Quartz Resonator Technology - Paroscientific, Inc. - CONTINUED/Quartz... · 2017-02-28 ·...
Transcript of Quartz Resonator Technology - Paroscientific, Inc. - CONTINUED/Quartz... · 2017-02-28 ·...
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Quartz Resonator TechnologyQuartz Resonator Technology
Prepared by:Paroscientific, Inc.
Quartz Seismic Sensors, Inc.
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IntroductionIntroduction
The widespread use of digital computers and digital control systems have generated a need for high accuracy, inherently digital sensors.We will discuss the design, construction, performance, and applications of resonant quartz crystal transducers.These quartz sensors are used to accurately measure:
Pressure Acceleration Angular Rate (Gyros) Temperature Weight (Scales) Force (Load Cells)
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Quartz Crystal Resonators ConvertAnalog Forces to Digital Outputswith Parts per Billion Resolution
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Material Properties and Characteristics Material Properties and Characteristics of Quartz Sensorsof Quartz Sensors
Piezoelectric [pressure-charge generation]Anisotropic [direction-dependent]– Elastic Modulus– Piezoelectric Constants– Coefficient of Thermal Expansion– Optical Index of Refraction– Velocity of Propagation– Hardness– Solubility [etch rate]– Thermal and Electrical conductivity
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Advantages of Quartz Resonant Sensors•
High Resolution More precise measurements can be made in the time domain than the analog domain.
•
Excellent Accuracy The quartz crystal sensors have superior elastic properties resulting in excellent repeatability and low hysteresis.
•
Long Term Stability Quartz crystals are very stable and are commonly used as frequency standards in counter-timers, clocks , and communication systems.
•
Low Power Consumption•
Low Temperature Sensitivity•
Low Susceptibility to Interference•
Easy to Transmit Over Long Distances•
Easy to Interface With Counter-Timers, Telemetry, and Digital Computer Systems
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Design of Quartz Resonant SensorsDesign of Quartz Resonant Sensors
Single Beam Force SensorsDouble-Ended Tuning Fork Force SensorsTorsional Temperature Sensors
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Single Beam Force Sensor
Flexure ReliefIsolator Spring Input Force
Vibrating Beam
(Electrodes on Both Sides)
Isolator Mass
Mounting Surface
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Single Beam Force Sensor
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Double-Ended Tuning Fork Force Sensors
Electrical Excitation Pads
Surface Electrodes
Dual Tine Resonators
Mounting Pad
Applied Load
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Double-Ended Tuning Fork Force Sensors
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0 Full Scale Compression
28
26
24
22
Full Scale Tension
10% Change in Period with Full Scale Load
Resonant Period (microseconds)
Output Period vs. Force
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Torsional Resonator Temperature Sensor
Nominal Period of Oscillation=5.8 microseconds
Nominal Temperature Sensitivity=45 ppm/0C
Electrical Excitation Pads
Dual Torsionally Oscillating Tines
Mounting Pad
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Wafer of Temperature Sensors
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Design of TransducersDesign of Transducers
•
Temperature Sensors Using Strain•
Multi-Sensors (Angular Rate + Acceleration)
•
Load Cells & Scales•
Accelerometers & Seismometers
•
Pressure Transducers
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Strain Sensitive Quartz Resonator
Base Material with Thermal Coefficient of Expansion Different than Quartz
Temperature Sensor Using Strain
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Quartz Multi-Sensor (Acceleration &Angular Rate)
US Patent 6,595,054, Paros and Schaad,“Digital Angular Rate and Acceleration Sensor”
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Load Cell
Applied Load
Resonator in Compression
Resonator in Tension
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Load Cell Used in Scale
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Commercial Quartz Scale
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Accelerometer (Circa 1960’s)Vacuum Can
Flexure Hinge
Inertial Proof Mass
Quartz Resonator
Mounting Surface
Inertial Proof Mass
Flexure Hinge
Input Axis
Quartz Resonator
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Quartz Resonator Accelerometer (Circa 1970’s)
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Quartz Resonator Accelerometers (Circa 1980’s)
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Quartz Triaxial AccelerometerQuartz Triaxial AccelerometerAn intrinsically digital, triaxial accelerometer with a full scale of ±3 g’s was developed with a dynamic range of 176 dB (to 5 nano-g’s) using readily available readout electronics. The dynamic range is at least an order of magnitude higher than existing products.
