Quick testQuick test

1) What happens to the diaphragm and rib 1) What happens to the diaphragm and rib muscles when you inhale?muscles when you inhale?

2) Write the word equation for respiration?2) Write the word equation for respiration? 3) What is the chemical found in the nucleus 3) What is the chemical found in the nucleus

of cellsof cells

ObjectivesObjectives1) 1) To see the diseases caused by To see the diseases caused by

smokingsmoking

2) To look at the main things in 2) To look at the main things in cigarette smoke that cause the cigarette smoke that cause the

damage. damage.

DRINKING & SMOKINGDRINKING & SMOKING

Non-smoker

Smoker with Emphysema

Mouth cancer

Lung cancer

Throat cancer

Cancer of the oesophagus

A human heart that has suffered a heart

attack. This was brought about by

smoking.

A blocked coronary artery

Cigarette smokeCigarette smoke

Tobacco smoke contains the drug Tobacco smoke contains the drug NICOTINE which is a stimulant and is very NICOTINE which is a stimulant and is very addictive. It is this addiction to nicotine that addictive. It is this addiction to nicotine that makes it so difficult to give up smoking.makes it so difficult to give up smoking.

Nicotine affects the circulatory system by Nicotine affects the circulatory system by making blood vessels get narrower. This making blood vessels get narrower. This increases blood pressure which puts extra increases blood pressure which puts extra strain on the heart. Nicotine increases the strain on the heart. Nicotine increases the risk of a heart attack or a stroke.risk of a heart attack or a stroke.

Cigarette smokeCigarette smoke CARBON MONOXIDE decreases the amount of CARBON MONOXIDE decreases the amount of

oxygen that can be carried in the blood. oxygen that can be carried in the blood. Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin inside red Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin inside red

blood cells. But haemoglobin combines much blood cells. But haemoglobin combines much more readily with carbon monoxide than with more readily with carbon monoxide than with oxygen.oxygen.

Once it has combined, it is very reluctant to let the Once it has combined, it is very reluctant to let the carbon monoxide go. So a lot of the haemoglobin carbon monoxide go. So a lot of the haemoglobin of a smoker is taken out of action, permanently of a smoker is taken out of action, permanently combined with carbon monoxide.combined with carbon monoxide.

Less oxygen is delivered to tissues.Less oxygen is delivered to tissues.

Smoking whilst pregnantSmoking whilst pregnant Both nicotine and carbon monoxide can harm Both nicotine and carbon monoxide can harm

the development of a foetus in a woman’s the development of a foetus in a woman’s uterus.uterus.

Both of them can cross the placenta and get into Both of them can cross the placenta and get into the baby’s blood. This has a similar effect to the the baby’s blood. This has a similar effect to the fetus smoking a cigarette! fetus smoking a cigarette!

The baby is likely to be smaller than average at The baby is likely to be smaller than average at birth and more likely to suffer several diseases.birth and more likely to suffer several diseases.

Diseases caused by smoking1-4) Write down as many different diseases caused by smoking as you can remember

1. Emphysema2. Heart disease3. Cancer (Lung, mouth, throat)4. Bronchitis

NicotineNicotine

Nicotine is a very addictive drug it is also a Nicotine is a very addictive drug it is also a stimulant.stimulant.

Nicotine also makes blood vessels Nicotine also makes blood vessels narrower so that less blood can get to narrower so that less blood can get to cells. This can cause high blood pressure cells. This can cause high blood pressure and heart disease. and heart disease.

SmokingSmokingCarbon monoxideCarbon monoxideCarbon monoxide from cigarette smoke Carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke

attaches to haemoglobin molecules in the attaches to haemoglobin molecules in the red blood cells and prevents them from red blood cells and prevents them from transporting oxygen.transporting oxygen.

PregnancyPregnancy

If a pregnant woman smokes the foetus If a pregnant woman smokes the foetus may not get enough oxygen and be born may not get enough oxygen and be born prematurely.prematurely.

RecapRecap

Cigarette smokeCigarette smoke

Tar contains chemicals that are Tar contains chemicals that are CARCINOGENS – substances that can CARCINOGENS – substances that can cause cancer. Carcinogens in tar cause cause cancer. Carcinogens in tar cause genes to mutate, which can make cells genes to mutate, which can make cells begin to divide out of control.begin to divide out of control.

Even low tar cigarettes contain enough Even low tar cigarettes contain enough carcinogens to seriously increase the risk of carcinogens to seriously increase the risk of getting cancer.getting cancer.

Cigarette smokeCigarette smoke

PARTICULATES are tiny pieces of carbon PARTICULATES are tiny pieces of carbon and other materials. and other materials.

