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QUICKWRITEQUICKWRITE::How did TWO of the following How did TWO of the following contribute to the reemergence contribute to the reemergence of the two-party system in the of the two-party system in the period 1820 to 1840?period 1820 to 1840?
Major political personalitiesMajor political personalitiesStates’ rightsStates’ rightsEconomic issuesEconomic issues
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Forging the Forging the National National
EconomyEconomy1790-1860
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Creating the Creating the American American CharacterCharacter
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Westward movement continued1850 – population center located west of Alleghenies
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Effects of the WildernessYoung population constantly in motion
Importance of wealth & the constant pursuit of wealth
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American pioneersRough charactersWilderness required hard work & left little time for slacking
Self-centered, provincial, & isolationist“self-reliance”
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Contrasted with the need to work togetherlog-rolling & barn raising
American tall-tales & exaggeration
Boasting & bluffing (poker playing)
Gambling, drinking & fighting
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Effects on the Wilderness Kentucky cane fields burned off & planted with bluegrass
Mountain men began to “trap out” the beaver in the Rocky Mountains
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The Buffalo Vast herds of American Bison covered the Great Plains
Estimated pre-European herd size:30,000,000 to 70,000,000
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Buffalo hunters, trading in furs and tongues, began to kill off the great herds
Unregulated killing of bison led to the reduction of the herds to no more than 1500 individuals in the mid to late 1800
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Bison RangeBison Range
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California OtterHighly prized pelts of the Pacific Sea Otter led trappers to hunt the animals to near extinction
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American’s love of the WildPraised the unspoiled wilderness & the beauty of nature
This ideal of the idyllic came to be expressed in arts & literature
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George CatlinGeorge CatlinPainter & student of
the Native AmericansWished to preserve
the natural beauty of the west
Proposed the creation of National Parks
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George CatlinGeorge CatlinCorn
Buffalo Bulls Running
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George Caleb BinghamGeorge Caleb BinghamBoatmen on the Missouri
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Fur Traders Descending on the Missouri
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The Hudson River SchoolThe Hudson River Schoolby Thomas Cole
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Demographic ChangesDemographic ChangesPopulation doubling
every 25 yearsPopulation moving
farther west every 10 years
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By 1860… 33 states 4th most populous country in the western world
43 cities over 20,000
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American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1820
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American Population Centers in 1860
American Population Centers in 1860
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Rapid urbanization led to many problems Slums, filth, & crimeCities slowly began to build water & sewer services
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Immigration tripled in the 1840’s & quadrupled in the 1850’s
Many push & pull factors brought immigrants to America
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National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
Why now?Why now?
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Irish ImmigrantsIrish Immigrants1844 – The Potato Famine
Potato blight in Ireland led to famine & massive emigration
1830-1860: Largest immigrant group2 million
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Irish Catholics moved to the large citiesNew York & Boston
Anti-Irish prejudiceNINA: “No Irish Need Apply”
Catholic & poor
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Anti-Catholic riots in Philadelphia & Boston
Black & Irish relations bad Ancient Order of
Hibernians helped to get better conditions
Irish votes gained power Tammany Hall
Many became policemen
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GermansGermans1830-1860: 1.5 million
came to AmericaMiddle class farmers &
political refugeesMoved to the Mid-West
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Many isolationists Most better educatedOften abolitionistsKindergarten, beer, &
the hot dog
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NativismNativism“Hatred of foreigners”Anti-Catholic prejudice
led to the creation of Catholic parochial schools
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1849 - Order of the Star-Spangled Banner formedLed to the creation of the American Party
“Know-Nothings”Wanted immigration & naturalization restrictions
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““Citizen Know-Nothing”Citizen Know-Nothing”
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The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution
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1750 – Industrial Revolution begins in Britain
Slow to arrive in America because:Land cheapLabor scarce
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Capital investment not plentiful
Raw materials undiscovered
Consumers scarceLong established British factories more competitive
Britain had a monopoly on textile machinery
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Samuel Slater (1791)“Father of the American Factory System”
Built first U.S. factory - a Textile mill in Rhode Island
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Eli Whitney (1793)Invented the Cotton GinMade cotton profitable & slavery an institution in the South
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The Cotton EngineThe Cotton Engine
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1798 – Whitney later develops the idea of interchangeable parts which leads to mass production
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Rise of nationalism increased the call to “buy American”
Embargo, Non-Intercourse, & the War of 1812 increased need for American made goods
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Treaty of Ghent Britain began dumping its products into America
Led to many US mills closing down
US reacts with the Tariff of 1816 & beginnings of protectionism
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1814 – 1st Spinning-Weaving cloth factory built in Waltham, Mass.Manufacturing goes from home to factory
Lowell GirlsBoston Associates
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Sewing MachineSewing Machine Elias Howe
(1846) invents the sewing machine
Later perfected by Isaac Singer
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1844 - Samuel F.B. Morse invents the Telegraph & Morse Code“What hath God wrought”
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The Single Current The Single Current Morse Key Morse Key
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Why New England?Why New England?Poor, rocky soilDense populationShipping & seaports made
importing raw materials practical
Water power from rivers
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New New EnglandEnglandTextileTextile
Centers:Centers:
1830s1830s
New New EnglandEnglandTextileTextile
Centers:Centers:
1830s1830s
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New England Dominance in New England Dominance in TextilesTextilesNew England Dominance in New England Dominance in TextilesTextiles
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CorporationsCorporations“Limited Liability”
More people risk capital1848 – 1st General
Incorporation Law in NYCreating a corporation became easier
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Creating a Business-Friendly ClimateCreating a Business-Friendly ClimateCreating a Business-Friendly ClimateCreating a Business-Friendly Climate
Supreme Court Rulings:Supreme Court Rulings: * * Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) (1810) * * Dartmouth v. WoodwardDartmouth v. Woodward (1819) (1819) * * McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (1819) * * Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) (1824) * * Charles Rivers Bridge v. WarrenCharles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1835) (1835)
General Incorporation Law General Incorporation Law passed in passed in New York, New York, 1848.1848.Laissez faire Laissez faire BUT, govt. did much to BUT, govt. did much to
assist capitalism! assist capitalism!