Other advantages include small size, low power, shock protection, and a suitable temperature range for oceanographic and seismic vault installations.
An intrinsically digital, triaxial accelerometer with a full scale of ±3 g’s was developed with a dynamic range of 176 dB (to 5 nano-g’s) using readily available readout electronics. The dynamic range is at least an order of magnitude higher than existing products.
Other advantages include small size, low power, shock protection, and a suitable temperature range for oceanographic and seismic vault installations.
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Quartz Triaxial Accelerometer (Circa 2008)Quartz Triaxial Accelerometer (Circa 2008)
US Patent 6,826,960, Schaad and Paros,“Triaxial Acceleration Sensor”
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Quartz Triaxial Accelerometer Quartz Triaxial Accelerometer
Acceleration Sensing Resonators
Temperature Sensing Resonators
Quad Oscillator3 Acceleration +1 Temperature
Counter & DigitalProcessing Electronics
Inertial Mass TriaxialMechanism
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Quartz Crystal Resonator Pressure Transducers
Internal VacuumBalance Weight
Bourdon Tube
Quartz Crystal Resonator Force Sensor
Case
Quartz Resonator Temperature Sensor
BellowsPressure Input
Balance Weight
Quartz Crystal Resonator Force Sensor
Quartz Resonator Temperature Sensor
Input Pressure
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Digiquartz® Barometer
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Transducer Characteristics and Performance
• Static Error Band– Non-repeatability– Hysteresis– Conformance
• Environmental Errors– Temperature– Acceleration
• Long Term Stability• Nano-Resolution
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Static Error BandStatic Error Band (Non(Non--Repeatability, Hysteresis, NonRepeatability, Hysteresis, Non--Conformance)Conformance)
-0.0100
-0.0080
-0.0060
-0.0040
-0.0020
0.0000
0.0020
0.0040
0.0060
0.0080
0.0100
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Pressure (hPa)
Err
or %
fs Up1
Down1
Up2
Down2
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-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (deg C)
Err
or %
full
scal
e
Zero
Mid-scale
Full-scale
Total Error Band (Over Temperature at Various Pressures)
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Pressure Hysteresis Measurements on Twenty-Three Paroscientific Barometers
Number of Units
Pressure Hysteresis in Microbars
0-10 -5 5 10
Mean Hysteresis -1.3 Microbars
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Long Term Stability Tests (21Long Term Stability Tests (21--Years)Years)
S/N 34264 Long-Term Stability
-0.3-0.2-0.10.00.10.20.3
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
hPa
Median Drift Rate = -6 ppm per year
S/N 37131 Long-Term Stability
-0.3-0.2-0.10.00.10.20.3
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
hPa
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NanoNano--Resolution TechnologyResolution Technology
Inherently digital sensors based on quartz crystal technology are used extensively for environmental monitoring because of their high absolute accuracy and long-term stability
Many oceanic, atmospheric and seismic applications require broadband, high-resolution measurements of dynamic phenomena
Advances in counting circuitry and digital signal processing have improved the resolution of Quartz Crystal Resonator Sensors to a sensitivity of parts-per-billion over an extended spectrum
Inherently digital sensors based on quartz crystal technology are used extensively for environmental monitoring because of their high absolute accuracy and long-term stability
Many oceanic, atmospheric and seismic applications require broadband, high-resolution measurements of dynamic phenomena
Advances in counting circuitry and digital signal processing have improved the resolution of Quartz Crystal Resonator Sensors to a sensitivity of parts-per-billion over an extended spectrum
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0 Full Scale Compression
28
26
24
22
Full Scale Tension
10% Change in Period with Full Scale Load
Resonant Period (microseconds)
Output Period vs. Force
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Reciprocal Start-Stop Counting
Pressure Signal
Timebase Clock
Time N Periods
Time
τ=Sensor Output Period= 1/Resonant FrequencyN=Number of PeriodsTransducer period output, τ, gates a high frequency clock, fc
, for N periods and the clock pulses are counted.
