•

-

Alabama Rea ; c ·"""" l::I ~~ I.e.

Property Information

1. Name

/,,",ane

."<1:0' .::,""'''''' 2. Location

JIlII.

3. C:assiiicQtion c, ...... ". _ :l ltnr;l

--.:::r :u",lJnq •• ' ..6... 51"'''''''' -- '"' _ '01''''

OW".~ .. ,. -;~=". _;.~n ..

~U DIIC "'cau,",""n - ~ ,,;; ... _ :.,"e ::~", .... eo

su,~.

_ ;:;~ ;:OG

_ .n~. =~;,"~

- ." .. ," ;';.'''. le .... ,ol. _ ,'" 'UI1"'''= _ ,'" c"'n,r",: .,

4. Owner of Property

JoU!J

P,O. M?\ /S70

, ...... , u .. _ J9n ... .;"~'. _ :emm'rt,. , _ ""1J(..J~on.o'

_ ,m,"",nme", _ ;""''''''',,,, _ ,nOU"In" ,

""""atv

_ ,"'uu ...... _:11' _ ;nY," ,","I"ce _ ,.",,'OUI

5Co. mlt,. X ~n.a"ItI1'''n _ ,m.r:

I

I

6. Description

N_' '"it

SlC,- " .". ~NU""'" .. -

\~ ~Ja:;'e \~ A. STI:eL TRus.S ST£oGi Llt,E S()ffOJz::rev I S1l>Ne £ ~6 1"=> .

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•

7. Significanc e

..­__ ,ene

_ ,.00 ... ' '111 _ 1501)-1519 _ ,toO-- lUt

1l'llG- ' 7lI9 X 1100- ' 199 _,,00- _ :o""",,",u uon.

S"ec,llc dat ..

s u ...... "' <I' SI,",II''''"c, , in on. ur •• run,

P.,ItIPGe- CO(l'\r~~

~ \..SOio;.\A1\)/LE. l~

_ !an".ace ~,cnllec!U,. _ ' . '''J,,,n _ Ia.. __ sc • ...n

_ lOIla",' . ---Flu,...." .... "·" _ :lie.,., ..x.. :r3n .ClOCUUO" __ gin.., , sP"C,1"I 1

,"

8. Major Bibliographical References 1111<:' MIDC..e; \)4.o"l.U11 ~\"'Sl.,pl

9. G~ographical Data

... .... , 110_'" .. ocm"'_" ~ n . , ... "IOU"_" ~~tf fl..'Vl.-~ ?nll.£ 1r 'l-SC,·f

10. Form Prepared BV

---

11 Pll!.I5C 511 t1au. t color s lides of :~e ~r"o .. n7 "' <til thls fo r: • •

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Al.o\J .... ~.A !\.!C:S7'! !I. CCORD ! :-lA-::Oll ~A.,,_\ ;{ !~':'ORIC\.l. ::~I5S:0:: 7:! ~O~O! S~~ .'!OSTC::!':!!! \I...I .. B.v!A H1)D

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Knoxville

"'~pendi x 110 .

TENNESSEE RIVER RAIlROAD BRIDGE IiAER No. Page f

December 1'1, 19 6~ mi' ..

M E M 0 RAN DU M

Tennessee Ri Vet Bt idge, florence, Alabama, M. P . 5.7 -MF

History wi t h ~espect to governmental actions and use of bridge by other than southern Railway or predecessors :

A ferry was I n existence at this location in 1832, ,:>tooably haVing been li censed by county authorities some tiwe between 1813 and 1832 in accordance with an Alabama Act approved Decembe r 12 , 1 827, whiCh gave county courts such authority.

Alabama ACt approved January 12 , IS}2 covered the incorpo rati on of the flo rence Bridge Company and autnori~ed a bri dge to be bUIlt. ' .. ,thout any description of as nature being given. Tolls ·"er e not to exceed :erry rates then current . 7he stock subscription was to be S6~,\l \l~, plus S35.()I)() stock · .. hlc" '~' as to be given the feny Ca'1lpany far the "alue of its investment ,n fetty l.andings anc fe rry equl ?'1lent . ';labama ';ct approved December 23, H!]7 amended the 1832 Act by allo'~'ing tne Florence Bridge Company to s~e StOcK su~sct i bers who did not pay 'J p.

The Florence Bridge Com~any co~ple:ed the first bridge in 1 84() . One source describes it as being of timbe r spans !!Ibout 8 in number. In 12 54 .and storm damage occurred ane in 1855 damage again occu::red to :ne ex tent that this oridge · .. as n o longer \lsed . Some SO\l!ces say tna: :ne 1855 carnage was from wine, others that it "'as ~ro:n nooo .

About 1857 the Memphis and Charlestcn Railroad acqUIr ed tne propetty and francnise of the Florence 3ricge Company, including the piers, and proceed<!d "'lth the constr\lCtiOn of a combinatlon :al lway and wagon "riege, ·"Ith the raiIIJay dec k on tne upper level . The October 5 , 18 59 issue of t he florence Gazette reportee t"e bridge open for ">agons, and the issue 0: December 7, IB59, wlth t"e flrst regular train schedule zeing effective December 7, 1859. No description of thlS bridge is avail"ble 'oUt it proba::>ly was .T,ost1y of timber on stone ;::lOHS. It 'oras burned "I' Helm's ConfeceratG Cavalry in 1863 for :r,lIltary reasons.

In la69-187~ the "ndge was rebUl l t by the t%C, o.;sing spans as ctscrioed in I1 &C annual report 0; ;",11' 1, 1869 . ThiS bndge accommodated '" agons on l.ower level. as o'2':ore and ... as completed .n 1870 .

1n lila7 the ~ashv. lL e , Florence and Sheffie l d Ral L ~oad Company, predecessor of l&N, bUI:t into florence fro;n the nortn, and ::>1' agreement of AugUSt: 17 , 1887, acqUired t .~" rIght to use t~e orldge JO In tly witI'. the ~ & C. A valuation of tne prope r ty waS ag r eed on but no recore has Deen :ound of the detalls cf it except as later pa rt ially quoted In the negOtiatiOns leacilng to a new agreement In l892, ~ . F . &S. ?ayments were to be 5~\ 0; Intere5t of 6\ on invest;nent and In rat I O of ;:car count ap?lied to maintenance cost {:ess tall revenuesi.

TE~NESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE HAER NO. Page #

Ann<.lal reports of t!le Chief of Snglneers , U. S . Ar:ny , show th<lt the 1893 dr<lwbricge construction came as a result of notices Is s ued by the U. S. Army Di strict Eng:neer, Chattanoogll, to the STV&G On November 23 . 1888 and to tne M&C on Jan<.lary 11, 188 9 . (Volume 88 , ~p. 2638-2642 ; vol ume 89, p . }74; Volume 91l, ? 339 ; Vo l ume 91, p. 435) . The last re f erence is with respec t to a nOtiCe to CUt masonry back to clear t~e eh<lnnel . The references given do not Incl<.lde the tex t of ~he nOtlces. The 189~ con s tn:etlOn inCluded the dr<lws?an and also the snort sp<ln south of it . for some <.lnkno·,.,n reason thiS short splln waS ::eplaced In 19116 at t~e same time that new machi nery for the drawspan was inst<llled .

On OCtober 18, 1891 a t rain fall tnrough the north approacn and an outs i de engineer, Mr . Edwin Thatcher , made an Investigation and report. HIS recommend<ltlons led to a new agreemen t of July 12 , 1892, in whicn the N. F . &S . ?alC fo r t hei r <.lse of tne b ~l dge by app lying car coun t ,~tio to the [1I11road "sag~ percent of inte r est on investment anc :nainten<lnce cost , · .. hich pe r centage · .. as set at 78.4 percent . Mr. '!"ha~cher' s reco:nmendation also lad to the replacemen t I;) 1892 to 1894 ot all superst:cctllre il xcept the c r awspan a;)C the shott SOlan i:r.media t ely south o~ it, these t·~· o spans nOlving bilen built in 1890 .

A controversy With respect to toll rates led to an "lll::>ama ".Ct Ol?proved February 9, 1895, in which :naXI;num toll ra t es ·"ere , I;) cents :

Foot passenger 5 Each !lorse , ;nule " animal of li ke kine ... ith ride r ,

foot passenger uneer l ~ , ",d s c hool at t endants 2 Each horse, mule " animal of

1 i k e kind , i-horse vehicle and Ea ch cow, stae r " a n ima l of drIver 15 Ii ke kind 5

2- " " " 25 Eacn sheep, hog, goat " an i:ll<l 1 3- " " " " of 11~e ~i;)c 3 ,- " " " 35 " . _.len addi t ional O'assenger 5

An Alabama ,>,ct approved February lO, 1899 repealed the 1895 ,>,ct and esta~lished the foLlowing maximum toll rates , ,n cents :

Foot ?assenger

Foot ?assenge! und" c 12 y:s . dnd over 5 yrs. c~

age l<.lnder 5 free)

Horses. :nu l es. cattl~ 1n droves, ea.

i-horse ~uggy, cart or dray

2-ho:s .. carrlag ..

