Question: What is Biochar? Answer: A wide range of ...

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Question: What is Biochar? Sanjai J. Parikh Department of Land, Air and Water Resources [email protected] ‐‐‐ [email protected] University of California Davis Answer: A wide range of products obtained through thermal conversion of biomass

Transcript of Question: What is Biochar? Answer: A wide range of ...

Page 1: Question: What is Biochar? Answer: A wide range of ...

Question: What is Biochar? 

Sanjai J. ParikhDepartment of Land, Air and Water [email protected]    ‐‐‐ [email protected]

University of California – Davis 

Answer: A wide range of products obtained through thermal conversion of biomass

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Biomass (crop residues, manure, nut shells, wood chips)

300‐900° C,                 no/low O2

Bio‐OilSyngas

Biochar

Biochars are charcoal products created from thermal conversion biomass in low/no oxygen, and are typically used as a soil amendment.

What are Biochars?

Biochar may be produced intentionally as a soil amendment or as a waste byproduct in the production of bioenergy.

Biochar properties are a function of feedstock material production parameters.

Thermal Conversion

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“Terra Preta de Indio” – Amazonian Black Earth

• Brazil and other parts of South America

• 500 to 2500 yrs B.P.

• Addition of charcoal (black carbon/biochar) for soil management

• Today, high organic matter content and more fertile

• Now have a wide range of agricultural and environmental applications

http://www.biochar‐international.org/files/graphics/terra‐preta.jpg

Oxisol Terra Preta

Why Biochar?

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• Benefitsinconsistent

• Multiple variables

• Some potentialdrawbacks

• Biochar is not aspecific product umbrella term

Potential Reasons to Use Biochar in Soil

• Carbon Sequestration• Drought Resilience• Soil Fertility • Reduce Nutrient Leakage• Crop Yield and Quality• Greenhouse Gas Emissions• Soil Remediation• Soil Microbiology• Raise soil pH

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How do biochars differ?

– Surface area– Ash content– Cation exchange capacity (CEC)– Water holding capacity

– pH– H/C ratio– C/N ratio– Porosity– Elemental composition

• function of production temperature, production method, residence time, and feedstock

Some Key Characteristics

ManureWalnut shell

Pine chipsHogwaste

WoodTurkey Litter

Wood

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Over 1,150 biochars in database & 

growing

biocha

r.ucdavis.ed

u

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10

100

1000 100-350 OC 351-600 OC 601-900 OC

SoftwoodSludgePomaceNutshellManureHardwoodGrass

C:N

Corn stover

Feedstock Impacts

Data from The UC Davis Biochar Database: biochar.ucdavis.edu

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2

4

6

8

10

12

14

100-350 OC 351-600 OC 601-900 OC

SoftwoodSludgePomaceNutshellManureHardwoodGrass

pH

Corn stover

0

150

300

450

800

900 100-350 OC 351-600 OC 601-900 OC

SoftwoodSludgePomaceNutshellManureHardwoodGrass

Surfa

ce a

rea

(m2 /g

)

Corn stover

Biochar Surface Area

Biochar pH

Production Temperature 

Impacts

Data from The UC Davis Biochar Database: biochar.ucdavis.edu

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Meta‐analysis studies

Spokas et al. 2012

“Biochar is not a single entity but rather spans a wide range of black carbon forms.”

• 50% of studies show yield increases with biochar (or black carbon) 50% report decreases or no significant decreases

• Agronomic benefits in degraded soils are often emphasized, negligible and negative results not given as much attention. 

• Small, but significant benefit for crop productivity from biochar added to soil• Mean increase of +10%   benefits observed more then 50% of the time• Range: ‐28% to +39%

• Greatest benefits: • Acidic soils: +14%• Neutral soils: +13%• Course texture: +10%• Medium texture: +13%

Jeffery et al. 2011 

Biochar provides benefits when it can impact: • pH (“liming”), porosity, nutrient availability

Biochar does not always provide benefits. 