(fc
)
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Sampling Time=NτPeriod Resolution=+/-
1 Count/(Total Counts)=+/-
1 / (Nτ)(fc
) = +/-
1 / (Sampling Time) (fc
)
Force Resolution= +/-
10 / (Nτ)(fc
) (Only 10% of the counts are related to Force)
Example: If clock=20 MHz and sampling time=1 secondThen the Force Resolution=5x10-7
Full Scale
Pressure Signal
Timebase Clock
Time N Periods
Time
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Linearization and Temperature Compensation
Force = C[1-
τ
02/ τ
2] [1-D(1-
τ
02/ τ
2)]τ
=Force Resonator Period Output
C=Scale Factor in Desired Engineering UnitsD=Linearization Coefficientτ
0
=Period Output at No Load (Force=0)U=(Temperature Sensor Period)-(Temperature Period at zero 0C)τ
0
= τ
1
+ τ
2
U+ τ
3
U2+ τ
4
U3+ τ
5
U4
C=C1
+C2
U+C3
U2
D=D1
+D2
UTemperature=Y1
U+Y2
U2+Y3
U3
(0C)
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Intelligent Instrumentation
Multiplexer
Counter
Microprocessor
Shift Store Pass On
RS-232 & 485 Interface
EEPROM
EPROM
15 Mhz Clock
Transducer
Pressure Signal Temperature Signal
RS-232 &
RS-485 InRS-232 &
RS-485 Out
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Nano-Resolution Counting TechniquesStart-Stop Reciprocal Counting:
Measure time with a high-speed clock for N signal periods.
Regression Counting:
Measure signal periods many times (over-sample) and apply a regression algorithm. This is a Finite-Impulse-Response (FIR) filter with up to 100 times higher sensitivity at 1 Hz sampling and Nano-Resolution is possible.
IIR Nano-Counting:
Uses a multi-stage Infinite-Impulse-Response (IIR) digital low- pass filter with each stage of the form:
wn
= α
zn
+ (1 –
α) wn-1
zn
Is the unfiltered period and wn
is the filtered period output after one filter stage.Alpha, α, is small and determines the frequency cutoff value of the low-pass filter.A 5-stage low-pass filter attenuates all values above the cutoff at -100 dB/decade.High-frequency signals are filtered (anti-aliasing filter) and Nano-Resolution is possible.
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Start-Stop Method
-1000
100200300400500600700800
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
N Periods
n Cl
ock
Coun
ts
Regression Method
-1000
100200300400500600700800
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
N Periods
n Cl
ock
Coun
ts
Nano-Resolution withRegression (FIR) Counting
(FIR: Finite-Impulse-Response in Digital Signal Processing)
Start-stop method: Slope between endpoints determines sensor period.Regression counting: Many sub-samples, slope is least-squares regression fit. Statistical improvement is √(N/6). Nano-resolution (parts-per-billion) is possible.
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
0.0001
0.0010
0.0100
0.1000
1.0000
1.E+0 1.E+1 1.E+2 1.E+3 1.E+4 1.E+5 1.E+6 1.E+7 1.E+8 1.E+9
Record Length (seconds)
Stan
dard
Dev
iatio
n (P
a)Resolution Improvement with Nano-Counting
Reciprocal Start-Stop Counting Technique
Nano-Resolution With Advanced Counting Algorithms
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Experimental IIR Nano-Counting Resolution
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Time Interval (seconds)
Pasc
al
One Nano-bar in one second
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Ambient Barometric Infrasound SpectrumAnd Digiquartz Nano-Barometer Noise Floor
Day-long barometric data in Seattle (7/23/08)Green curve: Infrasound ambient background (no micro-baroms)Red curve: Instrument self-noise 7.2 E-7 Pa^2/Hz (-61 dB re: Pa^2/Hz)
Psi^2/Hz
Hz
Plot courtesy of Spahr Webb
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Pacific Ocean Microbaroms Using IIR FilterPacific Ocean Microbaroms Using IIR Filter
Residual Noise Between Two Independent Barometers = 0.4 mPa
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
- Digiquartz Nano-Barometer Spectral Resolution -
- Bowman et al, SAIC, Infrasound Technology Workshop - Tokyo, Japan November 13-16, 2007
Digiquartz Nano-Barometer Spectral Resolution Superimposed on Infrasound Ambient Spectrum
Micro-barom Peak
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Sakurajima EruptionThe infrasound measuring station is 987 km from the volcano. The estimated
travel time for the sound wave was 48 minutes.
