Quartz 1

Quartz

Quartz

Quartz crystal cluster from TibetGeneral

Category Silicate mineral

Chemical formula Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2)

Strunz classification 04.DA.05

Dana classification 75.01.03.01

Crystal symmetry Trigonal 32

Unit cell a = 4.9133 Å, c = 5.4053 Å; Z=3

Identification

Color Colorless through various colors to black

Crystal habit 6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive

Crystal system α-quartz: trigonal trapezohedral class 3 2; β-quartz: hexagonal 622[1]

Twinning Common Dauphine law, Brazil law and Japan law

Cleavage {0110} Indistinct

Fracture Conchoidal

Tenacity Brittle

Mohs scale hardness 7 – lower in impure varieties

Luster Vitreous – waxy to dull when massive

Streak White

Diaphaneity Transparent to nearly opaque

Specific gravity 2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties

Optical properties Uniaxial (+)

Refractive index nω = 1.543–1.545 nε = 1.552–1.554

Birefringence +0.009 (B-G interval)

Pleochroism None

Melting point 1670 °C (β tridymite) 1713 °C (β cristobalite)[1]

Solubility Insoluble at STP; 1 ppmmass at 400 °C and 500 lb/in2 to 2600 ppmmass at 500 °C and 1500 lb/in2[1]

Other characteristics Piezoelectric, pyroelectric, may be triboluminescent, chiral (hence optically active if not racemic)

Quartz 2

References [2] [3] [4] [5]

Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust, after feldspar. It is made up of acontinuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra,giving an overall formula SiO2.There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones. Especially in Europe andthe Middle East, varieties of quartz have been since antiquity the most commonly used minerals in the making ofjewelry and hardstone carvings.The word "quartz" is derived from the German word "quarz", which was imported from Middle High German,"twarc", which originated in Slavic (cf. Czech tvrdy ("hard"), Polish twardy ("hard"), Russian твёрдый ("hard")),from Old Church Slavonic тврьдъ ("firm"), from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ.[6]

Crystal habit

Crystal structure ofα-quartz

β-quartz

Quartz belongs to the trigonal crystal system. The ideal crystal shape is a six-sided prismterminating with six-sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals are oftentwinned, distorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals asto only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appearmassive. Well-formed crystals typically form in a 'bed' that has unconstrained growthinto a void, but because the crystals must be attached at the other end to a matrix, onlyone termination pyramid is present. A quartz geode is such a situation where the void isapproximately spherical in shape, lined with a bed of crystals pointing inward.

At surface temperatures and pressures, quartz is the most stable form of silicon dioxide.Quartz will remain stable up to 573 °C at 1 kilobar of pressure. As the pressure increasesthe temperature at which quartz will lose stability also increases.

Above 1300 °C and at a pressure of approximately 35 kilobars, only β-quartz is stable.The latter is not the same as normal quartz (or α-quartz), low quartz or just quartz.β-quartz has higher symmetry, is less dense and has a slightly lower specific gravity. Theconversion, from one solid substance to another solid substance, of quartz to β-quartz isquick, reversible and accompanied with a slight energy absorption. The conversion is soeasily accomplished that when a crystal of quartz is heated to β-quartz, cooled backdown, heated again to β-quartz, etc., then when all is done the quartz will be the same as

when it started.The reason that the conversion is so easily accomplished is that the difference between quartz and β-quartz isrelatively slight. The bonds between the oxygen and silicon atoms are "kinked" or bent in quartz and are not so"kinked" in β-quartz. At the higher temperatures the atoms move away from each other just enough to allow thebonds to unkink or straighten and produce the higher symmetry. As the temperature is lowered, the atoms close in oneach other and the bonds must kink in order to be stable and this lowers the symmetry back down again.Although all quartz at temperatures lower than 573 °C is low quartz, there are a few examples of crystals thatobviously started out as β-quartz. Sometimes these are labeled as β-quartz but are actually examples ofpseudomorphic or "falsely shaped" crystals more correctly labeled 'quartz after β-quartz'. These crystals are of highersymmetry than low quartz although low quartz can form similar crystals to them. They are composed of hexagonaldipyramids which are a pair of opposing six sided pyramids and the crystals lack prism faces. Quartz's typicaltermination is composed of two sets of three rhombic faces that can look like a six sided pyramid.

