C S Y L +a 1 5 - 3 dlF

Absence of skull bones w '- . aLCcYI ;4 ;&-Igl

exposure of pcrt of bra1

Lo TcJaklI 3 Glc'jl ~~b

d ~ i , J-JI &i ~ ~ L L J

A dl3

First &-!I 3 LC/;YI &i ZWJ ji JS k+ p$l -- a@! 2 iL- iLy 161% &I 'I+ LC. Trimester

2 iG2 &- ,i 9,: *i +J! Y\ j i j I 2 $1 ilb, . C.&\ J+13

.i LLUI ,i &I, 221, $I J; WI .L~s'~J 41, + J .. . b i 3 +>I, 44t~ JL j1>91 b15 ,i &I

Severe congenital abnortnalities ;_.+I i + L U ab+"

L ~ ' ~ ' Y ~ ; W I & + I y i+ + -J iI+JJ h~i 2 &I +- i ' I * l A i b ~ i ~ ~ +'11 j J-JI L LJL dub3 4 L p \ A . . ,+i 3 ;+&I L J ~ + I .i . i$b i>Y$\ + 33

JI +I j i+l . . ab&I di & JIZ. .&I+\ &L! & k ! I

. b+~

Moderate congenital o i+J I -41 W I ; i l ia41 ~ b u + +LG 9 li WJ) ,Jl >I> &I + L," A abnorm:~lities

J b . rJl cJL "1 y -1 &G j>Li 2 j+- il ~;i;iL iaY$I

. G ~ J J I L + ~ Y \ ~ &I 3i 41 jw~ - . .. d b + l L&;

3i 41 + #3 J ~ I j W I 3 &I )I+- ;+I a b 4 1 bi3

j+ Llu l+- &+.+ LA*^ +I& 41 >ILI 3i $1

i 9 U wJ). . ,JI J-!J JIA Y dlJ) ykJ~ ;> .ci A+~

. O + L . &I .. byg L C LW w l g g

Mild congenital U l - . -I a b + l LJWI Q J I

A-L-j. ji jl-;y13 Jdd A-, +'Yl & Y 21 abnormalities

w 6 Jfl! J! Li ,i a* CbU .>LJIJ 4,;~ L . i$ -. L+- i j ~ A- ,i 6 WI jb

: ab+~ A- d&i ki

L O > ul&.ol j &I - iiJl &Id1 j. 91 tlb : & ~ b , ~ ~ - ; ~ ~ ! ~ h + - j i & . , ~

. Environmental Causes -;,I; + + ~ i - 1

Hereditary Causes +I> GI,, UL~ . . - 2

116

: @-,

Chromosomal abnromalities i.L3jr3> >lYi - 1

. Genetic diseases a l j >lYi - 2

Multifactorial disorders i'liJJ13 +I1 &I) & JfL- ubi - 3

Mechanical factors ik;& +bi - 4

. JddI, rY+ ipb UL\ . . : $I1 +\

. Maternal factors J! -Ii UL~ . . - 1

. Fetal factors &I J! "IJ UL~ . . - 2

Placental factors U 1 J! -1, UL~ . . - 3

External factors : (L-JLiJI) +I1 -. UL~I . .

+- ji +- G~LJI - LJI -. ;,+ fi ji &UI dp e~~ L 3 YLL+ L + ~ I tb! ,I J! QJJ ji, +ill &

. &- L JrlyJI

: +JGJl &I,A - 1

&I Gk $9 Li 21 -Jwl &l&I j. +a 4 ~ - 3gzu-9 3pJgJJ h + . +-lr ab+- A&- ,i + a

: &,Z.-'l &1$I oh L a 2-i;. l+a $1

3 J3VI r ~ Y ~ 4 Infections Y&~&JI~ a & I + I Y & Cij~ +LP!

(-91 J+ GI+\ ;;>L aL,,&&JI o h + &',.dl

* M I 3 -- li + A& 41 JL J ~ ~ I ,

e b sb L 'di JS JLL '41 JI+ &IJ i+ t l c .ir AA ,i +L -" Clj Rubella, German measles ;i;LJPl d l ji -1 ;=, 194 1

a L J & l hi L( . i + d I ab+& +yl c i Y i +Lp!

