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UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKAFACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES

QUIETPAVEMENTS

Student : Miran Flego, 0114013331

Rijeka, January 2015.

UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKAFACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES

QUIETPAVEMENTS

Student : Miran Flego, 0114013331

Rijeka, January 2015.

Noiseiseverywhere.Itaffectsourlivesathome,atworkandgenerallyeverywhere.Whereverpeoplelive

thereisnoise.

Noise,bydefinition,isanyunwantedorexcessivesound.Intheworldtoday,noisehasbecomeoneofthe

mostubiquitousformsofenvironmentalpollution.

Intraffic,noiseisagrowingproblem,especiallywithinurbanareas.Noiseemissionoftrafficvehiclesis

dominatedwiththenoiseproducesbytires.Thatkindofnoiseisinfluencedbythecharacteristics ofthe

roadsurface,likeacousticabsorptionandsurfacetexture.Thecommonnoisereductionmeasuresinclude

noisebarriersthatpreventsoundpropagationfromtheroadwaystotheurbanareas.Thosemeasuresare

veryexpensiveandineffectiveinmanyurbanareas.

Construction ofquieterpavementsisconsideredtobeapromisingengineeringtechniqueforsustainable

andenvironmentalfriendlyroads.

Noiseiseverywhere.Itaffectsourlivesathome,atworkandgenerallyeverywhere.Whereverpeoplelive

thereisnoise.

Noise,bydefinition,isanyunwantedorexcessivesound.Intheworldtoday,noisehasbecomeoneofthe

mostubiquitousformsofenvironmentalpollution.

Intraffic,noiseisagrowingproblem,especiallywithinurbanareas.Noiseemissionoftrafficvehiclesis

dominatedwiththenoiseproducesbytires.Thatkindofnoiseisinfluencedbythecharacteristics ofthe

roadsurface,likeacousticabsorptionandsurfacetexture.Thecommonnoisereductionmeasuresinclude

noisebarriersthatpreventsoundpropagationfromtheroadwaystotheurbanareas.Thosemeasuresare

veryexpensiveandineffectiveinmanyurbanareas.

Construction ofquieterpavementsisconsideredtobeapromisingengineeringtechniqueforsustainable

andenvironmentalfriendlyroads.

ABSTRACTABSTRACT

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SOUND LEVELS IN TRAFFICSOUND LEVELS IN TRAFFIC

Techniquesusedtomeasuretheove mainlyusedfordeterminingorpredictingoverallroadsidenoiselevel

rall trafficnoiseinthefieldarebasedupontwobasicmethods:

pass bymeasurementmethod andcloseproximitymethod

Generallyusedvariationsofmentionedpass bymethodsare:

SPB StatisticalPass Bymethod

CPB ControlledPass Bymethod.

Techniquesusedtomeasuretheove mainlyusedfordeterminingorpredictingoverallroadsidenoiselevel

rall trafficnoiseinthefieldarebasedupontwobasicmethods:

pass bymeasurementmethod andcloseproximitymethod

Generallyusedvariationsofmentionedpass bymethodsare:

SPB StatisticalPass Bymethod

CPB ControlledPass Bymethod.

TRAFFIC NOISE MEASUREMENTSTRAFFIC NOISE MEASUREMENTS

SPB

methodreliesonnormaltrafficstreamonaparticularroad

microphonesareplacedusuallyat7.5m(Europeanstandard) fromthecentre line perpendiculartothe

directionoftravelandat1.2mheight

taken measurements forthreeclassesofvehicles:passengercars,dualaxleheavyvehicleswithmore

thanfourwheelsandmultipleaxleheavyvehicles

mainlyusedfordeterminingorpredictingoverallroadsidenoiselevel

CPB

similartotheSPBmethod

measurementsetupwherebyamicrophoneormicrophonesareplacedatspecifieddistanceandheight

withrespecttocentre line

CPX

usedfo comparingtires,vehiclesandroadsurfaces

microphonesmountedincloseproximitytothetire,tire pavementinterfaceorvehicleengine

