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Transcript of Quality of Surface Waters For Irrigation Western United States … · 2011-01-24 · Quality of...
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Quality of Surface Waters For Irrigation Western United States 1951
Prepared under the direction of S. K. LOVE, Chief, Quality of Water Branch
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1264
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Douglas McKay, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
W. E. Wrather, Director
For tale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1 (paper cover)
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PREFACE
This report was prepared by the Geological Survey in coop- eration with other State and Federal agencies by personnel of the Water Resources Division under the direction of:
C. G. Paulsen ............. Chief Hydraulic EngineerS. K. Love ........... Chief, Quality of Water Branch
District Supervisors (Quality of Water)
P. C. Benedict ..................... Lincoln, Nebr.G. A. Billingsley .................Fayetteville, Ark.T. B. Dover...................... Stillwater, Okla.J. D. Hem ................... Albuquerque, N. Mex.C. S. Howard .................. Salt Lake City, UtahBurdge Irelan ........................ Austin, Tex.I. W. Walling ................... Sacramento, Calif.
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CONTENTS
PageIntroduction ......................................... 1Acknowledgments .................................... 5Collection of samples ................................ 6Examination of samples .............................. 6Reporting of data ...................:................ 7Explanation of tables ................................. 8
Location of station .................................. 8Drainage area ...................................... 8Records available .................................. 8Extremes .......................................... 8Remarks........................................... 8Discharge records .................................. 8Analytical values ................................... 8
Discussion of results ................;................ 9Criteria of water quality .............................. 9Selected references .................................. 14Quality of surface waters for irrigation ................. 15
Part 5-Hudson Bay and Upper Mississippi River basins . 15Red River of the North basin ....................... 15
Sheyenne River near Warwick, N. Dak. ........... 15Part 6-Missouri River basin ......................... 16
Missouri River main stem ......................... 16Missouri River near Williston, N. Dak. ........... 16Missouri River at Pierre, S. Dak. ................ 18Missouri River at Nebraska City, Nebr. .......... 20
Yellowstone River basin ........................... 22Yellowstone River at Billings, Mont............... 22Yellowstone River near Sidney, Mont. ............ 24Bighorn River at Thermopolis, Wyo. ............. 25Bighorn River at Bighorn, Mont. ................. 27Tongue River at Miles City, Mont. ................ 28Powder River near Locate, Mont. ................ 30
Grand River basin ................................ 31Grand River near Wakpala, S. Dak. .............. 31
Cheyenne River basin ............................. 33Cheyenne River near Eagle Butte, S. Dak. ......... 33
Platte River basin ................................. 35North Platte River below Guernsey Reservoir, Wyo. 35Platte River at Brady, Nebr. .................... 36Supply Canal (Tri-County Diversion) near Maxwell,Nebr. ........................................ 38
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VI CONTENTS
Quality of surface waters for irrigation--Continued Missouri River basin Continued
Platte River basin Continued PageSouth Platte River at Julesburg, Colo. ............ 39
Kansas River basin ............................... 42Republican River at Cambridge, Nebr. ............ 42Saline River at Tescott, Kans. ................... 44
Part 7-Lower Mississippi River basin ................ 46Arkansas River basin ............................. 46
Arkansas River below John Martin Reservoir, Colo. 46Arkansas River at Ralston, Okla. ................ 48Arkansas River at Van Buren, Ark. .............. 51Cimarron River at Mannford, Okla. .............. 54Canadian River near Tascosa, Tex. .............. 57Canadian River near Whitefield, Okla. ............ 59
Red River basin .................................. 63Red River at Denison Dam near Denison, Tex. .... 63Washita River near Tabler, Okla. ................ 64
Part 8-Western Gulf of Mexico basins ................ 66Sabine River basin ................................ 66
Sabine River near Ruliff, Tex. ................... 66Neches River basin ............................... 68
Neches River at Evadale, Tex. .................. 68San Jacinto River basin ........................... 70
San Jacinto River near Huffman, Tex. ............. 70Brazos River basin ............................... 72
Brazos River at Richmond, Tex. ................. 72Colorado River basin ............................. 74
Colorado River at Robert Lee, Tex. .............. 74Colorado River at Austin, Tex. .................. 76Colorado River at Wharton, Tex. ................. 77
Guadalupe River basin ............................ 78Guadalupe River at Victoria, Tex. ................ 78
Nueces River basin ............................... 80Nueces River near Mathis, Tex. ................. 80
Rio Grande basin ................................. 81Rio Grande above Culebra Creek near Lobatos, Colo. 81Rio Grande at Otowi Bridge near San Ildefonso,N.Mex. 83Rio Grande (Tiffany Channel) at Tiffany, N. Mex. .. 85Rio Grande at San Marcial, N. Mex. .............. 87Rio Grande below Elephant Butte Outlet, N. Mex. .. 89Rio Grande near El Paso, Tex. .................. 90Rio Grande below Old Fort Quitman, Tex. ......... 91Rio Grande at Upper Presidio, Tex. .............. 92Rio Grande at Langtry, Tex. ...................... 93Rio Grande at Eagle Pass, Tex. .................. 94Rio Grande at Roma, Tex. ....................... 95Pecos River below Alamogordo Dam, N. Mex. ..... 96Pecos River near Artesia, N. Mex. .............. 98Pecos River near Orla, Tex. .................... 100Pecos River near Comstock, Tex. ................ 101
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CONTENTS VII
Quality of surface waters for irrigation--Continued PagePart 9-Colorado River basin ......................... 102
Colorado River main stem ......................... 102Colorado River near Glenwood Springs, Colo. ...... 102Colorado River near Cisco, Utah ................. 104Colorado River at Lees Ferry, Ariz. ............. 106Colorado River near Grand Canyon, Ariz. ......... 108Colorado River below Hoover Dam, Ariz. -Nev. .... 110
Diversions and Return Flows at and below Imperial Dam 112 Yuma Main Canal below Colorado River siphon atYuma, Ariz. .................................. 112
Gunnison River basin.............................. 114Gunnison River near Grand Junction, Colo. ........ 114
Green River basin ................................ 116Green River at Green River, Utah ................ 116
San Juan River basin .............................. 118San Juan River near Blanco, N. Mex. ............. 118
Little Colorado River basin ........................ 120Little Colorado River at Cameron, Ariz. .......... 120
Virgin River basin ................................ 121Virgin River at Littlefield, Ariz. ................. 121
Gila River basin .................................. 123Gila River at Kelvin, Ariz. ...................... 123Gila River below Gillespie Dam, Ariz. ............ 125Salt River at Stewart Mountain Dam, Ariz. ........ 127Verde River below Bartlett Dam, Ariz. ........... 129Outflow from Lake Pleasant, Ariz. ............... 131
