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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the most suitable region of the palate for the insertion of miniscrews. We analysed 4 different paraco- ronal sections of Digital Volumetric Tomographies of 52 patients with ages ranging between 10 and 15 years and measured the thickness of the pa- latine bone in 20 different sites. For each section we measured the height of the palatal bone at 0, 3 and 6 mm increments laterally from the midline. The results indicate that the thickest part of the palate is found 6 mm to the left and right of the suture in the anterior part of the pala- te, 4 mm from the incisal foramen. In the other paracoronal sections, the thicknesses tend to decrease progressively, but the highest values are al- ways found corresponding to suture. Therefore, we can conclude that the thickest part of the palate is the anterior region. Although the bone is thin- ner in the posterior region of the palate, it is also suitable for the inser- tion of miniscrew. Gracco A, Lombardo L, Cozzani M, Siciliani G. Quantitative evaluation with CBCT of palatal bone thickness in growing patients. Prog Orthod 2006;7(2).164-174. Introduction In recent years, the use of mini- screws has become widespread and commonplace in orthodontic practice. The application of mini- screws has enabled the use of ske- letal anchorage for various condi- tions because miniscrews can be positioned in many areas of the al- veolar bone and can be loaded immedialtely. Numerous studies have been car- ried out to identify and evaluate the ideal site for insertion of the mini- screws 1-3 and most of these have indicated the palate. The palatal bone appears to be the most sui- table site for miniscrew insertion Quantitative evaluation with CBCT of palatal bone thickness in growing patients Antonio Gracco, Luca Lombardo, Mauro Cozzani, Giuseppe Siciliani Department of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Italy Director: prof. G. Siciliani Correspondence to: Antonio Gracco Via E. Scrovegni 2 35100 Padova -Italy Tel. +39 (0)532.20.25.28 Fax +39 (0)532.20.25.28 E-mail [email protected] PROGRESS in ORTHODONTICS 2006; 7(2):164-174 1 Quantitative evaluation with CBCT of palatal bone thickness in growing patients 164

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Page 1: Quantitative evaluation with CBCT of palatal bone … › download › articoli › Articolo progress...ne of the palate for distalisation of the upper molars 10. Lee, in 2004, utilised

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the most suitable region of thepalate for the insertion of miniscrews. We analysed 4 different paraco-ronal sections of Digital Volumetric Tomographies of 52 patients with agesranging between 10 and 15 years and measured the thickness of the pa-latine bone in 20 different sites. For each section we measured theheight of the palatal bone at 0, 3 and 6 mm increments laterally fromthe midline. The results indicate that the thickest part of the palate is found6 mm to the left and right of the suture in the anterior part of the pala-te, 4 mm from the incisal foramen. In the other paracoronal sections, thethicknesses tend to decrease progressively, but the highest values are al-ways found corresponding to suture. Therefore, we can conclude that thethickest part of the palate is the anterior region. Although the bone is thin-ner in the posterior region of the palate, it is also suitable for the inser-tion of miniscrew.

Gracco A, Lombardo L, Cozzani M, Siciliani G. Quantitative evaluation withCBCT of palatal bone thickness in growing patients. Prog Orthod2006;7(2).164-174.

Introduction

In recent years, the use of mini-screws has become widespreadand commonplace in orthodonticpractice. The application of mini-screws has enabled the use of ske-letal anchorage for various condi-tions because miniscrews can bepositioned in many areas of the al-veolar bone and can be loadedimmedialtely. Numerous studies have been car-ried out to identify and evaluate theideal site for insertion of the mini-screws1-3 and most of these haveindicated the palate. The palatalbone appears to be the most sui-table site for miniscrew insertion

Quantitative evaluation with CBCT of palatal bone thickness in growing patients

Antonio Gracco, Luca Lombardo, Mauro Cozzani, Giuseppe Siciliani

Department of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Italy Director: prof. G. Siciliani

Correspondence to:Antonio GraccoVia E. Scrovegni 235100 Padova -ItalyTel. +39 (0)532.20.25.28Fax +39 (0)532.20.25.28E-mail [email protected]