4L3+!l9 toxoplasma Loj'311-I : 3f4 Viruses

jy3 . ~ l . r ' l l 2 i+*r ab+- A,& 4 L-j' li Cytomegalovirus

:LY JPe'4 b;i- ,, c; 117

r Y ~ &$,b & 21 jUIJ kj-I - . . - J~A~JI~ . +dl lib j i ieS .I,>-L . . LA>& JL; . @ . ~ - - & ~ i + i l l & ~ ~ + J I $ K \

,i . r3k+.JI j +ill 2 i+ 3b+- ;r. Thalidomide +LJI*JWl

A L b j l cXJ + dl Ionizing radiation i-LJl 441 al&-JI LLJYI ' k - i , Xrays i 1 ,\ . cancer

. &i G~~ a&" n;L $, AS, aIJdl3

&-- ;r. i t J 4 10 jc a,+ ieiriJl Ldl .. - . al$i-Jl +-3

& & I ;+dl iLJl .. ... & I & \ JI-Pelb L. 2-i;,. *I ab+l

: &ill

. Infections (+LJI >11.il13 r34LgJYi) Cljill 2 eyi - 2

. Drugs and Chemicals ri_,L&I > I & \ S - 3

. Mechanical factors s \ s ' - . - f l &lit*;! - 4

Xrays : idyl +JI + ~ i v-bi >+- JGYI A ~ Y L -

& . (microcephaly) LLlll +.J &I && d2Le_s

4 j i i k ~ ~ .ui ;III .. .. ;;'N &bill LGY- J.- i i ~ - 625

.+I ab+l ijP $1

, i ~ a m m a rays Lb i i i 3i U I i r s W &WI ; ! ~ l > - -

2 'L-3. .& jli &I >lpill A - G+ -I > \ & I

. h r b 3 i 3 - J 4 w12;";- J-pJIr" A +&I i-I ;;ell nU 2 i r l c l L y l 0 4 &MI ( ~ l 4;j aL;-elk Fj JL( Gene mutations aLIJJpJI j i i l + J! ~>)i

kI-\ + I jleh; d ~ k di U. . Chromosomal aberration

,i &I ay J! &-\3 A LA +L ab+ JI, ~ J Y J I + 3i v,J~ > b y !

2 9 1 O+ . - jL. &-L. > I &\dl 3 $1 lib di Y!

118

. & W l >-&I &'ul ir; I j L W I i h & "Y, ( & d l 2 >,'ll &i 3 W l LZ)JUJ\ &I+ j i-L.W p+li

L-5 L+L$ 4 1 j lpJl>+ J!+>$ >+Ij &I ~ 9 1 Spina bifida iS+13 microcephaly LLdl d > k

L&I*il rl-ylJ rikJL aL.-3 Cleft palate j & I -I3

.mental retardation &I &IJ ( I b ' Y l )

+,JI a l s ~ ) ' I+* j ? ~ ~ J U ~ I ~ Y G L I ~ J ij'i u L ' W I JIG A & g I Nagasaki >ljL;, Hiroshima Q3sp 3

I I i .. . i U , ~ i l s , ~ i j Jazll

L S . Micr,ocephaly LLd1 -3 Mental retardation +I LeWL

Down ij%, Leukaemia rd! Ah,. a Y L _Z ;A ;>&j iL,

. L I I ii ., ici-2. rjjt + L Y l i j &,IJi L W Syndrome

Infections : &I j ab+ - d l + d l >lpyl .. .. ;.L JJj . id l> '.&ulj &,&dl ,pu 4rj- "& j L y l

OIL.. biL - . JyJ @ i+ -. i i 5 ~ a j L Y 1 LG Immunity +I

~ i . ~ L ~ Y I ~ >&L +I + b j pj bb dj ak3-,.c=d~ Y L ~ , S & J ~ & &- j d &! <V1 y 2 L W I jb d)j & M I

Y ~ I : , 4 ~ 1 , YL~AI 'I. ;ru .&I 3! qyj P-~ i j u ~ - .

. . L L L .. ~ b + - --3 &I Jj Jydl 2 &

: & L Y~,@I ?i,

Viruses : aLJAl .;kl,aj

--, ($1 2 d& 1 /) +LUL && A- +> aL+ 2 L - - 3 I I . igG& >I k W I 2 +-, . . d l & K J I &I>

i l j&JI C K j l J5 j j y d l I b ~ J I , + . lp r 2 J.5 2 & j 9 l "3

.'+ +I J Lj16eiI jb I:! iS~rprj 49 d,s I& L, "9 L+ Y *i C J L j p J I o y ?'YI 'w 'by 'by 161 &(Herpes f i & l J HIV j&YI