Part 10-The Great Basin ............................ 132Sevier Lake basin................................. 132
Sevier River near Lynndyl, Utah ................. 132Part 11-Pacific Slope basins in California ............. 134
San Joaquin River basin ........................... 134San Joaquin River main stem ....................... 134
San Joaquin River near Vernalis, Calif. ........... 134Calaveras River basin ............................ 136
Stockton Diverting Canal at Stockton, Calif. ....... 136Mokelumne River basin............................ 137
Mokelumne River at Woodbridge, Calif. ........... 137Sacramento River basin ........................... 138Sacramento River main stem....................... 138
Sacramento River at Knights Landing, Calif. ...... 138Feather River basin .............................. 139
Feather River at Nicolaus, Calif. ................ 139American River basin ............................. 140
American River at Fair Oaks, Calif. ............. 140Part 12-Pacific Slope basins in Washington and Upper
Columbia River basin .......................... 142Upper Columbia River basin ....................... 142Columbia River main stem ........................ 142
Columbia River at Grand Coulee Dam, Wash. ...... 142
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VIII CONTENTS
Quality of surface waters for irrigation--Continued PagePart 13-Snake River basin ........................... 144
Snake River main stem ............................ 144Snake River at King Hill, Idaho ................... 144
Boise River basin ................................ 145Boise River at Notus, Idaho ...................... 145
Part 14-Pacific slope basins in Oregon and LowerColumbia River basin .......................... 147
Columbia River main stem......................... 147Columbia River at Maryhill Ferry near Rufus, Oreg. 147
Willamette River basin ............................ 149Willamette River at Salem, Oreg. ................ 149
Index ............................................... 151
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page Plate 1. Recommended stations for irrigation-quality
network in Western United States. ............... 6Plate 2. Concentrations in equivalents per million and
per cent-sodium values at typical irrigation net- work stations, 1951. ........................... 10
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QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERSFOR IRRIGATION,
WESTERN UNITED STATES, 1951
INTRODUCTION
The records of chemical analyses, other physical measure- ments, and discharge given in this report comprise the first an- nual compilation of data for 78 irrigation network stations in op- eration west of the Mississippi River.
Increased development of irrigation agriculture in the West- ern States during the past decade has brought sharply into focus the need for comprehensive continuing information about the chem- ical quality of surface waters used for irrigation and the changes resulting from the drainage of irrigated lands. The U. S. Census of Agriculture for 1945 reports that approximately 20. 5 million acres of land were irrigated in 1944; of this acreage nearly 95 per- cent was in the 17 Western States. Straus (1952) estimates that the acreage of irrigated land in the Western States had increased to 21. 5 million acres in 1948. In 1934, an estimate by the Na- tional Resources Board placed the ultimate acreage that could be irrigated in the Western States at 51. 5 million acres.
The 17 Western States contain approximately 22 percent of the nation's population and 60 percent of the land area, of which about 1 acre in 10 of the arable lands in these States is irrigated.
All natural waters contain mineral salts in solution. Ordinary irrigation practice concentrates much of the salt burden of the in- put water in the ground and drainage waters owing to evaporation and transpiration. Where drainage is not adequate, this results in excessive concentrations of soluble salts in the soil solution. Since crops cannot tolerate excessively concentrated soil solu- tions, it is necessary to provide drainage so that the excess of salts can be leached out of the soil. The removal of mineral salts through proper drainage facilities is essential to the maintenance of a favorable salt balance in the soil.
The water in many of the surface streams of the West has been, or soon will be, completely allocated for specific pur poses, often primarily for irrigation. Some of these allocations have been made without consideration of their effect on the quality of the downstream water or without adequate allowance for drainage purposes so that a proper salt balance can be maintained. As a result the productivity of many thousands of acres of agricultural land has been impaired due to the accumulation of excessive a- mounts of mineral salts. It is becoming increasingly apparent
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2 QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION, 1951
that more judicious use must be made of available water for main- taining suitable quality and removing accumulations of salt. In order to provide for maximum beneficial water use it is essential to have available continuous records of the chemical quality of surface waters at key stations on the main streams that are used for irrigation. These continuous long-term records will assist in the determination of quality of water prior to irrigation devel- opment, the extent of impairment of water quality due to drainage return, requirements for maintaining proper salt balance, and the equitable division of water betweenprojects, States, and ad- joining nations.
In recognition of the problem the Subcommittee on Hydrology, Federal Inter agency River Basin Committee on February 6, 1950, approved a list of 106 network stations on streams in We stern United States at which water samples were to be collected and an- alyzed with particular reference to the use of these stream waters for irrigation. These stations, with pertinent information about periods of operation, are shown in the following table. Of the 106 stations selected, 39 were already being operated by the Geolog- ical Survey and 7 by the International Boundary and Water Com- mission. From the remaining stations on the list, 30 were se- lected for activation by the U. S. Geological Survey during the fiscal year 1951. In addition, 3 stations previously operated in connection with other programs and scheduled to be discontinued were to be included in the list to be operated by the Geological Survey (the.Subcommittee amended the list on October 2, 1952, to include the three additional stations, bringing the recommended number of irrigation network stations to a total of 109).
It was contemplated that the network stations would be located at stream-flow gaging stations and that the program of collecting and analyzing the samples and reporting the findings would be the responsibility of the Geological Survey. The scope of the chem- ical analyses would provide for the calculation of the salt burden of streams and in general would conform with the current Geo- logical Survey standards for the comprehensive investigation of the chemical quality of surface waters.
The following criteria were recommended in the selection of of the key network stations:
1. All recommended stations should be located on streams west of the main stem of the Mississippi River.
2. All proposed stations should relate primarily to irrigation although multiple-pur pose needs which include irrigation may be considered.