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Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di valutare quale sia la regione del pa-lato più idonea all’inserimento delle miniviti ortodontiche. In particolare ab-biamo analizzato le tomografie volumetriche digitali di 52 pazienti di etàcompresa tra i 10 e i 15 anni e abbiamo misurato lo spessore del palato in20 differenti siti. Le misure degli spessori palatine nei 52 pazienti sono sta-te eseguite da due differenti operatori. I risultati ottenuti sono stati comparatiutilizzando l’analisi della varianza (F o Anova test). Abbiamo analizzato 4differenti sezioni paracoronali. Per ogni sezione abbiamo misurato l’altez-za del palato a 0,3 e 6 mm lateralmente dalla sutura mediana. I risultati sot-tolineano come lo spessore maggiore del palato si trovi a 6 mm a sinistrae a destra dalla sutura nella regione della premaxilla a 4 mm dal forameincisivo. Nelle altre sezioni paracoronali lo spessore tende progressiva-mente a diminuire, ma i valori maggiori sono sempre riscontrati a livello del-la sutura. Possiamo quindi concludere che il palato costituisce un sito d’ele-zione per l’inserimento delle miniviti a scopo ortodontico.

Key words: Miniscrew; CBCT; Palate.

due to its histomorphology and theease of application of the mini-screws in this area4-8.With the exception of the incisalcanal region, the median andparamedian areas of the palateconsist of cortical bone that is thickand dense enough to support oneor more miniscrews which can su-stain orthopaedic loads. This arearetains the obvious advantage ofnot having anatomical structures,such as nerves, blood vessels ordental roots, which can impedethe insertion of miniscrews9,10.Furthermore, the soft tissue of the me-dian palate is, on average 3,06+/-0,45 mm thick between the firstand second premolars2. This thick-ness, associated with the intrinsiccharacteristics of the palatine mu-cosa, guarantees biomechanical sta-

bility upon insertion of the screws9,10.In the past, this site was used for in-sertion of implants to support ortho-dontic devices11-15, although the me-thods of insertion and removal werevery intrusive and painful for the pa-tient, not to mention costly, as they re-quired the intervention of a surgeon.In these cases, the only suitable in-sertion site was limited to the anteriorregion of the maxilla. Additionally, itwas necessary to wait for osteointe-gration of the implant before appl-ying a load5,16,17. Recently, however, palatine skeletalanchorage been achieved usingminiscrews. In particular, Kyung, in2003, successfully used a mini-screw inserted into the median zo-ne of the palate for distalisation ofthe upper molars10. Lee, in 2004,utilised miniscrews in the palate for

in t rus ion18 and Melsen, in200519, indicated the palate as apossible site of insertion of the mi-niscrews, even though Carano, in200520, asserted that the insertionof miniscrews with a diameter ofless than 2 mm into the palate doesnot guarantee total stability.Park, in 200621, employed a pa-latine miniscrew to move the in-cisor segment posteriorly in lin-gual treatment.Kircelli, in 200622, modified apendulum appliance for molar dis-talisation with a miniscrew inser-ted palatally in the anterior part ofthe palate, obtaining rapid distali-sation without loss of anchorage. Byloff, in 200523, described theGraz Implant-Supported Pendulumapplance, in which skeletal an-chorage is provided by two com-ponents: an internal componentconsisting of a titanium miniplatefeaturing two solder-fitted pins fi-xed to the bone with four screwsand an external component; a mo-dified Pendulum Appliance.Yildizhan24, in a study of 22 spe-cimens of the human hard palate tocompare the vertical height in thesagittal and transverse dimensions,found that the highest point is 8.08mm in the anterior median regionand there is a reduction of 3.34mm in the paramedian region, 3mm to the left and right of the me-dian line. The average height ofthe palate decreases from the frontto the back and from the median tothe paramedian region, thereby in-dicating the anterior median regionof the palate as the ideal site for in-sertion. This study also highlightshow insertion of the miniscrew in