4 - ho r se or ox wagon

6-ho:se or ox ' .. agar:

, Special school tic.<ets

1 mil nand 1 horse 1 5

2-norse cilrrlage or ~llggy

capacity 6 passengers

TENNESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE HAER No. Page J

2~ho"[se or ox ' .... agon (A 2~horse

' .. agon may include crlver if loaded, or driver and] other persons if empty. No wagons containing less than lC~ Ins. shall be considered loaded). 30

No information '.01"5 found on previous or subsequent toll rates nor on income from tolls.

The operation of street COl,S over the upper deck of the bridge probaoly started In 19~3 in accordance with an agreement wlth the Sheffield Company dateo February 14. 19 03 . · .... hieh had a ter;n of 30 years. and which required the Shef~ie!d Company to pay the Sou. Ry. 20\ of fares COllected and not les s than 2 cents per passenger, e xcept by mutual consent. A supplement <lgreement of August 23. l.9 07 has to do with interlocking eXf'ense, mail handling. etc . A sUPf'lemental agree~ent of Decem~er 28, 1909 reduced tne 2 cent figure quoteo i~ the orIginal ag~eement to 1 cent. By re leaS E of May 12 , 1919 the Sheffield Company su:rendered Its mail and passenger handling priVileges to the Dlrector-Ceneral of Railroads ana in 1921 this arrangemen t was cancelled and ope::atlcns as t:,ey ·"e re prior to May 12 , 1919 were resumed. by merr.orandurn agreement o~ .'1011' 31, 1926 the Alabama Po"'er Company took oVer the operations and responsibilitIes of the Sheffield Compa ny . The date of termlnauon of street car operatIon ....-as nOt :ound. out a statement made in 193 3 saId "electric car servIce was abandoned some years ago". NO recoJ:d was found of income from street car oper<ltions.

Southern Bell telephone lines over the b::idge wer e covered by agreement of April 18 . 191'&. superseded by agr eemen t of October 2, 1943, the later agreement being cance lled May 1, 1948 .

Al abama PO'~'er Company pOlo,er lines over the bridge ',;e r e covered '01' agreement of September 1. 1933, '~'hich agreement '~'as c;;lnce11ed as of Ju ne 7 , 1943 . The Sou. Ty. acquired the power li nes by qUlt-claim deed of June 7, 1943.

An agreement of May 3, 1921 ' .. 1"1 the Ci t y of Florence makes ::eferance to an agreement of October 5, 1913 bet'~'een the DlreCtor ­General of railroads and the City of Florence ... hereby tna DlreCtOr~ Cenera l leased th e highway portion of the oridge to the City for Sl~ .0~0 per annUm with the City to :tlalntain the hign· .. ay portion. The 1921 agreement says federal control stopped on February 29, 1920, and that the rental bet' .. een :1atch 1, 1920 and February 28. 1921 ' .. auld "e compro:nlsed at S4,03~. tilking lntO account rail'~'ay e xpendl.tures dur~ng this period and ot:'er facto rs, ':'he railway company agreed to pay the CIty up to S8,500 for ::"pair of :100 :: and wldenlng o f ",ndway, after WhlCh the City · .. as to malntain the highway port ion at ltS expense. The yeu1y rental speCified in t:'e 1921 agreement ' .. as SJ.{lC3. AffidilvH of Decem:>e r 1 .. , 1922 shcVls :he City spent S l}. ~) 4. H) for t:le repal~ and '~Idenlng mentioned aoove. SS,53Q of , .. hlCh had been cuntri~utea bye the ::alb;ay company. It may be l:r.pliad :rom InformatIon .n tne 1921 agreement that the Clty tQO~ Over the collection of tolls'on or about OctODer 5, 19 18.

TE~NESSEE RIVER RAILROAO BRIOGE HAE:R No. Page ;

By /l9reement of February 18, 1926, ~:'e hlgh_ay portion ... a.s leased to Colbert County and Lauderdale County ~or a J-year term at S3,290 per annum, 'Jlth t!1e cOunties to lIIalntaln /It theIr ex.,ense. Some years later" newspaper article says the brIdge was made a free or loge ~n

1925. ThIS change may :'ave been cOincident 'Jlth the February IS, 1926 agreement.

By a9reement of March 25, 1929 tne Alabama Hlghway Depart:nent lea see the highway portion Eor /I five year term at $3,~~9 per annum, 'J \th malntenance at thei : expense.

Upon cOmple t IOn of a new highway ~ridge immadiately downstream, high'Jay trill!IC ''; 015 trans~erred to It on October 26, 1939, and the tltlleer portLon of hlgh'"ay deck on the rallroaci ~rLdge was re:l:oved by tne state highway depart~ent Irr~edlately t:'ereafter.

In 1925 the L~N and Sou. agreee ~y Excnange of letters that the 7S.4 OleIcent fixed In t::e 1892 agreel'lent ·.;ould be changed to Hle\, effectl'>e 1923, elur,ng ",nlch year federal cont rol terminated, an':: after ..,nlcn the hlgnw/I'f expenses and Income were to otoners.

Current jOint use of this bridge ~y L~N is covered by agree~ent of ~,overnl;ler 5, 1941 , whIch has a 25 year teD' and 15 ba.sed on L&N partiCipation In interest on investment anci in maintenance by =a:lon 0: c~r count. A new valuation was negotIated for thiS agreement .

The 1887, 1892 and 19 ~ 1 agreements with l.&N or predecessor all have provision fo r adjust~ent of valuation fro~ investment cnanges.

Newspaper references Jere Eound to t:aln accidents of 1896 and 1906, the reEerences havlng been _ritten years later . NO support '''as found /IS to the 1906 InCident but former L&N Supervisor Haynes acivlses there 'Jas an accident about 1896 involving an engine falling olf or throug:'\ the 154' SOlan Into the river near t:,e south end of the ~ridge, Loco~otlve engineer Cle~ getting OUt alive . NO evidence of repair 0: this span IS tound a t the Site, possibly due to rapla.cement of any damaged Olarts, if any, strictly In ~Ind .

Location of reference ma t erial:

Item

Acts of Alaoama Legislature

~ewspapers prior 1900

Correspondence !ile, 19:a - 192e, 1934-196Q

5t:~cture plsns 1890-1960

Place £! Person HaVIng 2£EY

State Department of Archives a nd History, ~ontgomery, AL

"

" "

R . B . Midkiff

TENNESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BR I DGE HAER No .

The formative Pe r iod in Alabama by Thomas Pe r kins Abernathy

His t o r y of Alabama and her People, by Albert Bu r ton Moore

Memo r ial Recore of Alabama , publishec by Brant a n d fulle!:

Alaoama, by Owen

~orthern Alabama" 1887, by Smith and Deland

Page I

OffiCial Souvenir of the Centen ia l Ceiebr"t i o n , Florence , ,'.l a. , Aug . 8-11l, 1918, p r epa r ed by Mr . Robert Oyas

History of Alabama by P i ckett

Early Se tt lers of Alabama by Saunders

Alabama - by Bre ... ·er

Annua l Repor t S of M~ C

Annual Rep o rtS of Ch i ef of Engi neers U. S . Army

Legal History of Lines of Railroad of Sout :'lern Railway Company

':" .. 0 Hundred Yea r s o f Musc l e Shoals by Left·..,ich

Li b r ary , Flo r ence, AL

" "

" "

" "

" "

"

Library , TuscU);",ia , AL

"

" "

G. H, Echols

O!!ice o f Chief Eng,neer, U. S . Ar my, Grave l ly POint , Washington , D. C.

R . B . I"idil i!f

Davie Messman

DaVld V . Messman

TENNESSEE RlVER RAILROAD BRIDGE flAER t>o. Pag~ No. =

GeNERAL HISTORY Of THE fLORENCE BRIDGE FROH 1961 TO DATE

The T.V.A. ~as ordered by the r ede ral Court at Florence. Alabama to improve naviqation clearance throuqh the horizontal turD span and the bridqe was closed to rail traffic in 1961. The turn span ancl adjacent fixed spa n were removed and a 406' vertical lift span with tlan kinq tower spans were installed. The work was completed in 1962. Durinq eonstruetion. rail traffie was rerouted via other L&N eonnections to and trom florenee. Upon eompletion, Southern Railway Compa ny paid T.V.A. $135,000 as its apportionment of the total eost of $3,500,000.

Prior to 1970, a drawtender was continuously on duty and the bcidqe w.s elosed to river tr.Uie. beinq opened by ' the drawtender on siqnals sounded by river traffie. Due to a qenec.l dee line in c.il traffie on both the Southetn Railway and L&N Railroad, the bridqetender was assiqned to one .hift from 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. with rail traffie eonfined to these hours. The bridge was left unattended in a raised position thtouqhout the rest of the day. Rail ttaffic over the bridqe eontinued to deeline and on April la, 1986. the L&N cancelled the opecatinq aqreement with SOuthern Railway and diseontinued theie operations ove r the bridqe.

On July 11, 1988, Southe rn Ra!.lway sold 1.4 miles ot traek in florenee to the Tennessee Southe rn Railroad Company, who now operate •• sho r t line seevinq the rail eustomers in Florence via their L&N eonnection.