SPB

methodreliesonnormaltrafficstreamonaparticularroad

microphonesareplacedusuallyat7.5m(Europeanstandard) fromthecentre line perpendiculartothe

directionoftravelandat1.2mheight

taken measurements forthreeclassesofvehicles:passengercars,dualaxleheavyvehicleswithmore

thanfourwheelsandmultipleaxleheavyvehicles

mainlyusedfordeterminingorpredictingoverallroadsidenoiselevel

CPB

similartotheSPBmethod

measurementsetupwherebyamicrophoneormicrophonesareplacedatspecifieddistanceandheight

withrespecttocentre line

CPX

usedfo comparingtires,vehiclesandroadsurfaces

microphonesmountedincloseproximitytothetire,tire pavementinterfaceorvehicleengine

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OBSI On BoardSoundIntensitymethod

variationofCPXmethod

intensityofsoundpowercreatedduetotirepavementinteraction microphones aremountednexttoatireandthereforeitisalsocalledCloseProximitySoundIntensity

(CPSI)

OBSI On BoardSoundIntensitymethod

variationofCPXmethod

intensityofsoundpowercreatedduetotirepavementinteraction microphones aremountednexttoatireandthereforeitisalsocalledCloseProximitySoundIntensity

(CPSI)

QuieterasphaltpavementscanbeconstructedwithallcommonmixturessuchasDenseGradedAsphalt

(DGA),StoneMasticAsphalt(SMA),OpenGradedAsphalt(OGA)andPorousAsphalt(PA)providedthatthe

texturesaresmallandnegative.

QuieterasphaltpavementscanbeconstructedwithallcommonmixturessuchasDenseGradedAsphalt

(DGA),StoneMasticAsphalt(SMA),OpenGradedAsphalt(OGA)andPorousAsphalt(PA)providedthatthe

texturesaresmallandnegative.

QUIET PAVEMENT SOLUTIONSQUIET PAVEMENT SOLUTIONS

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madeofopengradedoruniformly gradedaggregatesthatprovideahighairvoidcontents(15%to

25%)inthecompactedmixwithwhichwecanreducethenoisefor4dB

promisingperformanceinprovidingnaturaldrainageandreductioninnoise

maintenancerepresentsaproblemwithcloggingofvoids

single ordoublelayerporousmixesandthinsurfacingareusedasnoisereducingpavementmixes

madeofopengradedoruniformly gradedaggregatesthatprovideahighairvoidcontents(15%to

25%)inthecompactedmixwithwhichwecanreducethenoisefor4dB

promisingperformanceinprovidingnaturaldrainageandreductioninnoise

maintenancerepresentsaproblemwithcloggingofvoids

single ordoublelayerporousmixesandthinsurfacingareusedasnoisereducingpavementmixes

PorousordrainageasphaltmixturePorousordrainageasphaltmixture

gap gradedasphaltmixturewithintermediatesizeaggregatemissing

rangeofnoiselevelissimilartodensegradedasphaltpavements

gap gradedasphaltmixturewithintermediatesizeaggregatemissing

rangeofnoiselevelissimilartodensegradedasphaltpavements

SMA SplitMasticsAsphaltSMA SplitMasticsAsphalt

OGA OpenGradedAsphaltOGA OpenGradedAsphalt

designedforhighskidresistanceproperties,issimilartoporouspavementbutwithlowervoidcontents

whichareachievedthroughuseofhigherfineraggregates

providesnoisereductionpotentialbecausepartofthesoundenergyisabsorbedthroughthevoidsinthe

mixture

designedforhighskidresistanceproperties,issimilartoporouspavementbutwithlowervoidcontents

whichareachievedthroughuseofhigherfineraggregates

providesnoisereductionpotentialbecausepartofthesoundenergyisabsorbedthroughthevoidsinthe

mixture

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hydrocarbonbinder

obtained

through

physical

and

chemical

interaction

of

crumb

rubber

produced

by

recyclingofusedtireswithbitumenandadditives hydrocarbonbinder

obtained

through

physical

and

chemical

interaction

of

crumb

rubber

produced

by

recyclingofusedtireswithbitumenandadditives

CRMA CrumbRubberandPolymere ModifiedAsphaltMixtureCRMA CrumbRubberandPolymere ModifiedAsphaltMixture

composedofasphaltblendedwith20%byweightrubberfromrecycledtires

tirerubberisfinelygroundatambienttemperatures thenblendedwithasphaltattemperatures

exceeding177C

veryadhesiveandcohesivehighviscositybinderthatgiveshighfilmthicknessontheaggregates

composedofasphaltblendedwith20%byweightrubberfromrecycledtires

tirerubberisfinelygroundatambienttemperatures thenblendedwithasphaltattemperatures