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had undergone oral surgery. Data were obtained using theNewtom®3G Volume ScannerQRsr1 Verona. The Newtom®3GVolume Scanner is based on a co-ne-beam X-ray beam technique

which uses the X-ray emissions veryefficiently, thus reducing the ab-sorbed dose to the patient25,26.The settings were: 12 inches of fieldof view, 110 kV(AP-LL), 2.00 mA(AP) e 1.00 mA (LL), exposure time

Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer la région la plus appropriée du palaispour l’insertion des minivis. Nous avons analysé 4 sections différentes para-coronales des tomographies volumétriques de Digital de 52 patients d’agecomprise entre 10 et 15 ans et nous avons mesuré l’épaisseur de l’os pala-tin dans 20 parties différentes. En chaque section nous avons mesuré la tail-le de l’os palatal avec incréments de 0, 3 et 6 millimètres latéralement à par-tir de la ligne moyenne. Les résultats indiquent que la partie la plus épaissedu palais est trouvée 6 millimètres à gauche et à droit de la suture dans lapartie antérieure du palais, 4 millimètres du foramen incisif. Dans les autressections de paracoronal, les épaisseurs tendent à diminuer progressivement,mais les valeurs les plus élevées s’avèrent toujours correspondre à la suture.Par conséquent, nous pouvons conclure que la partie la plus épaisse du pa-lais est la région antérieure. Bien que l’os soit plus mince dans la région po-stérieure du palais, il est également approprié pour l’insertion du miniscrew

Traduit par Maria Giacinta Paolone

the median region is preferable inadult patients, citing calcified me-dian sutures, and in the parame-dian region in growing patients11. In the present study, we analysedthe Digital Volumetric Tomogra-phies of 52 patients with ages ran-ging between 10 and 15 yearsand measured the thickness of thepalatine bone in 20 different sitesin an attempt to identify the regionof the palate most suitable for theinsertion of miniscrews.

Material and methods

We randomly selected the DigitalVolumetric Tomographies of 52healthy subjects with ages rangingbetween 10 and 15 years (28 ma-les and 24 females). We excludedsubjects with craniofacial malforma-tions, syndromic patients, those withevidence of trauma and those who

Fig. 1 Paracoronal views at 4, 8, 16, 24 mm posteriorfrom the incisal foramen and measurements of bone height at0, 3, and 6 mm increments laterally from the midline.

Fig. 2 Bone heights at 0, 3, 6 mm in-crements in the 16 mm paracoronalviews.

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5.4 s, slice thickness 0.50 mm.Using the NNT Newtom®3G soft-ware for each patient, we ini-tially identified the buccal incisalforamen from the axial section ofthe upper jaw.

90° paracoronal views of the pala-te region were reconstructed at 4, 8,16 and 24 mm posterior from the in-cisal foramen, and measurements ofthe bone height were made in eachreconstruction at 0, 3, and 6 mm in-

El objetivo de este estudio es el de evaluar cual es la región del paladar mas ade-cuada par la colocación de los mini implantes de uso ortodontico. De esta for-ma se analizaron las Tomografías Volumétricas digitalizadas de 52 pacientes quese encontraban en una edad entre 10 y 15 años y donde medimos el espesordel paladar en 20 sitios diferentes. Las medidas de la profundidad del paladaren los 52 pacientes fueron tomadas por 2 operadores diferentes. Los resultadosobtenidos fueron comparados utilizando el análisis de variación (F o Anova tests).Analizamos 4 diferentes secciones paracoronales. Para cada sección medimosla altura del paladar a 0,3 e 6 mm lateralmente de la sutura mediana. Los re-sultados subrayan como la parte mas espesa del paladar se encuentra a 6 mma la derecha e izquierda de la región pre maxilar y a 4 mm del foramen incisi-vo. En las otras secciones paracoronales el espesor tiende a disminuir, y defini-tivamente la parte mas espesa se encuentra a nivel de la sutura. Por lo tanto po-demos concluir que el paladar puede ser un sitio de elección para la colocaciónde los mini implantes de uso ortodontico.

