R > R > U Alna Toxicology appendix

Attachment to the diploma project reclamation > remediation > urbanization by Emil Nyutstumo Horn, AHO, spring 2015

ALNA TOXICOLOGYa mapping study of air-, noise-, water-

and soilpollution in Alna

Chrysanthemum x morifolium

Hedera helix

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Medicago sativa

Phragmites australis

Populus maximowiczii

Typha latifolia

Scirpus acutus

Salix alba Tristis

Introduction

This is a compilation of the mapping study done of four main categories of pollution in Alna; air, soil, water and noise.

The study is produced as an attachment to the diploma project reclamation > remediation > urbanization, which utilizes remediation though revegetation of the site, phytoremediation. Accordingly, the study naturally has special emphasis on the soil pollution as this is the type of pollution known to most efficiently be reduced through phytoremediation. The soil pollution study is shown not only as a mapping study, but by individual

pollutants, their health effects, environmental effects and how it can be remediated. If phytoremediation is possible, the plant names will be listed, in addition to the plants hight in an mature state of growth to provide an intuitive way of choosing which vegetation to design with. The individual plant will of course have other individual traits, and it is therefore important to read this document together with the Phytoremediation Plant List as the two documents is together meant to provide a tool for designing with remediating vegetation in the project.

Health effect

Environmental effect

Pollutant name

Name of phytoremediating plant

Plan

t size

10-15

g/m3

15-20

20-30

30-40

40-50

> 50

Air pollution: yearly average

NO2

There are several ways of categorizing air pollution. In this study two of the most prominent pollutors in Alna are mapped. Both gas emissions and particle emissions are largely coming from the road system, as the study clearly shows.

This is the pollution in a yearly average, which means the actual pollution at a certain time will vary according to wind, weather, traffic and season.

NO2 (nitrogenoxide) is a gas that is released mainly from motorized vehicles, and may have negative health effects, like asthma and bronchitis.

[Norway, Miljetaten, 2015, p. 5]

[Luftkvalitet.info, 2015]

NO2 safe level.

10-15

g/m3

15-20

20-30

30-40

40-50

> 50

10PMPM10 is particulate matter in the air, that is typically caused by traffic. A number of studies are showing a connection between particulate matter, illness and mortality rate.[Luftkvalitet.info, 2015]

[Norway, Miljetaten, 2015, p. 5]

PM10 safe level.

50-60

dB

60-65

65-70

> 75

[dangerousdecibels.org, 2015]

Level of which sustained exposure may result in permanent hearing loss. 85 dB

Noise pollution: daily average

Noise pollution is mainly caused by traffic, where the E6 is the biggest source. This is also evident in the mapping.

surface runoff

Report sediment sample points:

Grorud

Breivoll

Tveten

Kvrner

Brominated flame retardants (several values, all highest at Breivoll.)

Phthalates (862 ng/g)

Chlorinated paraffins (830 ng/g)

Triclosans (14 ng/g)

Siloxans (196 ng/g)

Breivoll

sediment sample point

[Norway, Statens Forurensingstilsyn, 2015]

Water pollution

In Statens Forurensingstilsyns (Norwegian Pollution Control Authoritys) Kartlegging av Miljgifter i Alna og Akerselva from 2009, the largest amount of pollution were in general found at the measuring station in Breivoll. Particularly four environmental toxins were found in higher concentrations than in all other locations, both upstream and downstream. This naturally means that pollutants are being added to the river upstream from Breivoll, and downstream from Grorud, likely through runoff water and groundwater.

Co27

Cobalt58.933

Zn30

Zinc65.39

Pb82

Lead207.2

Ni28

Nickel58.693

Hg80

Mercury200.59

Cr24

Chromium51.996

Cd48

Cadmium112.411As

33

Arsenic74.922

Cu29

Copper63.546

PCB

Trichlorethene

Naphthalene

Ethylbenzene

Benzene

Tuolene

PAH

Phtalates

Methane (Aliphatic hydrocarbon)