exceeding177C

veryadhesiveandcohesivehighviscositybinderthatgiveshighfilmthicknessontheaggregates

highstructuraldurabilityandstabilityunderveryhightraffic

burlapandartificialturfdragtextureshaveshowntobethequietestfollowedbythediamondgrounded

surfaces

longitudinally tinedsurfacehasshowntobequieterthantransversely

highstructuraldurabilityandstabilityunderveryhightraffic

burlapandartificialturfdragtextureshaveshowntobethequietestfollowedbythediamondgrounded

surfaces

longitudinally tinedsurfacehasshowntobequieterthantransversely

QuietconcretepavementQuietconcretepavement

diamondgrindingconcept,knownaswhispergrinding produceslowtexturedsurfacesandisshownto

reducethenoise

showntobethequietestandsmoothestPCCreducingtheCPXmeasurednoisefor3dBonnewlygrinded

surface

diamondgrindingconcept,knownaswhispergrinding produceslowtexturedsurfacesandisshownto

reducethenoise

showntobethequietestandsmoothestPCCreducingtheCPXmeasurednoisefor3dBonnewlygrinded

surface

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noise levelvaries

widely

even

within

the

same

pavement

group noise level

varies

widely

even

within

the

same

pavement

group

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PAVEMENTSCOMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PAVEMENTS

developmentsofaconsisttire pavementnoisedatabaseinCalifornia andArizona,caused

considerable interestinapplyingthissamemeasurementapproachtopavementsinEurope infour

countriesinEurope Germany,theNetherlands, France,andBelgium

testsperformedinCaliforniaandArizonashowedfollowingobservations:

1) Pavementtypecanreducetirepavementnoiseupto8or10dB

2) significantrangeintirepavementnoiseperformanceisineachofthegenericgroupingsofpavement

(PCC,DGAC,andOGAC/RAC)

3) surfacetexturecontrolsthelowertire pavementnoisefrequencies(below~1000Hz

4) opengradedorrubberizedasphaltconcreteshowthebesttire pavementnoiseperformance

5) grindingofPCCsurfacescanbeeffectiveinreducingtire pavementnoisebyreducingtextureeffectandbyreducingjointslap

first3ofthesewherealsoconfirmedintheNITEtesting

NITEtestsadded:

1) highlyporous2layerACconstructionscanprovideonlyslightlybettertirepavementnoiseperformance

thanthequietpavementscurrentlyinuseinCaliforniaandArizona

2) porousPCCcanproducetire pavementnoiseperformancesimilartootherquietpavements

3) exposedaggregatePCCsurfaceswerenotfoundtobeparticularlyquietrelativetolongitudinaltexture

4) rangeintire pavement noiseperformanceofSMApavementsissimilartothatofDGAC,andbothare

atcloserelatedtoaggregatesize

developmentsofaconsisttire pavementnoisedatabaseinCalifornia andArizona,caused

considerable interestinapplyingthissamemeasurementapproachtopavementsinEurope infour

countriesinEurope Germany,theNetherlands, France,andBelgium

testsperformedinCaliforniaandArizonashowedfollowingobservations:

1) Pavementtypecanreducetirepavementnoiseupto8or10dB

2) significantrangeintirepavementnoiseperformanceisineachofthegenericgroupingsofpavement

(PCC,DGAC,andOGAC/RAC)

3) surfacetexturecontrolsthelowertire pavementnoisefrequencies(below~1000Hz

4) opengradedorrubberizedasphaltconcreteshowthebesttire pavementnoiseperformance

5) grindingofPCCsurfacescanbeeffectiveinreducingtire pavementnoisebyreducingtextureeffectandbyreducingjointslap

first3ofthesewherealsoconfirmedintheNITEtesting

NITEtestsadded:

1) highlyporous2layerACconstructionscanprovideonlyslightlybettertirepavementnoiseperformance

thanthequietpavementscurrentlyinuseinCaliforniaandArizona

2) porousPCCcanproducetire pavementnoiseperformancesimilartootherquietpavements

3) exposedaggregatePCCsurfaceswerenotfoundtobeparticularlyquietrelativetolongitudinaltexture