Traducido por Santiago Isaza Penco

crements laterally from the midlineto describe the thickness of palate(Figg.1, 2). 20 measurements wererecorded in each of the 52 patientsfor a total of 1˙040 measurements.Each measurement was taken onthe computer display monitor withthe Newtom®3G measure software.

Statistics

For each measurement of eachparacoronal view, the mean andthe standard deviation were cal-culated. Differences between maleand female subjects and betweenthe measurement of the right and ofthe left side of each paracoronalview were assessed using analysisof variance. The level of statisticalsignificance is P ≤ 0.05.

Reliability of the Measurements

The measurements of palatineheight in the 52 patients were car-ried out by two different operators.The results were compared usinganalysis of variance and did notshow statistically significant diffe-rences.

Results

We found that there are no stati-stically significant differences bet-ween the measurements of the 28males and the 24 females whichmade up our sample. Also thereare no statistically significant diffe-rences between the measurement

Table 1 Mean and standard deviation of the measurements of bone heightat 4 mm posterior from the incisal foramen at 0, 3, and 6 mm incrementslaterally from the midline.

4 mm from the incisal foramen6 mm right 3 mm right Suture 3 mm left 6 mm left

Mean 10.28 8.612 9.038 8.661 10.37Standard 3 2.77 2.44 2.87 3.09deviation

Table 2 Mean and standard deviation of the measurements of bone heightat 8 mm posterior from the incisal foramen at 0, 3, and 6 mm incrementslaterally from the midline.

8 mm from the incisal foramen6 mm right 3 mm right Suture 3 mm left 6 mm left

Mean 6.123 5.838 6.513 5.542 6.283Standard 2.48 2.06 1.72 2.26 2.12deviation

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of bone palatal thickness on theright and on the left side.Values for the mean and the stan-dard deviation of the measure-ments of the palatine bone thick-ness are reported in the tables1, 2, 3 and 4. The results obtained indicate thatthe thickest region is in the palate,4 mm from the incisal foramen and6 mm right (10.28 ±3 mm) andleft (10.37 ±.09 mm) of the me-

Figs 3 Paracoronal view at 4 mm posterior to the incisal foramen and table of bone heightsat 0,3 and 6 mm increments laterally from the midline.

Figs 4 Paracoronal view at 8 mm posterior to the incisal foramen and table of boneheights at 0,3 and 6 mm increments laterally from the midline.

Table 3 Mean and standard deviation of the measurements of bone heightat 16 mm posterior from the incisal foramen at 0, 3, and 6 mm incrementslaterally from the midline.

16 mm from the incisal foramen6 mm right 3 mm right Suture 3 mm left 6 mm left

Mean 3.615 3.846 4.908 3.462 3.562Standard 1.54 1.22 1.29 1.15 1.37deviation

a

b

a

b

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dian line (Tab. 1). Minor differen-ces in thicknesses were also notedat the suture (9.038 ± 2.44 mm)and at 3 mm to the right (8.612 ±2.77 mm) and to the left (8.661 ±2.87 mm) (Fig. 3). In the paracoronal section, the thic-kest point, at 8 mm from the fora-men (Tab. 2), occurs at the level ofthe suture (6.513 ± 1.72 mm), fol-lowed by the thickness at 6 mmfrom the midline (6.123 ± 2.48mm to the right and 6.283 ± 2.12

Figs 6 Paracoronal view at 24 mm posterior to the incisal foramen and table of boneheights at 0,3 and 6 mm increments laterally from the midline.

Figs 5 Paracoronal view at 16 mm posterior to the incisal foramen and table of bone heightsat 0,3 and 6 mm increments laterally from the midline.

Table 4 Mean and standard deviation of the measurements of bone heightat 24 mm posterior from the incisal foramen at 0, 3, and 6 mm incrementslaterally from the midline.