> d l & y-j L&& 4 - L pLj ilIyJI kJ> 2 & t L j l 5

: Y I i . 4

. Rubella virus i +k lY l k p J l d3> - 1

. Herpes simplex +I ( U + l l %Jl) &J\ ~ 3 2 - 2

3 . Cytomegalovirus & W l yza; d ~ 2 -

. HIV j +y l 3 4 ~ 9 9 - 4

. Rubella virus G W ~ I -1 d ~ 2 - 1

p + ~LLI ++ -1 di A- Pcl iP-i-Il US3 .immunization J-L +IJsYI 3i ++Ml

JAI +ui &J34i Toxoplasmosis : bj%#&

Obstruct~ve hydrocephalus

lntracranial calc~f icat~ons

J ~ J I +i +UI -- & i ks . ;,\&I +,> 12 A+- LL,I -w-~ 1 ~ L 3 0 - 2 5 j . ~ & l h l z p " j'b+-J

> ~ Y I +i ZWI i9 +ci ;+ &/ 2 + &I -i . .. I ~ L ~ -I

*' u b y , jFil 21,i ~j ~ I ~ L I p-. -- &.i

3 ' . . L&&\ &d ~3~ -uJ $1 ";L J i G-& p b Ij3 Jaundice +I+& Jskll +LaiJ JWoil

2 jU ?dl f~ ;?A 2 irk51 pneumonia &>I uwL . GWIJ b*rlA JL ++I s l > L ' J l JL.Gb &LwJ . ?'YIJ >JpJl

Syphilis : &pjl4 +by1 -91 & jkJl -1 j?> 3 ~ p $ \ 4? +- ,Cy,, , Mcrocepholy 3 diy' 4'' 2 ' ~ + 3

Chororet~n~tis >d $ & $3 9 J &--! 1 '

' , Microphthalma

L . - ' J Opt~catrophy w- dJ +I + b i Strab~smcls j; ~ ' Y I >i p + y ~

A - 3 . i j'+ La+ Ji i>Y$I

Ji ;AI ~ I J Y A I - ji . .A >i C+ J& ;>yJ

~ ~ $ 4 WI -1 1iiJ Lii &dl &a ; p Y l ;$I &

0-* , b 3 % LL~. . i+lp i>YJl + kce

Gonorrhea : jwl

&I + ~ e i j * ~ " i -K L -b b&l 2 1 ~ 6

~J+Jb,+-J~ ;k $3 $JP '.F L k ! &+JI

. rj%' #I +k! ,i +WYI c$ J, .$ &>~i; @I ++

: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) j+yl >lo

J l + - ;m" J% 3 ;h, > I >lYYl 2 j+yl 49 .>&I I+ ub @ i > ~ , +>$ JU~,

: it;^^ alyl L12 &I Jl &,dl JY,

6 4 1 J.+ L- semen p j l 2 hi - I

L .I+ i,& &/ 3 &I J! j+>I &,* +- . > b y 1 2 C"-, +Yl &--A

. i&~ dj WI ?YI &- ai -

. j. ;>YJI + .ui JAI UL, j i -, . Breast feedingddl 2 irLs,ll +u\, i>YAI + JAl u L ~ ! a! - 2

dl&Yl @I +Yl ,Jl j+'J'l >3 J+ .. LA1 -. >Nl 3, - A

J k s l A b 3 L 1V.F -i\l\ JLb\ j Artificial Inscmmation

. j+Y4 LLP~ Donor @kll hl5 I>! j+YI 43 JLksl Sj*r

Variola virus di&I &,r=) - 1

123

Vaccina Virus $1 dJ+ cr"9z=j - 2

Virus Hepatitis A and B ( u J i) HJ&I @I vlbrJl - 3

Influenza Virus I j+lo'Yl - 4

Rubeolla Virus +2 &jr=j .- 5

Varicella j k x l l ,j* - 6

E C H O aL9> - 7

Western Equine Virus > L d l &+I L'YI j3+ - 8

Encephalitis

Mumps Virus G a l cp, c r " 9 2 - 9

Venezuelan Encephalitis &-,&I LLdI +L6;11 ,,> - 10

: I 0 -" . . L ' W I 31pJIJ LJ;Y I

bi AL i+ G>- -b &I ~ L J I ~ > j ~ >& 3~

3 JIG- ;JI L U ' I . . - . . >IgalIg + J.! ab+- -- T L L l i a 3 +I>- La& &I & &La+- -- !+L d l 3 +dl L . -

. &> &LG aFi 'Jl d l s f l p l dl 4\44 '.$I 'LgL,.&aI 2l&l O h 5=

L u

. + ~ b + - ++ li Alcohol (+!,dl) ,pz'13 PiS

Analgesic and ;,\&I a h J a U l j. Lp, 3La ji 5

&.&I >l&l AJi5 .I,+> YU j L Y \ ugh+ 21 Antipyretic

Heroin 2-JJ13 Opium j ~ y l dJdj . &+dl J; >+I3 jL>)Ll

i & 1 ,L3 Barbiturate a I J e J U I Amphetamine *l.+Lyl - bi A- ULUI JI&I JS 'L.S.D w9 +L aLA+-- " " "

