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K6 Sunday, Jan. 2, 2005 / The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
Societies and stupidity
RANDY CURWEN / Chicago Tribune Deforestation on Easter Island doomed prehistoric inhabitants.
Looking at bad eco-decisions of past clarifies dangers aheadBy CAMERON McWHIRTER [email protected]
When I was a kid, my parents werepart of that early wave of Northern sub-urbanites to vacation on Hilton HeadIsland. My childhood memories, fromthe early ’70s, were of running alongempty beaches and climbing over aban-doned Civil War forts. The island wascrawling with wildlife; the ocean wasteeming with jellyfish, dolphin and crab.
I recently returned to the island onassignment, after three decades. I washorrified to discover the island of myyouth transformed into a shopping malland a parking lot. In 1970, the island’spopulation was about 2,500. In 2000, thecensus put the permanent population at33,862 — an increase of more than 1,250percent.
Did my parents have any idea whatwas going to happen to Hilton Headwhen they first came down? Did theisland’s developers?
Islands and people who live on themplay a large part in Jared Diamond’s newbook, “Collapse.” Pulitzer Prize winnerDiamond (1997’s “Guns, Germs, andSteel”) uses the contained environmentsas test cases to show how human societ-ies manage — or don’t manage — lim-ited resources. He examines a range of
ancient and modernsocieties, many ofthem on islands, tosee how culturesinadvertently makestupid, often fatal,decisions about natu-ral resources.
Skeptical readersshould not write offthis book as anothereco-rant condemninghouses, cars and tele-phones. Diamond istoo thoughtful, toocareful, to fall intoflabby emotionalharangues and finger-wagging.
Employing a stock-pile of archaeological,climatological andhistoric data, he illus-trates how communi-ties, from prehistoricEaster Island toGreenland, havemade choices — not
obvious, large mistakes but a series ofimportant, smaller decisions — that leadto cataclysm or chronic destitution.
He then proceeds to argue that mod-ern societies, from Haiti to Montana toChina to Rwanda, are making similarlythoughtless decisions (deforestation,overmining, overpopulation) that couldhave equally dire consequences.
Diamond, a professor at UCLA, hasproduced a book that, though occasion-ally too professorial in its tone, is persua-sive and important. He shows that manydecisions made about how to use forests,land, livestock and water seemed logicalat the time, but were not carefullythought out.
This book is not about saving thesnail darter; it is about saving people.
The case studies of ancient island cul-tures are the most intriguing. Environ-mental mistakes doomed thousands.What were they thinking? Diamond triesto find out. They were not illogical peo-ple, certainly no more illogical than weare. But they made choices influenced bygreed or competition or social codes andended up committing slow-motion sui-cide.
One of Diamond’s most glaring exam-ples of human short-sightedness is Eas-ter Island, where the prehistoric peoplecut down all the trees to haul stone stat-ues and build homes. The logging was sointense, the inhabitants eventually defor-ested the entire island. When the foodsupply ran out, people couldn’t escapebecause they did not have enough woodto build boats large enough to handle theocean. The survivors were starved orreduced to cannibalism.
Another example is ancient Green-land, where Vikings brought their Euro-pean culture and agricultural methods toa harsh, northern environment. Whenweather stopped boats from arriving, thecivilization collapsed and everyone died.Meanwhile, neighboring Inuits, longadapted to the harsh climate, prospered.
Diamond uses this survey of humanfolly as a qualified warning for our glo-bal society. At the close of the book, heticks off a dozen ways modern society isheading for serious environmental crisis— from deforestation to using up limitedresources like oil and water.
“Our world society is presently on anon-sustainable course,” he writes, “andany of our 12 problems of non-sustainability that we have just summa-rized would suffice to limit our lifestyle. .. . They are like time bombs with fusesof less than 50 years.”
“Collapse” doesn’t suggest we shouldabandon technology and becomehunter-gatherers. Diamond doesn’targue we are headed for a “Road War-rior” dystopia. He does argue, withoutbeing hyperbolic, that our world in com-ing decades will have dramaticallyreduced quality of life as a direct resultof our failure to manage the environ-ment. Wars over scarce resources willbecome common. Pockets of starvationwill kill many. Epidemics will becomemore common.
Our global society — all aspects ofthat society, from the first world to thethird world, from international businessto environmental activists — have astake in cooperating to find a way tomake the Earth sustainable, Diamondargues.
Diamond’s book is dense reading. Buthis point is simple: We must be smarterthan our predecessors.
Cameron McWhirter is a reporter for The AtlantaJournal-Constitution.