24 mm from the incisal foramen6 mm right 3 mm right Suture 3 mm left 6 mm left

Mean 2.923 3.35 4.627 3.181 2.888Standard 1.04 0.85 1.46 0.9 0.92deviation

a

b

a

b

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mm to the left) and finally the thick-ness at 3 mm (5.838 ± 2.06 mmto the right and 5.542 ± 2.26mm to the left) (Fig. 4).In the 16 mm section (Fig. 5), thethickest part is found at the suture(4.98 ± 1.29 mm) but, at 3 mm(3.846 ± 1.22 mm to the rightand 3.462 ± 1.15 mm to the left)and at 6 mm (3.615 ± 1.54 mmto the right and 3.562 ± 1.15mm to the left) the bone thicknesses

are slightly less than the thicknessnoted at the suture (Tab. 3). In the paracoronal section, at 24mm (Fig. 6) the situation varieseven more because the boneheight of the palate which is thic-kest at the suture (4.627 ± 1.46mm) tends to decrease progressi-vely towards the sides, with thesmallest values at 6 mm (2.923 ±1.04 mm to the right and 2.888± 0.92 mm to the left) (Tab. 4).

Discussion

This study analysed the bone thick-ness at 4 different paracoronal sec-tions in young patients with agesranging between 10 and 15years. For each section the heightof the palatal bone at 0, 3 and 6mm increments laterally from themidline was measured. The resultshighlight that the major thicknessesof the palate are found at 6 mm to

Figs 7 Distal Screw: (a) first evolution with the Nance but-ton anchored by supporting wires to the first premolars andthe bored plate positioned distally to the Nance button.The plate is secured against the palate with miniscrews.(b) last evolutions with no supporting wires on the first pre-molars and the bored plate embedded in the Nance but-ton. (c) Drawing of the last evolution of the Distal Screw.

a b

c

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the left and right of the suture in theanterior part of the palate, 4 mmfrom the incisal foramen. Nevertheless, it is interesting to ob-serve, using the different sections,how the morphology of the palatevaries. In the anterior part of the pa-late, the thickest bone is found la-terally at 6 mm from the midlinewhile the thinnest bone is at 3 mm.In the 8 mm section, the variationsare smaller but the morphologychanges noticeably as the thickestbone was at the suture and thinnerbone continued to be found bila-terally at 3 mm. In the 16 mm sec-tion, the situation changes further.The thickest bone is again noted atthe suture. However, the bone thick-nesses at 3 and 6 mm, which aresimilar, are much lower with re-spect to the suture. Finally, in the 24mm section, the palatine morpho-logy changes further as the thick-nesses tend to progressively de-crease from the suture to the sides.Also these data show that, even ifthe morphology of the palate va-ries, all the bone height mean va-lues (suture, 3, 6 mm laterally)measured in 4 mm paracoronalview are higher than those recor-dered in the 8 mm paracoronalview (Tabb. 1, 2). The mean va-lues decrease further in the 16 andin the 24 mm paracoronal sec-tions (Tab. 3, 4), but the reduction

is not as large as in the anteriorpart of the palate. Therefore, wecan conclude that the thickness ofthe palatine bone progressively de-creases posterior to the incisal fo-ramen even if in a different way inthe four paracoronal views. These data also confirm those al-ready reported in the literature10

that the palate is a site of choice forinsertion of miniscrews. In particu-lar, the largest bone thicknesses arefound in the anterior region of thepalate, 4-8 mm from the foramenboth at the suture and at the para-median areas. The more posteriorregions of the palate are also sui-table for housing the miniscrewsdespite the fact that the bone isthinner because the quality of thebone (double cortical) and thethickness of the adhering mucosawhich covers it provide stability forthe minicrews.It is necessary to point out there isconcensus agreement that the su-ture, despite being among thethickest sites in the different pala-tal sections, is not the site of choi-ce for the insertion of miniscrewsdue to its incomplete calcificationthat can also be seen in adultsubjects. Consequently, the para-median region is the most suitablearea for the positioning of mini-screws and the best areas arethose at 6 mm in the 4 and 8

mm paracoronal view and thoseat 3 mm in the 16 and 24 mmparacoronal view because thebone is thickest in these sites. The miniscrews inserted in the pa-latal provide skeletal anchoragesuitable for orthodontic purposes.Thanks to these results on bonethickness and previous data on dis-talising appliances and anchorageloss, we constructed and tested anew distalising orthodontic deviceknown as the “Distal Screw”,which represents the evolution ofthe Distal Jet and which takes ad-vantage of the skeletal anchoragesupplied by the palatal insertionminiscrews in order to eliminateanchorage loss (Fig. 7).