. LU; aL'y + L A aLI,> Jl G>WI Z$WI icj4+4 JL ab;; -- bi i~ f t j ~ 3b,

kJ>Jl L ,Ik3 Phenytoln d+l ,Ik dUj . +-U

21 Hormones csLp&I3 Cortisone jSsJpMl kgo;rcP~ rezerpine

b L d I i l j l k l l ~ . Progesterome dj+9jl:, 41 F- 124

& 6 $1 2 J b I I L i S 'Antihistaminic

w l s b @ l A -- A Insulin y?-91 j! Jpl + j! ;.&L,dl ;.Lp'Yl ~ k b i 3 L i U l ab+I i; +I> &J L_CS -L-~

L 6>WIr>~&.J Ib - ;su r~ J!&j u ~i.. y , + r U L . LUI &&I j+ + ~ i &I 91 i+ cf~y --

Neo -,dl i d i > W I >l_rCkJI d! .b4i r16;Yl ?bi &~i, LibA-ll, Cytotoxic drugs fl,J'N i > U l >UuJI AJ.Uj-S, . Mercazole

3 --I' +-L-*.: db*;. 4 jf 41 &'u&i+lrlt j3 +, JI+ G I ~ A OL++ ~i ,i ~>YJ I u 'k df> 3i -bl

. G L ,

Antibiotic : t&I ;.I~LkJI

&A! 9 +.~'i Tetracycline &l$I .. - Jli. j z W l d,L I;!

--J . LL~, r~ *A- 2 IL . . - - . i4& d f Y 1 1161, .&+I CUuJl J& 2 4 -- kS ~ L ' Y I J L+ &I;.'\

. ] l k ~ ~ IL JU'YI~ ,LIV~I .~k! YJ+ pd

~ - L A + ~ ~ + - I J J L ~ ~ ~ Streptomycin e-~9i-'V~ l i b 'L-1 lib

k- jr 3>1j lj! 4 41 L 4 icgijj Dihydro-streptomycin

LJI'YI 2 +3 abpf; ++ >?1 4 ; U j Penicillin &I . . L\ . . i;u "J-2 bL, u jlS lj! Y! id1 juJl d l + 2 &W L,,LJI

. * ~ - i + j 3 ~

+\+I i>L 6- L+JLk.b3 Sulpha U\ >b j:GS

hi kS L&U WUrc! r+ y- IA! . >J&l r> 2 (>&I) -. - . Bilirubin

Folic acid pL & 'b-i jk Tri-methoxyzole >Lis

y" 14 & iJb dj A\ Jw\ LI+ 4;U25! r+

' u

125

: 3UJI .&I aL,AJl f l r C ; I

~ ~ k s ' l l &L >! Hormones GYJl itjWI O L ?l&l + ~ h

.c, 12; kg .&YI dl d>j? L 2% 41 CZ ifZjWI +clj~

- ' I Pseudo Hermaphrodite L i U l j jJl l& & dLJI . b Y J l < W a L s j y s $ I +\3! - IJ ' ~ i /--ZJ bjJ i;;i wi a~,j,,~ + bi jr I S ~ I y~ei 41 I- .&I ~ L J J

u~kci >i his, ,+- i ; p ~ L+S, LL+K; j xx +'YI L b d ;2YJl+ c l p l p z 4 clj; lyi, . ;pul L k I l -.

.;A + k l 3 && 2 -- dU1 o h LJb Vb. 'd3'Yl

L W I " . dl;-.p,+IIg b j + i ! \ ;.L; pp f l l; j l aLiJAJI o i . e+l j. LJU &dl Progesterone LS+.-s,II L y p S Anabolic I-Iormones

. JA . ~ i +I, , , d l ALLY .. + C ~ - 6 j ~ ~

: JeJl p e-3 2 j V l

Lpb '"&Jl 3 '&I d l & \ 2 ' L y 2 i y &UI +A: I$ + I o LrJl &I> JPiI Lkj+j &I 2 LA- -- 9, Cleft palate j q l & d l g L *dl 0 9 d l G 9 4 1