NONFICTIONCollapse: HowSocietiesChoose to Fail orSucceed. ByJared Diamond.Viking. $29.95.575 pages.The verdict: Farfrom beinganother eco-rant,this is a reasonedlook back and for-ward.
What I’m Reading“I started out as a comic
book artist so I’ve beenreading a lot of graphic novelslately. I just reread ‘GhostWorld’ by Daniel Clowes. Theillustrations, I look at themover and over again, becausethey are so economical. . . . Ialso read ‘One HundredBullets’ by Brian Azzarelloand Eduardo Risso. And I’mreally looking forward togetting into ‘Locas,’ acollection of stories by JaimeHernandez.” — Pete Hautman, author of “Godless,” winner of the 2004 National Book Award for Young People’s Literature
STUART RAMSON / Associated Press
BOOKS— From “Snow in July,” a novel by Heather Barbieri (Soho Press, $24)
“The night my sister almost dies for the twelfth time,a foot of snow falls, which makes it harder, thoughnot impossible, to save her.”
OPENING LINE
As if by magic, novelist Naipaul is thrivingFICTIONMagic Seeds. By V.S.Naipaul. Alfred A. Knopf.$25. 280 pages.The verdict: More aninteresting apology than aterrific novel.
By JOHN FREEMAN For the Journal-Constitution
Nobe l l au rea te V.S.Naipaul has proclaimed thenovel dead so often you haveto wonder whether he con-siders himself a eulogist forthe form. On the eve of thepublication of his new novel,“Magic Seeds,” he was at itagain: “I have no faith in thesurvival of the novel,” the 72-year-old novelist said. “It isalmost over. The world haschanged, and people do nothave the time to give that abook requires.”
True indeed. Still, we needto keep in mind that Naipaulhas always proceeded fromdoubt. After all, his has beenan unlikely life.
Born in Trinidad in 1932,he left the island on scholar-ship to England. After writ-ing four novels about hischildhood home, includingthe incredible “A House forMr. Biswas,” Naipaul begantraveling. He visited India,South America, Africa andthe American South, andreturned with dispatches thatwere brilliantly opinionated,if occasionally unforgiving ofsocieties beaten down bypoverty. The novels thatemerged from these journeyswere barbed, curious and
angry.With his last two works of
fiction, though, there is a newcalm to Naipaul’s writing.Published in 2001, “Half aLife” gently picked up the arcof Naipaul’s own life andturned it into a brief but pow-erful story: Narrator WillieChandran is an Indian manwho comes of age inEngland, begins to write andthen travels into the world.He winds up making a homein Africa and lives there for18 years. He leaves just as thewar for independence begins.Loyalty to heart and homeare not part of his emotionalconstitution.
If Willie’s enigma in thatfirst book was that he wouldalways be living half a life, acultural outsider pretendingat comfort, in “Magic Seeds”he tries to break down thatbarrier. As the novel begins,he’s living in Berlin with hissister, who is full of fieryMarxist rhetoric. Finally,Willie goes to India to hook
up with a guerrilla band.Willie gets involved with thewrong people and, after aperiod of wandering, killingand imprisonment, returns toLondon, chastened butilluminated.
It’s hard not to interpret“Magic Seeds” as an act ofatonement. Listen to Willieexplaining how his world-view has changed:
“Twenty years ago Iwouldn’t have seen what Iam seeing now. . . . I havecome from a world of waste
and appearances. I saw quiteclearly some time ago that itwas a simple world, wherepeople had been simplified. Imust not go back on thatvision. I must understandthat now I am among peopleof more complicated beliefsand social ideas, and at thesame time in a worldstripped of all style and arti-fice. This is an airport. Itworks. It is full of technicallyaccomplished people. That iswhat I must see.”
One of the things thatmade Naipaul an excitingwriter to read in the pastdecade is the sense that thisreversal might come. CouldNaipaul adapt to a world rap-idly changing? In fact, hecan, or so it seems.
Still, “Magic Seeds” feelsmore like an interesting apol-ogy than a terrific novel.Although Naipaul’s singularcontrol over the ebb and flowof descriptive prose remainsstrong, there is somethingartificial about the dialogue.Sensing the direction thisbook is heading, Naipaul’sc o n c l u s i o n i s h a r d l ysurprising.
Indeed, there are no magicbuds in this book, only thefruition of a life’s work.
John Freeman is a writer in NewYork.
Frederic Reglain V.S. Naipaul’s latest novel,“Magic Seeds,” continuesthe tale of peripateticseeker Willie Chandran.
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