They cause irritation in the lungs.They cause irritation in the lungs. White blood cells try to remove them. White White blood cells try to remove them. White

blood cells and other protective cells secrete blood cells and other protective cells secrete chemicals that are supposed to help to chemicals that are supposed to help to defend the person against pathogens, but in defend the person against pathogens, but in this case they often do a lot of harm to other this case they often do a lot of harm to other body cells.body cells.

Ciliated epithelial cellsCiliated epithelial cells

Smoker’s CoughSmoker’s Cough The mucous membrane in the trachea and bronchi helps to The mucous membrane in the trachea and bronchi helps to

stop bacteria and other particles getting down into the stop bacteria and other particles getting down into the lungs.lungs.

Unfortunately, carbon monoxide and other chemicals in Unfortunately, carbon monoxide and other chemicals in tobacco smoke stop this system from working.tobacco smoke stop this system from working.

They stimulate goblet cells to make even more mucus and, They stimulate goblet cells to make even more mucus and, at the same time, stop the cilia from beating.at the same time, stop the cilia from beating.

This extra mucus just trickles down and accumulates in the This extra mucus just trickles down and accumulates in the lungs.lungs.

This is why This is why smokers coughsmokers cough – they are trying to get rid of – they are trying to get rid of the mucus.the mucus.

Cilia and smokingCilia and smoking

BronchitisBronchitis Bacteria accumulate in Bacteria accumulate in

the lungs and bronchi the lungs and bronchi as they breed in as they breed in excess mucus.excess mucus.

They cause They cause inflammation and the inflammation and the person has person has BRONCHITISBRONCHITIS

Smokers often develop Smokers often develop chronic bronchitis.chronic bronchitis.

EmphysemaEmphysema The constant coughing The constant coughing

damages the delicate walls of damages the delicate walls of the alveoli. Other chemicals in the alveoli. Other chemicals in the smoke cause the walls of the smoke cause the walls of the alveoli to break down.the alveoli to break down.

This reduces the surface area This reduces the surface area across which oxygen and across which oxygen and carbon dioxide can be carbon dioxide can be exchanged with the blood.exchanged with the blood.

The smoker needs to breathe The smoker needs to breathe faster to get enough oxygen into faster to get enough oxygen into the blood, developing a the blood, developing a condition known as condition known as emphysemaemphysema..

TO DO…TO DO…

1) Complete smoking 21) Complete smoking 2

2) Stick the ciliated epithelial 2) Stick the ciliated epithelial cells seet in your book and add cells seet in your book and add the threee missing labelsthe threee missing labels

Ciliated epithelial cellsCiliated epithelial cells

SmokingSmokingTarTar Tar can line the alveoli reducing gas Tar can line the alveoli reducing gas

exchange.exchange. Tar contains chemicals that cause cancer Tar contains chemicals that cause cancer

((carcinogenscarcinogens))

Tiny pieces of carbon and other materials Tiny pieces of carbon and other materials (particulates) cause irrition and damage in (particulates) cause irrition and damage in the lungs. White blood cells try to remove the lungs. White blood cells try to remove them but unfortunately the chemicals they them but unfortunately the chemicals they produce do more harm than good.produce do more harm than good.

The tar in cigarette smoke paralyses the cilia in The tar in cigarette smoke paralyses the cilia in

the windpipe so that they stop working. the windpipe so that they stop working. Bacteria, Bacteria, particulatesparticulates & mucus build up in the & mucus build up in the

lungs.lungs. Bacteria cause infections such as Bacteria cause infections such as bronchitisbronchitis.. Mucus and dirt in the bronchi and bronchioles Mucus and dirt in the bronchi and bronchioles

make you cough.make you cough.

QQ. What do we mean by . What do we mean by chronicchronic bronchitis, bronchitis, how does this cause emphysema? how does this cause emphysema?

Discuss with your partner the most Discuss with your partner the most important thing you’ve learned today in this important thing you’ve learned today in this lessonlesson

Normal liver Cirrhotic liver

The liver breaks down toxins in the body. In the The liver breaks down toxins in the body. In the process, the liver’s own cells become damaged process, the liver’s own cells become damaged leading to a condition known as leading to a condition known as CIRRHOSISCIRRHOSIS, which , which

can kill!can kill!

AlcoholAlcohol

Alcohol is a Alcohol is a depressantdepressant and slows down the and slows down the parts of the brain that are involved in decision parts of the brain that are involved in decision making and coordination of movement.making and coordination of movement.

It causes the blood vessels in the skin to It causes the blood vessels in the skin to dilatedilate, , which allows more heat to be lost. (People have which allows more heat to be lost. (People have died from died from hypothermiahypothermia after getting drunk and after getting drunk and falling asleep outside in the cold)falling asleep outside in the cold)

There is also a heightened risk of heart disease There is also a heightened risk of heart disease as alcohol increases as alcohol increases blood pressureblood pressure..