Soil pollution

Co27

Cobalt58.933

Zn30

Zinc65.39

Pb82

Lead207.2

Ni28

Nickel58.693

Hg80

Mercury200.59

Cr24

Chromium51.996

Cd48

Cadmium112.411As

33

Arsenic74.922

Cu29

Copper63.546

PCB

Trichlorethene

Naphthalene

Ethylbenzene

Benzene

Tuolene

PAH

Phtalates

Methane (Aliphatic hydrocarbon)

STUBBERUD LANDFILL (1947 - 1963)

As33

Arsenic74.922

Cd48

Cadmium112.411

Cr24

Chromium51.996

Cu29

Copper63.546

Pb82

Lead207.2

Co27

Cobalt58.933

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Cadmium

Copper Ethylbenzene Lead

Chromium Cobalt

BenzeneArsenic

Hg80

Mercury200.59

Ni28

Nickel58.693

Zn30

Zinc65.39

Mercury

PAH

Toluene Trichloroethylene Zinc

PCB Phthalates

NickelNaphthalene

Methane (aliphatic hydrocarbon)

Propane

Methane harvesting

of the global greenhouse gas emissions[United States Environmental Protection Agency]

14%

Butane

remed

iatio

nen

vironm

ental e

ffect

Alip

hatic

hyd

roca

rbon

s

Methane (aliphatic hydrocarbon)

Propane

Methane harvesting

of the global greenhouse gas emissions[United States Environmental Protection Agency]

14%

Butane

remed

iatio

nen

vironm

ental e

ffect

Arsenic

Andropogon gerardii

Agrostis capillaris L.

Avena sativa

Cucurbita pepo

Bouteloua curtipendula

Helianthus annuus

Cynodon dactylon

Raphanus sativus

Populus deltoides

Salix alba Tristis

Spirodela polyrhiza

Salix pentandra

Thlaspi caerulescens

Iris germanica

Juncus effuses

Iris pseudacorus

Lupinus albus

Morus alba Platanifolia

Pinus taeda

Morus rubra

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ityVery toxic to water organisms[miljstatus.no]

[miljstatus.no]

As33

Arsenic74.922

Highly carcinogenic

Arse

nic

Benzene

Damaging to the bone marrow

[cancer.org]


Hedera helix

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Carcinogenic (leukemia)

Medicago sativa



Typha latifolia

Scirpus acutus

Salix alba Tristis

Benz

ene

Benzene


[cancer.org]


Hedera helix

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity


Medicago sativa



Typha latifolia

Scirpus acutus

Salix alba Tristis

Cadmium

Amaranthus retroflexus

Achillea millefolium

Athyrium yokoscense

Claytonia perfoliata

Avena sativa

Cynodon dactylon

Cucurbita pepo

Phalaris arundinacea

Lolium perenne


Silene vulgaris

Salix nigra

Spartina pectinata


Spirodela polyrhiza

Typha latifolia

Zostera marina

Viola spp.

Deschampsia caespitosa

Festuca arundinacea

Distichlis spicata

Helianthus annuus

Iris germanica

Lemna minor

Iris pseudacorus

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic


Highly carcinogenic

Highly poisonous by inhalation, and may result in acute lung damage.

Damaging to fertility and fetal development[miljstatus.no]

Cd48

Cadmium112.411

Cadm

ium

Chromium

Helianthus annuus


Lemna minor

Pinus taeda

Nymphaea odorata

Populus tremuloides

Polygonum lapathifolium

Salix alba


phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic


Carcinogenic

Damaging to fertility and fetal developmentHarmful to kidneys and liver if digested.

Allergyinducing

[miljstatus.no]

Cr24

Chromium51.996

Damaging to DNA material

Chro

miu

m

Chromium

Helianthus annuus


Lemna minor

Pinus taeda

Nymphaea odorata

Populus tremuloides


Salix alba


phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Very toxic to water organisms[miljstatus.no]

Carcinogenic

Damaging to fertility and fetal developmentHarmful to kidneys and liver if digested.