1006.3
1006.35
1006.4
1006.45
1006.5
1006.55
1006.6
1006.65
1006.7
1006.75
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
seconds after 10/3/09 8:00 UTC
hPa
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200seconds after 10/3/09 8:00 UTC
PaSakurajima Eruption
The amplitude was over 4 Pa at a distance of nearly 1000 km.
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Infrasound Measurements with Paroscientific Nano-Resolution Barometers Space Shuttle Pressure Signal - April 20, 2010 - 5:00 to 6:10 PDT - Passband 0.1 to 5 Hz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
minutes
1 Pa
per
trac
e
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4/20/10 5:57:00 4/20/10 5:57:05 4/20/10 5:57:10 4/20/10 5:57:15 4/20/10 5:57:20 4/20/10 5:57:25 4/20/10 5:57:30
99464
99465
99466
99467
99468
99469
99470
99471
Absolute Pressure (Pascal)
Time (PDT)
Space Shuttle Pressure SignatureMeasured with Paroscientific Nano-Resolution BarometerSeattle, WA USA ‒
Location: 47 34 44 N 122 22 47 W
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Digiquartz Depth Sensor Noise Floor
Vertical axis: Spectral density plot in psi2/Hz Horizontal axis: Frequency in HzGreen curve: Infrasound ambient background (measured with 7000 m depth sensor)Blue curve: Instrument self-noise (less than 0.14 Pa2/Hz)Noise floor of a 2000 m depth sensor is 0.01 Pa2/Hz
Plot courtesy of Spahr Webb
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New Technologies forNew Technologies for Environmental MonitoringEnvironmental Monitoring
New Nano-Resolution Technologies offer unprecedented, cutting-edge, scientific and educational opportunities in the oceanic, atmospheric and seismic fields
Low-cost, multi-use, cross-disciplinary research of air-sea-land interactions can be accomplished by adding Nano-Resolution Sensors to existing networks
New environmental monitoring capabilities include measuring absolute barometric pressure fluctuations to nano-bars for infrasound detection, measuring water level fluctuations to microns with absolute, deep-sea depth sensors, and measuring acceleration and Earth's gravity to nano-g’s
New Nano-Resolution Technologies offer unprecedented, cutting-edge, scientific and educational opportunities in the oceanic, atmospheric and seismic fields
Low-cost, multi-use, cross-disciplinary research of air-sea-land interactions can be accomplished by adding Nano-Resolution Sensors to existing networks
New environmental monitoring capabilities include measuring absolute barometric pressure fluctuations to nano-bars for infrasound detection, measuring water level fluctuations to microns with absolute, deep-sea depth sensors, and measuring acceleration and Earth's gravity to nano-g’s
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.
Application Areas for Quartz Sensors with NanoApplication Areas for Quartz Sensors with Nano--ResolutionResolution
AtmosphericAtmospheric••CTBT Nuclear Test MonitoringCTBT Nuclear Test Monitoring••ClimateClimate------SolarSolar--driven Atmospheric Tidesdriven Atmospheric Tides••WeatherWeather̶̶Pressure Fields and GPS MeteorologyPressure Fields and GPS Meteorology••Atmospheric Corrections to Seismic MeasurementsAtmospheric Corrections to Seismic Measurements••Infrasound (microbaroms, tornadoes, avalanches, earthquakes, volInfrasound (microbaroms, tornadoes, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanoes, bolides)canoes, bolides)•• Airport ApplicationsAirport Applications
••WindWind--Shear & WakeShear & Wake--TurbulenceTurbulence••Digital Altimeter Setting IndicatorsDigital Altimeter Setting Indicators••Air Data Test Sets and CalibratorsAir Data Test Sets and Calibrators
OceanicOceanic••CTDCTD’’ss, Tide gauges, & Profiling Systems, Tide gauges, & Profiling Systems••Inverted Echo Sounders, ROVInverted Echo Sounders, ROV’’s, & AUVs, & AUV’’ss••CoCo--locate with Ocean Bottom Seismometerslocate with Ocean Bottom Seismometers••Depth Sensors (tsunamis, subsidence, tectonic plate movement)Depth Sensors (tsunamis, subsidence, tectonic plate movement)••Replace Differential Pressure GaugesReplace Differential Pressure Gauges----Measure LongMeasure Long--period Infragravity Wavesperiod Infragravity Waves
SeismicSeismic••EarthquakesEarthquakes••Gravity SurveysGravity Surveys••Directional DrillingDirectional Drilling••Carbon Sequestration MonitoringCarbon Sequestration Monitoring
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Photos and Diagrams courtesy of N.O.A.A.
