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Rec. ITU-R P.530-9 1

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.530-9

Propagation data and prediction methods required forthe design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems

(Question ITU-R 204/3)(1978-1982-1986-1990-1992-1994-1995-1997-1999-2001)

The ITU Radiocommunication Assem!"#

considering

a$ that %o& the '&o'e& '!annin( o% te&&est&ia! !ine-o%-si(ht s"stems it is necessa&" to ha)e

a''&o'&iate '&o'a(ation '&ediction methods and data*

$ that methods ha)e een de)e!o'ed that a!!o+ the '&ediction o% some o% the most im'o&tant

'&o'a(ation 'a&amete&s a%%ectin( the '!annin( o% te&&est&ia! !ine-o%-si(ht s"stems*

c$ that as %a& as 'ossi!e these methods ha)e een tested a(ainst a)ai!a!e measu&ed data and

ha)e een sho+n to "ie!d an accu&ac" that is oth com'ati!e +ith the natu&a! )a&iai!it" o%

'&o'a(ation 'henomena and ade,uate %o& most '&esent a''!ications in s"stem '!annin(#

recommends

1 that the '&ediction methods and othe& techni,ues set out in Annees and / e ado'ted %o&

'!annin( te&&est&ia! !ine-o%-si(ht s"stems in the &es'ecti)e &an(es o% 'a&amete&s indicated.

ANNE

1 Introduction

1e)e&a! '&o'a(ation e%%ects must e conside&ed in the desi(n o% !ine-o%-si(ht &adio-&e!a" s"stems.

These inc!ude2

di%%&action %adin( due to ost&uction o% the 'ath " te&&ain ostac!es unde& ad)e&se

'&o'a(ation conditions*

attenuation due to atmos'he&ic (ases*

%adin( due to atmos'he&ic mu!ti'ath o& eam s'&eadin( 4common!" &e%e&&ed to as

de%ocusin($ associated +ith ano&ma! &e%&acti)e !a"e&s*

%adin( due to mu!ti'ath a&isin( %&om su&%ace &e%!ection*

attenuation due to '&eci'itation o& so!id 'a&tic!es in the atmos'he&e*

)a&iation o% the an(!e-o%-a&&i)a! at the &ecei)e& te&mina! and an(!e-o%-!aunch at the

t&ansmitte& te&mina! due to &e%&action*

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2 Rec. ITU-R P.530-9

&eduction in c&oss-'o!a&iation disc&imination 4PD$ in mu!ti'ath o& '&eci'itation

conditions*

si(na! disto&tion due to %&e,uenc" se!ecti)e %adin( and de!a" du&in( mu!ti'ath '&o'a(ation.

One 'u&'ose o% this Anne is to '&esent in concise ste'-"-ste' %o&m sim'!e '&ediction methods %o&

the '&o'a(ation e%%ects that must e ta6en into account in the ma7o&it" o% %ied !ine-o%-si(ht !in6s#to(ethe& +ith in%o&mation on thei& &an(es o% )a!idit". Anothe& 'u&'ose o% this Anne is to '&esent

othe& in%o&mation and techni,ues that can e &ecommended in the '!annin( o% te&&est&ia!

!ine-o%-si(ht s"stems.

P&ediction methods ased on s'eci%ic c!imate and to'o(&a'hica! conditions +ithin an

administ&ation8s te&&ito&" ma" e %ound to ha)e ad)anta(es o)e& those contained in this Anne.

ith the ece'tion o% the inte&%e&ence &esu!tin( %&om &eduction in PD# the Anne dea!s on!" +ith

e%%ects on the +anted si(na!. 1ome o)e&a!! a!!o+ance is made in : /.3.; %o& the e%%ects o% int&a-

s"stem inte&%e&ence in di(ita! s"stems# ut othe&+ise the su7ect is not t&eated. Othe& inte&%e&ence

as'ects a&e t&eated in se'a&ate Recommendations# name!"2

inte&-s"stem inte&%e&ence in)o!)in( othe& te&&est&ia! !in6s and ea&th stations inRecommendation ITU-R P. used in this Recommendation is e,ui)a!ent to the

te&m =an" month> 4see Recommendation ITU-R P.5?$.