We must determine the conditions for biochars, soils, and cropping systems where maximum benefits can be realized for a desired outcome. 

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Biochar defined in California

September 25, 2016Governor Brown signs biochar legislation bill – AB2511

AB 2511: This bill clarifies that “biochar” is a soil amendment that is included in the definition of “auxiliary soil and plant substance” and, therefore, subject to licensing and labeling laws, and defines “biochar” to mean materials derived from thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygen‐limited environment containing at least 60 percent carbon.

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B0

20

40

60

80

100

% C

arbo

n of

Bio

char

25%~75% Range within 1.5IQR Median Line Mean Outliers

n = 1047

Mean = 64.2% C0

20

40

60

80

100 % Carbon

% C

arbo

n of

Bio

char

A

Data from The UC Davis Biochar Database: biochar.ucdavis.edu

Carbon content of “biochars” can vary greatly

Carb data from 1047 biochars collected from peer‐reviewed publications.

Most biochars have ~52‐78% C

Nearly half of all “biochars” do not meet the CA definition of biochar. 

Biochars

Biochars

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Governor's Office of Planning & Research (OPR)Biochar Research Advisory GroupChairs: Sanjai J. Parikh (UC Davis), Amrith Gunasakara (CDFA)Coordinated with: Michael Maguire (OPR)

Sanctioned by Participating state/federal government entities, academic institutions, and non‐profits include, but are not limited to: • Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR)• Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development (Go‐Biz)• California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA)• State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)• California Energy Commission (CEC)• California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA)• California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE)• Sierra Nevada Conservancy (SNC)• California Association of Resource Conservation Districts (CARCD)• California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (Cal Recycle)• Air Resources Board (ARB)• US Forest Service (USFS)• University of California (Riverside, Merced, Davis, Cooperative Extension)

Intended Purpose • Assist the state of California with identifying research gaps in the scientific literature, 

as they pertain to California specific environmental, economic, and regulatory conditions

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Parikh Soil Chemistry LabBiochar Research

Soil‐Water

Soil Fertility

Soil Aggregates

Physical & Chemical Properties

Soil Remediation

Dust Emissions

Nutrient Use Efficiency

Carbon Storage

Potting Media

Greenhouse Gas 

Emissions

Biochar

Deirdre Griffin

Daoyuan Wang

ChongyangOliver  Li

Daniel Gelardi

DaoyuanWang

BarbaraAlves

BarbaraAlves

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aa

aa

aa

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

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0.1

0.12

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Reiff Yolo

Perm

anen

t wilt

ing

poin

t(g

wat

er/g

dry

soi

l)

0g/kg5g/kg10g/kg

00.020.040.060.080.1

0.120.140.16

Reiff Yolo

Plan

t ava

ilabl

e w

ater

(g w

ater

/g d

ry s

oil)

Impact of Biochar on Soil Water

Walnut Shell Biochar (900 °C)

• Wilting Point: no impact on permanent wilting point in either soil

• Plant Available Water: slight increase in the fine sandy loam

Reifffine sandy 

loam

Yolo silt loam

Reifffine sandy 

loam

Yolo silt loam

Wang et al., in preparation

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Moisture Distribution Around Biochar with Drying (7 days)

1 pixel ≈ 0.1 mm

Neutron Imaging

Can water within biochar become available as the bulk soil dries?

Biochar in wet soil

Drying

Biochar in dry soil

Moisture Released from Biochar

Wang et al., in preparation

Wet

DryWetter near biochar 

Walnut Shell Biochar (900 °C)

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

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Cd Pb Ni Cu

Walnut Shell Biochar (900o C)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000 Cd Pb Ni Cu

Pine Wood Biochar (510o C)

Boun

d Metals (m

g/kg)

Aqueous Metals (mg/L)

Reducing Heavy Metal Bioavailability• Biochars have differing reactivity• Walnut shell biochar binds more metals than pine wood biochar

Bair et al JEQ, 2016

Biochar properties influence metal binding capacity

Can biochar be used to reduce bioaccumulation of Cd into spinach?