Conclusions

The palate constitutes a site of choi-ce for the insertion of miniscrewsfor orthodontic purposes.The thickest part of the palate is theanterior part of the palate. The bone thickness in the posteriorregion of the palate is also suitablefor the insertion of screws of ap-propriate thickness. Further studies on this device andon palatal bone thickness in diffe-rent age ranges are already un-derway and will be the subject offuture publications.

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Introduzione

Negli ultimi anni l’utilizzo delle miniviti è entrato prepotente-mente nella pratica ortodontica. La recente applicazione di mi-niviti ha ampliato l’utilizzo dell’ancoraggio scheletrico, graziealla possibilità di posizionare le miniviti in molte aree dell’os-so alveolare e di utilizzarle immediatamente senza i tempi diattesa dell’osseointegrazione.L’introduzione delle miniviti a carico immediato ha ampliato,dunque, ulteriormente le possibilità terapeutiche.Numerosi studi sono stati condotti per valutare quale potesseessere considerato il sito ideale di inserzione delle miniviti1-3.Tra questi un sito d’elezione è risultato essere il palato. Pro-babilmente l’osso palatale è il più adatto a causa della suaistomorfologia e la facilità di applicazione delle miniviti4-8.Ad eccezione della regione del canale incisale, la regione me-diana del palato consiste di osso corticale che è sufficiente-mente spesso e denso da supportare una o più miniscrew chepossono sopportare carichi ortopedici. Tale area presenta l’in-dubbio vantaggio di non avere strutture anatomiche critiche perl’inserimento delle miniviti, quali nervi, vasi e radici dentali9,10.Inoltre i tessuti molli a livello palatino mediano risultano esse-re in media di 3,06 +/- 0,45 mm di spessore tra il primo eil secondo premolare2, questo spessore associato alle carat-teristiche intrinseche della mucosa palatina garantisce stabili-tà biomeccanica dopo l’inserimento della vite9,10.In passato tale sito è già stato utilizzato per l’inserzione degliimpianti a scopo ortodontico11-15, tuttavia la metodica d’in-serzione e disinserzione risulta molto cruenta e pesante per ilpaziente, è necessario attendere l’osteointegrazione, è costosae necessita dell’intervento del chirurgo, ed è utilizzabile comesito la sola ragione anteriore della maxilla5,16,17.Recentemente l’ancoraggio scheletrico palatino è stato ottenutoanche con l’utilizzo delle miniviti. In particolare Kyung nel2003 utilizza una minivite inserita in zona mediana del pa-lato per la distalizzazione dei molari superiori10.Carano nel 200520 asserisce che l’inserzione nel palato diminiviti con diametro inferiore ai 2 mm non garantisce asso-luta stabilità. Park nel 200621 utilizza una minivite palatina perarretrare l’intero gruppo frontale in un trattamento ortodonticolinguale. Melsen nel 200519 indica il palato come possibilesede di inserzione delle miniviti. Lee nel 2004 ha utilizzato leminiviti sul palato per l’intrusione dei molari superiori18. Kircellinel 200622 ha modificato un pendulum per la distalizzazio-ne molare con una minivite inserita palatalmente in regione pre-maxillare, ottenendo una rapida distalizzazione senza perdi-ta di ancoraggio. Byloff nel 200523 descrive il Graz Implant-Supported Pendulum dove l’ancoraggio scheletrico è garan-

