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QUESTIONS AND REPORTED SPEECH

WHAT: We use it to ask for information about something or to ask for repetition or confirmation

What is your name?

What? I can't hear you.

You did what?

WHO: It is a Subject Pronoun. We use "who" to ask which person does an action or which person is a certain way.

Who made the birthday cake?

Who is in the kitchen?

Who is going to do the dishes?

WHERE: We use it to ask questions about place or position

Where is he going?

Where are we meeting later?

Where do you live?

WHICH: We use it to ask information about one of a limited number of things.

Which colour do you want?

Which t-shirt do you prefer?

Which school are you going to?

WHEN: We use it to ask about the time that something happened or will happen.

When did he leave?

When is she coming back

When are we going to the party?

HOW MANY: We use it to ask about the quantity of something that we can count (countable).

How many cars are there?

How many books have you got?

How many pencils do you have?

HOW MUCH: We use it to ask about the quantity of something that we can’t count (uncountable).

How much money do you have?

How much water do you want?

How much sugar do you need?

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WHAT TIME: We use it to ask about the specific time of something.

What time do you wake up?

What time does he go?

What time did we meet yesterday?

WHY: We use it to ask for the reason of something.

Why do you say that?

Why are you sleepy?

Why don’t you like me?

HOW LONG: We use it to about the length of something (time or space).

How long is your ruler?

How long are we staying there for?

How long do you sleep for?

WHOM: It is an Object Pronoun. We use "whom" to ask which person receives an action.

Whom are you going to invite?

Whom did he blame for the accident?

Whom did he hire to do the job?

WHOSE: It is a Possessive Pronoun. We use "whose" to find out which person something belongs to.

Whose camera is this?

Whose dog is barking outside?

Whose cell phone keeps ringing?

To understand how to use "who," "whom," and "whose," you first have to understand the difference between subjects, objects, and possessive forms.

Subjects do an action:

He loves movies.

She goes to school.

We enjoy Chinese food.

Objects receive an action:

The teachers like him.

Thomas knows her.

The actor smiled at us.

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Possessive forms tell us the person something belongs to:

His bike is broken.

I like her new book.

The teacher graded our homework.

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE

I ME MY

YOU YOU YOUR

SHE/HE/IT HER/HIM/IT HER/HIS/ITS

WE US OUR

YOU YOU YOUR

THEY THEM THEIR

Questions with TO BE and TO DO

We use do/does or is/are as question words when we want to ask yes/no questions. We use does and is with third person singular pronouns (he, she, it) and with singular noun forms. We use do and are with other personal pronouns (you, we they) and with plural noun forms. be For the verb be, we need is or are as question words. Study this telephone conversation. You are about to meet somebody you do not know:

Are you older than me? ~ No, I'm not. We're the same age.

Are you taller than me? ~ No, I'm not. We're about the same height.

Is your hair shorter than mine? ~ No, it's not. It's very long and straw blonde.

Are your eyes the same colour as mine? ~ Mine are blue. What colour are yours? ~ Mine are green.

future: present continuous and going to We need is or are for yes/no questions when we talk about future arrangements and plans using either the present progressive or going to future:

Are you playing football on Sunday afternoon? ~ Yes, I am.

Are you going to train on Sunday morning? ~ Yes, I am.

Is your son coming to watch you play? ~ Yes, he is.

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Is the match going to be televised? ~ No it's not, but they're going to show the highlights in the evening.

present tense: present continuous We also need is or are for yes/no questions when we use the present progressive to talk about temporary actions and developing situations in the present. Note that for a question involving the subject pronoun I the verb form am is needed:

Are you working at the moment? ~ No, not really.

Am I disturbing you? ~ No, you're not. Come in.

Are you laughing or crying? ~ Crying, mainly. This book is very sad.

Is it upsetting you? ~ Yes, it is. But I want to finish it. have When we use have to talk about habits and repeated actions and about possession, relationships and characteristics, we normally form yes/no questions with do or does:

Do you have English lessons on Saturdays? ~ We don't have any classes on Saturdays.