Tsunami Warning System
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Tsunami Detection (Earthquake Generated Tidal Waves) Improved Sensitivity of <0.1mm at Depths of 6000 meters
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Comparison Comparison NanoNano--Resolution Depth SensorResolution Depth Sensor
/ BPR/ BPR
(with offset)(with offset)
1299.43
1299.44
1299.45
1299.46
1299.47
1299.48
1299.49
1299.50
1299.51
19:49 19:50 19:51 19:52 19:53 19:54 19:55 19:56 19:57 19:58 19:59 20:00 20:01
psi
Comparison NanoComparison Nano--Resolution Depth Sensor / Standard BPR Resolution Depth Sensor / Standard BPR
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Co-located Depth Sensor andOcean Bottom Seismometer
Plot courtesy of Earl Davisand NEPTUNE -
Canada
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Co-located Depth Sensor and Ocean Bottom Seismometer
Plot courtesy of Earl Davisand NEPTUNE -
Canada
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Nano-resolution Depth Sensor & Land-based Seismometer Comparison
Plot courtesy of NOAA-PMEL
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The Juan de Fuca Plate is bounded on the south and west by the Pacific Plate, and on the north and east by the North American Plate. A tectonic plate has three kinds of plate boundaries:
(1)
A spreading center ‒
The seafloor pulls apart at about 3 to 6 cm per year inducing very active volcanism ‒
the western boundary (Juan de Fuca Ridge) is of this type.
(2)
The eastern boundary is a subduction zone where the plate plunges beneath the over-riding North American Plate. The specific boundary is at the dark blue/light blue transition which is explicitly the plate to plate contact.
(3)
The third boundary is known as a Transform Fault, and the one on the south is called the Blanco Transform. The two plates slip past one another at about the same rate as the spreading rate and are characterized by frequent, small to medium sized earthquakes on a semi-continuous basis.
Ocean Observatory ProgramNext Generation of Scientific Discovery Across and Within Ocean Basins
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Slide Courtesy of John Delaney
Ocean Observatory Program
The Ocean Observatory Program is planned to operate for the next
30 years. The Regional Cabled Observatory is the highest bandwidth portion of the entire program, and is designed to transform the way Ocean Science is done
The northern ring configuration (NEPTUNE Canada) is currently operational.
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Slide Courtesy of John Delaney
Regional Scale Nodes 1 through 5 will address issues on the southern part. This system will deliver 10’s of KW of power and 10’s of Gb of bandwidth to each of the Primary Nodes. Each node may have hundreds, eventually thousands, of instrument packages. There is at least one node at each of the plate margins where plate dynamics are
most extreme. This will allow sustained studies of typical world-wide plate boundary environments.
Regional Cabled Observatory
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The most vigorous methane venting is in the vicinity of Pinnacle, a carbonate deposit rising 50 meters above the seafloor. Sensors include depth sensors, seismometers, current meter-temperature sensor system, mass spectrometer, camera, fluid sampler and acoustic doppler current profiling sensor.
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation Slide Courtesy of John Delaney
View from deep water at the site on Hydrate Ridge.
Pressure sensors will read out the depths of the winch package and the profiler package. The sensor packages can be controlled from land via fiber and will migrate up and down the cable. Far more sophisticated experiments will be explored with this infrastructure and the new Paroscientific Nano-Depth Sensors.
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Nano-Resolution Barometers Co-located with GPS, Radar, and Cabled Systems
Co-locating Nano-Resolution Sensors at existing networks
provide low-cost, cross-disciplinary, multi-use, value-added enhancements to the established research, educational, and outreach infrastructures.