Quartz 3

(Microscopic) crystal structureα-quartz crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, space group P3121 and P3221 respectively. β-quartz belongs tothe hexagonal system, space group P6221 and P6421, respectively.[7] These spacegroups are truly chiral (they eachbelong to the 11 enantiomorphous pairs). Both α-quartz and β-quartz are examples of chiral crystal structurescomposed of achiral building blocks (SiO4 tetrahedra in the present case). The transformation between α- andβ-quartz only involves a comparatively minor rotation of the tetrahedra with respect to one another, without changein the way they are linked.

Varieties (according to color)Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal (sometimes called clear quartz), is colorless and transparent (clear) ortranslucent. Common colored varieties include citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz, milky quartz, and others.Quartz goes by an array of different names. The most important distinction between types of quartz is that ofmacrocrystalline (individual crystals visible to the unaided eye) and the microcrystalline or cryptocrystallinevarieties (aggregates of crystals visible only under high magnification). The cryptocrystalline varieties are eithertranslucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline. Chalcedony is acryptocrystalline form of silica consisting of fine intergrowths of both quartz, and its monoclinic polymorphmoganite.[8] Other opaque gemstone varieties of quartz, or mixed rocks including quartz, often including contrastingbands or patterns of color, are agate, sard, onyx, carnelian, heliotrope, and jasper.

Citrine

Citrine

Citrine is a variety of quartz whose color ranges from a pale yellow tobrown. It is nearly impossible to tell cut citrine from yellow topazvisibly. Citrine has ferric impurities, and is rarely found naturally.Most commercial citrine is in fact artificially heated amethyst orsmoky quartz. Brazil is the leading producer of citrine, with much ofits production coming from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The nameis derived from Latin citrina which means "yellow" and is also theorigin of the word "citron."[9]

Citrine is one of three traditional birthstones for the month ofNovember.

Quartz 4

Rose quartz

An elephant carved in rose quartz, 4 inches(10 cm) long

Rose quartz is a type of quartz which exhibits a pale pink to rose redhue. The color is usually considered as due to trace amounts oftitanium, iron, or manganese, in the massive material. Some rosequartz contains microscopic rutile needles which produces an asterismin transmitted light. Recent X-ray diffraction studies suggest that thecolor is due to thin microscopic fibers of possibly dumortierite withinthe massive quartz.[10]

In crystal form (rarely found) it is called pink quartz and its color isthought to be caused by trace amounts of phosphate or aluminium. Thecolor in crystals is apparently photosensitive and subject to fading. Thefirst crystals were found in a pegmatite found near Rumford, Maine,

USA, but most crystals on the market come from Minas Gerais, Brazil.[11]

Rose quartz is not popular as a gem – it is generally too clouded by impurities to be suitable for that purpose. Rosequartz is more often carved into figures such as people or hearts. Hearts are commonly found because rose quartz ispink and an affordable mineral.

Amethyst

Amethyst. Magaliesburg, South Africa

Amethyst is a popular form of quartz that ranges from a bright to darkor dull purple color.

Smoky quartz

Smoky quartz

Smoky quartz is a gray, translucent version of quartz. It ranges inclarity from almost complete transparency to a brownish-gray crystalthat is almost opaque. Some can also be black.

Quartz 5

Milky quartz

Milky quartz sample

Ancient Roman cameo onyx engraved gem ofAugustus

Milk quartz or milky quartz may be the most common variety ofcrystalline quartz and can be found almost anywhere. The white colormay be caused by minute fluid inclusions of gas, liquid, or both,trapped during the crystal formation. The cloudiness caused by theinclusions effectively bars its use in most optical and quality gemstoneapplications.[12]

Varieties (according to microstructure)

Although many of the varietal names historically arose from the colorof the mineral, current scientific naming schemes refer primarily to themicrostructure of the mineral. Color is a secondary identifier for thecryptocrystalline minerals, although it is a primary identifier for themacrocrystalline varieties. This does not always hold true.

Major varieties of quartz

Chalcedony Cryptocrystalline quartz and moganite mixture. The term is generally only used for white or lightly colored material. Otherwisemore specific names are used.

Agate Multi-colored, banded chalcedony, semi-translucent to translucent

Onyx Agate where the bands are straight, parallel and consistent in size.