3. All stations should be located at or near stream-flow gag- ing stations. The most nearly up-to-date list of gaging stations currently operated by the U. S. Geological Survey (which com-
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RECOMMENDED IRRIGATION NETWORK STATIONS
Irrigation-Quality Network Stations in Western United States /Selected by Subcommittee on Hydrology, Federal Interagency River Basin Committee, 195P7
No.
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.18 a.
19.20.21.22.23.
24.25.26.27.28.
29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.
45.46.47.48.49.50.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.58.59.60.
Geological Survey
Part no.
56
7
8
9
Stream
Sour is RiverMissouri RiverMissonri RiverMissouri RiverYellowstone RiverYellowstone RiverBighorn RiverBighorn RiverTongue RiverPowder RiverGrand RiverMoreau RiverCheyenne RiverWhite RiverJames RiverN. Platte RiverN. Platte RiverPlatte RiverSupply Canal (Tri-County
Diversion)South Platte RiverRepublican RiverRepublican RiverSmoky Hill River
a Saline River
Arkansas RiverArkansas RiverArkansas RiverArkansas RiverCimarron River
Canadian RiverCanadian RiverRed River
bWashita RiverSabine RiverNeches RiverTrinity RiverSan Jacinto RiverBrazos RiverColorado RiverColorado RiverColorado RiverGuadalupe RiverNueces RiverRio GrandeRio Grande
Rio GrandeRio Grande
c Rio Grandec Rio Grandec Rio Grandec Rio Grandec Rio Grandec Rio Grande
Pecos RiverPecos RiverPecos River
c Pecos RiverColorado RiverColorado RiverColorado RiverColorado River
Location
nr. Westhope, N. Dak.nr. Williston, N. Dak.at Pierre, S. Dak,at Nebraska City, Nebr.at Billings, Mont.nr. Sidney, Mont.at Thermopoiis, Wyo.at Bighorn, Mont.at Miles City, Mont.
, nr. Locate, Mont.nr. Wakpala, S. Dak.at Promise, S, Dak.nr. Eagle Butte, S. Dak.nr. Oacoma, S. Dak.nr. Huron, S. Dak.below Alcova Dam, Wyo.below Guernsey Reservoir, Wyo.at Brady, Nebr.
nr. Maxwell, Nebr,at Julesburg, Colo,at Cambridge, Nebr.nr. Hardy, Nebr.nr. Langley, Kans.nr. Wilson (or Russell), Kans.at Tescott, Kans.below John Mar tin Reservoir, Colo.at Arkansas City, Kans,at Ralston, Okla.at Van Buren, Ark.at Mannlord, Okla.at Perkins, Okla,nr. Tascosa, Tex.nr. Whitefield, Okla.at Denison Dam, nr. Denison, Tex.nr. Tabler, Okia.nr. Ruliff, Tex.at Evadale, Tex.at Romayor, Tex.nr. Huffman, Tex.at Richmond, Tex.at Robert Lee, Tex.at Austin, Tex.at Wharton, Tex.at Victoria, Tex.nr. Mathis, Tex.above Culebra Cr. nr. Lobatos, Coloat Otowi Bridge nr. San
Ildefonso, N. Mex.at San Marcial, N. Mex.be low Elephant Butte Outlet, N. Mex.nr. El Paso, Tex.below Old Fort Quitman, Tex.at Upper Presidio, Tex.at Langtry, Tex.at Eagle Pass, Tex.at Roma, Tex.below Alamorgordo Dam, N. Mex.nr. Artesia, N. Mex.nr. Orla, Tex.nr. Comstock, Tex.nr. Glenwood Springs, Colo.nr. Cisco, Utahat Lees Ferry, Ariz.nr. Grand Canyon, Ariz.
Date established
_12/5/50
1/4/51
12/15/501/3/511/1/51
--1/4/511/4/51
1/17/51--
1/17/51
12/7/512/26/51
3/1/5110/1/45
12/22/50----
4/3/501/10/5110/8/511/1/50
10/1/4510/1/4910/1/526/2/489/1/465/1/44
9/10/4610/1/4710/1/479/1/459/1/459/1/45
10/1/474/11/449/1/45
10/1/4710/11/46
10/23/477/1/48
..--/--/30~/~/30--/--/35~/--/45--/--/38~/~/446/26/377/1/377/1/37
-/-/3510/--/4110/--/2810/1/47
10/-/39
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QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION, 1951
Irrigation-Quality Network Stations in Western United States Continued /Selected by Subcommittee on Hydrology, Federal Interagency River Basin Committee, 19507
No.
61.62.63.
64.65.66.67.68.69.70.71.72.73.74.
75.76.77.78.79.80.81.82.83.84.
64 a.85.86.87.88.89.90.91.92.93.94.95.96.97.98.99.
100.101.102.103.104.105.106.
107.106.109.
Geological Survey Part no.9
10
il
12
13
14
5
6
9
Stream
Colorado RiverColorado RiverColorado River
(Yuma Main Canal)Gunnison RiverGreen RiverGreen RiverSan Juan RiverSan Juan RiverLittle Colorado RiverGila RiverGila RiverSalt RiverVerde RiverAgua Fria River
Bear RiverSevier RiverSevier RiverHumboldt RiverHumboldt RiverSan Joaquin RiverSan Joaquin RiverSan Joaquin RiverSan Joaquin River
dCalaveras River (StocktonDiverting Canal)
San Joaquin RiverKokelumne RiverSacramento RiverSacramento RiverFeather RiverAmerican RiverColumbia River
-Columbia RiverKootenai RiverPend Oreille RiverYakima RiverSnake RiverSnake RiverSnake RiverSnake RiverSnake RiverBoise RiverBoise RiverColumbia RiverDeschutes RiverWillamette RiverRogue RiverSheyenne River
Location
below Hoover Dam, Ariz. -Nev.below Parker Dam, Calif.below Colorado River Siphon
at Yuma, Ariz.nr. Grand Junction, Colo.nr. Linwood, Utahat Green River, Utahnr. Blanco, N. Mex.nr. Bluff, Utahat Cameron, Ariz.at Kelvin, Ariz.below Gillespie Dam, Ariz.at Ste wart Mountain Dam, Ariz.below Bartlett Dam, Ariz.outflow from lake Pleasant Dam,
Ariz.nr. Collinston, Utahnr. Marys ville, Utahnr. Lynndyl, Utahat Palisade, Nev.nr. Rye Patch, Nev.below Friant Dam, Calif.nr. Mendota, Calif.nr. Vernalis, Calif.at Antioch, Calif.