Allergyinducing

[miljstatus.no]

Cr24

Chromium51.996


Copper

Artemisia frigida

Athyrium yokoscense

Andropogon gerardii

Avena sativa

Cynodon dactylon



Distichlis spicata

Helianthus annuus

Iris germanica

Dryopteris erythrosora

Iris pseudacorus

Littorella uniflora

Lolium perenne

Lemna minor

Nymphaea odorata


Potamogeton crispus


Raphanus sativus

Salix nigra

Spartina pectinata


Typha latifolia

Triticum aestivum

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ityToxic to some water organisms[miljstatus.no]

Cu29

Copper63.546

Can cause temporary gastrointestinal distresswith symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Can damage the liver and kidneys.[New Hampshire Department of Enironmental Services]

Copp

er

Ethylbenzene

[United States Environmental Protection Agency]

remed

iatio

nch

emica

l rem

ediatio

n

phytoremediation

toxic

ity

Cause of dizziness, chest constriction, irritation of the eyes

Ethylbenzene has not been recorded to be taken up in plants. Since it is a monocyclic hydrocarbon (BTEX) it might be reasonable to test the same phytoremediating plants as with Benzene and Toluene.

There are chemical products on the market that can clean BTEX by injection into the contaminated soil, like Klozur CR.[peroxychem.com]

Ethy

lben

zene

Ethylbenzene

[United States Environmental Protection Agency]

remed

iatio

nch

emica

l rem

ediatio

n

phytoremediation

toxic

ity

Cause of dizziness, chest constriction, irritation of the eyes

Ethylbenzene has not been recorded to be taken up in plants. Since it is a monocyclic hydrocarbon (BTEX) it might be reasonable to test the same phytoremediating plants as with Benzene and Toluene.

There are chemical products on the market that can clean BTEX by injection into the contaminated soil, like Klozur CR.[peroxychem.com]

Lead

Athyrium yokoscense



Cynodon dactylon

Festuca arundinacea

Distichlis spicata

Guercus gambelii

Lemna minor

Lolium perenne

Pascopyrum smithii


Avena sativa

Amorpha fruticosa

Cucurbita pepo


Gleditsia triacanthos


Helianthus annuus

Littorella uniflora

Medicago sativa


Populus deltoides

Potamogeton crispus

Populus tremuloides

Salix alba Tristis

Salix pentandra


Trifolium repens

Triticum aestivum

Typha latifolia

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Pb82

Lead207.2

Extremely toxic to water organisms[miljstatus.no]

Extremely toxic to mammals[miljstatus.no]

Damaging to the brain and central nerve system


Lead

Mercury

Populus deltoides


Salix alba

Salix alba Tristis

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic


Damaging to fetal developmentHarmful to kidneys

Allergyinducing

[miljstatus.no]

Hg80

Mercury200.59

Damaging to the brain and central nerve system[erdetfarlig.no]

Mercury

Populus deltoides


Salix alba

Salix alba Tristis

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Very toxic to water organisms[miljstatus.no]

Damaging to fetal developmentHarmful to kidneys

Allergyinducing

[miljstatus.no]

Hg80

Mercury200.59

Damaging to the brain and central nerve system[erdetfarlig.no]

Nickel


Alyssum wulfenianum

Avena sativa

Helianthus annuus



Raphanus sativus

Rhus typhina

Salix alba Tristis

Salix nigra


phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Major cause for contact dermatitis[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]

[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]

Ni28

Nickel58.693

Carcinogenic

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (PAH) (Benzo(A)pyrene shown)

Some PAHs are extremely toxic to water organisms and may inhibit their reproductional ability.[miljstatus.no]

Damaging to fertility and fetal development


Carcinogenic

[miljstatus.no]

Betula pendula

Bouteloua dactyloides

Elymus canadensis

Medicago sativa

Salix nigra

Morus rubra

Trifolium repens

Triticum aestivum

Typha latifolia

Urtica procera

Pinus taeda

Pascopyrum smithii


phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (PAH) (Benzo(A)pyrene shown)

Some PAHs are extremely toxic to water organisms and may inhibit their reproductional ability.[miljstatus.no]

Damaging to fertility and fetal development


Carcinogenic

[miljstatus.no]

Betula pendula

Bouteloua dactyloides

Elymus canadensis

Medicago sativa

Salix nigra

Morus rubra

Trifolium repens

Triticum aestivum

Typha latifolia

Urtica procera

Pinus taeda

Pascopyrum smithii


phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

PCB


[cancer.org]