On Auqust 3, 1.988 Southern R.ilw.y petitioned t he ICC to abandon 2 . 7 miles ot the cem.ininq Florence b raneh which ineluded the bridqa over the Tennessee River. On September 6, 1988, the ICC qranted the ab.ndonment sUbjeet to aaintaininq the struerural int8qrity ot the approaeh span, until eomplet ion ot tne proeess under Seetion 106 of the National Historic Preservation ACt.

Biblioqr.phy: Southern Rail way Archives Atlanta. Georgia

B162'I'

• • TENNESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE

HilER No. Page f

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AnalYs i s of jndustries for Shoals Area: ComparatIve Advantilge: Prepared by che E.:conomlC AnalysIs and AssIstance Btanch, Kno xville, ~ennessee, Tennessee Valley Authority, 1986 .

11[<:1"5, Ethel. The Story £!. Coal and I ron 1n Alab,,;na. Birmingham, Alabarca : 191U.

Baldwin, Josepn G. the flush t1mes of Alabama and ,'1iSSlssiopi : A Series or Sketc:leS . A'-l1erlcus, GeorgIa: '\rnericL:s Boo>< Company, 1853 .

31goeoo, ~el le , "Florence, Ruler of Huge, BustlIng Valley, She Boasts Rich Past <lnd Bright Future", Birmingham News, 17 October, 1948, 25 (D) .

Bee",er, Willis . Alabama : Her HIstory Resources , War Record. and :ro:n 1540 to 1872. Montgomery, Alabama: Barret t 1872, reprl"nt~artanburg, South Caroli:1a : The

Repr:nt Company" 1975 .

ca. 1973.

Damsga rd . Ha~olc . "Early Sheffield Personal i ties ". 1 1984 . Copy in scrapbooks of faye Axford; Athens,

December , .;la::'ama.

Da rby, Keth1een A. The Journal of

"Historical Sketches of Laue!erdale County". Muscle Shoals History . 11 (1986) : H-la .

DaVi dson, Dona1e! . The to Secession, New

1, The Old Rlver: f~ontier t and Co . , Inc .• ~946 .

"1987-87 Expansions of Local lndustties", 'le\olslet ter (June 1988) 1- 4.

"Facts a:lout the Shoals " . of the Shoals, Inc ..

Florence, Alaoama: Chamber of Commerce n. d,

Fleminq, l;altE'r L. York: Colum;;ia MaSSac:1usetts;

Civil. '~'a r and Reconstruction i:1 Ala:lama. Ne\ol L'n l versltyhess, 191)5 ; repri~ . Gloucester , Peter Smltn , 19,9 .

Flynt. "'ayne. "splnele, .'lule anel .~ule : The Poor • ... hite <:xperience in Post-CiVil I">ar Alacama". In Fro," Civll \-;ar to C:'111 Rlgr. t s: Alabama, lS6Q-196~: An "ntnoloqy tram ~ne ,\labama ilev lew . ea, -Saran h'ool:olk "19"9"lns. )71-~lL Tusc;aloosa, Alaoama ; UniverSity or Alabama Ptess, 1'197.

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TENNESS~E RIVER RA!LROAD BRIDGE HAER No . ~~ge J

"futu r e Shoals: Flo .t ence, Alabama: n . d .

Garre tt, Jill Knight. A Alabama, by t he autr.or . Col Publications. 1964.

1540 - 1900 as Recorded -----toe TI:tIes. Nortnport,

Hllm ll ton, V. rqinUo Va n dec Vee r. Al ao3ma : A Bicentennial History . Ne ... 1o r k : .. · . W. NOrton, 1977 .

"Histo!:y of Colbert County" . florence, ... liloarna: Chilmo .. r of Cornmerce at the Shoals, loc . • n . d.

"!HStory of Lauderdale County, Al"'bIHtla". <lorence, ;.lBo<'lma : Cmaoer of Com;nerce of the ShOllis, inc . • r .. d.

:.ilieo1::'31. O" ... id E . 'TVA : Democracy on tne March. New YOt;'; : Har;:er and Brothers. 1944.

~cEntlre, Leroy, Je . Tennessee Valley Valley Journal of 10 6.

:'1111e r, L . O. and !or 'i\ithor, ,

ftThe Development of Railroads In tOe of Alabama Since the Civil ;.;ar".

Muscle Shoal$ His t ory, XII (1988) :

.''IItc:!ell . J,J, ~Hi$toric Ho:r.e$ i:! florence and Lauderdale County", The Jou~nal of :iuscle Shoil:s Hlstorv, 11 (1 986 ) 19-23,

.'1oore , Albert SUrtOn . Hl.stOrv oC Alilbamil . Tusc:aloo$a, Alabama : Alabama =ooksto r e , 1934.

'1o r eland, George. "Hls~orIC City of flo r enco Unfolds Char:ll to Vl.SltOr'$ CC::I:nerclai Appeal". 30 Cc~o",e[, 1932, (sec: lon and ?agc nu;:':oer :'lOt avallaole ) .

Owen. I".arle aan~head. State, 2 Vols, Inc . , I H9.'

• .. ,

She ddan, Richard. Shoals". The 127-134.

TEN NESSEE R!VER RAILROAD BRIDGE HA::R No. Page f

Sheffielci, Alaoama: 1985 .

"Thomas .'-lva Edison's Visit ;;0 Muscle Joo.;rnal of ~.llscl" Shoa ls History, 11 (1 986):

of Wheeler BasIn on the Silll thson Ian

;;;""09Y, belile ti n 112. 'dashlngton, D.C .: Unitec States Governrnent Printing effier" 1 939.

Leslie. Shoals", In From Civil ;"<1 AnthoIOgy ~ ~igglns, 2 91 - 3~8.

Ala.oa.ma Press, 1987.

• •

TENNESSEE RIVER RAIL~OAD BRIDGE HAER So . Page 'I

DESCRIPTION OF TENNESSEE RIVER RAiLROAD BRIDGE

The Tenne!lsee Rivet Ril i lroad Sriege spans t.he Tennesse" Rhe t ilt florence, Alabama (Lauderdale Coun t y) and Sheff lei.:!, Alabama (Colbe r t County) . The no r th appr oa<;h (florence) ,5 South Court Street, an a r ell characterited by wilcehouses and lndustn"l structures and the Flor ence state COCK. The south approach (Sheffleld) contains no nearby structures .

The phYSicaL descrlp t ion of the bridge is as follows :

B. Th er e are twenty-elg n t (28) spans of varied lengths. total length 2.534 f t . (see deta i led dra wi ngs. Appendix ) .

'0. Truss height - 211 f t. ; left heiqht Zoe apex - 75 !t . ; tower nelght (2 towers) - 125 ft.; Lengtn 2.514 ft.; .... Idth -appro x. 10 ft.

c. Construction ty.,e IS truss Ot 'lIHled desl<.n (see detall",d d r a ",ulgs, AppendiX ) .

d. Cons truction mater ialS ar. st~el lrrusses and prinCipal s t n:cttaej, · ... ood (crosstles), and conc r ete (Oller) .

e. The ~ridge is abandoned (see naCCatl'le for history of former use and significance) .

• •

TENNESSEE RI VER RA I LROAD BRIDGE HAER No . Page t

HISTORY OF TENNESSEE RI VER RAILROAD BRIDGE AND SURROU NDING AREA

The Tennessee i s the la r gest ;iver flowing through Alabama . I t a ri ses at the confluence of the French Broad and Holsto n Rivers east of Kn o xville , Tennessee, flo wi ng i n II south westerly direction throug h Nor~h .;laba"l.'" then nO r thwiHa to juncture with the OhiO at ?adueah , Kentucky .

The navigatIonal value of the Tenness.,e has long been reCOg n Ized. The potential for ~ a r k eting agricu l t u : al and indu s tri a l pr od uct s has ~a de water transportation II central issue in the de veLopment of the Tennessee Valley . The prospe r lty and g r c·,.Ith of the QUild-City area (Flor ence, Tuscumoia , Sheffield ano Muscle Shoals) has thu s been inte r t'~'ined wi t h lmp r ovement of navIgatIonal and land r esources .

Al t hough thete IS ample evidence of ?re-h l sto r lc Indian occupancy 0: the Tennessee Valley, the Chero kees, according to their o \o .. n tradition, claimed to have be en the o ri gin a l inha~itant s. fOt some reason, they :eti : ed ftom the area around l65e "=,ut: retained c l aim to the area as hlH1Clng c;rollnds . The Sha wnees moved in to fill the va cuum . Resentful of t his intrusion , the Chetokees went on the wa r path a9ai nst them . They foug ht for forty years . After 1721 , when the Ch e rok e es en l isted the aid of t he Chick<ls<l"'s , the Sha",nees ",etO' d r iven no:th to"'<lrc the Oh i o . 2

Early maps indicate that <IS late <IS the mi d-e i ghteenth century, the Tennessee valley was unoccupied . About 1765 , however, the g r eat bend in the river south of present Hu ntsville, Alabama, attracted the Ch i cka s a "' s . Seeing thei r hunting grounds thre<ltened, t he Cherokee s att <lck ed out "'ere decl s ively i efeated in a batt l e of 1769 . The ['nce of vict:ory \< .. as so cear that: ~nQ Chic kasaws decided to leav e but refus€d to rel; nqu i sh clalm to the territory . Henceforth both tri~es cla~~ec ownershlp and gracual l y dri:ted back into the <l r e<l.]