at Stockton, Calif.nr. Mendota, Calif.at Woodbridge, Calif.nr. Red Bluff, Calif.at Knights Landing, Calif.at Nicolaus, C?lif.at Fair Caks, Calif.at International Boundaryat Grand- Coulee Dam, Wash.at Porthill, Idahonr. Metaline Falls, Wash.atKiona, Wash.nr. Heise, Idahonr. Minidoka, Idahoat King Hill, Idahoat Weiser, Idahonr. Clarkston, Wash.nr. Arrowrock, Idahoat Notus, Idahoat Maryhill, Ferry nr. Rufus, Oreg.at Moody nr. Biggs, Oreg,at Salem, Oreg.at Grants Pass, Oreg.nr. Warwick, N. Dak.
Stations added by Subcommittee, October 2, 1952
North Platte RiverPlatte RiverVirgin River
at Lewellen, Nebr.nr. Ashland, Nebr.at Littlefield, Ariz.
Date established
10/ /39
10/ /4210/--/31
__10/ /2810/1/45
10/--/291/17/5112/1/5012/1/5012/9/5012/9/50
12/1/50..--
3/22/51_
12/10/51--
3/1/51--
3/1/5110/« /52
3/1/51
2/26/512/26/515/1/51
11/15/5111/25/50
_. _-__
3/27/51__
11/14/51
11/21/5012/1/50
2/1/51
1/8/51
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7/«/49
a Dropped from list 10/3/52. Replaced by Station at Tescott.b Dropped from list 10/3/52. Replaced by Station at Pauls Valley.c Operated by International Boundary and Water Commission.d Dropped from list 10/3/52. Replaced by Station on San Joaquin River near Mendota.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5
prises all but a small percentage of all gaging stations) will be found in the most recently published Geological Survey water- supply papers for the areas involved.
4. Consideration should be given to the location of irrigation development areas which are now affecting or are likely to affect the chemical quality of the river water.
5. Only those stations should be proposed that are likely to reflect important changes in chemical quality over a period of years. Stations operated for relatively short periods (5 years or less), as would be required for intensive studies of specific proj- ects, should not in general be included.'
Plate 1 is a plot of the recommended list of 106 network sta- tions on streams in Western United States. The 78 stations in op- eration in 1951 are identified by a solid circle. The period of re- cord, in years, is also shown at each of these stations. In a few instances the period of record differs from that obtained from the date established by the Subcommittee, as earlier records were included also. Proposed stations are identified by an open circle.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Agencies which have each contributed to some part of the data published herein include: The Agriculture Research Service, and the Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture; the Bureau of Reclamation, U. S. Department of the Interior; the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Department of the Army; the State en- gineers for each of the 17 Western States and for Louisiana and Arkansas, the State Boards of Health, the El Paso, Tex., Depart- ment of Water and Sewage; the Ministry of Hydraulic Resources of Mexico.
During 1951, the United States Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission operated the stream gaging sta- tions for the following Rio Grande stations included in this report: El Paso, Fort Quitman, Upper Presidio, and Langtry; it operated the station Pecos River near Comstock, also. The Mexican Sec- tion operated the stream gaging stations on the main stem at Eagle Pass and Roma. Each section operated the gaging stations on tributary streams, floodways, and diversions within its own coun- try.
Descriptive headings and discharge dataforthe seven stations operated by the International Boundary and Water Commission, were obtained from Water Bulletins 20 and 21 prepared jointly by the United States and Mexican Sections of the International Boun- dary and Water Commission. These publications contain stream discharge and related data for 1950 and 1951. Analyses for eight stations were obtained from the U. S. Salinity Laboratory, River- side, Calif.
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6 QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION, 1951
Additional contributions of data have been made by individuals, corporations, and other State and Federal agencies, and their co- operation is acknowledged with appreciation.
COLLECTION OF SAMPLES
In accordance with the recommendation of the Subcommittee, where practicable, one sample was collected each day through- out the water year. In general, each sample was taken in an 8- or 12-ounce glass bottle provided with a pressure-type or pos- itive-seal closure to prevent escape of dissolved gases. Each sample was integrated in the vertical section of a stream usually at about midpoint of flow by lower ing the open sample bottle to the bottom and returning it to the surface during the filling process.
At most stations the samples were collected by local residents hired for the purpose. The local sample collector recorded on each bottle the name of the stream, location, gage height (if prac- ticable), water temperature, time of day, date, and collector's name or initials. Samples were shipped to the laboratory or picked up by technical personnel on a predetermined schedule. Visits were made periodically by technical personnel to check on sampling procedures.
EXAMINATION OF SAMPLES
Upon receipt of samples in the laboratory, they were record- ed and stored away from direct sunlight until opened for analysis. Specific conductance was determined with a conductance bridge on each sample as soon as opened. These data provided a basis for compositing a series of daily samples, for complete analysis. In general, a minimum of three composites a month consisting of equal volumes of approximately 10 daily samples, were pre- pared for chemical analysis. Individual samples that show dif- ferences in conductance of more than 30 percent of the mean for the period were not included in the composite, but were grouped separately for additional composite samples or analysis ol the individual sample was made. For those stations where accept- able discharge values were reported with the samples, or could be obtained promptly from rating tables, samples were prepared by mixing values of individual samples in proportion to water dis- charge.
The following series of 15 determinations (schedule 1) were made on all composite samples for all new network stations dur- ing the first year of operation: Silica, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, boron, dissolved solids, and specific conduct- ance. The following values were calculated from the analytical data: Dissolved solids in tons per acre-foot, dissolved solids in
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1264 PLATE 1
EXPLANATION
£ 46 1
Quality-of-woter station in operation, 1951. Upper number refers to station index. Lower number refers to years of avail- able chemical-quality records
196
Proposed quality-af-water station
5IOR GEOLOGICAL SURVgY. WASHINGTON
RECOMMENDED STATIONS FOR IRRIGATION-QUALITY NETWORK IN WESTERN UNITED STATES
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REPORTING OF DATA 7
total tons, total hardness, noncarbonate hardness, and percent sodium.