Accurate, stable, full-scale absolute, barometric data
can:Correct for atmospheric noise on seismic instrumentsProvide weather information (pressure fields and GPS-MET to determine precipitable water vapor for fog forecasts and flood warnings)
Provide climate information (solar-driven atmospheric tides)
Nano-Resolution measurements of atmospheric fluctuations (infrasound)
can:Perform nuclear monitoring for the CTBTTest for acoustic sea-air-land coupling interactions such as microbaroms, earthquakes, volcanoes, bolides, Earth's hum, and turbulence
Provide severe weather information for tornado and hurricane predictionsExtend the frequency response over a wider spectrum into deep infrasoundReplace microphones that can not make absolute measurements, do not have built-in, anti-aliasing software filters, and require special dynamic calibration equipment
Nano-Resolution Barometers Co-located with GPS, Radar, and Cabled Systems
Co-locating Nano-Resolution Sensors at existing networks
provide low-cost, cross-disciplinary, multi-use, value-added enhancements to the established research, educational, and outreach infrastructures.
Accurate, stable, full-scale absolute, barometric data
can:Correct for atmospheric noise on seismic instrumentsProvide weather information (pressure fields and GPS-MET to determine precipitable water vapor for fog forecasts and flood warnings)Provide climate information (solar-driven atmospheric tides)
Nano-Resolution measurements of atmospheric fluctuations (infrasound)
can:Perform nuclear monitoring for the CTBTTest for acoustic sea-air-land coupling interactions such as microbaroms, earthquakes, volcanoes, bolides, Earth's hum, and turbulenceProvide severe weather information for tornado and hurricane predictionsExtend the frequency response over a wider spectrum into deep infrasoundReplace microphones that can not make absolute measurements, do not have built-in, anti-aliasing software filters, and require special dynamic calibration equipment
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GPS Meteorology
GPS Determination of Precipitable Water Vapor•
Measure Total Delay=Ionospheric + Neutral Delays
•
Ionospheric Delay (frequency dependent) determined by comparing L1 & L2 GPS signals
•
Neutral Delay=Wet Delay + Hydrostatic Delay (Barometric Pressure, Temperature, Humidity dependent)
•
Calculate Precipitable Water Vapor from Wet Delay
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Atmospheric Noise MitigationAtmospheric Noise Mitigation
Local atmospheric pressure fluctuations are significant sources of noise in seismic data. Pressure changes associated with common atmospheric phenomena such as frontal passages, jet-stream passages, boundary-layer convection, and gravity waves can deform the ground that surrounds a seismometer to cause significant horizontal tilt noise. Other atmospheric influences include the gravitational effects of a variable weight of the column of air above the seismometer, vertical ground deformations, and possible buoyancy
effects. The reconstruction and elimination, in real time or post facto, of these atmospheric effects requires the monitoring of local pressure changes with collocated high-resolution, broadband barometers. The pressure-induced noise can be deterministically removed from the seismometer, strainmeter, and tiltmeter data to substantially increase the overall performance of the seismic sensor network.
Local atmospheric pressure fluctuations are significant sources of noise in seismic data. Pressure changes associated with common atmospheric phenomena such as frontal passages, jet-stream passages, boundary-layer convection, and gravity waves can deform the ground that surrounds a seismometer to cause significant horizontal tilt noise. Other atmospheric influences include the gravitational effects of a variable weight of the column of air above the seismometer, vertical ground deformations, and possible buoyancy
effects. The reconstruction and elimination, in real time or post facto, of these atmospheric effects requires the monitoring of local pressure changes with collocated high-resolution, broadband barometers. The pressure-induced noise can be deterministically removed from the seismometer, strainmeter, and tiltmeter data to substantially increase the overall performance of the seismic sensor network.
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Atmospheric Tides at Harvard VaultAtmospheric Tides at Harvard VaultAndreas Muschinski analyzed a 15-day long series of pressure data acquired with Paroscientific Barometers at the Harvard Vault.
The solar atmospheric tides can be clearly seen in the frequency
spectrum of the pressure fluctuations. The dominant mechanism for solar tides is thermal expansion due to solar radiation.