.+.dl $ L + L y p > y j j c ~ Y l

4' $3 Y (JAR-' >fl, Jj) J--Jl r y, rl-L;j l LJ! > v g (y b. 1-1 Li Y! . U ~ I -41 + J- +- LU k;iJ L,;;r,$I akL 'y Li; jLdl + A I L '41 '& ;j? &

U+I ~i . (+WI #I) osi b J + - u ~ ~ ~ + L J J +LL iJcT -- i.b 2. GLLD)!k Estrogen jt;-J,j3\il ;.I:. 3 L-I

> d l 3 ab-- .Ll+-Yl A ~j *ij Estrogen L3+J&l

. +Gi-", +'+slI +I, d l , c+91, '&$

> 4 I +ib d! I I + : iJ+UI i.U

k r ' k J 1 + tJL; I I I ..- ~~41~ d # I

+G LJUI tY9l 'p &,>Vl o h +- LLG) u iWI &I *- ( & d l j.

126

bi i,+u MI , d l a k 3 $ :a,+,~ - , i I i u ' +VI +YI 6 J i 2 2 s j - A*;

>

4 (+ 'i JI ,I+ +I>JI IL ,+i I:! &I *LT +J2j

.

JL W I .rJ WI ECr j yU >I >W1 : (Anticoagulants) (Warfarine) d>JIJl

Jl & M I >+- &>,IJl & iJ+ d l . . 2 \ 4 1 J L I bL

i.b$Al y' ff;& +by1 J b l >;L! IrS >&)/I3 j i l

&s Microcephaly * d l 7 is d! 6 2 9 .Li, ' + L J I

.&I j CALI U l ) - && + b y I - (

:&+I 2 Jd"2 >I > I d 1

2,. cU ?- ,ill Buselphan b b & I ;iL Js &>>i + Chlorambucil &*I,+ ;~LJ (r111 Leukemia W + l

+ LS~+- ;-! 6 2 9 2 1 4 1 O-L JS ~ 4 1 j *b-i ?A-> jL6JI $ i4-G i.b+-> &I JP; ckiy J! bI*C;I 6 2 ~ i j . i4-G

*~kc ' l l ,-> ( 4 9 1 > d l J ~ I + Y I ~ -41 ? ~ i r )

.&I +=;j cob>

ji 'bu+& 4-1 ii41 cw d L & d l $LJ ;r. GJ 15i jiJ &dl ?+ ii41 F- j I I a I I i . wJJ kii

+ >i J I ~ I OL p + I ~ (L2 120 p) WI i+

.&b+ -- dY bi &+I q i j ~ I A I

: Anticonvulsants ~41 ~JW LUI kJ&l

di j b "jw LUI +,&I &U ii41 i i j

cL*n 19 JL yJl J-IJ Jp-ll Lhj J J! &>&J &I jk

j? d l +I;'YI j. &I 9 b J . I \ 4 6 Microcephaly &\ &I d; & L .ui .L i,-~i ~-I>L

.&I Jl&

127

D I ~ { D U ~ O J $ ~ J pUD asou pau~nidn ' { J O ~ S

dl1 ~addn uziliwJar, u141

JOI JaiSOd

asou ~ o q s --(L- -)

3 a Y W I d Y i & + ;~U;II ad #,i, a+\ +I,\

L, +YI +LO! J# JAJI ;i41 J,L; LS>3,'i,+ +YI O ~ L ;

LIS i i LS 'Alcohol-Fetal Syndrome &I 2 J+I Lj% -- L j W I O& +Lp)'\ >L & > \ j 3 4 1 ;4 i;LbLL;--.o-j\ - & d l a > \ j

' ~ i + ab+ J! di 'WI 2 dJL\ j &Y,

JWk3 Microcephaly LLdl +Y 9 &I 2 JflI i j?b pU;. ?i +..o, Microganthia d l -, L d l 9 &I U l

,-!IJ ejLj r j l >I> + ! I . Microplthal~llia

2 s - 4 . Short palpeberal fissures ;+I j+l =.g JL.51

$ + L Cleft Palat j+I M I L Mid face Hypoplasia +.J1 Li, Cataracts and Short Pal-peberal (c-I ; G I ) > U I 9 &I LA

iJL!.Ll aLLsyl p, Mental Retardation &L Lhi; .fissures

d l 4 i4L; U- 'Growth Retardation d l j A- ' As L U l --JC;JI M I r b L l t Congenital Cardiac Defects

