entirely for the purpose of promoting peace between people? (Think of the goal of Eiruv Chatzeirot even from a conceptual point of view—is it for the sake of making life easier for a particular individual, or to allow for social exchanges between different people and families?)