Because o f the potentl<llly lucrative trade ' .. ith the Indians, botch French and English traders movec in t o the Tennessee VaLLey . AS early as lil5, a french for t eXlst:ec at ~uscl€ Shoals . Whlt:e traders first came in cOntac t with the Chick a s aws , anc Engl15h ,\metICans estaolisned a rast and constant ::iendshlp '~'ltl', them~ One of these traders ' .. <IS James Lo gan Colbert, <I young Scotsman who left tne Carolinas ' .. ith atners mov,ng ·",est. He stopped at .'1uscle Shoals and martlea a Chickasa'~·. The union ;noduced several sons , among '~'nom '~'as George Coloert fat whom Colbert COUnty is named . Three of the orothers, Ge o rge, wi l liam, anD James led J5C Ch i ckasa '~' s to" )oln Andr;; w Jackson <It tne Battl;? of New Orleans?

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TENNESSEE RIVER RAILROAO BRIDGE HAER ~O .

Page i

Iconically and ~ragicall'l, for che inOlai'll, :ohe American Ylctory at New Orleans sounded the death knell ot their dominance of the Tennessee Valley. After the t ee a ty of 1816 0,/ which the Inclans rellnqulsned most of their land in Colbert County, the ',mite man rushed Hl by the thousands talying the newly acquired lanes ~[om the gcve r nment . 6

In 1830 PreSiden t Andrew Jackson sum~oned t he sauthern tribes to Tenne 5see. Only the Chickasaws cesponded. They '~'ari! told that the Pr esident intended to remove them to the West ~ne[e tnE! government ''''ould ?rOV1Ce new nO:lles. After a difficult wlnre" expecitlon to find SUitable lands, lellaers ot the Chickasaws returnee In cne sprIng co say tnat they had fail~d to find an acceptaole loca t ion. Never t heless, after ;JIuch negOt:atlOn and pressure from the governrnent, tile Ind:ans accepted remov"'l. :,iOt until 1836 · .... ere sUltabl. sites found.7 In 1937 began t:'le gteat t:ek tnat the Cherokees "ere ~o call the "Tr iJ.ll of Tears".

By the time of Indian removal, development of Lauderdale and Colbert Counties · .... 815 · .... ell under ..... ay . These counties lay astride :najor rOlltes from eastern and central s i tes to Ne .... Orleans (see :nap sho .... ing the Natchez and Ga I nes Traces and the Mi l i tary Road, Appendi x no . ) . The latter .... as b ll lit afte r Andtew Jackson persuaded congress of the utility of a roa d f rom NashVIlle to New Orleans. The route passed throllgh Lawrenceburg in Tennessee, Florence in Alabama and columolls in Miss : sS I PPI~ An 1852 cop~ of the original Cypress Land Company {see belo .... l parchment rnap Signed 1:>y Fe r dInand Sannoner, the Itallan engi!'leer · .... no sur'Jeyeci and laid out Flor ence's to ... n plan, shows the Mllita~y Roaa. Today It is callea Her~ltage Dr1ve ano feeds into Cocrt Street, the prinCipal street of the City . Her~ltage Drive passes In front of Pope's Tavern, the oldest struc t ure In Flor~nce.

Pope's Tave r n · ... as built in 1811. seven years before Florence ",as founded. The olli l ding is sa l c:! to have been const~ucted by LeRoy Pope , a gover:lment agent and Thomas aib;;' , later gover!'lor ot Alabama . Used as a n Inn and stage StOp, it welcomed A:ldre'" Jackson in 1814 as he rode toward New Odeans . IO Today it is preserved as a house museum.

E:ven prio r to :'lo!lbama Statehood,ll interest I!'I the area prompted t!'le Terrltorlo!ll legislature :0 create Lauderdale County In IB1B, named ~o r Colonel JalDes Lallderdale who .... as ~llied at the Battle of New orleans. U Lauderdale COllnty lies · .... est 0: Ll:neStone County and north of :ne Tennessee R~\'e=. The cOIlm::y was ;nade somewnat smaller than originally tnrough an act of t!'le Alaoama ;eglslature of 27 November, 1821. ihe area "I!'I tne ~or~ betwb?n ::1. rivers Tennessee and E:l~N .... as at:ac:1ed :0 L:mestone Count~

Lalldercale County and tne towns that sprang up therein produced a bevy of p=ominent :nen. four'governors were :lat l Ves of

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TENNESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE HAER No. Page i

the county: Hugh McVay, Rober~ M. ?<ltton, Ed .... ard O'~Jeal and Emmett O'Neal. 'florence was the ho;tle of w . e, Handy. the "Father of the BLues". An annual music fest:ival is held ,n his honor, and h,S home is mal[ltainea as a museum)4 Among note"o[thy early citizens was Generac John Coffee, Andre .... Jackson's right-hand man and lea.der of the Tennessee c..valry at the Battle of New Orleans. He resided near Florence for several years and died there in 1933. His wife, who was a 5iste[ of Rachel Jac~son, lived until th e late 186~'5 Or early 187"'5 . 15

Florence, the county seat of La .. derdal .. County, sl.tu3ted on the north side of tne Tennessee River at an altItude of 522 feet~ was developed from a tract of land purchased in 1818 f~om toe Federal government by the Cypress ~and Company . The town was l ald Out by Ferdinand Sannoner (Sano:na) , an Italian surveyor , .. ho named the to' .. " after the beautiful City o f his native Tuscany . Lots were sold and y i elded S319,513 . 1111. One lot was bougnt by ;:.ndrew Jackso", another oy ex-President Jame5 Monroe. 17

':'he t'roper':'y of the Cypress LJ.nd Company · .. as diVided into ~1l8 shares. The COStS of adver tising , surveying , and reglSter'''g was to be born by the trustees wno were to teCelVe five per cent of sales and land rentals. At the e"d of five years, all unsold la nd was to be auctioned. Trustees were LeRoy Pope, Thomas Bibb, James Jackson, John Childress, John Cof~ee, Darby Horns and John HCKlnley .l8

The trustees had chosen wel l . Florence was strateglca~ly located to become an entrepot for the upper Tennessee oa5in. Roads, and probably canals , cOOJle! connect with Tuscaloosa on the Black ';la rrior and Cotton Gin Poct on the Tomoigbee . The rive:: turned "orth to carry cotton to Kent ucky , Indiana , and Oh,O ami :,ring back manufactured goods. 19

The climate of the area ' .. as delic;ht!'ul, the scenery beautiful , and the soil yielded gooe! quality iron are and stone s\HEace coal. Numerous strea:r.s provided sites for :nills and !'ac tori es . Great expectat i Ons 5~rrounded town plan,,;ng. Squar es ~e,e set aside for a co llege and a female semina~y. Spaces ~cre provided for a gene~al market, a courthouse, a jail, a cemetery, and a "public -.. a lking ground".2fJ

Anne Royall, a Virginian who s?en~ several yea~s travelin~ in the Old Southwest, dE-scribed Flor e nce, ca . 18 21:

florenco lS the great empo rium of the nortne!n part of the state .... lt has a gteat state to lts back, another In ~ront and a noble rlve! on all Sides , r:'le s:,;amshlps pou"lng "very neces sat·y and ev"ry lOJ xury .n lts lap . Its citlzens, ;;>old, e nterptis ing , and lndus trious- -rnuctl more so than any I have seen in tne state.21 .

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"lIge iI

Mrs . Royall desc r ibed the river itself as "uP"''' ''''s of five hundred yards ' .... ide" anc repor'::ed that a l arge ferry ",or b"d by ::our hor ses cou ld cross It In JUSt a few mHwtes.22 The ferry ",,,,"tloned WilS , no doubt, t:he one establ,shed l.n 1818 at tr ... end of Court Street, near t he mouth of Cypress C=ee~ . The Cyp r es 5 L"nd Company owned the terry on the north Side of the r )ve r.~

florenc e grew rapidly and was Inco rpo rated in 1826 . By 182~ II handsome courthouse had bee n con"trLlcted. Several btU;k ' .. /I ceho uses we r e buIlt along the riv er <lnd a f'proxim a t ely HHI frame hou se s graced the town. A """,spaper. the .. lor,ance Gazette was fou nded and '''3S ?I.lb l ished for many yea rs. 24 The edi tor "'as William S . fulton , a protege of Anerew Jac kson "'ho em igrilred to .;rkansas on il??ointment ~y Jilc kson ilS the last t~rritorlill go vernor . lIfter Ar kans as achieved statehoo"" h e Decilme one of t:, e state's United States Senatots.~

DurIng the 183~'s a nd 1840' s, the .,opulatlon of L"uderdille COU,lty e x.,an ded ra p idly . In 1820 there ",ere 4,351 i nhabitants .215 This figure inclueed slaves (1,013) . Census f i gures of 1830 re'Jeale~ 11, 781 .n By 18 4~ tne "umber of inhabitants .1~ ::eached 14,485 , I" 135 ~ the population of florence ,. as 5,12~. This period of ra.,id develo.,:nent · .. as reflected i n the eS taol lshmenr of several lnousr:ies Wh lCh Hlc!'uded i:on foundnes "nd cotton ilnd ,,"'oo len ml~s . Unfort'-lnilcely, these were destro yed during the CiVIl Wilr.