tito da due componenti: quello interno consiste in una plac-chetta in titanio ancorata all’osso con quattro miniviti. La com-ponente esterna è un Pendulum modificato. Yildizhan24 inuno studio su 22 prelievi di palato duro umano per valutarel’altezza verticale e le dimensioni sagittali e trasversali ha tro-vato che l’altezza maggiore risulta di 8,08 mm in regione an-teriore mediana e diminuisce a 3,34 mm in regione para-mediana 3 mm a destra e sinistra dalla linea mediana. L’al-tezza media del palato diminuisce dal davanti all’indietro edalla regione mediana a quella paramediana. Pertanto rile-vano come ideale locazione d’inserzione la regione media-na anteriore del palato. Essi sottolineano anche come l’inser-zione della minivite in regione mediana sia da preferire nelpaziente adulto, con sutura mediana calcificata e in regioneparamediana nei pazienti in crescita11.In questo studio ci siamo interessati a valutare dove fosse nel pa-lato la regione migliore per l’inserimento delle miniviti. In parti-colare abbiamo analizzato le tomografie volumetriche digitali di52 pazienti di età compresa tra i 10 e i 15 anni e abbiamo mi-surato lo spessore dell’osso palatino in 20 differenti siti.

Materiali e metodi

Abbiamo selezionato in maniera random le tomografie volu-metriche digitali di 52 soggetti sani con età compresa tra i 10e 15 anni (28 maschi e 24 femmine). Abbiamo escluso sog-getti con malformazioni craniofacciali, sindromici o con esitidi traumi o che hanno subito interventi chirurgici all’apparatostomatognatico.I dati sono stati ottenuti utilizzando il Newtom®3G VolumeScanner QRsr1 Verona.Il Newtom®3G Volume Scanner utilizza una tecnica di emissio-ne di raggi X a fascio conico che consente di ridurre notevolmentela quantità di radiazione assorbita dal paziente25,26.Le impostazioni utilizzate sono: 12 pollici di F.O.V., 110 kV(AP-LL), 2,00 mA (AP) e 1,00 mA (LL), tempo di esposizionedi 5,4 s, spessore delle sezioni di 0,50 mm.Utilizzando il software NNT Newtom 3G, per ogni pazien-te abbiamo inizialmente identificato, dalla sezione assiale delmascellare superiore, il forame incisivo buccale. Sezioni paracoronali della regione palatina sono state ricostruitea 4, 8, 16 e 24 mm posteriormente al forame incisivo. Le mi-sure dell’altezza ossea sono state eseguite, per ogni sezione,a 0,3 e 6 mm lateralmente al rafe mediano (Figg. 1, 2).Sono state registrate 20 misurazioni per ciascuno dei 52 pa-zienti, per un totale di 1040 misurazioni.Ciascuna misurazione è stata eseguita sul monitor del computer

Valutazione quantitativa mediante CBCT degli spessori palatali nei pazienti in crescita

Antonio Gracco, Luca Lombardo, Mauro Cozzani, Giuseppe Siciliani

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con il software New Tom®. È stata calcolata la media e la de-viazione standard. Le misurazioni sui 52 pazienti sono state eseguite separata-mente da due operatori. I risultati ottenuti sono stati confron-tati utilizzando l’analisi della varianza (test F o Anova).Per ciascuna delle misure di ciascuna sezione paracoronalesono state calcolate la media e la deviazione standard.Inoltre, sempre mediante l’analisi della varianza sono state ri-cercate eventuali differenze tra i soggetti di sesso maschile efemminile.