So do you have a lie-in on Saturdays? ~ I always have a lie-in on Saturdays.

Do you have breakfast on Saturdays? ~ I don't ever have breakfast on Saturdays. I start the day with lunch.

Does your sister have a new boyfriend? ~ Yes, she does. His name's Kevin.

Does he have a car? ~ No, he doesn't, but he has a motorbike.

Do you have a boyfriend at the moment? ~ No, I don't. Note that when we use have got to talk about possession, we need have or has as the question word:

Has your sister's new boyfriend got a car? No he hasn't, but he's got a motorbike.

Have you got a boyfriend at the moment? ~ No, I haven't. present tense: present simple When we are talking about things that happen regularly, we normally use the present simple tense and for this we need do or does as question words. Note that we can make negative questions with don't or doesn't:

Do you walk to school every day? ~ I usually walk to school, yes.

Doesn't your mother sometimes drive you? ~ When it's raining she does.

Do you always get there on time? Yes, I do. I'm never late.

Don't you ever oversleep? ~ No, I never do. My alarm clock wakes me up.

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Tag Questions

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag". A "tag" is something small that we add to something larger. For example, the little piece of cloth added to a shirt showing size or washing instructions is a tag. We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English. The basic structure is:

Notice that the question tag repeats the auxiliary verb (or main verb when be) from the statement and changes it to negative or positive. If you want to form tag questions you should use "a negative tag question" after a positive sentence and "a positive tag question" after a negative sentence. When you form tag questions you use auxiliary verbs and pronouns of the sentence. Examples:

1. You are hungry,aren't you? 2. The weather will be rainy,won't it? 3. She can't speak French,can she? 4. She doesn't visit her relatives much,does she? 5.He drives fast,doesn't he?

Reported Statements

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said. We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell‘. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream” • Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'. But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream” • Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream

statement question tag

Positive statement, negative tag?

Snow is white, isn't it?

Negative statement, positive tag?

You don't like me, do you?

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Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple “I like ice cream” She said (that) she liked ice cream.

present continuous “I am living in London” She said she was living in London.

past simple “I bought a car” She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.

past continuous “I was walking along the street”

She said she had been walking along the street.

present perfect “I haven't seen Julie” She said she hadn't seen Julie.

past perfect* “I had taken English lessons before”

She said she had taken English lessons before.

will “I'll see you later” She said she would see me later.

would* “I would help, but...” She said she would help but...

can “I can speak perfect English” She said she could speak perfect English.

could* “I could swim when I was four”

She said she could swim when she was four.

shall “I shall come later” She said she would come later.

should* “I should call my mother” She said she should call her mother

might* "I might be late" She said she might be late

must "I must study at the weekend"

She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

Reported Questions

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. With questions it's not so different from reported statements. The tense

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changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence.

Direct speech: "Where do you live?" Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple. Another example:

Direct speech: "where is Julie?" Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.

Direct Question Reported Question

“Where is the Post Office, please?”

She asked me where the Post Office was.

“What are you doing?” She asked me what I was doing.

“Who was that fantastic man?” She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':

Direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?" Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.

No problem? Here are a few more examples:

Direct Question Reported Question

“Do you love me?” He asked me if I loved him.

“Have you ever been to Mexico?” She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.

“Are you living here?” She asked me if I was living here.

Reported Requests

There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For example:

Direct speech: "Close the window, please" Or: "Could you close the window please?" Or: "Would you mind closing the window please?"

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All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':

Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.

Here are a few more examples:

Direct Request Reported Request

“Please help me”. She asked me to help her.

“Please don't smoke”. She asked me not to smoke.

“Could you bring my book tonight?” She asked me to bring her book that night.

“Could you pass the milk, please?” She asked me to pass the milk.

“Would you mind coming early tomorrow?”

