Question #1 Name three climatic factors that influence the survival rates and range of disease...
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Transcript of Question #1 Name three climatic factors that influence the survival rates and range of disease...
VECTOR-BORNE & WATER-BORNE
DISEASES
PRE-QUIZ
Question #1
Name three climatic factors that influence
the survival rates and range of disease vectors:
Question #2
Which vector-borne disease is transmitted via
the Asian Tiger mosquito?
a) Malaria
b) Dengue Fever
c) West Nile Virus
Question #3
Describe 5 ways that the spread of vector-borne diseases can be prevented:
Question #4
Which water-borne disease is also known
as “the brain-eating ameoba”?
a) Cholera
b) Norovirus
c) Naegleria Fowleri
Question #5
Describe 5 ways that the spread of water-borne diseases can be prevented:
Vector-Borne Diseases
What is a Vector-Borne Disease?
Vectors are insects (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, black flies and sandflies) that carry infectious agents such as protozoa, bacteria and viruses.
They carry and transmit numerous diseases to humans: parasitic vector-borne diseases, arboviral diseases, and bacterial and rickettsial diseases
Climate Change Promotes Vector-borne Disease
Warmer temperatures
Increased precipitation
Increased humidity
Malaria Vector: Mosquito
Transmission: Bite from an infected mosquito
Prevalence: Estimated 219 million cases of malaria worldwide, resulting in the deaths of approximately 660,000 people.
US Prevalence: An average of 1,500 reported cases of malaria in the U.S. each year.
Global Prevalence of Malaria (CDC)
Malaria: Symptoms & Outcomes Mild Symptoms:
FeverHeadachesNausea and vomitingBody aches
Severe SymptomsNeurologic abnormalitiesSevere anemiaLow blood pressureAcute kidney failure
Possible Outcomes:Acute respiratory distress
syndrome death
Dengue Fever Vector: Asian tiger mosquito, which
can be found in 36 states in the U.S.
Transmission: Bite from an infected mosquito
Prevalence: 100 million cases of dengue worldwide each year. The disease is now endemic in many countries of the Americas.
US Prevalence: Occurs rarely, but there is a small risk for dengue outbreaks in the continental United States.
Dengue Fever: Symptoms & Outcomes Mild Symptoms:
Joint pain Rash
Severe Symptoms: Severe headache severe pain behind the eyes muscle and bone pain mild bleeding persistent vomiting severe abdominal pain difficulty breathing
Possible Outcomes: If not treated, this may lead to
failure of the circulatory system and shock, and eventually death.
U.S. Disease Vulnerability 1995-2005
West Nile Virus Vector: Mosquito
Transmitted: Bite from an infected mosquito
Prevalence: WNV is commonly found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Asia.
U.S. Prevalence: Between 1999 and 2012, about 37,000 cases of West Nile Virus were reported in the U.S. Over 1,500 people died as a result.8
Preliminary July 2013 WNV Activity (CDC)
West Nile Virus: Symptoms & Outcomes 70-80% of those who become infected
will not experience any symptoms Mild Symptoms (20%):
fever headache body aches joint pains vomiting diarrhea rash
Severe Symptoms (<1%): encephalitis meningitis coma paralysis
Global Prevalence of WNV
Bubonic Plague Vector: Fleas
Transmission: Bite from an infected flea, contact with contaminated fluid or tissue, infectious droplets
Prevalence: 1,000 - 2,000 cases each year
U.S. Prevalence: 999 cases in the U.S. between 1900 and 2010. Cases in the U.S. have shifted northward as temperatures have warmed.
Bubonic Plague: Symptoms & Outcomes Mild Symptoms:
Swollen lymph glandsFeverHeadacheChillsWeakness
Severe Symptoms:Progress into
Pneumonic Plague Possible Outcomes:
DeathImage source: CDC
Lyme Disease Vector: Deer tick
Transmission: Bite from an infected deer tick
Prevalence: Areas of Asia, north-western, central and eastern Europe, and the USA.
U.S. Prevalence: Most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States, heavily concentrated in the Northeast and upper Midwest.
Lyme Disease: Symptoms & Outcomes 3 – 30 days: Bulls eye rash,
Fatigue, Chills, Fever, Headache, muscle and joint aches, swollen lymph nodes
Days to weeks: Additional Bulls eye rash, facial or Bell's palsy, severe headaches and neck stiffness due to meningitis, pain and swelling in the large joints
Months to years: arthritis, severe joint pain and swelling.