It ) S believed thilt the fi rst ste~moo~t ~ eached the snoills :n 1821 . In the follo"lln" year, t he mac~ regu la ~ runS De tween florence <lnd the :!louth of there unloading goods to be tr ilnspOtted to'!"" .. Orleilns to towns on the Oh!o)l "f lu s:1 t imes" 32 1n the are" and growing concern anout the ~endency of the steamboat ccmpanies to charge e xornl tant rates led to i nterest ,n ~ he development of railroads. Chartered in lS~~ and completed by 183 2, the Tus cu!Tloia R<lll'..ay ',.as one of the fi~st =~llr oads in the United States . JUSt t·~·o ~ il e s long, i t connec t ed Tuscumoia anc the sitn t:1at late r bec 3me Sheffleld . . ;s thiS line wa s ccm.,leted , another was begun by tne Tusc umOiil, Courtland and Decatllr Rail road Company. ThiS filc i lity '~'as app rox imately 4 6 miles long and "'~s bullt ·" Ith "lanter InitiatIve for t he purpose 0: gran t ing access around Muscle Shoals to the po r t of New Orleans . The Ilne ' .. 015 nOt a fl nil nclal SoJC:: "s s anc ",as sold i n la47 , merged with the Tuscumbia Railroad , and renarr.ed the Tenn e ssee Va lley ~al lroad . These .,ropertl es ",ere aeSOroea eventoJally by the .'temphl s and Cha rleston Ral: r oad Company, tne firm ",hlCh constructed t n e 7ennessee ~l'Je r Railroad Br )dge. After t ~e C) ',)l War, t~ese roads became il ;;art of tOle SOo.lthe:rn Ral:'~ay Syst.?::1)3

As florence and the Sheals <lrea grew , tOle need to lntercon"ect t~e ) r t"aOlspor~ilt'On syst"ms beca::oe a.,,,arent . Conseqllently,ln 18 40 a brIdge to replace t~e fe ::-::y was :o",lt across the Tenness ee . A tor01ado c.a::-,a'led it lIe a ':)ly in 185 4, and

TENNESSEE RIVER RhlLROAD BRIDGE HAER No . Page !

the flood of 1855 completed its ceStructlon. Charleston built the first !~ilroad bridge in it destroyee in the Civil \>."ar. ",fter t he war ",as rebui l t. 34

Memphis and 1 858 only to have l187\1) the bridge

The opening of the bridge In 1858 ",as a momentous even t. AS it neared completion, Ma)or James Deshler noted In his diary:

The great "'ark is no,," accomplished, and OU r favored Tennessee Valley is fair l y unlocked so t hat we have f:ee and speedy access ~o the South AtlantiC seilports on the one hane and to the "Father of \>.'at"'rs" on the o t he r , Who will say '''e are not blessed?3S

The bridge bene f itted not on ly the Shoa ls area ~ut 5urrouneing counties and s t ates, especially Giles County, Tennessee . farmers tra:re then hac an ou t let fo:: surpluses of horses, cattle , nogs and grain ; and they supplied Shoels merchants With ~~eaper goods than could be obtained i n St . Louis or LOUisville .

DynamiC gro" .. th engendered l.nterest in education. Beginning .llth t~e founding of l.aGrange College in 1830, the first college in "'laba~a, the Shoals area c ontinued to develo~ a superIor sYStem of higher education . LaGrdnge '..;as loca ted so:ne distance from the city of Florence. 7he people of that Clty offered to furnish a large encowment and better bUIldings If the college Wou!e ;nove tnere . The offer provoked a serious con tr oversy among facult y, students and alumni. ~"vertheless, in 1855 President Richard Rivers, ~OSt of the :aculty, and a majority of t ne students mov<,d to florenc ... Some rO!mained, ho" .. ever, and in 1857 the school became a milita:y acad emy . I t gained a reputation as the "West Point of the South", :,ut the Civil '';,;Ir so depleted its ranks that it was forced to close its doors. In Anrll, 1863 , Federal troops burned the bllildings to the gtQund.~ MeanYlhlle the florence school evolved :nto flo r ence ~esleyan University. 1'he strictllres of \<Iar clos"d this scr.ool also , but operations ' .. e re resumed in 1866 . In 1872 a " Class A" nort!lal school " .. as establ iShed on the foundations 0': ~lorence '';esleyan . The act , .. hich , charte r ed the schOOl WilS made con tingent >,ipon the gi ~t , of bUildIngs by th .. board of t:-.:stees of li'es leya n. 36 Supporteo "y the state of Alabama and small COntr:outions fro~ the Peaooay "und, it ' .. as succ .. ssful from t~e start . 39 In 1929 t~e schoo l beca~e a f our-year, f\lll.!O accredited lnst:tution as Florence State Teachers' College , It Mas 5ubso?quently gone tr.ro<..:gh three more na!:le changes : ~lorence State College (19571 , florence State University (1968), and the [J r.lv.;rsit y of North Alaoama (1974) . Enta Il ment in tne fa ll of 1989 ~as 5 ,6 10 . 41

1'uscumbla, the cou n ty seat of Colbert COl.lnty, orlglnally called Ocoeoposa, arose at the same ti~e as florence and experlenced concom itant gro· ... tr. . 7he first s""ttler came to the big s?rinc in 1815 . 1n 18 2 0 the .;laoa::-.a leglslature Incorporated tne town . .t2After 1824, an ear:y newspaper , The 1'uscumoian ,

TE~NESSEE RIVER RAI~ROAD BRIDGE HAER No. Page ;

recorded the SOCIo-economiC gro~th of the community. AdvertIsing In the Tuscumbian often announced arrival of loads of go ods f"om Philadelphia. Surprlslngly, ther e ~ere many 'oooks and other l<.lXury items . 43

Several nearby settl"ment5, such as BainbrIdge and SOUt~ Port, enJoyed prosperity until the 18J~'s . But ~hen tne railroad ~aS buil~, practically everyone moved to Tuscumb ia in ex?ectation of its becoming the great metropolis of the 50uth' .... est. Th" boom ' .... as temporary, and · .... ,th the exception of York SlufL Tuscumbia 'waS the o nly one of t:-.e orIginal tOWnS to surVIve.

During the 1823 's Tuscumbia provided academies ~or both male and female as .. ell as schoolS for lncians on Bear and Caney Creeks . The cro .... ning jewel, locoted in the countr;yslde, waS LaG r ange (see aoove) .

when the Civil ""ar came, the mortlal enthusiasm of th" young men of the Shoals tnrus t them in to the Confaderate Army faster than they could be equipped . In AugUSt of 1861 th"y r"ndezv ous "d at Courtla nd; and many lEft there to become a part o r the Slxteenth Alabama, ranked among t he South's fineSt ~ig"tlng men.45 Today a permanently organized reenact.;r,ent gr;oup commemorat"s their valor; .

Tuscumb ia was devasta t ed during tne .... ar. She lost most of her buildings ond her public tecotds . .:6 DUring ReconSt!u::tIOn t:,e c i ty shared the tumult of her neighbors. Later she ~as ~o oecome !amous as the hO[l",e of Helen lelier.

florence first ex;;erienced the Civll '.-Jar through II. Federal gunboat raid in early February, 1862. Henceforb~ until tne end 0: the conflict I n 1865 , the to .... n .... as occupIed.

The Shoals area ' s river and r;alllead reseu~ces made it t~e

targe t of Federal i:lcu rsions . At the out s et of the , .. at, t'"lr"" railroadS served the Tennessee Valley. The MemphIS and Charleston, .... hlCh ser;ved the Shoals, ' .... as ::onsicered the major railroad in the South . The M&C ha d been In regular oparatlOn si:lce 1858, :unnlng through Chattanooga in TennEssee, B"ldgeport, Ste .... enson , ScottsboLo, Huntsville, Decatur, ami TuscI:m£ia in Alabama, ~hen th rough Corinth, .'1lSSlssipPl to Memphis.

The Mem"hlS and Char; leston .... as an Invaluable resoun:e du r ing the early years of the Civ il War. T~oops ' .... "'re s huttled to the Battles of Shiloh and Cotin t h as '""ell as to tne general Qe,:e,ns" of '"estern Tennessee . Wh~n the li:le '""as capturad "y tne un I on , then it became the duty of the Confederates to destroy the ralls as fast as the Feder;als coule replace them . Ironically sOme of the same ind:vldllals ~ho had so avidly support,ed construct~on of t:le M&C found themselv es tearing up tne ral1s.~9 Oe splt2 Confederate efforts, ho .... ever, the Union a rmy, ~ollO""lng ltS policy of cutting t~aflspo rt"tl on ll~~s , Clurned ;r.any :,tldges and

TENNESSEE RIVER RAI LROAD BR I DGE HAER No. Page ;/

nestles, the bridge at Florence among them .';JJ

Lauderdale Count y Suffered fr om terrorism and violence during the e ar ly years of Reconstruc~ion. The ar ea ~a5, no doubt, i n flamed "y tne proximlty o f Federal troops and an active Ku Klux Klan. An alarmed Repuo llcan complained to Governor I'.'illiam Smith that , "Terrorism and ana rc hy reins {sic.) in thi s county." Smith refralrled, none tnel",ss, from imposing martial la~ . By 1871, as Democra t s regained political initiati ve and the citizenry de~anded an end to VIolence, order ~as restored and economic recovery began . 51

'~'ith the e n d o f local press, several o ! these ~as the of Dllvi d Keller i n _'< l abama. The famous Helen Kel le r.

