Questions1. What is Full form Of TCP/IP2. Which are the layers in TCP/IP Model ?3. Task of Application Layer4. Task Of Host – to – Network Layer 5. Task of Internet layer 6. Host to network is combination of which layers ?7. task of transport layer 8. Protocol in Application layer 9. Protocol in transport layer 10. What is TCP ?11. What is UDP ?12. Which one is connection oriented & Connection Less?13. Example of TCP , Example Of UDP 14. Protocol in internet layer?15. Which are designing issues in Layers?16. Difference Between TCP/IP & OSI

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Network Examples2

The ARPANET

Developed By ARPA in 1968.

Designed To service nuclear Attack.

Before ARPANET only Telephone Networks were there.

Before ARPANET the network works on circuit switching principle.

It was vulnerable because failure in one switch will fail whole Conversion.

ARPANET use concept of PACKET SWITCHING ,contains subnets and Hosts.

Host will send Message to subnet and subnet will divide the message in packets and Forward it.

Each Packet was stored Before it was forwarded.

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The ARPANET

(a) Structure of the telephone system.

(b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.

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The ARPANET (2)

The original ARPANET design.

IMP : interface Message Processor

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The Internet Not A specific network but collection of

networks.

Not planned and controlled by anyone.

Possible Because of TCP/IP Model.

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Internet Services

Traditional applications (1970 – 1990)

• E-mail• News• Remote login• File transfer

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Internet8

Internet address

To identify each computer on the net it requires a proper addressing scheme.

For identification each system will have Name ( Domain Name)

Address ( IP Address)

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IP Address

Each computer on the internet is identify by unique IP

Address.

It is made of four number each of 256 bits.

Each will have value from 1 to 255

Example : 202.65.10.155

The numbers between . Are called OCTETS

Leftmost octet represent Largest Network.

Right most octet represent a particular machine.

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Questions 1. What is ARPANET ?

2. Two main parts in ARPANET ?

3. Task of host ?

4. Task of subnet ?

5. Which are two types of switching ?

6. What is circuit switching ?

7. What is packet switching ?

8. Define

9. Internet Services ?

10. IP address is Of how many bits ?

11. Name for the numbers in IP address ?

12.Range of OCTET ?

13.Left Most Octet Represent ?

14.Right Most Octet Represent ?

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Domain Name Addressing A small Network Having many computers is called

Domain.

It may also represent the behaviour of the Network or

the location of the network.Domain Name Description

.com Company or Commercial

.edu Educational

.gov Government

.mil Military site

.net Internet service provide or network resource

Domain Name Description

.au Australia

.in India

.uk United kingdom

.ca canada

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Wireless LAN

Uses wireless transmission media.

Less popular because of high price , low data rate.

The typical Coverage area is 300 to 1000 feet.

Must provide security.

The MAC(Medium Access Control) addressing should

permit dynamic and automated

addition,deletion,relocation of end system.

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Application of wireless LAN

LAN EXTENSION :

WLAN saves the cost of installation of LAN cabling

and eases the task of relocation and modification.

Cross Building interconnect :

To connect two LAN in different building , it may be

wired or wireless.

Ad hoc Networking :

Is a peer to peer connection for temporarily purpose.

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Wireless LANs

(a) Wireless networking with a base station.

(b) Ad hoc networking.

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Types of WLAN

It Depends Upon Transmission technique

Used.

Infrared(IR) LAN : Limited To Single Room

Spread Spectrum LAN : Spread Spectrum

Transmission.

Narrow Band Microwave : Microwave

Frequency .

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Types of WLAN IEEE 802.11X

802.11 refers to a family of specification

developed by IEEE(Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers) 802.11 :

Provide 1 Mbps or 2 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz Band

802.11a : Provide 5 Mbps transmission in 5 GHz Band

802.11b (wifi) : Provide 11 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz Band

802.11g : Provide 20 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz Band

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Frame Relay

Frame Relay (FR) is a high-performance WAN

protocol that operates at the physical and data link

layers of the OSI reference model.

FR originally was designed for use across Integrated

Service Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces.

Today, it is used over a variety of other network

interfaces as well.

FR is an example of a packet-switched technology.

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19Frame Relay Devices

Devices attached to a Frame Relay WAN fall into the following two general categories: Data terminal equipment (DTE)

DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a specific network and typically are located on the premises of a customer.

Example of DTE devices are terminals, personal computers, routers, and bridges.

Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices. The purpose of DCE equipment is to provide clocking

and switching services in a network, which are the devices that actually transmit data through the WAN.

20Frame Relay Devices

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Packet-Switching Networks

Basic technology the same as in the 1970s

One of the few effective technologies for long distance data communications

Advantages: Flexibility, resource sharing, robust,

responsive

Disadvantages: Time delays in distributed networks Need for routing and congestion control

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Definition of Packet Switching

Refers to protocols in which messages are divided into packets

before they are sent. Each packet is then transmitted

individually and can even follow different routes to its

destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at

the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.

Most modern Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols, including

TCP/IP, X.25, and Frame Relay, are based on packet-

switching technologies.

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Circuit Switching

In contrast, normal telephone service is based on a circuit-

switching technology, in which a dedicated line is allocated for

transmission between two parties.

Circuit-switching is ideal when data must be transmitted quickly

and must arrive in the same order in which it's sent. This is the

case with most real-time data, such as live audio and video.

Packet switching is more efficient and robust for data that can

withstand some delays in transmission, such as e-mail

messages and Web pages.

NDSL, Chang Gung University

24 The Use of Packets

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Packet Switching: Datagram Approach

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Advantages with compared to Circuit-Switching

Greater line efficiency (many packets can go over shared link)

Non-blocking under heavy traffic (but increased delays). When traffic becomes heavy on a circuit-switching network, some calls are blocked.

Priorities can be used.

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Disadvantages relative to Circuit-Switching

Packets Add additional delay with every node they pass through

Jitter: variation in packet delay Data overhead in every packet for routing

information, etc Processing overhead for every packet at

every node traversed

NDSL, Chang Gung University

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Simple Switching Network

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Switching Technique

Large messages broken up into smaller packets

Datagram Each packet sent independently of the

others No call setup More reliable (can route around failed

nodes or congestion) Virtual circuit

Fixed route established before any packets sent

No need for routing decision for each packet at each node

NDSL, Chang Gung University

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Packet Switching: Virtual-Circuit Approach