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Distribution of WealthDistribution of WealthDistribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American Revolution,During the American Revolution,
45% of all wealth in the top 10% of45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population.the population.
v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned over top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.
v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% owned top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.
v The gap between rich and poor wasThe gap between rich and poor was widening! widening!
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Labor ChangesLabor Changes Industrialization led to
an increase in factories in “Spindle Cities”
Factories filled with “Wage Slaves” who lived in slum conditions
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Independent Craftsmen & home workers moved to the factory
Men, women,& children worked 6 days a week, 12-13 hours a day for pennies
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Labor Unions forbidden by lawStrikes uncommon before 1830’s
1830’s & 1840’s saw increase in labor Unions & Trade organization for higher wages & the 10-hour day
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1840 - President Van Buren establishes the 10-hour day for federal employees
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) declares labor unions legal
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Changing Occupation Distributions:Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 18601820 - 1860
Changing Occupation Distributions:Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 18601820 - 1860
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Women in the Workforce Women in the Workforce Lowell factory system
in Mass. considered to be a showcaseFactory girls lived & worked under supervision
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The Lowell/Waltham System:The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile PlantFirst Dual-Purpose Textile PlantThe Lowell/Waltham System:The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile PlantFirst Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
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Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850
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Lowell MillLowell MillLowell MillLowell Mill
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Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”
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Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses
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Lowell Mills Time Table
Lowell Mills Time Table
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Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
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Role of Women“the submerged sex” Considered perpetual minors & under the control of father or husband
Few jobs available for womenfactory, nurse, & teacher
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Catherine Beecher encouraged women to become teachers & the occupation became “feminized”
Women also found work as domestics & nursemaids
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“The Cult of Domesticity”Glorified traditional roles of women
Gave women immense moral power over the family & society
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FamiliesFamiliesFamilies became smaller
Marriage for love not arrangement
Fertility rates droppedRise of “domestic
feminism” Became more “child
centered”
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Agriculture RevolutionAgriculture Revolution
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1830sJohn Deere developed the steel plow
Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical mower-reaper
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John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)(1837)John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)(1837)
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Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831
Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831
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1840-1860: Small-scale & subsistence farming began to give way to extensive, specialized, cash-crop farming
Business farmers replaced Yeomen Farmers
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Trans-Allegheny western states begin to out-produce the eastern states
Increased demand for land & machinery led to more debt for farmers
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Transportation & Transportation & Communication Communication
RevolutionRevolution
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Motivations:Desire of East to tap WestVery poor conditions
existed Significance:
National market economyRegional specialization
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TurnpikesTurnpikes1790’s – Completion of
Lancaster Turnpike sparked boom in turnpike construction
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First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.
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1811 – Cumberland Road (National Road) begunEventually stretches from Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, Il – connecting Baltimore to St. Louis
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Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
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Conestoga WagonConestoga Wagon
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Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s
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Rivers Rivers Robert Fulton (1807)
1st Steamboat The Clermont runs up the Hudson
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Steamboats revolutionized river travel in the West, replacing the keel boats
Raw materials went east; goods and people went west
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CanalsCanals1817-1825: Erie Canal
Governor Dewitt Clinton of New York
Clinton’s “big ditch” was a major success
Linked Great Lakes to Hudson River
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The Erie CanalThe Erie CanalBuffalo to NYC:
$100 to $5
20 days to 6 days
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Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
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Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825
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New York City became the largest port in America
Other states followed suit & built miles of canals in the north
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Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
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RailroadsRailroads1828: Baltimore & Ohio
railroad is begun in Baltimore
“Tom Thumb” (1830)Locomotive on the B&O Railroad raced a horse drawn car & lost
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Early railroads were dangerous & unreliable, but improved with time
The Pullman Sleeping “Palace” Car was invented in 1859
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By 1860, the US had 30,000 miles of railroad track 3/4 in the North
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Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates
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Regional Regional SpecializationSpecialization
East made machines & textiles
South raised cotton for export
West grew grain & livestock
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ShippingShipping Foreign trade = 7%
Import manufactured goodsExport agricultural goods
Clipper ShipsDonald McKay’s naval yard
in Boston builds the firstFaster than competitors
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Racing ‘round the HornRacing ‘round the Horn
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American shipping had a brief period of glory & set trans-oceanic speed records
Britain will regain dominance with the tramp steamer ship
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CommunicationCommunicationCyrus Field (1858)
Lays the first transatlantic cable
It breaks
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The Pony Express (1860) established - ran mail from St. Louis to Sacramento
Lasted a legendary 18 months
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1st transcontinental cable is laid in 1861
Transcontinental railroad will follow after the Civil War
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1866 – permanent transatlantic cable established linking Europe with North America