Image courtesy of CDC Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases
Prevention: Vector-borne Disease Avoid areas with vector-borne
disease outbreaks Be aware of peak exposure times and
places Wear long sleeves and pants Check for ticks Bed nets Insecticides and spatial repellents
Water-Borne Diseases
What is a Water-Borne Disease? “Pathogenic microbes that
can be directly spread through contaminated water.” -CDC
Humans contract waterborne infections by contact with contaminated water or food.
May result from human actions, such as improper disposal of sewage wastes, or extreme weather events like storms and hurricanes.
Climate Change Promotes Water-borne Disease
Rainfall: transport and dissemination of infectious agents
Flooding: sewage treatment plants overflow; water sources contaminated
Sea level rise: enhances risk of severe flooding
Higher temperatures: Increases growth and prolongs survival rates of infectious agents
Drought: increases concentrations of pathogens, impedes hygiene
Cholera Found in water or
food sources contaminated by feces from an infected person
Transmitted by contaminated food, water
Prevalence increases with increasing temperature and rainfall amounts
Global Prevalence of Cholera (WHO)
Cholera: Symptoms & Outcomes Often mild or without
symptoms Severe Symptoms (5%):
diarrhea vomitingleg cramps
Possible Outcomes:dehydrationshockdeath
Image Source: CDC
Norovirus
Transmission:infected person to personcontaminated food or water contaminated surfaces
Causes ~ 21 million illnesses, contributes to about 70,000 hospitalizations and 800 deaths each year.
Most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States
Norovirus: Symptoms & Outcomes
Symptoms:diarrheavomitingnauseastomach painfeverheadachebody aches
Possible Outcomes: DehydrationDeath
Norovirus: Cases
Hurricane Katrina Breakout occurred
between Sept 2-12 in Houston, TX
1,169 evacuees contracted the norovirus after Hurricane Katrina due to contaminated water
Naegleria Fowleri
Commonly referred to as the "brain-eating amoeba" Causes an infection of the brain Found in warm freshwater and soil Transmitted when contaminated water enters the
body through the nose
Image Source: CDC
Naegleria Fowleri: Symptoms & Outcomes Mild Symptoms:
Headache Fever Nausea Vomiting stiff neck
Severe Symptoms: confusion lack of attention to people and surroundings loss of balance seizures hallucinations
Possible Outcome: death
Naegleria Fowleri: Cases
Due to its need for high temperatures, the range of naegleria fowleri was once thought to be limited to lower latitudes.
However, warmer temperatures and extreme weather events that may be linked to climate change have allowed conditions necessary for naegleria fowleri to expand northward.
1 death was recorded in Minnesota in 2010.
Prevention: Water-borne Disease Improve quality and quantity of drinking water at
source, at the tap, or in the storage vessel Interrupt routes of transmission by emptying
accumulated water sources Chlorinate water Change hygiene behavior (ex. Hand washing) Take care in disposing of waste and human and animal
feces Proper use of latrines by adults and children Proper use and maintenance of water supply,
sanitation systems, pumps and wells Good food hygiene (ex. protect food from flies)
POST-QUIZ
Question #1
Name three climatic factors that influence
the survival rates and range of vectors:
1. Temperature
2. Precipitation
3. Humidity
Question #2
Which vector-borne disease is transmitted via
the Asian Tiger mosquito?
a) Malaria
b) Dengue Fever
c) West Nile Virus
Question #3
Describe 5 ways that the spread of vector-
borne diseases can be prevented:
1) Avoid areas with disease outbreaks
2) Be aware of peak exposure times and places
3) Wear long sleeves and pants
4) Check for ticks
5) Bed nets
6) Insecticides and spatial repellents
Question #4
Which waterborne disease is also known
as “the brain-eating ameoba”?
a) Cholera
b) Norovirus
c) Naegleria Fowleri
Question #5
1) Improve quality and quantity of drinking water at source, at the tap, or in the storage vessel
2) Interrupt routes of transmission by emptying accumulated water sources
3) Chlorinate water
4) Change hygiene behavior (ex. Hand washing)
5) Take care in disposing of waste and human and animal feces
6) Proper use of latrines by adults and children
7) Proper use and maintenance of water supply, sanitation systems, pumps and wells
8) Good food hygiene (ex. protect food from flies)
Describe 5 ways that the spread of water borne diseases can be prevented:
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