It was further recommended by the Subcommittee that during the second and third years the following series of 11 determina- tions (schedule 2) would be made on all composite samples: Cal- cium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, chlo- ride, nitrate, boron, dissolved solids, and specific conductance. Hardness, noncarbonate hardness, percent sodium, total tons and tons per acre-foot would be calculated as in schedule 1.
For the 1951 data there were notable exceptions to the rec- ommended schedules as outlined above. At some stations, where more complete data were needed for other uses, the number of constituents determined was increased. Conversely, some sta- tions that had been in operation for several years prior to this project, during which time at least the minimum determinations in schedule 1 were completed, were immediately placed on a re- duced analytical schedule.
In the fourth and succeeding years (unless significant changes become apparent) it was recommended that the following deter- minations (schedule 3) would be made on all composite samples as long as the program is in effect: Calcium and magnesium (either separately, or together by the recently developed ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid titration test for hardness), sodium, dissolved solids, and specific conductance. In addition, four complete anal- yses (schedule 1) would be made each year, one analysis to be made on a composite sample during each quarter. Certain addi- tional determinations above these minimum requirements were to be made if deemed necessary to define widely varying char- acteristics of the stream water.
All laboratory determinations were to be made in accordance with standard procedures used by the Geological Survey. These procedures are based on methods found in authoritative publica- tions on water analysis.
REPORTING OF DATA
In order to release the data in the form most widely used in the evaluation of irrigation waters, the results of analyses in this compilation are given in equivalents per million, rather than the conventional unit part per million. Some agencies that actively participate in irrigation water-quality investigations prefer to ex- press results in milligrams per liter (mg/1) and milliequivalents per liter (me/I). However, for all practical purposes where con- centrations of dissolved solids are less than about 7,000 parts per million, no correction for density of the water is necessary and the units reported in each method are considered to be syn- onymous.
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8 QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION,1951
If results are desired in parts per million they can be calculated by multiplying the reported values in equivalents per million by the chemical combining weights of the individual constituents. Pertinent physical data and water discharge are also included in the tables.
EXPLANATION OF TABLES
The tables of analyses beginning on page 15 include a brief descriptive heading summarizing the more pertinent features at each station as follows:
Location of station is given generally as the distance in land or river miles from a. town or other political or geographic fea- ture. In Survey practice the term "at" generally implies that the station is within a mile radius of the named town whereas "near" implies that it is beyond a mile radius.
Drainage area above the gaging station was obtained from the most recent published records of the annual reports of the Geo- logical Survey on Surface Water of the United States, and from the International Boundary and Water Commission Water Bulle- tins 20 and 21.
Records available are givenfor all periods during which sam- ples, other than infrequent, were collected for chemical analyses. It does not include the periods for which discharge records are available.
Extremes for the current year's record are reported for spe- cific conductance and percent sodium because of their widespread application in the evaluation of water analysis for irrigation. The results for specific conductance are based on the measurement made at the laboratory upon receipt of the sample from the field. Data for percent sodium were obtained from the composite-sam- ple analyses.
Remarks include sources of data, additional explanation con- cerning the records, and offices where the records of chemical quality may be obtained.
Discharge records were obtained from the responsible Geo- logical Survey Surface Water Branch offices except for the seven stations operated by the International Boundary and Water Com- mission. Discharge data are shown in acre-feet, calculated from the mean daily discharge in cubic feet per second by multiplying by the factor 1.983.
Analytical values are reported in equivalents per million for cations and anions. The equivalent is the weight with reference
-
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 9
to some standard (such as the combining weight either of oxy- gen, 8, or of hydrogen, 1.008) of that quantity of an element, rad- ical, or compound, that will react with another element, radical, or compound to complete a definite chemical reaction. An equiv- alent of an element or ion is exactly equal in combining power to one equivalent of another element or ion. As previously dis- cussed, for concentrations of dissolved solids that are normally encountered in water for irrigation, an equivalent per million is equal to a milliequivalent per liter. Silica, which is considered to be present in the colloidal state, and boron, are reported in parts per million. Percent sodium is calculated as follows:.- ^ ~ r= where all constituents are reported in equiv- Na + K + Ca + Mg, F Halents per million.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Discharge data and dissolved-solids loads for stations oper- ated in 1951 are summarized in the following table. During the year the highest weighted average annual concentration observed was for the Pecos River near Or la, Tex. (6.23 tons per acre- foot) and the lowest was for the Columbia River at Grand Coulee Dam, Wash. (0.12 ton per acre-foot). However, part-year re- cords at other stations indicate that the lower value may not have been the minimum had the observations been made for the entire year at all stations.
The median value for 57 weighted-average annual observed concentrations of dissolved solids was 0. 67 ton per acre-foot or about 492 ppm; the middle 50 percent of concentrations ranged between 0.4 and 1.25 tons per acre-foot.
Diagrams showing dissolved-solids concentrations in equiv- alents per million and percentages of sodium in water at typical network stations are given in plate 2.
CRITERIA OF WATER QUALITY
Many different classifications of water for irrigation appear in the literature; however, most of the development in this field has been made in the last 30 years. Scofield and Headley (1921) were among the first important contributors to water-quality cri- teria; they pointed out the hazards from the use of high-sodium water. In 1933, Scofield established limits for water for irriga- tion with reference to salinity, boron, chloride, and sulfate.