Risultati

I valori della media e della deviazione standard degli spes-sori palatini sono riportati nelle tabelle 1, 2, 3 e 4.I risultati ottenuti indicano che lo spessore maggiore si ha nel-la regione della premaxilla, a 4 mm dal forame incisivo, 6 mma destra (10,28 ±3 mm) e a sinistra (10,37 ± 0,09 mm) dal-la linea mediana. Minor spessore a livello della sutura (9,038± 2,44 mm), 3 mm a destra (8,612 ± 2,77 mm) e a sinistra(8,661 ± 2,87 mm).Nella sezione paracoronale a 8 mm dal forame incisivo lospessore maggiore si rileva a livello della sutura (6,513 ±1,72 mm), seguito da quello a 6 mm (6,123 ± 2,48 mm adestra e 6,283 ± 2,12 mm a sinistra) e infine a 3 mm (5,838± 2,06 mm a destra e 5,542 ± 2,26 mm a sinistra). Nellasezione a 16 mm il punto più spesso è sempre a livello dellasutura (4,98 ± 1,29 mm), a 3 mm (3,846 ±1,22 mm a de-stra e 3,462 ± 1,15 mm a sinistra) e a 6 mm (3,615 ± 1,54mm a destra e a 3,562 ± 1,15 mm a sinistra). Nella sezione paracoronale a 24 mm la situazione cambiaancora, con lo spessore maggiore a livello della sutura pala-tina (4,627 ± 1,46 mm), lo spessore palatino tende a ridur-si progressivamente con valori minimi a 6 mm (2,923 ± 1,04mm a destra e 2,888 ± 0,92 mm a sinistra).Inoltre, mediante il test F abbiamo riscontrato differenze nonstatisticamente significative tra le misure eseguite sui 28 ma-schi e sulle 24 femmine del nostro campione.

Discussione

Questo studio analizza gli spessori del palato in pazienti gio-vani di età compresa tra i 10 e i 15 anni. Tali spessori sonostati analizzati in 4 differenti sezioni paracoronali. Per ciascunasezione abbiamo misurato l’altezza ossea del palato a 0, 3,6 mm lateralmente alla sutura mediana (Figg. 3-6).

Dai risultati ottenuti si evince che lo spessore maggiore si hain regione della premaxilla a 4 mm dal forame incisivo e so-prattutto a 6 mm dalla linea mediana sia a destra che a sini-stra. Spessore minore si ha a 0 mm e poi a 3 mm.Gli spessori si riducono considerevolmente in direzione po-stero-anteriore e cambia anche la morfologia del palato.Nella sezione paracoronale a 8 mm, infatti, lo spessoremassimo si ha a livello della sutura,seguito da quello a 6mm e infine da quello a 3 mm.Nella sezione a 16 mm la situazione cambia ancora, non-ostante lo spessore maggiore sia ancora a livello della su-tura. In questo caso, tuttavia, le differenze nelle misure a 3e a 6 mm sono minime, ma molto minori rispetto alla sutu-ra (più di 1,5 mm). Infine nella sezione paracoronale a 24mm la morfologia del palato cambia ancora con lo spes-sore che tende progressivamente a diminuire dalla sutura ailati con variazioni maggiori di 1 mm.Questi dati confermano come lo spessore osseo del pala-to si riduca man mano che ci sposta posteriormente rispet-to al forame incisivo. In senso trasversale invece si denotacome man mano che ci si sposta posteriormente le diffe-renze di altezza dell’osso palatale tendono a ridursi dallasutura alle regioni paramediane. Questi dati confermano i dati della letteratura10 su come ilpalato sia una sede di elezione per l’inserimento delle mi-niviti. In particolare gli spessori maggiori si registrano an-teriormente (4-8 mm dal forame) sia a livello della sutura chea livello paramediano.Posteriormente, nonostante gli spessori si riducano, essi risul-tano comunque idonei ad accogliere le miniviti e a garantir-ne la stabilità per la qualità dell’osso (doppia corticale) e peril ridotto spessore della mucosa aderente che lo ricopre.

Conclusioni

Il palato costituisce un sito d’elezione per l’inserimento di mi-niviti a scopo ortodontico. Lo spessore maggiore si ha a livellodella premaxilla, ma anche posteriormente lo spessore risultaidoneo per l’inserimento delle miniviti.In seguito ai risultati di questo studio sugli spessori palatini eai risutati della letteratura sugli apparecchi di distalizzazionee la loro perdita di ancoraggio, abbiamo sviluppato e testa-to una nuova apparecchiatura distalizzante, il Distal Screw,che rappresenta l’evoluzione del Distal Jet e che si avantag-gia dell’ancoraggio scheletrico fornito dalle miniviti (Fig. 7).Ulteriori studi su questo apparecchio e sugli spessori del pa-lato in differenti fasce d’età sono in via di pubblicazione.

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