Recons tructi o n and federal b rid lIng of t h e appeared in the Shoals area . One

edited by Arthur H. Keller, son '.dtn the fi rs~ railr oa d bullt

f ather of the yet to Oe world

'the 1870's brough t the resurrec tio n o f Southern ra ilroads . The LOUiSVlll", and Nashville waS chartered in Tennessee and Kentucky in la5~. Durins; t he Civil '.-Iar , i ts management att",mpted neutrality, but the location of ltS t racKs led to heavy damage. By an a gr eement o~ 18 71 , L&N purch ased a 2 1/2 mile track be tw~~n Sheffield and TuSCUmtlla (th e Sheffield and Tuscc:mbia ~alb/ay). ~

Agaln the Shoals area attack ed a pervasIve naviS;a tlo nal p r o b l "m. A 36-mlle long succeSSIon of reefs and shoals having a fall of 131 feet (Muscle Shoals) const i tuted th'" ch i .. f obstac l .. to navigation on the Tennessee. In 1828 Congress had g ranted 400,~~O acres of land to Alabama , the proceeds t o be used for improvement of the Shoals. Three canal s ~er", constructed, but the l mprov ed s",c:ion was still so difficu l t and dangorous t ha t I t proved unfit for commercial us", and soon fell into decay . ~ In the 1870 's plans ~er" revi ved for rec o ns truction at t he canals . Colonel George W. Goethals, "uild",r of the Panama Canal, ~as

prom ine ntly i nVOlved in the proJect ""h i ch was completed In 1890 at a cos t of S],191 , 726 .5~. Within th", next ~,fteen year s, tne country entered the e lectrIC age , and focus to~ard dev",lopment of the Shoals shifted f= C~ transportation to the production o f hyd ro- el ec tric power.~

!1ean~hile a ne~ cIty arose on the sou t h s iee of the river opposi t e florence . The fir st se t~ lement on the present Site of Sheffi", l d · .. as a F rencn t r"dlng post. In 1816 G"netais Jac kson and Coffee for ded the r i ver at F lorence and camped on the bluffs of the sou~h S"'e .% ~i1C KS On is said to hav~ been so lmpress,,"d ~lth th'" 5i~e that ne envl sio:lec it as the fu t llre s.te o~ t he natlon ' s capita1.57r,fter fighting ~:loi!lt :ndlan campaI gns, they [eturned , b ought the lane and laIC OUt a_to~n called ~ork B1Uf!. The t'o~n s urv lvea but failed to <=,,05per. 58

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In the fall of 188), Alfred Moses, a ban ker f r om ~o n tgomery , Alabam .. , c"me to York Bl u f f as a guest of Co lone i Will ter S. Gordon of Atlanta. Together -,11th t·~·o citizens of Florence , '''' , B . Wood and George P. Keyes, they to ured the land which had been o~tloned by Gordon and his brother. Th e aftermath of th is VISi t was the incor ~oraticn of the Sh effield Land, Coal a nd Iron Company (December, 1883). Capital ;,'as sectJred form I".ontgome~y and Atlanta . The following spriog a )and sale proved highly successful. Sheffi e l d '"as a r ealitt .~9

Herdee '"are, founde r of the Shelby I ron Works, ',;as among those wno fore saw the efficacy of Sheffield as a major site for iron production. He sllrmlsed t ha t , ',m i le 3irmingnam ' .. as close r to ra'"" materials, lower costs at Sheffield would mak e he r competitiv~.roBy 1888 there we re five huge iron furnaces I n She!!iei.d. 6l i\ map of 1884 shows the area along the r ive r marked ';;;y furnaces with othEr bus i ness and residential lots laid out in a regular grid pa tte rn. Q

Bet· .. een 1885 and the eady 18"0 '5 , ~heffield snar ed In an Alabam .. industrial boom . Co .. 1 .. nd i:on operations were oegun by ;;a lter Moore and "Colonel" Ensley. Larer thes e operations '"",e taken over, Evenrually by the TJ:Jnnessee Coal, Iron and ila i lroad Company and by SLOSS-Sheffi eld . Transportation impr ov ements we re made also . In July, 19~4 the first electric stree tcar made its ... ay to Florence across tne [ailroad portIon of the Te nneSS&e River Br idge. Therea f t e r, hourly s e !Vlce ' .. as establlsned.

~o sooner had Sheffield been fOllnded ~han Flor ence , , ... hich had lain comatose s ince the Ci'Jil ... ar , bega n to tlSi! from the ashes. Spurred by the e xample of Sheffield , bllsinessmen i n Florence e s t ab li soed many oe ... fiIIT.S, among them bIas: furnaces . The fllrna&;eS attracted other industries, and r ec ove ry ' .. as under· ... ay.

At ~h e ooset of ' .. ord v;at I , the ."Iusc!.e Shoals Kydro-Elec~ric Po' .. er Company, a SubS i diary o f Alabama Power , was plano i ng tne development of vast ~ower facil i ties at Muscle Shoals . But the war c{lsis and plans by the fede !: al gov ernment to bu :d d n1trate plants in the a r ea ~rompt ed II sh ift in ~lans. ,,:ter llnsuccessful nego t Iations to agree llpon a price from the government :or pertinent properties, the company, in the interest of oa t1 00a1 sec'Jr~ty, donated SlteS for tne plants . Then the gove r:1men t began con struc~lon of , .. ilson Dam tOduppl"j the necessary electrlClty for nitrate production .

':USt ;'.IS the oltr a te pla n t s ;.,'ere :in1sned, the ... ar endea leaVing the :aclllt:es no longer needed. Henry Ford anc Thomas H . Edis on, reallzlng the pot ent i3 1 of t.1e area for the productlon of hyd ro-electric -"o>"er a nd fertlliziHs , vlsited the slte . 67 The result was ;'.I b id from Ford , ente !:ed 1n 192 1 , f o r t ne lease of go · .. e rnme r.t propertles. A counte r aid .. as ;nade by Alabama Po ... er COl'1pan y . CompaIl sons o~ these o~:ers '~'ere IlEe 1n tna p r ess .68

TENNESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE HAER No. Page ~

The Ford ~id was debated for t\olO years HI the HOlJse of Representatives before being app r oved . 69

~hen Ford's offer reached the Senate, it became the center of political and ~edla cont:oversy. In some Instances Ford's motives were compared '''Itn those of the lnf.unous Teapot Dome scandal particitlants. As a consequence, in 192<\ he for~al1y withdrew his offer.iUAI~hough a !'lew town, Muscle Shoals, wa s incorOlool ted on the st :ength of Ford's plansll the /Ilea lay idle until 1933 . In that year Nit:ate Plan t No. 2 was t r ansfe rr ed to TVA and became the National FertiliZer Development Cen ter IoIhl cn researches and produces cheap fert i l izers. for some years Plant ~o. 1 lay abandoned. La t er It was utili zed by Reynolds ,"Ietals co:!',pany as lin aluminum can !ac ':ory.72

Soon lIiter the passage of the Tennessee Valley ;'uthor::y Act in 19)3, the construct ion of Wneeler Oam beqa!'l.73 The Alabama Power Cempany settled ·"ith TVA conceUllnq t:ansfer of title for thiS and othe~ sites Eor a remuneration of S29.67 per acre74'!'he attr"c t ~vely low electriC rates which resulted frem th is development and the equali zat ion ~ freight rates placed the region in a cempetitive position. Reflec~ive of the ecene~ic dynamism of the IItea was the O'Neal Me~orial a ri dge, bUilt for auto~obile traffic anc opened in 19!9 . 1

TVA Improved the lot of much of the Tennessee VlIlley's population, out there '"as much to ove r come . Poor whites. particularly, had fer decades eked out a subSistenCe as sharec r oppers, miners, and ~extile wOtke:s. and durln~t he Great Depressio n shared the poverty of tha state and region.

TVA provided the impetus after Werld War tl for the bUilding of ne lol, expllnding. and civersltied industries. The Tennessee thus began to [elllize i ts :u11 potential as a source of economic ·"ealth. Largely unsubdued until the advent of TVA .... i: is now . of all the world's tlvers, the ";::OSt deftly cnalned". III

fle:ence became one of the fastest growing Alabllma Cities . tn 1948 there loIera f:fty Industries In the City protler preduclng such :tems as me ta ls, cnemlcals. stenes . umber and mlll'o .. erk. meat products, medicines , ",earHl'9 apparel , and !er tlhzers. The surrounding area '''as a l""der in eotten and mineral productlen79 This prosperIty continued for several decades, spilling over lnte the other CitIeS of t.1e Shoals and nsel~ attracting new, <Ina so:r.etl!Tles. unusual i:1custtles. Shef~'eld .. nd ~uscle Shoals. e.g .• su?port a recordIng 1:1d~s~!1 spec,ailzlng In country ~USIC.