Jasper Opaque cryptocrystalline quartz, typically red to brown

Aventurine Translucent chalcedony with small inclusions (usually mica) that shimmer.

Tiger's Eye Fibrous gold to red-brown colored quartz, exhibiting chatoyancy.

Rock crystal Clear, colorless

Amethyst Purple, transparent

Citrine Yellow to reddish orange to brown, greenish yellow

Prasiolite Mint green, transparent

Rose quartz Pink, translucent, may display diasterism

Quartz 6

Rutilatedquartz

Contains acicular (needles) inclusions of rutile

Milk quartz White, translucent to opaque, may display diasterism

Smoky quartz Brown to gray, opaque

Carnelian Reddish orange chalcedony, translucent

Synthetic and artificial treatments

A synthetic quartz crystal grown by thehydrothermal method, about 19 cm long and

weighing about 127 grams

Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Prasiolite, an olivecolored material, is produced by heat treatment; natural prasiolite hasalso been observed in Lower Silesia in Poland. Although citrine occursnaturally, the majority is the result of heat-treated amethyst. Carnelianis widely heat-treated to deepen its color.

Due to natural quartz being so often twinned, much of the quartz usedin industry is synthesized. Large, flawless and untwinned crystals areproduced in an autoclave via the hydrothermal process; emeralds arealso synthesized in this fashion. While these are still commonlyreferred to as quartz, the correct term for this material is silicondioxide.

OccurrenceQuartz is an essential constituent of granite and other felsic igneous rocks. It is very common in sedimentary rockssuch as sandstone and shale and is also present in variable amounts as an accessory mineral in most carbonate rocks.It is also a common constituent of schist, gneiss, quartzite and other metamorphic rocks. Because of its resistance toweathering it is very common in stream sediments and in residual soils.Quartz occurs in hydrothermal veins as gangue along with ore minerals. Large crystals of quartz are found inpegmatites. Well-formed crystals may reach several meters in length and weigh hundreds of kilograms.Naturally occurring quartz crystals of extremely high purity, necessary for the crucibles and other equipment usedfor growing silicon wafers in the semiconductor industry, are expensive and rare. A major mining location for highpurity quartz is the Spruce Pine Gem Mine in Spruce Pine, North Carolina, United States.[13]

Related silica mineralsTridymite and cristobalite are high-temperature polymorphs of SiO2 that occur in high-silica volcanic rocks. Coesiteis a denser polymorph of quartz found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressuresgreater than those typical of the Earth's crust. Stishovite is a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of quartzfound in some meteorite impact sites. Lechatelierite is an amorphous silica glass SiO2 which is formed by lightningstrikes in quartz sand.

Quartz 7

History

Fatimid carved rock crystal (clear quartz) vase, c.1000

Quartz crystal showing transparency

The word "quartz" comes from the German Quarz,[14] which is ofSlavic origin (Czech miners called it křemen). Other sources attributethe word's origin to the Saxon word Querkluftertz, meaning cross-veinore.[15]

Quartz is the most common material identified as the mysticalsubstance maban in Australian Aboriginal mythology. It is foundregularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial context,such as Newgrange or Carrowmore in the Republic of Ireland. TheIrish word for quartz is grian cloch, which means 'stone of the sun'.

While jade has been since earliest times the most prized semi-preciousstone for carving in East Asia and Pre-Columbian America, in Europeand the Middle East the different varieties of quartz were the mostcommonly used for the various types of jewelry and hardstone carving,including engraved gems and cameo gems, rock crystal vases, andextravagant vessels. The tradition continued to produce objects thatwere very highly valued until the mid-19th century, when it largely fellfrom fashion except in jewelry. Cameo technique exploits the bands ofcolor in onyx and other varieties.

Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder believed quartz to be water ice,permanently frozen after great lengths of time. (The word "crystal"comes from the Greek word κρύσταλλος, "ice".) He supported thisidea by saying that quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not onvolcanic mountains, and that large quartz crystals were fashioned intospheres to cool the hands. He also knew of the ability of quartz to splitlight into a spectrum. This idea persisted until at least the 1600s.

In the 17th century, Nicolas Steno's study of quartz paved the way formodern crystallography. He discovered that no matter how distorted aquartz crystal, the long prism faces always made a perfect 60° angle.