Eaton (1935) proposed five classes of water based on electri- cal conductivity, percent sodium, and boron. Scofield (1936) pro- posed a similar grouping for specific conductance, and percent sodium, but a further grouping of boron into 15 classes, involving
-
10 QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION, 1951
Summary of water discharge, and tonnages of dissolved solids
StationRunoff
(acre-fe«»t)Dissolved solids
(tons per acre-foot)
Red River of the North basin Sheyenne River nr. Warwick, N. Dak. .............. a/40,140
Missouri River main stemMissouri River nr. Williston, N. Dak. .............. a/15,760,000Missouri River at Pierre, S. Dak. ................. a/14,230,000Missouri River at Nebraska City, Nebr. ............ a/32,340,000
Yellowstone River basinYellowstone River at Billings, Mont. ............... a/5,201,000Yellowstone River nr. Sidney, Mont. ............... a/8,245,000Bighorn River at Thermopolis, Wyo. ...:........... a/1,370,000Bighorn River at Bighorn, Mont. ................... a/2,721,000Tongue River at Miles City, Mont. ................. a/190, 500Powder River near Locate, Mont. .................. a/177,400
Grand River basin Grand River nr. Wakpala, S. Dak. ................. a/114,300
Cheyenne River basinCheyenne River nr. Eagle Butte, S. Dak. ........... a/173,100
Platte River basinNorth Platte River below Guernsey Reservoir, Wyo. . Platte River at Brady, Nebr. ..................... a/203,100Supply Canal (Tri-County Diversion) nr. Maxwell, Nebr. a/791 , 200 South Platte River at Julesburg, Colo. ............. a/146,000
Kansas River basinRepublican River at Cambridge, Nebr. ............. a/365,300Saline River at Tescott, Kans. .................... a/872,300
Arkansas River basinArkansas River below John Martin Reservoir, Colo. ... a/160,900Arkansas River at Ralston, Okla. .................. 9,246,648Arkansas River at Van Buren, Ark. ................ 33,274,920Cimarron River at Mannford, Okla. ................Canadian River nr. Tascosa, Tex. ................. 141,800Canadian River nr. Whitefield, Okla. ............... 3,326,623
Red River basinRed River atDenisonDamnr. Denison, Tex. ......... 5,062,000Washita River nr. Tabler, Okla. ................... 585,688
Sabine River basinSabine River nr. Ruliff, Tex. .................... 3,167,000
Neches River basin Neches River at Evadale, Tex. .................... 1,478,000
San Jacinto River basinSan Jacinto River nr. Huffman, Tex................. 171,200
Brazos River basin Brazos River at Richmond, Tex. ................... 1,027,000
Colorado River basin Colorado River at Robert Lee, Tex. ................ 54,840Colorado River at Austin, Tex. .................... *M,MnColorado River at wnarton, Tex. ................. 646,000
Guadalupe River basinGuadalupe River at Victoria, Tex. ................ 392,200
Nueces River basinNueces River nr. Mathis, Tex. ................... 422,200
Rio Grande basinRio Grande above Culebra Creek nr. Lobatos, Colo. 79,980 Rio Grande at Otowi Bridge nr. Sanlldefonso, N. Mex. 395,400 Rio Grande (Tiff any Channel) at Tiff any, N. Mex. ..... 14,930Rio Grande at San Marcial, N. Mex................. 118,100Rio Grande below Elephant Butte Outlet, N. Mex. .... 451,100Rio Grande nr. El Pasp, Tex. ..................... 273,030Rio Grande below Old Fort Quitman, Tex. .......... 50,079.8Rio Grande at Upper Presidio, Tex. ................ 48.829.2Rio Grande at Langtry, Tex. ...................... 864,600Rio Grande at Eagle Pass, Tex. ................... 1,310,870Rio Grande at Roma, Tex. ........................ 1,990,100
0.55
.51
.53
.52
.23
.48
.47
.67
.59 1.51
.59
1.80
.57
.721.80
.40
.67
2.38 .81 .64
.85 1.59
1.24 .90
.18
.19
.36
.95
1.21 .38 .40
.50
.31
.34
.331.37.77
-
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1264 PLATE 2
75
50
Percent sodium
I Inch radius equals 25 equivalents per million, cations or anlans
CONCENTRATIONS IN EQUIVALENTS PER MILLION AND PERCENT-SODIUM VALUES AT TYPICAL IRRIGATION NETWORK STATIONS, 1951318476 O - 54 (Face p. 10)
-
SUMMARY OF WATER DISCHARGE 11
Summary of water discharge, and tonnages of dissolved solids--Continued
StationRunoff
(acre-feet)
Dissolved solids (tons per acre -foot)
Rio Grande basin ContinuedPecos River below AlamogordoDam, N. Mex. ....... 149,400Pecos River nr. Artesia, N. Mex. ................. 139,200Pecos River nr. Orla, Tex. ......'.......;........ 110,300Pecos River nr. Comstock, Tex. .................. 147,480
Colorado River main stem ColoradoRiver nr. GlenwoodSprings, Colo. ......... a/1,836,000Colorado River nr. Cisco, Utah .................... a/2,892,000Colorado River at Lees Ferry, Ariz. ............... 9,817,000Colorado River nr. Grand Canyon, Ariz. ........... a/9,110,000Colorado River below Hoover Dam, Ariz. -Nev. ...... a/7,657,000
Diversions and Return Flows at and below Imperial Dam Yuma Main Canal below Colorado River Siphon at
Yuma, Ariz. ................................... a/281,300Gunnison River basin
Gunnison River nr. Grand Junction, Colo. .......... a/929,100Green River basin
Green Rive.r at Green River, Utah .................. a/3,799,000San Juan River basin
San Juan River nr. Blanco, N. Mex. ............... 331,400Mttle Colorado River basin
Little Colorado River at Cameron, Ariz. ...........Virgin River basin
Virgin River at Littlefield, Ariz. .................. 99,930GUa River basin
Gila River at Kelvin, Ariz. ........................ a/64,820Gila River below Gillespie Dam, Ariz. ............. a/139,600Salt River at Stewart Mountain Dam, Ariz. .......... a/345', 800Verde Rivor bolow Bartlett Dam, Ariz. ............. a/ 162,700Outflow from Lake Pleasant, Ariz. ................. 453
Sevier Lake basinSevier River nr. Lynndyl, Utah .................... a/98,110
San Joaquin River basinSan Joaquin River mam stem
San Joaquin River nr. Vernalis, Calif. ............. a/1,418,000Calaveras River basin
Stockton Diverting Canal at Stockton, Calif. .........Mokelumne River basin
Mokelumne River at Woodbridge, Calif. ............ a/268,600Sacramento River main stem
Sacramento River at Knights Landing, Calif. ......... a/3,500,000Feather River basin
Feather River at Nicolaus, Calif. .................. a/2,535,000American River basin
American River at Fair Oaks, Calif. ............... a/1,445,000Columbia River main stem
Columbia River at Grand Coulee Dam, Wash. ....... a/79,440,000Snake River main stem
Snake River at King Hill, Idaho .................... a/4,446,000Boise River basin
Boise River at Notus, Idaho ....................... a/1,198,000Columbia River main stem
Columbia River at Maryhill Ferry nr. Rufus, Oreg. a/137,700 000Willamette River basin
Willamette River at Salem, Oreg. .................. a/9,719,000
2.284.456.23
.33
.99
.79
.92
.90
.96
1.13
.61
.26
1.222.311.43.43
2.38
.12
.21
.14
a/For period of sampling only. See individual station records and footnotes for additional description of discharge data used in computations of weighted averages.