She asked me to come early the next day.

To report a negative request, use 'not': Direct speech: "Please don't be late." Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

Reported Orders

And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in English, when someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:

Direct speech: "Sit down!"

In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell' instead of 'ask':

Reported speech: She told me to sit down.

Direct Order Reported Order

“Go to bed!” He told the child to go to bed.

“Don't worry!” He told her not to worry.

“Be on time!” He told me to be on time.

“Don't smoke!” He told us not to smoke.

Time Expressions with Reported Speech

Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we have to change time expressions too. We don't always have to do this, however. It depends on when we heard the direct speech and when we say the reported speech. For example: It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today". If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was leaving today". If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving yesterday". If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving on Monday". If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was leaving that day".

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So, there's no easy conversion. You really have to think about when the direct speech was said. Here's a table of some possible conversions:

now then / at that time

today yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June

yesterday the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December

last night the night before, Thursday night

last week the week before / the previous week

tomorrow today / the next day / the following day / Friday

These are the exact words Frank said to you yesterday. "I've just got engaged! We're getting married next year. We're going to Paris for our honeymoon. It's all going to be very expensive. Luckily, my friend is a photographer so he he'll take the photos for us. We'll be having the reception in my parents' back garden. My mum is baking the cake for us and my sister's band is playing free for us. I hope you'll come to the wedding." Now you're telling your friend what Frank told you. Chose the correct option. He said he (1)__________ just got engaged. He told me that he (2) __________ next year. He told me (3) __________ to Paris for their honeymoon. He mentioned that it (4) __________ very expensive. He said that his friend (5) __________ and he (6) __________ the photos for them. He mentioned that they (7) __________ the reception in his parents' garden. He admitted that (8) __________. He said his sister’s band (9) __________. He said he (10) __________ I'd come to the wedding. Options (1) have / had (2) was getting / getting (3) they were going / they going (4) was all to being / was all going to be (5) will be a photographer / was a photographer (6) would take / will take (7) be having / would be having (8) his mum was baking a cake for them / my mum is baking a cake for us (9) was playing free for them./ is playing free for us (10) hope / hoped

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1. Complete the sentences with how much or how many. 1. _____________________________ muesli do you eat for breakfast?

2. _____________________________tomatoes do you need for your salad?

3. _____________________________ bottles of milk have we got?

4. _____________________________ beef do we need?

5. _____________________________water do you drink every day?

6. _____________________________students are there in your class?

7. _____________________________ eggs are there in a dozen?

8. _____________________________ brothers or sisters have you got?

9. _____________________________ money do you want?

10. _____________________________sausages are there in your sandwich?

11. _____________________________food is there in the bag?

12. _____________________________ cheese is there in the pizza?

2. Complete the following questions. 1. ______________________ are you excited? Because I have birthday today.

2. _____________________________are you today ? I’m fine ,thank you.

3. __________________________________is your coat ? in the bedroom

4. ________________________________________is she at the moment? at home

5. ____________________________________is your birthday ? in September

6.______________________________________is Mr. Bean ? 55 years old

7. ____________________________is that woman? She is our sport teacher.

8. _________________________________are they working? in the book shop

9. _____________________________________ apples do you have ? three apples

10. _____________________________are the children? in the swimming pool

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11. ___________________________is Rita doing ? She is watching TV now.

12. ___________________________________does your car cost ? 2.000 $ dollars

13. _________________________________time is it ? It’s nine o’clock.

14. _____________________are the kids sad? because they don’t go to the cinema.

15. _____________________________________is the party? at 5 o’clock

16. ___________________________friends do you have? I have two good friends.