Charles B. Sawyer invented the commercial quartz crystal manufacturing process in Cleveland, Ohio, United States.This initiated the transition from mined and cut quartz for electrical appliances to manufactured quartz.

Quartz's piezoelectric properties were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. The quartz oscillator orresonator was first developed by Walter Guyton Cady in 1921.[16] George Washington Pierce designed and patentedquartz crystal oscillators in 1923.[17] Warren Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work ofCady and Pierce in 1927.[18]

PiezoelectricityQuartz crystals have piezoelectric properties; they develop an electric potential upon the application of mechanicalstress. An early use of this property of quartz crystals was in phonograph pickups. One of the most commonpiezoelectric uses of quartz today is as a crystal oscillator. The quartz clock is a familiar device using the mineral.The resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator is changed by mechanically loading it, and this principle is usedfor very accurate measurements of very small mass changes in the quartz crystal microbalance and in thin-filmthickness monitors.

Quartz 8

Gallery of quartz mineral specimens from around the world

Quartz scepters

"An amazing specimen" -- Rob Lavinsky.Locality: Slovakia. Size: 3 x 2.1 x .7 cm.

A very unusualscepter: translucent,pastel-amethystine

quartz atop aterminated shaft oftranslucent, green,

hedenbergite-includedquartz. Locality:

Mega Horio, Serifos,Cyclades, Greece.

Size: 15.3 x 3.8 x 3.7cm.

An unusual scepter, from PennoyerAmethyst Mine, Red Feather Lakes,Colorado, USA. Size: 4.5 x 2.3 x 1.9

cm.

Amethystine quartz

Slice of amethyst from an unusual stalactite,Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, India. Size: 8.2

x 7.5 x 0.3 cm.

Slice through a star-shaped stalactitefrom Artigas, Uruguay. Size: 7.1 x

6.6 x 0.5 cm.

An unusual tabular amethystcrystal, from BrandbergDistrict, Erongo Region,

Namibia. Detail, overall size:5.7 x 1.8 x 1.6 cm.

Quartz 9

Citrines

Citrine,Boekenhoutshoek

area,Mpumalanga

Province, SouthAfrica. Size Size:

9.1 x 4.8 x 4.2cm.

Cluster of citrine crystals from ageode

"Citrine" made by heating amethyst

See also• Fused quartz• List of minerals• Shocked quartz• Quartz reef mining

External links• Pictures of Quartz varieties [19]

• Quartz varieties, properties, crystal morphology. Photos and illustrations [20]

• Arkansas quartz, Rockhounding Arkansas [21]

• Gilbert Hart Nomenclature of Silica, American Mineralogist, Volume 12, pages 383–395, 1927 [22]

• Queensland University of Technology [23] Origin of the word quartz.• PDF of Charles Sawyer's cultured quartz process description [24]

• "The Quartz Watch – Inventors" [25]. The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History. SmithsonianInstitution.

• Terminology used to describe the characteristics of Quartz Crystals when used as oscillators [26]

Quartz 10

References[1] Deer, W. A., R. A. Howie and J. Zussman, An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals, Logman, 1966, pp. 340–355 ISBN 0-582-44210-9[2] Handbook of Mineralogy. Quartz (http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ quartz. pdf)[3] Mindat. Quartz (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-3337. html)[4] Webmineral. Quartz (http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Quartz. shtml)[5] Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20 ed.). ISBN 0-471-80580-7.[6] http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?term=quartz etymonline.com[7] Crystal Data, Determinative Tables, ACA Monograph No. 5, American Crystallographic Association, 1963[8] Heaney, Peter J. (1994). "Structure and Chemistry of the low-pressure silica polymorphs" (http:/ / rimg. geoscienceworld. org/ cgi/ content/

abstract/ 29/ 1/ 1). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 29 (1): 1–40. .[9] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-1054. html[10] Mindat. Rose Quartz (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ show. php?id=3456)[11] Colored Varieties of Quartz (http:/ / minerals. caltech. edu/ ge114/ Lecture_Topics/ Quartz/ Index. htm), Caltech[12] Milky quartz at Mineral Galleries (http:/ / www. galleries. com/ minerals/ silicate/ milky_qu/ milky_qu. htm)[13] Sue Nelson (2 August 2009). "Silicon Valley's secret recipe" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ technology/ 8178580. stm). BBC News. .[14] German Loan Words in English (http:/ / german. about. com/ library/ blvoc_gerloan. htm)[15] Mineral Atlas, Queensland University of Technology (http:/ / www. mineralatlas. com/ mineral general descriptions/ Q/ quartzpcd. htm)[16] "The Quartz Watch – Walter Guyton Cady" (http:/ / invention. smithsonian. org/ centerpieces/ quartz/ inventors/ cady. html). The Lemelson