Curlng the late 197~'s and early 198~'s, economic ~actors ceyend local co~t,ol resul~~a In tne loss of some 3,5J~ Jobs With ~he clOSing of some plants lind the scaling co~ n of work forces In ot:1ers . The result · .. as an une:nploy:nent '''t oo more than t· .. ice the ~atlon" l average and vislole eVidence of [~CeSSlon. tn reactIOn to tnlS SltUatlO:1, In c985 VIC~-?r~$ I Oent of the University of

TENNESSEE RIVER <!AILROAD BRIDGE i'lAER No. Page j

Alabama. M~ lcolm Pottera, conducted a comprehensive Study of the Shoals. He r ecommended th at the six gover:llng bodJ,es of t he cou ntI es and municIpalities involved allocate SlCC , ~DO.~~ over a ~ive-year perlod. The product of this study was the c~rterlng of the Sho a ls IndustrIal Develop~ent AuthorIty In 1986. TVA supported t hIs s t udy by preparing, as a recruItment to ol , a detaIled analysis of those i nduStrie~best suited for and mOSt LIkely to oe attracted to the Sho<l!.s .

P<lrtially as a result of t he efforts at SIDA and TVA and partIally because of its natural advantages, t h e Shoa l s seems pos,ooned fo r fu t u r e g r ow t h . lVith a comblned population of 145.065 (198 11 ce ns us). the area IS served by t'"'O ,n t llnes , t·~"O railroads , two bus li nes, six motor freight lines and h ighways 1-65 , U.S . ;2 , and Alabama 43.82

DUr ing a recent two-year pe riod, development of small ,ndustrle s l1as created sO:1le l,SCiJ ne,," Jobs .83 Pos itlons created th rough e x",,,ns .,,n f r om Oc to"er. 1986 through Oecember, 1987 "'ere estimated at 915 .~ Through an arrangemen t of the federal government and Boelng/Ae ro] et, e!ect l on o f NASA's Yellc·~· Creek :aclli ty near l uka, .'1i ssissigpi fo r the :1Ianufacture of t01e Space Shuttle ' S solid rocket :1\o tors 15 sche dul ed to ~eg ln soon. ThI S project is e xpected t o cOn tr icllte signlficantly to an eccnomlC boo~ for the Shoals area .

•

TENNESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE HAtR No. Pa'le f

NOTES

IMane Ban k head Owen, The StOtV of Alabama, I (New York: leWIS Historical P~b li shing Co . , L9~9)-,-29.

J l~ i d .

4 Ibid . , U .

S l' 'd n 1 . , 19.

6 lb' -I 0 •• 27 .

7 Ibid., 3~ .

to visitor" , page numoer "~,-

"Historic City of Florence Un:'olds Charm 311 Octobe r , 1932 . (seCtiOn and

9'!'h15 map is housed In the archive of the C0111"'[ Libr3ty anc Computet Center a1: the Univ"J;sity of No'tth Alabama in Florence.

II Owen. Story of Alabama, I, 45~ .

UL.D . Miller, Histo r y of Alaoama Ada2ted !2 [nil SchOOLs and for General Rea.c lng (3n:nHlg harn, Alabama: author, 1901), 337 .

~ Owen, Story of Alabama, L ~54 .

Use of -- --By the

" Nelle Bigbee, "Florence, Ruler of Huge Elustling Valley, She 30asts Rlcn past am; Bright Fu~u"e," 3ir,,,,,sham N~\oIs, 17 OctO"",,, , l'HB, 25 (D) .

~ Willis 3(e\ole r,

and PubliC .'~en from and B.c '~·n, 1872;---re"I I :1t R",p[lnt. COr.1pany, 1975),

' \lqqO~::I" al'?~E'pnl', p:..,,' <.lOS)!:>!.'!, : "WEal' , 'f - SnsuaJ ~~8'[8l

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" al.;J ;0 Sl"qwa\-J f,J9UnS Sl l.Pl1.!!01 OJ. : s:l:Ja[".ns

llOdl'aN aUU1;lrr

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~

'61 : (986,) 11 '1\10JS1H sTeol1S al:lsnw . 0 ,Eu1noc al1.!. ' .. tilunoJ a Tt>plapne1 pue a:lUalOU Ul saUJoH :lPOlS ]" H .. ' 11aU.::>J'1-I ' c'c '996 1 Ul al]"; 1.C; petiolJSap seM::'1 ' UOp ::>nl:lSUO:J 5::'1 10; pa ::qnb<ll ala,.. Sl"" 1. It>l '' l\as ' pt>al1a1qnOa 'ja!l.!:J aa )[ Olal.!J All'pUaoa t al.!J JO awol.! a1.!~ U<lac; <l1\"4 0:) pa::.ndal <l:luaJ013 l"au a:)ts E uo ll!ng ''E'W''q",[",

UI a:nJ:laJ11.!:Jl" wnt1aqa:lue ]0 S~ldw"xa bU!pUFJs:)no al.!~ 10 aUO 'sseld'~J JO S)[10" at;~ :l11nq u os:pec SaUll'C ' £'l "P1<;l81

lal\l : "aSS<luuaJ. 'e!c;wrqOJ) "wt>q'i'lV 'l\~unoJ al 'E' p.::apnE1 ;0 A10lSHl " "nal11'~

J1101U>l 1Hr) 9a] ] 0:) ul1o!' JO ua=p'[~t;:l a1.l~ O~ f.~ladold 9:lUal013 s]"1.! pal.!lFanbac a1.l 'Sl""'\ la~et Ul 'alQt>11"1\'E' pu,,'[ alp ap"w P"I.! 0l.!'"

u"w "U:) lSUT'E'b'E' p t ". P1no", <lUO ou H"P poo::,s1apun AI 1FJaua6 S,,", ::'1 SF--AldE<3t;:J p"p -- s:)Ol 'I'la.~as lqonoq UOS)[:l"r :)"1.lJ A'[ d"'t S":llnOS

la1.n O 'IZ£6i 'laqo:):JO 0( ',,<3:lU"1013 ]0 '\~IJ :J110:)S,H" 'pU'E''[a10\..l) l<>An~ 'E' SI.' U05IP"\..I 5aw"r loap~sald_xa A1UO sls]"l pU'E'1910~

'aoluo\o: JUai)1Sald-Xa ATOO SUO!lU"'W ua,.,o aT 1 I.!I', ' slol;O laqwnu al.p SF 11;:.,,\ 5" Sl~S"<'.;:l1nd ;0 '\~lluapl aq:) out:n"e,aJ S<l:l=nos OUOUle

uOlsn;uo::> awos 51 <I1<>1.!.L 'SS~ 'I ' ewea F l\' }O I\101S 'ue,.,Q L1

• (£L61 'e:J) L 'U 'S<I,[lW alenos UI ""'1" ~S a l1:JuT 05 '11"1U t el 1"nuu" aO"lal\'i' ~3 saalbap 09 'eln::.t>lacwal

'[ enuul.' ul.'au: :aou,1J013 6un:le];" S:lTlSl:)t>lS 1al;l091

~ abed ' ON H3''<'H

3~GIH8 GVOH1!'<'H H3AIH 33SS3NN3'~

•

•

TENNESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE HAER ~o.

Paqe ;

~his :igure tepeesents free inhabitants only and IS reprinted in charts incorporated 10100 a statist:ical anc genealogical h istory of florence. See J ill K. Garrett, A of Florence, Alaba~a (Columbia , ,ennessee : By ~he author~

))11i11er, HIStOry of Ala:'am<l, 337 .

31r..eft' .... ich, Two Hundred Years at Muscle Shoals, 66.

32ro ! a see Joseph Serles of Sketches

3~oore, History £!. i'llabama, 3C8, 309.

34cwen , Story ~ Alabama, I , 455. For a descriptive and ch~onologlcal hIstory of th e :'ridge, see AppendIX

35J <lmes Deshler , Diary (27 ,'lat ch 1887); quo ted I n Left'..,ich, Two Hund red Years of Muscle Shoals, 8e , 81.

36Ibid •

37Leftlolich, Twa Hundred Years of Muscle Shoals, 129-131-

380 ",en, Story of Alabama. L 463. 464. 465.

39:.,oore. History of Alabal:1a. 555.

400wen • Story of Alabama. II. 467.

4l.rhis info rmation '~' as sup"lled by the staff of UNA .

42awen. Story 2i Alabama. I. 399 , 400.

4~e ftwich , TwO Hund red Years of .'-Ius"le Shoals. 56. 57.

44 .. d 101. . • 42. 43.

45Ibid ., 171.

460wen , Story of "'labal:1a. I, 40C.

4\iller, Hls':orv ot Al"oa;na, 338 .

4\eroy McEntIre, Jr. "The Oevelopment of R3i1roads in the Tennessee Valley of ;,.labama Since the Civil ~ar", JOIHroal of ,".usc1e Shoa~s HlStO:V , 1 2 (1988): l:l~, 1:l1. The otnar two1ines '..rere the N3shvlile and Chattanooga anc the NashV ill e and Decatur. ,old .