The observed amplitudes are:12 hour tide amplitude--100 Pa 8 hour tide amplitude--40 Pa6 hour tide amplitude-----30 Pa 4 hour tide amplitude----8 Pa
We thank Robert Busby and John Collins of IRIS for conducting the tests and providing the data, Harvard University for use of their facility, equipment and seismic data, and Quanterra, Inc. for their collection, integration and installation assistance.
Andreas Muschinski analyzed a 15-day long series of pressure data acquired with Paroscientific Barometers at the Harvard Vault.
The solar atmospheric tides can be clearly seen in the frequency
spectrum of the pressure fluctuations. The dominant mechanism for solar tides is thermal expansion due to solar radiation.
The observed amplitudes are:12 hour tide amplitude--100 Pa 8 hour tide amplitude--40 Pa6 hour tide amplitude-----30 Pa 4 hour tide amplitude----8 Pa
We thank Robert Busby and John Collins of IRIS for conducting the tests and providing the data, Harvard University for use of their facility, equipment and seismic data, and Quanterra, Inc. for their collection, integration and installation assistance.
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Atmospheric Tides at Harvard VaultAtmospheric Tides at Harvard Vault
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.
Atmospheric Tides at Harvard VaultAtmospheric Tides at Harvard Vault
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.
Andreas Muschinski made a preliminary analysis of the GSN AMN0 (Albuquerque) pressure time series compiled by Tim Ahern and Rick Benson. The dataset, collected with a Paroscientific broadband barometer, contains about 200 million one-second samples of surface barometric pressure covering the 6-year period from January 2002 through April 2007. This first preliminary analysis considered the first 365 days from the second file with 31.5 million one-second samples (data points). A sequence of 52,560 (365 x 86,400/600) ten-minute averages (averages over 600 subsequent samples) and resulting periodogram were computed.
The solar tides reflect the Fourier components of the daily pressure signals associated with the daily temperature signals. The (solar) diurnal tide, the semidiurnal tide, the 8-h (1/3 day) tide, the 6-h (1/4 day) tide, and all the higher harmonics up to the 206-min tide (1/7 day) are resolved with an unprecedented signal-to-noise ratio. Also the 160-min tide (1/9 day) is visible. An estimate of 5 Pa (!) for the amplitude of the 6-h (1/4 day) tide was obtained. The amplitudes of the higher harmonics are even smaller.
Installation of state-of-the-art, broadband barometers on the EarthScope grid would dramatically improve our ability to monitor atmospheric tides and their seasonal variability, annual cycle, and possible long-term trends on regional and global scales. The resulting database would open new avenues for basic and applied research and would be useful for the improvement of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, global circulation models (GCMs), andclimate system models (CSMs).
YearYear--long Atmospheric Tides at Albuquerquelong Atmospheric Tides at Albuquerque
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.
We thank David Simpson, Tim Ahern, Rick Benson, Rick Aster, and their colleagues at IRIS, GSN, PASSCAL, and DMC for providing the data and format analysis techniques
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.
Atlantic Ocean Microbaroms Using FIR Filters
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CASA-Paroscientific Infrasound Networks Partnership
David McLaughlinUniversity of Massachusetts
College of Engineering
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CASA mission: create value through end-to-end engineering research that integrates systems technologies with real users and applications.
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DataNumerous
inexpensive,
closely‐
spacedradars
CASA’s Radar Network Innovation Concept
Weatherhazards
gap
Multipleend users
Tasking
Innovation = “fresh thinking that adds value to practice & use”
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VisionEMASS - (Electro-Magnetic, Acoustic Sensor System)
Network of co-located radar (EM sensors) and infrasound arrays (Paroscientific absolute pressure sensors)
Synergistic technologies - one technology overcomes the limitations of the other
Radar is good for weather diagnosis……but is limited by range, sample rate, attenuation, clutter, interference, line-of-sight
Infrasound (today) is not good for weather diagnosis……but provides continuous, long-range, omni-directional surveillance
Value - Improved weather hazard warning and response through collaborative networks of synergistic remote sensing technologies
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GoalProof-of-value for the problem of tornado warning and response
Co-locate infrasound arrays with the CASA IP1 radarsInfrasound arrays geolocate infrasound detectionsFeed those detections that fall inside the IP1 testbedinto CASA’s radar control systemRadars scan the source of infrasoundAtmospheric scientists use radar and infrasound signals to identify signatures of hazardous weather and its precursorsMature the concept to the point where infrasonic detections are being fed into the operational warning and response system (AWIPS, WeatherScope) for end-user evaluation and training
At the same time identify an infrasound network design that is cost effective for large-scale adoption and deployment
Value - increased tornado lead timesA long-standing and very important NWS goal
Co-located deployment of infrasonic arrays in CASA’s
IP1 testbed
radar network in southwestern Oklahoma
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Timeline
1/10 1/11 1/12
UMASS
Prototype array
deployment
Project
Launched
1/10.