2 Propagation loss

The '&o'a(ation !oss on a te&&est&ia! !ine-o%-si(ht 'ath &e!ati)e to the %&ee-s'ace !oss 4see

Recommendation ITU-R P.5/5$ is the sum o% di%%e&ent cont&iutions as %o!!o+s2

attenuation due to atmos'he&ic (ases#

di%%&action %adin( due to ost&uction o& 'a&tia! ost&uction o% the 'ath#

%adin( due to mu!ti'ath# eam s'&eadin( and scinti!!ation#

attenuation due to )a&iation o% the an(!e-o%-a&&i)a!@!aunch#

attenuation due to '&eci'itation#

attenuation due to sand and dust sto&ms.

Each o% these cont&iutions has its o+n cha&acte&istics as a %unction o% %&e,uenc"# 'ath !en(th and

(eo(&a'hic !ocation. These a&e desc&ied in the 'a&a(&a'hs that %o!!o+.

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Rec. ITU-R P.530-9 3

1ometimes '&o'a(ation enhancement is o% inte&est. In such cases it is conside&ed %o!!o+in( the

associated '&o'a(ation !oss.

2.1 Attenuation due to atmospheric gases

1ome attenuation due to aso&'tion " o"(en and +ate& )a'ou& is a!+a"s '&esent# and shou!d einc!uded in the ca!cu!ation o% tota! '&o'a(ation !oss at %&e,uencies ao)e aout 0 B. The

attenuation on a 'ath o% !en(th d46m$ is (i)en "2

dCdA aa = 4$

The s'eci%ic attenuation a4d@6m$ shou!d e otained usin( Recommendation ITU-R P.;;.

NOTE On !on( 'aths at %&e,uencies ao)e aout /0 B# it ma" e desi&a!e to ta6e into account 6no+n

statistics o% +ate& )a'ou& densit" and tem'e&atu&e in the )icinit" o% the 'ath. In%o&mation on +ate& )a'ou&

densit" is (i)en in Recommendation ITU-R P.?3;.

2.2 i!!raction !adinga&iations in atmos'he&ic &e%&acti)e conditions cause chan(es in the e%%ecti)e Ea&thFs &adius o&

k-%acto& %&om its median )a!ue o% a''&oimate!"

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" Rec. ITU-R P.530-9

+he&e his the hei(ht di%%e&ence 4m$ et+een most si(ni%icant 'ath !oc6a(e and the 'ath t&a7ecto&"

4his ne(ati)e i% the to' o% the ost&uction o% inte&est is ao)e the )i&tua! !ine-o%-si(ht$ and Fis the

&adius o% the %i&st H&esne! e!!i'soid (i)en "2

mD.3 /

df

ddF

43$

+ith2

f2 %&e,uenc" 4B$

d2 'ath !en(th 46m$

dand d/2 distances 46m$ %&om the te&mina!s to the 'ath ost&uction.

A cu&)e# &e%e&&ed to asAd# ased on e,uation 4/$ is a!so sho+n in Hi(. . This cu&)e# st&ict!" )a!id

%o& !osses !a&(e& than 5 d# has een et&a'o!ated u' to ; d !oss to %u!%i! the need o% !in6

desi(ne&s.

0530-0

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Rec. ITU-R P.530-9 5

2.2.2 Planning criteria !or path clearance

At %&e,uencies ao)e aout / B# di%%&action %adin( o% this t"'e has in the 'ast een a!!e)iated "

insta!!in( antennas that a&e su%%icient!" hi(h# so that the most se)e&e &a" endin( +ou!d not '!ace

the &ecei)e& in the di%%&action &e(ion +hen the e%%ecti)e Ea&th &adius is &educed e!o+ its no&ma!

)a!ue. Di%%&action theo&" indicates that the di&ect 'ath et+een the t&ansmitte& and the &ecei)e&needs a c!ea&ance ao)e (&ound o% at !east ;0G o% the &adius o% the %i&st H&esne! one to achie)e

%&ee-s'ace '&o'a(ation conditions. Recent!"# +ith mo&e in%o&mation on this mechanism and the

statistics o% ke that a&e &e,ui&ed to ma6e statistica! '&edictions# some administ&ations a&e insta!!in(

antennas at hei(hts that +i!! '&oduce some sma!! 6no+n outa(e.