-
12 QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION, 1951
3 ranges for each of 5 classes. In addition he retained limits for chloride and sulfate.
Eaton (1942) suggested a classification consisting of three classes of sodium percentage, chloride, and sulfate. Plants were classified as sensitive or tolerant to boron. Total concentration was not included. Magistad and Chr 1stiansen( 1944) followed the pattern established earlier by Scofield, reducing the number of groupings for specific conductance, percent-sodium values, and boron to three classes each. Limits for chloride and sulfate were excluded.
Four years later, Wilcox (1948) established criteria follow- ing the early Scofield criteria of five classes based on specific conductance, percent-sodium values, and 15 classes for boron. Like Magistad and Christiansen, however, he deleted chloride and sulfate. Wilcox concurrently prepared an empirical diagram for plotting and evaluating individual water analyses and this tech- nique has had wide application for appraising water quality under average conditions.
Although the above classifications have relied principally on specific conductance as the criterion for total salt concentra- tions, investigators generally place emphasis on the composition of the water, as indicated by the analysis of dissolved constit- uents in equivalents per million. For example, Eaton (1950) discusses precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonate and its effects on the sodium percentage in the soil solution. Eaton's suggestion of''residual sodium carbonate" in irrigation waters as related to the base exchange of the soil has assumed added importance in soil permeability studies.
Thorne and Thorne (1951) in developing a system for clas- sifying Utah waters designated categories by a series of two num- bers: 1A, IB, 1C, IE, to increasing concentrations of dissolved solids and the letters to increasing proportions of sodium in the water or to different sodium percentages. In the number clas- sification, Class 1 water in which specific conductance ranges fromO to 750micromhos, can be used safely on all soils. Class 5 waters, those having specific conductance greater than 5,000 micromhos, are generally unsuitable and should be used for ir- rigation only under special situations.
The United States Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954) recently released a classification that incorporates many of the desira- ble features of the early classifications together with more re- cent developments. Empirical equations are used in developing a diagram for the classification of irrigation waters. Although the classification embodies both research and fie Id observations, it is tentative and should be used for general guidance only.
-
CRITERIA OF WATER QUALITY 13
A. Salinity hazard.
Waters are divided into four classes: low salinity, me- dium salinity, high salinity, and very high salinity, the dividing points between classes being 250, 750, and2,250 micromhos per centimeter. They range from water that can be used'for irriga- tion of most crops on most soils to that which is not suitable for irrigation under ordinary conditions.
B. Sodium hazard.
The Salinity Laboratory introduces the term sodium-ad- sorption ratio (SAR), which is the relative proportion of sodium to other cations in an irrigation water and is defined by the equa- tion:
SAR= Na+fCa++ + Mg++
2
where the concentration of the constituents is expressed in mil- liequivalents per liter (or equivalents per million for most irri- gation waters). It is reported that the sodium-adsorption ratio is more significant for interpreting water quality than percent sodium because it relates more directly to the adsorption of so- dium by the soil.
Waters are divided into four classes with respect to sodium hazard, the dividing points being at SAR values of 10, 18, and 26. They range from low-sodium water that can be used for irrigation on almost all soils to very high sodium water which is generally unsatisfactory for irrigation.
C. Boron hazard.
In assessing water quality on the basis of boron only, the classification uses the limits proposed by Scofield (1936). This grouping involves the ranges for sensitive, semitolerant, and tolerant crops, with respect to boron, for each of five classes.
D. Bicarbonate ion hazard.
The effect of bicarbonate ion concentration on water qual- ity is expressed in terms of "residual sodium carbonate" (RSC) which is defined by the equation:
RSC= (HC03- + C03 =) - (Ca++ + Mg++)
In appraising quality of irrigation water with the above clas- sification, the Salinity Laboratory Staff recommends that first
-
14 QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION, 1951
consideration be given to salinity and alkali hazards, then to in- dependent characteristics, boron or toxic elements, any one of which may change the quality rating. Other factors such as drain- age and management practices likewise must be considered in the use of water having a given rating.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Eaton, F. M., 1935, Boron in soils and irrigation waters and its effect on plants: U. S. Dept. Agriculture Tech. Bull. 448, p. 1-133.
1942, Toxicity and accumulation of chloride and sulfate salts in plants: Jour. Agriculture Res. 64, p. 357-399.
1950, Significance of carbonates in irrigation water: SoilScience v. 69, p. 123-133.
Federal Interagency River Basin Committee, 1950, Minutes ofthe fifty-sixth meeting, Subcommittee on Hydrology (mimeo- graphed).
Magistad, O. C., and Christiansen, J. E., 1944, Saline soils,their nature and management: U. S. Dept. Agriculture Circ.707, p. 8-9.
President's Water Resources Policy Commission, 1950, A waterpolicy for the American people: v. 1: General Report, p.152-153.
Scofield, C. S., and Headley, F. B., 1921, Quality of irrigationwater in relation to land reclamation: Jour. Agriculture Res.21, p. 265-278.
Scofield, C. S., 1936, The salinity of irrigation water: Smith-sonian Institution Ann. Rpt., 1935, p. 275-287.
1949, Trends of irrigation development in the United States;Symposium, Am. Chem. Soc., p. 1-11 (mimeographed).
Straus, Michael, 1952, Use of water for irrigation: Interior andInsular Affairs Committee, U. S. House of Representatives;v. 2, The physical basis of water supply and its principal uses.
Thorne, J. P., and Thorne, D. W., 1951, Irrigation waters ofUtah: Utah Agriculture Expt. Sta. Bull. 349.
U. S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954, Diagnosis and improvementof saline and alkali soils: U. S. Dept. Agriculture Handbook60, p. 1-160.