Center, National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. .[17] "The Quartz Watch – George Washington Pierce" (http:/ / invention. smithsonian. org/ centerpieces/ quartz/ inventors/ pierce. html). The

Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. .[18] "The Quartz Watch – Warren Marrison" (http:/ / invention. smithsonian. org/ centerpieces/ quartz/ inventors/ clock. html). The Lemelson

Center, National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. .[19] http:/ / www. jewelinfo4u. com/ quartz_pictures. aspx[20] http:/ / www. quartzpage. de/[21] http:/ / rockhoundingar. com/ quartz. html[22] http:/ / www. minsocam. org/ MSA/ collectors_corner/ arc/ silicanom. htm[23] http:/ / labs. sci. qut. edu. au/ minerals/ mineral%20general%20descriptions/ Q/ quartzpcd. htm[24] https:/ / goby. nrl. nav. mil/ branch/ UFFC_Archive/ cd01/ fc/ proceed/ 1959/ proceed/ s5910462. pdf[25] http:/ / invention. smithsonian. org/ centerpieces/ quartz/ inventors/ index. html[26] http:/ / www. connogue. com/ quartslab/ html/ terminology. html

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsQuartz  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=373052643  Contributors: .:Ajvol:., 100sbo10, A little insignificant, A8UDI, ABF, Acalamari, Adashiel, Adrian, Agapetile, Ainlina,Aitias, Alansohn, AlistairMcMillan, Alphachimp, Andrewrp, Andy, Anthony Appleyard, Apparition11, Art LaPella, Arthur Rubin, AtheWeatherman, Atilla5, Awickert, Awien, AxelBoldt,Bakgerman, Bekeha, Benjamint444, Bennybp, Berland, Bert Hickman, Bfigura's puppy, BillySmith288, Blacklabpuppy, Blanchardb, Bluey mow, Bobo192, Boed00, Bogey97, Boleyn2, Bomac,Bongwarrior, Bruce89, Bryan Derksen, Bryancpark, Butros, Caknuck, CalicoCatLover, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanisRufus, CapeMayDiamonds, Capricorn42, Celarnor,Changermatic101, Chazparky, Cherryalexandra, Chetvorno, Chris 73, Cjownz288, Clehane1, Closedmouth, Cmdrjameson, Connormah, Conversion script, Correcting nonesense, Corvus13,Cyberman, Cyrius, Da monster under your bed, Daarznieks, DanMS, DanielCD, Danny, Darth Panda, DarthVader, Dcooper, DeadEyeArrow, Defender of torch, Deglr6328, Diamonddavej,Digon3, Diogenes, Discospinster, Dlohcierekim, Dmmaus, Dogposter, Download, DragonflySixtyseven, Dreadstar, Duncan.france, Dureo, Dyamantese, E Wing, Ec-, Ed g2s, EdGl, Epbr123,Evan Robidoux, Fastily, Fastilysock, Feezo, Femto, Flowerparty, Fosnez, FreeKresge, Frumpel, Fullstop, Funandtrvl, GVP Webmaster, Gadfium, Gem-fanat, Gemstonesmarket, Gene Nygaard,Giftlite, Gil Gamesh, Glenn, Gondooley, Greudin, Gtstricky, Gurch, Gwernol, Hadal, HamburgerRadio, Hantzen, Harryboyles, Heron, Hiyabulldog, Hydrogen Iodide, Hyperdeath, Ike9898,Ilke71, Infinare, Iridescent, IronGargoyle, IvanLanin, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JLD, Jagged 85, Jak123, JamieS93, JediKnight-Kotira, Jeff G., John Palkovic, John R G, JohnCD, Johnbod, Jonpro,Jose77, Julesd, Jurema Oliveira, Jusdafax, Kajerm, Kaldari, Katalaveno, Kazvorpal, Kenyon, Kevmin, Kingofkings450, Kitchaw, Kostisl, Kslays, Ktsquare, Kuru, LFaraone, Ligulem, Linmhall,Llajwa, Llosoc, Logger9, Lord Apophis, Lynnea9, MER-C, Mackinaw, Maddyriva, Madhero88, Magnus Manske, Marcusmax, Marek69, Martial75, MartinHarper, Martino3, Materialscientist,Mathwhiz 29, Mavigogun, Maxí, Mbz1, McSly, Mentifisto, Merlind, Michael Hardy, Mikenorton, Mjrigby, Mjrmtg, Mlewan, Monkeygirl9689, Moondragon 5 5, Mr Stephen, MrShamrock,Msablic, Mygerardromance, Naysie, NearlyDrNash, Neg, Nepenthes, Neptunekh, NickW557, Noisy, Noodle snacks, Norstone, Nv8200p, Od Mishehu, Oda Mari, Ohnoitsjamie, Oliverdl, Olneya,Omegatron, Omphacite, Owl order, Ozguy89, Patrick, Patskc, Pepper, Pfalstad, Pinkadelica, Pkravchenko, Plantsurfer, Poorleno, Prayspot, Q43, Quantumobserver, R.e.b., RG2, Rach Bruce,RadioKirk, Radon210, RedWolf, Rediahs, Regibox, Reno Chris, Rhanyeia, Rickert, Robertgreer, Rolinator, Rrburke, Rsm99833, SQL, Sakurambo, SalientNZ, Saperaud, Sarranduin,SchfiftyThree, Sciurinæ, Searchme, Seeleschneider, Shaddack, Shawnhath, Siim, Sionus, Skatebiker, Skyezx, Smalljim, Snazzra, Snek01, Solipsist, Spinningspark, Spoon!, Srleffler, Stan