In the asence o% a (ene&a! '&ocedu&e that +ou!d a!!o+ a '&edicta!e amount o% di%%&action !oss %o&

)a&ious sma!! 'e&centa(es o% time and the&e%o&e a statistica! 'ath c!ea&ance c&ite&ion# the %o!!o+in(

'&ocedu&e is ad)ised %o& tem'e&ate and t&o'ica! c!imates.

2.2.2.1 &on-di%ersit' antenna con!igurations

Step 1: Dete&mine the antenna hei(hts &e,ui&ed %o& the a''&o'&iate median )a!ue o% the 'ointk-%acto& 4see : /./* in the asence o% an" data# use k=

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( Rec. ITU-R P.530-9

0530-0/

0/0/5/

ke

.

0.9

0.?

0.D

0.;

0.5

0.rror per!ormance and a%aila#ilit' parameters

ITU-T Recommendation .?/; de%ines a set o% !oc6-ased e&&o& 'e&%o&mance e)ents and

'a&amete&s de)oted to in-se&)ice e&&o& 'e&%o&mance monito&in( o% an 1DB 'ath 4see Note $. An E

is one in +hich one o& mo&e its a&e in e&&o&. An e&&o&ed second4E1$ occu&s i% the&e a&e one o& mo&e

e&&o&ed !oc6s o& at !east one de%ect such as a !oss o% 'ointe& 4oP$. A se)e&e!" e&&o&ed

second 41E1$ occu&s i% the&e a&e 30G o& mo&e o% Es o& a de%ect. ac6(&ound !oc6 e&&o&4E$ is

an e&&o&ed !oc6 not occu&&in( as 'a&t o% an 1E1. Pa&amete&s de%ined a&e se)e&e!" e&&o&ed second

&atio 41E1R$# ac6(&ound !oc6 e&&o& &atio 4ER$# and e&&o&ed second &atio 4E1R$.

NOTE An 1DB 'ath is a t&ai! ca&&"in( an 1DB 'a"!oad and associated o)e&head th&ou(h the !a"e&ed

t&ans'o&t net+o&6 et+een the 'ath te&minatin( e,ui'ment. A di(ita! 'ath ma" e idi&ectiona! o&

unidi&ectiona! and ma" com'&ise oth custome&-o+ned 'o&tions and net+o&6-o'e&ato&-o+ned 'o&tions 4%o&

mo&e in%o&mation see ITU-T Recommendations .?03# .?05# .?/?$.

The de%inition o% !oc6 sie and o% e&&o& 'e&%o&mance e)ents %o& 1DB mu!ti'!e section 4M1$ and

&e(ene&ato& section 4R1$ a&e '&esented in ITU-T Recommendation .?/9. The e&&o& 'e&%o&mance

'a&amete&s and o7ecti)es %o& 1DB M1 and R1 on indi)idua! di(ita! &adio-&e!a" ho's a&e (i)en in

the ITU-R H 1e&ies o% Recommendations.

Each di&ection o% a 'ath can e in one o% t+o states# a)ai!a!e time o& una)ai!a!e time. The c&ite&ia

dete&minin( the t&ansition et+een the t+o states a&e as %o!!o+s2 A 'e&iod o% una)ai!a!e time

e(ins at the onset o% 0 consecuti)e 1E1 e)ents. These 0 s a&e conside&ed to e 'a&t o%

una)ai!a!e time. A ne+ 'e&iod o% a)ai!a!e time e(ins at the onset o% 0 consecuti)e non-1E1e)ents. These 0 s a&e conside&ed to e 'a&t o% a)ai!a!e time. A 'ath is a)ai!a!e i%# and on!" i%#

oth di&ections a&e a)ai!a!e.

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3( Rec. ITU-R P.530-9

The a)ai!ai!it" 'a&amete&s de%ined a&e2 a)ai!ai!it" &atio 4AR$ and mean time et+een di(ita! 'ath

outa(e 4o$. The con)e&se o% AR is the una)ai!ai!it" &atio 4UR$. Thus# A(+(=. The&eci'&oca! o% o is de%ined as the outa(e intensit" 4OI$. Thus# 9 =@o. 9 is &e(a&ded as thenume& o% una)ai!a!e 'e&iods 'e& "ea&.