17. ________________________________________do they go to school? by bus

18. _________________________________do you eat lunch? in the afternoon

19. _________________________________is on the desk? a new notebook

20. _________________________________is in the kitchen? my little brother

3. Ask questions for the underlined word/ expression: _____________________? In the morning I drink milk.

_____________________? She goes to school every day.

_____________________? At lunch time I eat soup.

_____________________? Mary lives in Lisbon.

_____________________? We went to Paris in August.

_____________________? We got there by bus.

_____________________? I waited 10 minutes to see him.

_____________________? We stayed in London for a week.

_____________________? We didn´t visit that museum because we were in a hurry.

_____________________? She studies in her bedroom.

_____________________? She is my English teacher.

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4. Complete the following sentences with who, whom, or whose.

1. The man ____________ has two dogs usually goes to the park during the evening.

2. My mother, for ______________ I baked a cake, had her birthday party yesterday.

3. My sister, ___________________ son is two, works at the hospital.

4. My friend, with ____________________ I live, wants a cat.

5. The people ______________ live there have a boat.

6. That is the lady ______________ sculpture I bought.

7. My grandma, ______________ is an excellent cook, made dinner.

8. To ______________ should I address the letter?

9. The students ______________ read the book gave a nice presentation.

10. ______________ jacket is on the floor?

Answers: 1. who, 2. whom, 3. whose, 4. whom, 5. who, 6. whose, 7. who, 8. whom, 9.

who, 10. Whose

5. Put the questions in the right order. 1. you out rubbish the did take ?

_______________________________________________________________________

2. like Jane movie did the ?

_______________________________________________________________________

3. Know Tom does swim to how ?

_______________________________________________________________________

4. end in did war 1945 the ?

_______________________________________________________________________

5. do cry babies?

_______________________________________________________________________

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6. Chocolate vanilla do like you or ?

_______________________________________________________________________

7. already did the start game ?

_______________________________________________________________________

8. Until long be a time here Robert gets will it ?

_______________________________________________________________________

6. Put in the correct question tags for each sentence.

1.Wendy is good at playing the piano, _______________________________________?

2.You went to the shopping centre with your family , __________________________?

3.Sharon has got a lot of toys in her room, ___________________________?

4.Mr.Brown walks to work every morning , ___________________________?

5.Come and have a look at our Mathematics project , __________________________?

6.You haven't sent those letters I gave you , ___________________________?

7.I'm not your best friend at school anymore , ___________________________?

8.The cat sleeps in the blue basket over there , ___________________________?

9.She'd like to live in a bigger and better house, ___________________________?

10.He can write the summary of this fairy tale , ___________________________?

11.Martin had a great time at the amusement park , ___________________________?

12.The blue whales are the biggest animals on earth, __________________________?

13.The Johnsons aren't new in this neighbourhood , ___________________________?

7. Put in the correct question tags for each sentence.

1. You'd like a cup of tea, __________________________ ?

2. They mustn't go too near the lake, __________________________ ?

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3. You'll see John tomorrow, __________________________ ?

4. We won't be going to the restaurant till seven, __________________________ ?

5. Let's try and phone her again, __________________________ ?

6. You've seen this film already, __________________________ ?

7. Your uncle has never been out of his village, ________________________ ?

8. You're seeing Amy next week, __________________________ ?

9. I'm not speaking first at the meeting, __________________________ ?

10. This was an interesting exercise, __________________________ ?

Answers: wouldn't you ? must they ? won't you ? will we ? shall we ? haven't you ? has

he ? aren't you ? am I ? wasn't it ?

8. Change this direct speech into reported speech (reported statements):

1. “He works in a bank”

She said ___________________________________________________________

2. “We went out last night”

She told me ________________________________________________________

3. “I’m coming!”

She said ___________________________________________________________

4. “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”

She told me ________________________________________________________

5. “ I’d never been there before”

She said ___________________________________________________________

6. “I didn’t go to the party”

She told me ________________________________________________________

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7. “Lucy’ll come later”

She said ___________________________________________________________

8. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”

She told me ________________________________________________________

9. “I can help you tomorrow”

She said ___________________________________________________________

10. “You should go to bed early”

She told me ________________________________________________________

11. “I don’t like chocolate”

She told me ________________________________________________________

12. “I won’t see you tomorrow”

She said ___________________________________________________________

13. “She’s living in Paris for a few months”

She said ___________________________________________________________

14. “I visited my parents at the weekend”

She told me ________________________________________________________

Reported statements: Answers 1. She said (that) he worked in a bank.