Smoking : *A! J 61 a b Y LJ Iyd l ;l+.Jl*& / C J L l j > Z A G a+

~ $ 1 b i ~ " ; ~ i2Y31 * ~ r &JJ3 3341 Cu js &i hi3 ~ L L

&I &I 2 i j U l > \ d l LF]! Li-Ui y A j i i L - ~ o c;rlg.Y +JI+l 6-Lj

kkll -. AJLidI 2 s l 3la3 Small For date 7 9 -; a .S i p U I AjWl $4 .&I A ijL.Al @I 2 L5-k-Z dl

ii

i i + , I I I - .WHO GWI UI

j I ‘ 4 b Y 1 . C a Y L +I> dl &>> - &I &-JJ

L+ iLJI h-; L Still births 241 J U ~ I ;>Y,, ;&..dl i>YdI,

SJb + j t k j l *,WI 2 - L kS 'Peri-natal death ;>YdI JF . d l 2 LLLdl . u+I -

,'! d i -k 21 42% & d l Hypoxia ~ J ' Y I + - I

129

% ;>Id> +d . L&d l (CY + P ~ b j J l # J i-hi;J/ &b+/

-3 (L,eJ.de q-44) ~+3-%4-J\ (y *z;JI j y g l +Ji ~ 3 i

?-dl uLaz $1 iU1 bki l o b 9 i+ i > 4 j LL.Al @I >l;

U-41 '.+ +,ill $2 & rL+l j. (?-dl -) &.+-&I .. . . 'pill

. &I 4 L L > y l ++ d l i > W I p 3 Nicotine p e l - 2

>i;,>i , d l J Adrenaline >C;-,>~I 2 i>bj i i i e l l :J

>LdkJ, Catecholamine wi J&LMl 3 Noradrenaline 2- I 0 d I .Placenta L+d & d l &).dl +=39~

L L - & -1 .&\ "

+- >is 2-1 ,2 be&\ Thiocyanate ~&l-+l ;>LA - 3

. i J u l 1 ~ ~ ~ 7 + .. &I .. + JJh &I3 -1 Ji b3 ?ill ?> d! J! -IJI &- JUL~ &- w! ?JJI ji + J! + IJ

L;J 41 pk; _r. iJWl ,cIli jr J! &; is>)?? i i - '

$ 1 j . L W I db+- S3bJ + b y \ j-3 b j A I

. b+ LO^ ;I>YJI d3 p 4 1 4 Canapes : ( L \ ~ , k l l 6 d l )

d L 3 j p ~ 3 + J I ) a-I - . *% d L > --;

j=;s$l LLo (THC J ~ ~ 3 J ~ I ~ - ;>Lo) +I h-J (Chromosome

t _ J i i.iJl~ &Jl) rL";l kS +I 2 >$I i;J d L ; l d I bLt; $ 3 3 DNA RNA (&,%I

+U\ id & d l & jk ' i i i - ~ l &-C/ i...&&lf - .

-3 . +&yl $3 44;! d l . 0141~ &>I 3 $I Gonadotrophins

i.lb+l &L;l+I 2 ~ ~ . b y i THC &I p dul i > U I

Jj ch- ~ L Y J LA& . &..dl ( d l ) +I rr-' 'i; s3 ' a i l

. csLl,dI 'y + d l

: L.S.D LqLgll

j. cJ&--+3 . ; + d l & 4 l J I itreJl dL# l ,LJI l.ia

130

lL j.k-1 .r' -WI J-IvJI JS $9 di . ~ - ; Y I + d +l+I> d l ,bLl+ LC' J + l 21 di . JdI ,MI

41 jWl Jr-. d b ~ y &Jl $>&I, &,&I

bi j&- Morphine *,+I Heroin pj& - .. &WI jL>!

lib . + LUi &+ *i3 i>YJI + &MI j +I ;i&d + k L l 4 1 ckjy J! A irLlJl A- j b i>YAI J.3 Lj j l ?'Yl d3L;

3 3 4 &JJ

dl ciz "b 6>Jd1 >I >>A1 L~ >JA1 y- A> ki; iL1S ,MI +LC ,J+ i;,> i j d l i>U qLb ~ l j i;Jl ILa + U s ! 2 4 Y J iol; +irJ d! >Jdl \.La Id .29 j A*,

-&-,A &&I yah- + +i L+I i;r,+ jg'Y~ J+ LL JJJP~I

J~~ r-w ,GI i_~r ~ ; i SLJL~ l'L++ -+ j i . Withdrawal syrnptomsi,ld-Il

J I + ' Y I ~ ;iLLLkell i-r CF Amphetamine *L+'Yl ,LC 1.1 I + - i . j-11 +LL~ ,LA IL 21r.ljj- 2~13~1 i;-i u 41 .. . 41 r~ a p e - 3 41 AJJJ iAiic is+ 241