4) rangeintire pavement noiseperformanceofSMApavementsissimilartothatofDGAC,andbothare

atcloserelatedtoaggregatesize

NOISE INTENSITY TESTING IN EUROPE NITE PROJECTNOISE INTENSITY TESTING IN EUROPE NITE PROJECT

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DEUFRAKO SPERoN(StatisticalPhysicalExplanationofRollingNoise)modelstructuringofasurface

withamouldingtool,perforatedmetalsheetstructuredwithanegativeofthetexturetobeprintedinto

aresinsurface

DEUFRAKO SPERoN(StatisticalPhysicalExplanationofRollingNoise)modelstructuringofasurface

withamouldingtool,perforatedmetalsheetstructuredwithanegativeofthetexturetobeprintedinto

aresinsurface

ONGOING PROJECTS IN EUROPEONGOING PROJECTS IN EUROPE

PERSUADEPoroElasticRoadSUrface:aninnovationtoAvoidDamagestotheEnvironmentlaunchedon

1September2009andcoordinatedinBelgium,withthebudgetof3,4millioneurosbasedonrubber

fromscraptires,whichwouldbenefittheenvironmentbycontributingtoreduceingtrafficnoiseand

vibration,butalsohelpingtosolvetheproblemofmorethan3milliontonsoftiresbeingdumpedor

burnedeveryyearintheEuropeanUnion

PERSUADEPoroElasticRoadSUrface:aninnovationtoAvoidDamagestotheEnvironmentlaunchedon

1September2009andcoordinatedinBelgium,withthebudgetof3,4millioneurosbasedonrubber

fromscraptires,whichwouldbenefittheenvironmentbycontributingtoreduceingtrafficnoiseand

vibration,butalsohelpingtosolvetheproblemofmorethan3milliontonsoftiresbeingdumpedor

burnedeveryyearintheEuropeanUnion

Asthetire pavementinteractionnoisedependsmainlyonthesurfacemacrotexture,itprovidesthe

opportunitytoplaywiththepavementsurfacemixesandsurfacetexturestoreducethenoise.

Examplespresentedherealsoshowedthattechniquesareavailabletoreducethenoisewithout

sacrificingthesafetyanddurability.

However,carefulselectionandconstructionisthekeytoachievebeneficialnoisereductionbythe

pavementitself.

Asthetire pavementinteractionnoisedependsmainlyonthesurfacemacrotexture,itprovidesthe

opportunitytoplaywiththepavementsurfacemixesandsurfacetexturestoreducethenoise.

Examplespresentedherealsoshowedthattechniquesareavailabletoreducethenoisewithout

sacrificingthesafetyanddurability.

However,carefulselectionandconstructionisthekeytoachievebeneficialnoisereductionbythe

pavementitself.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

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REFERENCES:

Articlesinamagazine

S.Lukui,V.Dragievi,T.Rukavina:Mjere smanjenja bukeodprometa uurbanim sredinama,Graevinar 57,(19),Zagreb,2005.

M.Alauddin Ahammed QuietPavements:ASustainableandEnvironmentalFriendlyChoice,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,

UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada2008.

Electronicsources webpages

http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2010947187_quietpavement01m.html?prmid=related_stories_section (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://www.asphaltpavement.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=194&Itemid=328 (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://driveasphalt.org/noise (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://www.piarc.org/en/order library/19683enQuiet%20pavement%20technologies.htm (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/pubs/quiet_pav/pl05011.pdf (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://www.asphaltroads.org/why asphalt/environment/quietpavement/ (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://azdot.gov/business/environmentalplanning/programs/quietpavementprogram (viewedon15.12.2014.)

REFERENCES:

Articlesinamagazine

S.Lukui,V.Dragievi,T.Rukavina:Mjere smanjenja bukeodprometa uurbanim sredinama,Graevinar 57,(19),Zagreb,2005.

M.Alauddin Ahammed QuietPavements:ASustainableandEnvironmentalFriendlyChoice,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,

UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada2008.

Electronicsources webpages

http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2010947187_quietpavement01m.html?prmid=related_stories_section (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://www.asphaltpavement.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=194&Itemid=328 (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://driveasphalt.org/noise (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://www.piarc.org/en/order library/19683enQuiet%20pavement%20technologies.htm (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/pubs/quiet_pav/pl05011.pdf (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://www.asphaltroads.org/why asphalt/environment/quietpavement/ (viewedon15.12.2014.)

http://azdot.gov/business/environmentalplanning/programs/quietpavementprogram (viewedon15.12.2014.)

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