2. She told me (that) they went (had gone) out last night (the night before).

3. She said (that) she was coming.

4. She told me (that) she was waiting for the bus when he arrived.

5. She said (that) she had never been there before.

6. She told me (that) she didn't go (hadn't gone) to the party.

7. She said (that) Lucy would come later.

8. She told me (that) he hadn't eaten breakfast.

9. She said (that) she could help me tomorrow.

10. She told me (that) I should go to bed early.

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11. She told me (that) she didn't like chocolate.

12. She said (that) she wouldn't see me tomorrow.

13. She said (that) she is living in Paris for a few months.

14. She told me (that) she visited (had visited) her parents at the weekend.

9. Change these direct questions into reported speech: 1. “Where is he?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

2. “What are you doing?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

3. “Why did you go out last night?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

4. “Who was that beautiful woman?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

5. “How is your mother?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

6. “What are you going to do at the weekend?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

7. “Where will you live after graduation?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

8. “What were you doing when I saw you?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

9. “How was the journey?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

10. “How often do you go to the cinema?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

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11. “Do you live in London?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

12. “Did he arrive on time?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

13. “Have you been to Paris?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

14. “Can you help me?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

15. “Are you working tonight?”

She asked me ______________________________________________________

Reported Questions – Answers: 1. She asked me where he was.

2. She asked me what I was doing.

3. She asked me why I went (had gone) out last night.

4. She asked me who that beautiful woman was.

5. She asked me how my mother was.

6. She asked me what I was going to do at the weekend.

7. She asked me where I would live after graduation.

8. She asked me what I had been doing when she saw (had seen) me.

9. She asked me how the journey was (had been).

10. She asked me how often I went to the cinema.

11. She asked me if I lived in London.

12. She asked me if he arrived (had arrived) on time.

13. She asked me if I had been to Paris.

14. She asked me if I could help her.

15. She asked me if I was working tonight (that night).

10. Change the direct speech into reported speech: 1. “Please help me carry this”

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She asked me ______________________________________________________

2. “Please come early”

She ______________________________________________________________

3. “Please buy some milk”

She ______________________________________________________________

4. “Could you please open the window?”

She ______________________________________________________________

5. “Could you bring the book tonight?”

She ______________________________________________________________

6. “Can you help me with my homework, please?”

She ______________________________________________________________

7. “Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?”

She ______________________________________________________________

8. “Would you mind passing the salt?”

She ______________________________________________________________

9. “Would you mind lending me a pencil?”

She ______________________________________________________________

10. “I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?”

She ______________________________________________________________

11. “Do your homework!”

She told me ________________________________________________________

12. “Go to bed!”

She ______________________________________________________________

13. “Don’t be late!”

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She ______________________________________________________________

14. “Don’t smoke!”

She ______________________________________________________________

15. “Tidy your room!”

She ______________________________________________________________

16. “Wait here!”

She ______________________________________________________________

17. “Don’t do that!”

She ______________________________________________________________

Reported Orders and Requests – Answers:

1. She asked me to help her carry this.

2. She asked me to come early.

3. She asked me to buy some milk.

4. She asked me to open the window.

5. She asked me to bring the book tonight (that night).

6. She asked me to help her with her homework.

7. She asked me to bring her a cup of coffee.

8. She asked me to pass the salt.

9. She asked me to lend her a pencil.

10. She asked me to tell her the time.

11. She told me to do my homework.

12. She told me to go to bed.

13. She told me not to be late.

14. She told me not to smoke.

15. She told me to tidy my room.

16. She told me to wait here (there).

17. She told me not to do that.