Testing:Wind FilterBeamformingOperational Bandwidth
IP1 DeploymentIP1 Site Logistics
Design Review
Data flowing to
Atmospheric
Scientists
NSF Proposal
Automated
detections
Infrasound
in MC&C
Displayed in
AWIPS
Operational
Users
Research
Publications
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.
Quartz Seismic InstrumentationQuartz Seismic InstrumentationDigital force sensors have been applied to measure a variety of physical parameters including pressure, temperature, load, angular rate, weight, and acceleration. Resonant quartz crystals, that change their frequency of oscillation with applied load, have many sensing advantages over analog devices. These advantages include the ease of measurements in the time domain, remarkable resolution, high accuracy, low power consumption, excellent long-term stability and insensitivity to environmental errors. Thus quartz sensor technology may also meet some needs of the seismic community.
Digital force sensors have been applied to measure a variety of physical parameters including pressure, temperature, load, angular rate, weight, and acceleration. Resonant quartz crystals, that change their frequency of oscillation with applied load, have many sensing advantages over analog devices. These advantages include the ease of measurements in the time domain, remarkable resolution, high accuracy, low power consumption, excellent long-term stability and insensitivity to environmental errors. Thus quartz sensor technology may also meet some needs of the seismic community.
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.
Resonant Quartz Crystal AccelerometersResonant Quartz Crystal Accelerometers
An intrinsically digital, triaxial accelerometer with a full scale of ±3 g’s was developed with a dynamic range of 176 dB (to 5 nano-g’s) using nano-counting techniques. The dynamic range is at least an order of magnitude higher than existing products.
Advantages include small size, low power, shock protection, and a suitable temperature range for oceanographic and seismic vault installations.
Applications include Earthquake Monitoring, Directional Drilling, Gravity Surveys, and Monitoring of Carbon Sequestration.
An intrinsically digital, triaxial accelerometer with a full scale of ±3 g’s was developed with a dynamic range of 176 dB (to 5 nano-g’s) using nano-counting techniques. The dynamic range is at least an order of magnitude higher than existing products.Advantages include small size, low power, shock protection, and a suitable temperature range for oceanographic and seismic vault installations.Applications include Earthquake Monitoring, Directional Drilling, Gravity Surveys, and Monitoring of Carbon Sequestration.
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Quartz Triaxial Accelerometer (Circa 2008)
US Patent 6,826,960, Schaad and Paros, “Triaxial Acceleration Sensor”
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Quartz Triaxial Accelerometer
Acceleration Sensing Resonators
Temperature Sensing Resonators
Quad Oscillator3 Acceleration +1 Temperature
Counter & DigitalProcessing Electronics
Inertial Mass TriaxialMechanism
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.
LunarLunar--Solar Gravitational TidesSolar Gravitational Tides Measured with Quartz Seismic SensorMeasured with Quartz Seismic Sensor
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Earthquake Nano-Resolution with3-g Full-scale Quartz Seismic Sensor
Honshu (Japan) Earthquake (13 June 2008)Measured in Seattle WA (USA) with IIR nano-counting
Triax IIR Alpha=0.0005 Honshu M=7.2 (6/13/08 23:43:46 UTC) 16:40-17:40 PDT
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Minutes
1000
ng/
div
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Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.DigiquartzDigiquartz®® Pressure InstrumentationPressure Instrumentation
Paroscientific, Inc.Paroscientific, Inc.Quartz Sensors, Inc.Quartz Sensors, Inc.
4500 148th Ave. N.E.4500 148th Ave. N.E.
Redmond, WA 98052Redmond, WA 98052
www.paroscientific.comwww.paroscientific.com
07-30-10