• California’s Salinas Valley sits on the Monterey Shale formation and soils are enriched in Cd. 

• Spinach is a Cd hyperaccumulator• Management strategies to reduce Cd 

uptake are needed• Currently examining >10 biochars 

0

10

20

30

40

50

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

q (m

mol/Kg)

Ce (mmol/L)

Cd Sorption to BiocharsSWBi 800

SSB 700

ASB 800

WSB 900

ASB 500

CSB 600

SSB 450

ASB 500

SWB 500

WSB 500

SWB 650

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In many cases WS900 biochar reduced the plant uptake and/or translocation of applied pharmaceuticals• Cipro: reduction in leaves (carrots and lettuce)• TCC: reduction in leaves (carrots and lettuce) and roots (lettuce)• TCS: reduction in roots (carrot)

Plant uptake of pharmaceuticals from biosolid amended soils

0                 10                100  

WS900 Biochar Amendment (tons/ha)  

0                 10                100  0                 10                100  

Bair et al. In preparation

• Screening of various biochars (e.g., softwood thermosequence) showed highest binding of selected pharmaceuticals to walnut shell biochar (900 °C)

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Could Biochar Reduce Pesticide Efficacy? 

Freundlich binding constant (KF)

Wang et al. 2015, J. Environ. Sci. Health

WS

• Varied affinity of herbicides for biochars

• Suggests biochar may reduce the efficacy of soil applied herbicides

• walnut shell biochar binding > soft wood  > turkey litter > hog waste > wood/algal digest.

Pre‐emergent pesticide application

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Assumptions:Half-life (t1/2):

• PM = 13.5 yr• BC = 100 yr*

C content:• PM 50%• BC 68%• 450 Pg C in global peatlands• BC made from wastestream*conservative estimate

-500

-300

-100

100

300

500

700

PM BC

Pg C

C balance from BC substitution for PM

C stored in PM C not decomposed C decomposed

Can Biochar Replace Peat Moss it Potting Media?

In collaboration with Mike Woelk (Corigin) and Josiah Hunt (Pacific Biochar)

“Green

ness”/Ch

loroph

yll

C stored in BC

% Biochar replacement of peat moss

Margenot et al. Industrial Crops & Products. 2018

Softwood biochar (800 °C)

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Biochars?• variable product – not all the same or equal• benefits can be real, but can also be highly variable• will not always provide benefits• benefits most likely when optimized for specific climate‐soil‐

plant‐cropping systems, AND an intended outcome• knowledge base is rapidly growing• additional information on physical, chemical, and biological 

mechanisms is needed

Biochars have potential to be part of “the solution”; a thoughtful, prescriptive, and prudent approach is 

most likely to yield consistent benefits

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AcknowledgementsCollaborators: • Chongyang Li, UC Davis• Daoyuan Wang, UC Davis• Daniel Bair, UC Davis• Kate Scow, UC Davis• Fungai Mukome, William Jessup Univ. • Ina Popova, Univ. of Idaho• Thomas Young, UC Davis• Peter Green, UC Davis

Parikh Group                                   Environmental Soil Chemistry, UC Davis

Funding:• CDFA FREP, Grant #16-0662- SA-0• Almond Board of California, Award #17-01-0• USDA-NIFA, Grant #2012-67009-20070• USDA Hatch Formula Funding CA 2122-H & multistate regional project W-3045• California Energy Commission Grant #500-09-035• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) grant number 5 P42

ES004699 (NIH and the contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the officialviews of the NIEHS, NIH)

• UC Davis Agric. Sustainability Inst. & David and Lucille Packard Foundation

February 2018. Back row, left to right: Sanjai Parikh, Xiaoming Wan, Shalini Rajput, Natalie McElroy, Andrea Aguilera. Front Row: Barbara Alves, Mary Derting, Daniel Rath, Xiao Ma, Dani Gelardi, Devin Rippner, Chongyang Li. Missing: Deirdre Griffin, Daniel Rath