NOTE / The th&esho!d o% 30G Es is de%ined %o& 1DB 'ath in ITU-T Recommendation .?/;# +hi!e %o&1DB M1 and R1 the th&esho!d )a!ue is de%ined in ITU-T Recommendation .?/9.

2.2 6#;ecti%es !or digital radio-rela' digital paths

The e&&o& 'e&%o&mance o7ecti)es (i)en %o& di(ita! 'aths at o& ao)e the '&ima&" &ate 4/.0

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Rec. ITU-R P.530-9 3/

due to &ain. In the %o!!o+in( 'a&a(&a'hs some ac6(&ound in%o&mation is (i)en %o!!o+ed "

ste'-"-ste' ca!cu!ation '&ocedu&es.

The '&ediction methods %o& 1DB can a!so e used %o& '!esios"nch&onous di(ita! hie&a&ch" 4PDB$

+ith the %o!!o+in( choices2

use the ER1E1c!osest to the t&ansmission &ate 4Mit@s$# e.(. a C-/ %o& a / Mit@s PDB&adio*

use the ER1E1as (i)en in Ta!e / 4the ER1E1is unde& stud" %o& PDB# ut on!" mino&

di%%e&ences a&e e'ected$.

3.1 Prediction o! :>:R

The '&ocedu&e %o& '&edictin( 1E1R is ased on the &e!ationshi' et+een 1E1 and ER7+he&e the

methods %o& '&edictin( outa(e de%ined " a s'eci%ied ER a&e (i)en in Anne . ene&a!!" the

1E1R is '&edicted "2

66g6fS#S( B#(S#SB#(B#(B

Ad$4$4= 4?9$

+he&e2

S#Sf 46$2 &e!ationshi' et+een 1E1 and the ER

B#(g 46$2 '&oai!it" densit" %unction 4PDH$ o% ER

B#(AandB#(B2 inte(&ation !imits 4t"'ica! )a!ues a&e39 0and0

$.

3.1.1 Prediction o! :>:R due to multipath propagation e!!ects

The 1E1R 'a&amete& is (i)en " e,uation 4?9$ +he&e the second te&m is the PDH o% ER. In the

case o% mu!ti'ath '&o'a(ation# the ER is st&ict!" connected to the outa(e '&oai!it" 't# e)a!uated" the methods in Anne . Usin( a''&o'&iate methods %o& the t&ansmission s"stem conside&ed# the

outa(e '&oai!it" 't)e&sus ER can e de&i)ed 4e.(. see Hi(. $. The %unction B#(g is de&i)ed

%&om Hi(. # i.e. B#(g =d't@dB#(.

In (ene&a!# the )a!ues o% outa(e '&oai!it" a&e otained %o& on!" a %e+ )a!ues o% ER +he&e

e,ui'ment si(natu&e and th&esho!d a&e 6no+n. I% an etended set o% ER )a!ues a&e a)ai!a!e# a

mo&e '&ecise cu&)e can e otained.

The 1E1R e)a!uation is made in t+o ste's# one to dete&mine the amount o% 1E1 due to E# and a

second one to otain the usua!!" ne(!i(i!e 'a&t co&&es'ondin( to oP.

The cu&)e o% 1E1 due to E can e a''&oimated " a ste' %unction. The ER )a!ue# +he&e the1E1 '&oai!it" chan(es %&om 0 to is denotedB#(S#S.

R due to rain attenuation

The '&ediction mode! %o& ER due to &ain is ased on the &e!ationshi' et+een the ITU-R &ain

attenuation mode! and the ER )e&sus /N&atio o% the t&ansmission s"stem ein( conside&ed.

3.2.2.1 :tep-#'-step procedure !or the calculation o! ??>R due to rain attenuation

The in'ut 'a&amete&s a&e2 %&e,uenc"# ho' !en(th# 'o!a&iation# &ain one# t&ansmission 'o+e (ain

o% t&ansmittin( antenna# (ain o% &ecei)in( antenna# &e!ationshi' et+een &ecei)ed 'o+e& and ER#

1DB 'ath t"'e# and e&&o& u&st !en(th.