. i>UJ\ + J U ~ I aLi3 j 3 b ;si

Cortisone : 4 k L g a3;;;,4l -

& I a Y 1 2 if- + j l i J l hi j + .sb+

J-WlJ-W r*c - di .. . d3&1 39 . ~ L Y I +i 3 ;ib+-

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r$lJ Caffeine j W l ..- 16;1,, &+ & I j Y l >U13

. 4 ; U g +jl, Lithium

i&Jl aLa+dI3 i.$&dl &lpll

Amniotic Fluid : (AUI r U I >>I &I) &*'Y! $Ul

&l+LLui, .& l+2i7LJi+& b+-&.Jl

J] eul 4: $46- Js; >- &I jA p'-' >jiLll p i ' 1

Fey\ $UI LJ - - .A J! i ~ Y $ l J-3 jhi (,.2 Lrh; 4 .&A1 3 $ J l . e U l rr?~ L LL. il;ii.G! y_JL

132

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+I a s 4 1 ,i (91 q 4r;; A i.&4~J i . ~ ~ ~ j. .+kr

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:ka .c.+V~ SLU a k ~ i hi,*, AL,

+-dl +,Vl fl $ U l \La jy& (YI f > b j + (YJ $ydl ~ > J d l - 1

W I >fl+lJ Amnion j+\rl y--i; & + d l J +I j U . - .

. csJ---J 2 &I &*l31 i*; ji + *kdJs J ~ I I L ~ 1~145;j~~ :&I J~ - 2

& j 1 I ,+ 1 I 2, . JJrJI j l i ! y. &A\ +&I u L i J U I 3 \ 4 1 J&I I L j s+- Y L L J I p, . I,02 ;J

iJ3Jl >j r Y l +L> *-, L + d I 29 3 j+- '+! i j 'b+,

PLI LL ks Lk; . &*l >&I j L p J I 9 L+a & rGW I

. &, p *+-J jJ.i$l +,i j U &I 3

Oligo-hydramnios : (&I) &+91 $UI 4 u ~ I

?+ UL~ . . id 'k4,r; Amniotic fluid $ L J l + : & L &

: Primary oligohydramnios qJi U L ~ . . +I - 1

&i+&i?i,, . $ U I ~ + > + ~ ~ I L & -* 41 d*l $ 2yJ fb ,i Renal agenesis 3 6 4-G >~)ed >)IJ -

!+?I 2 ;5, Ji Poly cystic Kidney ;id\ &LJYI a l j &I 2-3 u

ji kJ . .LJJ1 p l y ! Ui jSJ L 4 +_1; &+ Ji atrebia of urethra

(91 3 i+Vl ZWI 4 9 1 >) LJrJl ~9 $+ 400 >IF j> &I

4'5 UJL36, <+VI $ U I 2 + d! 6 ~ ) : GI O L j I & j b 6% . GL i.b+ LgJ3 J!

133

I : ~ . + ~ u ~ l - u . . ,i -I OL J-J + '&-+G JLJI IL *ih- + (&&I

G ~ ~ J I +.+'11 >, . J.LJI i~ JL d3h L '&I >I+ 2 LSJI

. .&MI y 4ii; A j" + $ ! ~ & L o ~ I ,i +I ;>I&I 'AJ~ d~ &+ JL3i F+LJI L+ f+- & 21 ~Y,L ,i

.>Lpy1 r i l b ! dy: &I 1.b +- jZ t'Jl '+ 9 X; ijpu

0-L j. +k, C+- $ U i $Jt A+ + i+ r y d I dj'S lip . $ u I a >! d.) 6 2 3 3 Jl-& & d l

Amniotic j ,i ip & L J! $ U I / d 2 3 3

j l&YIJ f 4 I o h . &L &- Ring j& ' L i L ,i Band

1 I b I . ;ik && b+YI +Ltt jUl.

-- ,i ~ I + Y I bi >+- +- fi. JUI 3 - - J ~ a~+-

. Gr - &I 2 % ~ &&I + I ~ ' Y I ye $ &%I

j ;g A, yJl YC.+JI ji f+d~ >, tG1 J1-9 ihl;J1 >! 4 2 9 3 41 y 2 J d+

L! 1 I U 6 Congenital hip dislocation A,JI

a b 4 1 &-ill J+YI ,i L+- ~ W I 'GLL + i;i ,i Fetoscopy &I ,i +I i ~ j i L I ~ . .. li OL J-5 'Amniocentesis >I $L 3 + Li ,i &I r: 3