Shebs,Stephenb, Steven Zhang, Stormwriter, Stwalkerster, Syntax, Sytheston, Taranet, The High Fin Sperm Whale, The Thing That Should Not Be, Theriac, Theseeker4, Thingg, Thiseye, Thisisborin9,Tillman, Tiptoety, TodorBozhinov, Tomzhang0126, TravisTX, Tretertret, Triona, Twang, Twinsday, Unint, Utcursch, VMS Mosaic, Vacuum, Vanessaezekowitz, Versus22, Vina, Vsmith,W.F.Galway, Warut, William987, Wilson44691, Witan, Wknight94, Wmahan, Xenoalien, Yeahitsmenick, Yoga kulandai, Zamphuor, Zzorse, Јованвб, Александър, 1971 يتارامإ ,24.يدماغ.دمحأ,680 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Quartz, Tibet.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quartz,_Tibet.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:Noodle snacksFile:a-quartz.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A-quartz.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: MaterialscientistFile:b-quartz.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:B-quartz.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Materialscientistimage:Citrin cut.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrin_cut.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Kluka, Ra'ike, Rojk, Wela49, 2anonymous editsimage:ele.rose.750pix.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ele.rose.750pix.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Feezo, Johnbod, Kluka, SaperaudFile:Amethyst. Magaliesburg, South Africa.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amethyst._Magaliesburg,_South_Africa.jpg  License: GNU Free DocumentationLicense  Contributors: User:Noodle snacksFile:Quartz var. Smokey from Morella, Victoria.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quartz_var._Smokey_from_Morella,_Victoria.jpg  License: GNU FreeDocumentation License  Contributors: User:Noodle snacksImage:QuartzUSGOV.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QuartzUSGOV.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Kluka, Lzur, SaperaudFile:Augstus kameo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Augstus_kameo.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:Absalypson2Image:Synthetic quartz crystal.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Synthetic_quartz_crystal.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:WarutFile:Ewer birds Louvre MR333.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ewer_birds_Louvre_MR333.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:JastrowImage:Transparency.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparency.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Mattes, Pieter Kuiper,WikipediaMaster, ZimbresFile:Quartz-37935.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quartz-37935.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Hedenbergite-Quartz-64aya.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hedenbergite-Quartz-64aya.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Quartz-159827.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quartz-159827.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Quartz-155002.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quartz-155002.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Quartz-288985.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quartz-288985.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Quartz-122892.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quartz-122892.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors:File:Quartz-131669.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quartz-131669.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors:File:Citrine-crystals.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrine-crystals.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Ra'ikeFile:Fausse citrine.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fausse_citrine.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Didier Descouens

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