Step 1: Ca!cu!ate the &ain attenuation eceeded %o& 0.0G o% time# A0.0# usin( the method in

: /.

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Step :R due to multipath

The method o% '&edictin( E1R is ased on an a''&oimation %o& the inte(&a! 4e,uation 403$$.

3.3.1.1 :tep-#'-step procedure !or calculation o! >:R due to multipath

In the %o!!o+in(# a ste'-"-ste' '&ocedu&e %o& e)a!uatin( E1R due to mu!ti'ath is (i)en.

Step 1: Ca!cu!ate the outa(e '&oai!it"#'t(# %o& the RER7usin( the outa(e '&ediction methods

desc&ied in Anne %o& the a''&o'&iate s"stem2

't(='t4(B#($ 40

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Rec. ITU-R P.530-9 "3

Step 2: Ca!cu!ate the outa(e '&oai!it" atB#(=B#(S#Sas in 1te' 2

'tS#S='t4B#(S#S$ 405$

+he&eB#(S#Sis (i)en in Ta!e /.

Step 3: Ca!cu!ate 1E1R %&om2

S#S(='tS#S='t4B#(S#S$ 40;$

Step 4: Ca!cu!ate E1R %&om2

3+=

(B#(NnnS#S(#S( Bm 40$

+he&e2

3= # nume& o% e&&o&s 'e& u&st %o& ER !o+e& than RER

NB: nume& o% its@!oc6 4see Ta!e /$n : nume& o% !oc6s@s 4see Ta!e /$

m : s!o'e o% the ER dist&iution cu&)e on a !o(-!o( sca!e %o& ER in the &an(e %&omB#(S#Sto RER# (i)en "2

( ) ( )( ) ( )tS#St(

S#S

''

B#((B#(m

00

00

!o(!o(

!o(!o(

= 40?$

3.3.2 Prediction o! >:R due to rain attenuation

The '&ediction mode! %o& E1R due to &ain is ased on the &e!ationshi' et+een the ITU-R &ain

attenuation mode! and the ER )e&sus /N&atio o% the t&ansmission s"stem ein( conside&ed.

3.3.2.1 :tep-#'-step procedure !or the calculation o! >:R due to rain

The in'ut 'a&amete&s a&e2 %&e,uenc"# ho' !en(th# 'o!a&iation# &ain one# t&ansmission 'o+e (ain

o% t&ansmittin( antenna# (ain o% &ecei)in( antenna# &e!ationshi' et+een &ecei)ed 'o+e& and ER#

1DB 'ath t"'e# e&&o& u&st !en(th.

Step 1: Ca!cu!ate the &ain attenuation eceeded %o& 0.0G o% time# A0.0# usin( the method in

Anne .

Step 2: Ca!cu!ate the nomina! &ecei)ed 'o+e& +ithout &ain attenuation#'(nomina..

Step 3: Usin( the &e!ationshi' et+een &ecei)ed 'o+e& and ER 4usua!!" otained %&om e,ui'mentmanu%actu&e&s$ otain the )a!ue o%AS#S# +he&eAS#Sis the attenuation ma&(in o% the &adio !in6 %o&

B#( =B#(S#S4see Ta!e /$.

Step 4: Ca!cu!ate the annua! time 'e&centa(e# paS#S# that the &ain attenuation is !a&(e& than AS#Susin( Anne .

Step $: T&ans!ate the annua! time 'e&centa(e#paS#S# to the +o&st-month 'e&centa(e#pwS#S# usin(

the method in Recommendation ITU-R P.?

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"" Rec. ITU-R P.530-9

Step *: Ca!cu!ate the annua! time 'e&centa(e# pa(# that the &ain attenuation is !a&(e& than A(usin(

Anne .

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Rec. ITU-R P.530-9 "5

Step 8: T&ans!ate the annua! time 'e&centa(e# pa(# into +o&st-month 'e&centa(e# pw(# usin( the

method in Recommendation ITU-R P.?

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