Festuca arundinacea

Betula pendula

Fraxinus

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity


Maclura pomifera

Morus rubra

Liriodendron tulipifera

Helianthus annuus

Pinus nigra


Acer saccharinum

Atriplex hortensis

Betula nigra

Andropogon gerardii

Rhus typhina

Populus deltoides

Salix alba

Urtica procera

Trifolium repens

Phthalates (Diisononyl phthalate shown)

Biodegradation through sparging (mechanical remediation)

Some phthalates are extremely toxic to water organisms[miljstatus.no]

[Otten, Alphenaar, Pijls, Spuij & de Wit, p.78]


remed

iatio

ntoxic

ity

Phthalates (Diisononyl phthalate shown)

Biodegradation through sparging (mechanical remediation)

Some phthalates are extremely toxic to water organisms[miljstatus.no]

[Otten, Alphenaar, Pijls, Spuij & de Wit, p.78]


remed

iatio

ntoxic

ity

Toluene

Damaging to fetal development

Damaging to the brain and central nerve system

[erdetfarlig.no]

[erdetfarlig.no]


Hedera helix

Salix alba Tristis


phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Trichlorethene

[miljstatus.no]


Lolium perenne

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Cercis canadensis

Pinus taeda

Acer saccharinum


Elaeagnus angustifolia

Betula nigra

Populus deltoides

Toxic to water organisms.[miljstatus.no]

Carcinogenic



Salix alba Tristis

Salix exigua

Quercus palustris

Salix nigra

Salix pentandra

Trichlorethene

[miljstatus.no]


Lolium perenne

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ity

Cercis canadensis

Pinus taeda

Acer saccharinum


Elaeagnus angustifolia

Betula nigra

Populus deltoides

Toxic to water organisms.[miljstatus.no]

Carcinogenic



Salix alba Tristis

Salix exigua

Quercus palustris

Salix nigra

Salix pentandra

Zinc

Avena sativa


Cucurbita pepo

Festuca arundinacea

Pascopyrum smithii

Iris germanica

Salix alba Tristis

Salix pentandra





Helianthus annuus

Populus deltoides

Medicago sativa

Salix nigra

Silene vulgaris

Triticum aestivum

phytorem

ediatio

ntoxic

ityVery toxic by ingestation to some animals like dogs.

Zn30

Zinc65.39

May supress other metals and cause metal deficiencies

Sources

Official documents

NORWAY, STATENS FORURENSINGSTILSYN. (2009) Kartlegging av Miljgifter i Alna og Akerselva. Oslo: Statens forurensingstilsyn.

NORGE, NORGES GEOLOGISKE UNDERSKELSE (NGU). (2009) Aktsomhetskart Byjordgrense. Oslo: NGU.

NORGE, STATENS FORURENSINGSTILSYN (2007) Kartframstilling av luftkvalitet til bruk i arealplanlegging.

NORGE, STATENS FORURENSINGSTILSYN (2007) Utlekking av miljgifter fra strre grunnforurensningslokaliteter i Norge.

NORGE, DIREKTORATET FOR ARBEIDSTILSYNET (2001)Grunnlag For Fastsettelse Av Administrativ Norm For Etylbenzen.

NORGE, KLIMA- OG FORURENSINGSDIREKTORATET (2012)Grunnforurensning - bransjer og stoffer.

NORGE, MILJDIREKTORATET (2014)Veileder til retningslinje for behandling av sty i arealplanlegging (T-1442/2012)

Web-pages

NORWAY, VANN-NETT (2015) Vann-nett [Online]Available from: http://vann-nett.no/portal/Default.aspx.[Accessed: 2nd February 2015].

NORWAY, MILJDIREKTORATET (2015) MIljstatus [Online]Available from: http://www.miljostatus.no/[Accessed: 2014-2015].

NORGE, NORGES GEOLOGISKE UNDERSKELSE (NGU) (2015) Byjord [Online]Available from: http://www.ngu.no/fagomrade/byjord[Accessed: 6th February 2015].

USA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013) Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data [Online]Available from: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html[Accessed: 5th January 2015].

USA, DANGEROUS DECIBELS (2015) Dangerous Decibels how loud is too loud [Online]Available from: http://www.dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/noise-induced-hearing-loss/[Accessed: 20th March 2015].

R > R > U Alna Toxicology appendix

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