jl+Y13 r&l oL ++ JUk, /+Yl $ U I 3 'LG + . a ab+- -" $1

Single gene disorders idJ ZJy 3 4 U I ijrljJl ob+l

(bl, * ) . ib I , z,,. j + 'j& -ul +MI ab+Jl&-

0 JLZ U L W I ab+I j. UC, 15 JI, 10 JI ~ L c ' 4 L+ Y ~ I ~ Y I 3 A ! I>& GlJJr" ~ I ~ Y I

5 0 L+A..JI >! J+JI ~ Y L j. i;]~ 30 ji ks UI

i d 1 >KJI j LUL LLL 15 Jl j. J! i > Y A I + 2 aLjJt/I

&I J ~ I 2 &i 41 oh j+-, ~ , J I ~ I ~ Y I @

UJU'VI clJj ;k;

iglJJ iol. 1218 LILA ji (1975 ?ls) Mukusick ++ $i riJ

LLY+ L A p 947, Autosomal Dominant i -~;Lr k;ts-!

I I J . X t ~ j y ~ > + idy 171, Autosomal Recessive

LG 3 L J-cj d+i; - +- -l. G I J 9 4550 J k y I l r 4 1 y Y l j. &dl d U & 2 4 1 pijl 1h Jlj: ?fJ .I988

U- bi . i_~zI, Z,,. 9 &- $1, JL jylj __u i;ll LJJJ1

+ >G i- j l .. . >a i; aOUJdl 3 & d l fl 21 . O L y l Lbjp '$1 4 l Y Y 1

Prenatal diagnosis : +yl j + M I ob+I -

&Ifl; ,+ >I &=&A1 2 &dl "EL41 2 .. . e L - L 5 - b

-YI 2.L dj J A I xi .& > e 3 G + L & l U - f l : ~ l e ~ I ( ~ l ~ ~ ~ + + d - I

j. u-- i>L p 3 Alfa-Fetoprotein s3i.+WI >Idell j. c+ &I LLS- 151 / I .. . JI +i L+L YI +3 &I r~ e r ,

o h $3 'NTD d l o j k 2 'b-j & 9 Ly)

a q y i5 j i $Lj J! Els;J ii*il? i+ LJ. L-J +JI - I+ ;+ aL=.& u-- 21 cli 41 L K 2 j Y I F- LA . &'i

.+I iAL, GI& ++ (j51Js Jj cL- A; J J j eY1 r> d!

l+J! 'Q-, . +YL . kkb - ab+- >rj ;+ U l $LJ1 ; ~ i 3

j. + I o h j ' 4 4 o+- > ~ g J L I & G + U I & L J I d> Ji!

' 6 1 I 3 I bHM'Y~ $U l $1 w 6p- L.5 Alfa-Fetoprotein 2"szipCkl\ ;;>U\ L-5 hG JL aLlJllj1 3

U I a- bL >I &I 6% 3 &.+ - "L= r - 3 C-'> JJ 'y c* G y A- 4 aLJjYJ$I i l j > > 6-1 ILLL- uw3 . $ U I I*, ~2 ;L.WI d J i p &I 441 a~ i i ) j LLCJIA, . si ?i a~ i>i &I t+ LC1 +b Li3 >.S., &I ji X linked disease 4 4 ik,;~ 'by

. ~ L d l $ d l &I I-Llb ;4 ago* &&I J9d1 2

3i ; I L ~ ~ ~ ~ $ I L I J > j &I 4% +- ~JUI 4 p~,i izt . LL . &I AE I;! L #, I , a & Y - ifz L+ * 0bkL; -- bJ,+ dl, 0 9 3 f , JL (w-J l & a L , ~ g o , Y ~

. 4 ; > & j ,i b>*r + u 2 + ~ ~ 1 1 - 8 t y ~ 1 $ i S ~ + :Lt+.dIi;?cu42j---f

.+> +.dl 2

: Fetoscopy r>l JIIr &I 4 ,Wl J k l - r

Ai, f-Jl &I> &I i,jj *I* &+ dl GI+\ 'Sb! o*,

JLJI J! F>I +I> d! &+ + +I >I+ &> 2 &> Jh J L > L -J UI &hi, 41 ~ j , &A3 . .&L -I

.L+i J~~ L I ~ A-, . ;+I -. +LJI LU+I >MI,

;IL-~YI, e+i ;ilJ., LWI p &I -LL) L4 i.+ ~i I JS a91 ~i - 4 @+ di, i+ i>,- +$I .j_. JLI

j> L d ' Y k Cy - L Y I is-)- CcS l++ J L s l t L k ; j Y j . LLi >YI G+I

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