4\eft·..rich, Two Hundred ;"aars 0: ."Ius"le Shoals , 99 .

• •

":0 M ill e r"~;~~~~:.,, of ho· ... ::h€s" env 1 rons, see : , T'.,ro 212 pass 1m . This account IS many local diaries and otjer

TENNESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE HAER No. Page f

2H. ",or an engagIng account atoners affected Tuscumbia and

Hundr,,';; ~ea[s o f :'1uscle Shoals. t6i­based upon, ana quotes freely from, sources of the ti:ne .

51Vi r glni <l Van dec Veer Ham I lton, Alabama: A 8icentefHlial History (:<e w Yo r k : W.i'i. No r to", 1977),46,47. For a thorough account of the era. see Wa.lte r L . fleming , Civil War and

(New Yorio; : Columb i a UniversIty Press, Massachusetcs: Peter Sm i th, 1949)

52Left" ic ~ , T\oiO Hundred Years of Muscle Shoals . 224 .

53MCEntire , "The Development of Rallt:oads", Hl3 , H1L A "Railroad and COlln:y :nil? of Alabama" ca . 1878 (Geo. F . Crarr., I':ngravers a no Publishers, Chicago) sholollng lines after ttl;:; Civll. War ;5 housed in the archives at the UniVersity o~ Al aoama.

54 0wen , StO~y of Alabama , 1, 32, 33 .

55 t.efhlich , Two Hund r ed Years of .'1uscl" Shoals, 235.

~ Owen , Sto r y of ,U OI oOim Ol, I , 3~~ .

'57 "Histo r y Commerce of the

of Colber t County" Shoals, Inc . , n . d.1

(Florence, 1.

:a Owen. Sto r v of Alabama, 1, 399 .

Alabama : Charnb"r of

59Harold Damsgarc , "::a::ly Sheffield ?ersona l itles", 1 December 1984 . Copy In scrapbooks of Faye Axford ; Athens, ALabama.

60Ethel A~mes, The Sto r y of Coal and Iron in A1aoama (Blrm l ngn a m, Alabama : The Chamber of Commerce, n1~1, 415.

61 "H i story of Celber t County" , 1 .

63 Hll.milton, Alabama, 133.

,Huff, 1885 1965 ( She!~l"~c,

Puolle t.lo:ary, 1985), 12 .

64 " Shef!ield : CIty on the Bluff", ~9 . A pnotograpn shOWIng a "summer" streetcar crossing the ::altroad bridge shows a car deS I gned '~ l th ope;] sldes to defeat the ,.o.:;nme. :leat. As :here "'ere [10 gc:ard ral l s, passengers Slttlng i[l the .one seats wou l d have a th~i t ling rl<~e acros s ttle ::lVer. lb l d .. 48 .

65 ,... , Mr;nes, ~ and 1ton,

f6 Owen, Sto~y oE Atabama, I , '" " _~:l .

• •

T~~NtSSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE HAER No. Page i

61L.esliO! Wright. "Henry Ford end Musele Shoals", From CiVil War to Civil Rights: Alabama, 1860-1960: An Anthology from the

ed . Sarah .,'oolfol): :"'i"sins (TUScaloosa, Al<llbema : Ptess, 1987), 298. A photograph of the two

friends In the end of Ford's special trillin during this viSit "'ppeillfs In Sheffield: City £!! ~ aluf~. 7l.

68'"right. "Henry Ford and Muscle Shoals", 298.

69fllcha r d Sheridan. "Thom"s Alvo Edison's ViSit to !-Iuse-Ie Shoals", The Jour:lal ot Muscle Shoals Historv, U (1986). 130, Ill. Fora-ind Edison~ere ola friends, so It was only natural that Fore · ... oule seek tdllicn's opinion on tile SUitability of the nitrate plants for the manufactu r e of fertilizers . Whll. on ~he vlsi~ he su~potted the idea en~husia5tically; ~u~ when he testif.ed be!ore a Congressional com:nl ttee on the subJect, he was ["ther equivocal. His ambigui t y may have con t nbuted to the longeVity of the debate. Ibie.

iO .... Wtl""t, "Henry ford and Muscle Shoals ", ~98.

71 owen , Storv £! IIlab"mll, I, 399 .

i2 She ri dan, "Thomas A. Edison's ViSI:", 131-

D fo r II comprehensive archaeologIcal flooded by this cam, see ~llilam S. ~eob, Sur'/ey of ~'-neeler Basin .2!!. ~ Tennessee Smithsonian Institution Bureau Ot lI;nerlea,'"""""Ol'o'" 112 (I-.'ashlnqton , D. C.: Unlted States Government 1939) ,

74 Owen, Story £! Alaba;na, I . 326, 327 .

750avid .:. Lilienthal, TVA . York: Harper and BrothOlrs, 1944) .

76 Owen, S t Oty £! Alaoama, I,

Oe.'Tloc ra c·' on the March (New 2U,

29\1, 291.

n "1 . Wayne Flyn:, "SPIn 18, Mine /Hl.d Mu e: 1'"e Poor White Expetlence In POSt-C1Vl1 War Alabama", In Wiggins, ed., from CivIL ~ EE: Civil Rlcnts: 377-Hl 2assim. q . v . for a ceti"i"Ted analySIS ot t hese patterns of poyer:y .

7800nald Davidson, The Tennessee: Vol , I. The Old Rl'/~r: rtontier ~o Secessio:! ( ~ew~or.:: Rlnenart ane Co-:;-:-l"ii'"C:" , 194b), 17.

" . Sig::>ee , "fl orence, Ruler of Huge Svstlirlg Valley", 17 Oetooer , 194~ , 25 (D).

•

TE~~ESSEE RIVER RAILROAD 3RJDGE H,\ER No. Page 'I

OO"Futur e S~oals: A :ive-Year Economic Development PI.:!n " (F lorence, A ~aOil IT.a : Shoals Inaustrl31 Development Autnorl~Y, n . c.) 2 .

81"'nalY515 ~ Industries for Shoals Area: Cornoaratl'Je pr epared by the Econom l C "nillysls and ASSIStance

~" ; '''lle, Tenness",, : Tenn."sse" Vall"y Autho r Ity, 19861 1-23 paSS1:n .

82"!"acts aooOJt the Shoill s" (florence, .U",bama : Cham"",: of Cor:tl'le rce 0: the Shoa~s, Inc . n.d . )

83"F"uture Shoals", 2 .

• • • "1887- 1987 EX?anS10ns of Loca l !ndustrtes" (Ju ne 1388) 2.

• •

LOeati0n:

Dates of Construction :

Engineer:

al,lliders:

HISTORIC hMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD

TEN NESSEE RIVER RAILROAD BRIDGE HAtR No.

Spanning Tennessee River at abandonee section of Alabama Hlqhway 43 flo cence. Alabama (Lauderdale County) and Sheffield, Alabama (Col!:>ert County) . 6511 ft. t"'St (upst r ea.m) of O'Neal Memo[u! Bridqe .

Concrete aoutmant - south end of bridge , Colbert County, AL . U.S.C.S . Flo r ence, AL quadrangle , Universal Transverse MercatOr coordina t es : 16 . 438910.3848690

1858. 1670. Altered 1890, 1893, 1895, 1906, 1962 .

Not kno .... n.

1858 - ~.e!llphis ant:! Charleston Railroad 1869 - 1870 - ,'''empn!s lind Cha rlescon Railroad 189B - Edqe~oor Bridge Company (supplier of tUrnsp"n) 1893-1895 - (trusses suppl i ec by DetrOit Brld;e and Iron Wor1<sl 19~6 - Phoenix Bridge Company (suppliers of tu r n i ng ~4chinery and end b ear ings)

Present Owner : Norfol~ Sou t hern Corporatio n

Present Use: Abandoned - 1'0 be demolished ca . 199 ~

Sig:Hficance : One o f t!le oldest comoination venlculu and r ailroad bridges in ,\labama, the Tennessee RIV'H Rall:oad Brtdge played ill Significant role In the early 3grlcultural and Indust r ial development of t!le Tennlssee Valley anc speCifically of the Quac­City area (Flo r ence, ':'uscumoia, Sheffield, :-Iuscle Shoalsi . During the early part of the CIVil .... 'ar, it '~'aS of primary importa nce I n transporting Confeoerate troops to the Bat~les Ot Shiloh and Corinth tC various points srratuqic to tne defense of \;este r n Tennessee . lifte r t:,e bridge was

Report ~y:

DII,te:

P~epared

rebUilt in IS711, Its use \oIa s InS t rumental I n recover,,' from Reconstruction . lifter the 19311's, It contributed to the prosperity engencered by c ~ eatlOn of the Tennessee Valley AuchoIlt'l'

C'lild:ec ,.. Caucle, Pn.!). Protesso: of History P.O. Box 247 Atnens Stat~ College Athens. AL 35611

Septemcer, 1911~

., .

r------r---------·---~\ .-------,.-------- - --'- -.------. \ \

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SCAL.[ 220

f.

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\ SHE[T pIL[

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ELEVATION

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.'

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L.OCATION WI.'

'L.OR£NC£ SIT£ _a_ _ .... ItA.. - --FIGURE 4

f _

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'38 '41 3 .4 MI.

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