Wilcox, L. V., 1948, The quality of water for irrigation use:U. S. Dept. Agriculture Tech. Bull. 962, p. 1-40.
-
Part
5.
HUDSON BAY AND UPPER
MISSISSIPPI
RIVER BASINS
RED
RIVER
OF THE NO
RTH
BASIN
SHEY
ENNE
RIV
ER NEAR WA
RWIC
K, N.
DAK.
LOCATION. At gaging statio
n at bridge on co
unty
road,
3.3
miles
south
of Warwick, Benson Co
unty
.DR
AINA
GE AREA.--2,100 square miles.
RECORD
S AVAILABLE. Chemical analyses:
Janu
ary
to Se
ptem
ber
1951.
Water
temp
erat
ures
: Ja
nuar
y to S
epte
mber
19
51.
EXTREMES,
January
to Se
ptem
ber,
1951. Specific conductance:
Maximum, i.,140 mi
crom
hos
June 16
, 18;
minimum, 244 micromhos
Mar. 29.
Perc
ent
sodium:
Maximum, 53
July 15
to A
ug.
13;
minimum, 28 Mar. 1-26.
REMARKS. Daily sa
mple
s for
chemical analyses co
mpos
ited
by di
scha
rge.
Re
cord
s of
specific conductance
of daily
samp
les
avai
labl
e in
regional office at Lincoln, Nebr.
Reco
rds
of discharge
for
water
year O
ctober i.
950
to Se
ptem
ber
1951
given
in Wa
ter-
Supp
ly Paper
1208.
Chem
ical
analyses, Ja
nuar
y to
Sep
temb
er 1
951
Dat
e of
col
lect
ion
Mar
. 1-
26 -
Mar
. 27
Mar
. 28
Mar
29
_
- _ -
Apr
. 7-
10
Apr
. 11
-12
Apr
. 13
-17 -
Apr
. 18
-May
16
July
15-
Aug
. 13
Aug
. 14
-31
Qant
1 3H
Tot
al o
r -
wei
ghte
d av
erag
e b--
Run
off
(acr
e-
feet
) 512
37
1 43
2 a
60
a 12
7 19
0
3,54
0 7,
090
4,74
0 5,
750
9,60
0
3,85
0 2,
880
383
111
688
40,
140
Sil
ica
(sic
gpp
m
28
28
28
34 12 16
14
13
14
20 25
21
17
21
15 18
Equ
ival
ents
per
mil
lion
Cal
- ci
um(C
a) 3.89
3.
94
3.89
4.
34
4.14
1.
05
1.'6
0 1.
25
1.20
1.
40
2.20
3.04
2.
64
2.45
2.
40
2.15
1.90
Mag
ne-
sium
(M
g)
2.87
2.
66
2.59
2.
88
3.10
.6
7
1.16
.7
9 .8
4 .9
6 2.
00
2.78
2.
90
2.67
2.
00
2.23
1.56
So-
di
um(N
a) 2.96
2.
91
2.61
3.
35
3.57
.8
3
1.30
1.
22
1.83
1.
91
3.57
4.61
6.
00
5.91
3.
48
4.78
2.78
Pota
s-
sium
(K
) 0.1
5
.13
.13
.16
.06
.21
.18
.18
.19
.21
.20
.21
.20
.14
.20
0. 1
9
Bic
ar-
bona
te
(HC
O3)
7.37
7.
08
6.8
8.
8.01
3.
87
1.80
2.75
1.
98
2.46
2.
72
4.83
7.11
7.
37
7.46
5.
80
6.72
4.10
Sul
- fa
te
(S04
)
1.83
2.
08
1.60
2.
33
2.56
.6
5
1.21
1.
17
1.39
1.
48
2.62
3.00
3.
58
3.21
1.
94
2.29
2.00
Chl
o-
ride
(Cl) 0.45
.3
9 .3
7 .2
6
.14
.25
.14
. 14
.17
.37
.45
.51
.48
.31
.45
0.28
Flu
o-
ride
(F
) 0.01
.0
1 .0
1
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
0.01
Ni-
tr
ate
(N03
)
0.05
.0
4 .0
5 .0
5
.06
.07
.06
.07
.06
.04
.04
.03
.03
.03
.03
0.05
Bor
on
(B)
ppm
0. 1
3 .1
0 .0
9 .1
3
.05
.07
.08
.10
.13
.26
.28
.33
.36
.22
.32
0.18
Dis
solv
ed s
olid
s
Par
ts
per
m
il-
lion
590
578
556
180
266
224
264
282
504
630
690
664
471
546
402
Ton
s p
er
acre
- fo
ot 0.80
.7
9 .7
6
.24
.36
.30
.36
.38
.69
.86
.94
.90
.64
.74
0.55
Tot
al
tons
410
293
328 46
1,27
0 2,
130
1,71
0 2,
190
6,62
0
3,31
0 2,
710
345 71
509
21,9
40
Per
- ce
nt
so-
dium 3
0 30
28
31
33
32 30
35
45
43
45 43
51
53
43
51 43
Spe
cifi
c co
nduc
t-
ance
(m
icro
- m
hos
at
25°C
)
868
852
816
919
962
244
412
340
399
427
736
935
1,02
0 98
8 73
6 85
1
600
PH
7.8
7.9
7.
9 8.
1 7.6
8.
1
7.6
7.
8 8.
2 8.
3 8.
0
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.1 --
a No
t included in total.
b Fo
r pe
riod
sam
pled
only.
-
Par
t 6
. M
ISSO
UR
I R
IVER
BA
SIN
MIS
SOU
RI
RIV
ER M
AIN
STE
M
MIS
SOU
RI
RIV
ER
NEA
R W
ILLI
STO
N,
N.
DA
K.
LO
CA
TIO
N. A
t gag
ing st
ati
on
at
Lew
is
and
Cla
rk H
ighw
ay b
rid
ge,
7 m
iles
w
est
of
Wll
list
on
, W
illi
ams
Cou
nty,
an
d 25
m
iles
do
wns
trea
mfr
om th
e Y
ello
wst
one
Riv
er.
DRA
INA
GE
AR
EA
. 164,5
00
squar
e m
iles.
RE
CORD
S A
VA
ILA
BL
E. C
hem
ical
an
alyse
s:
Dec
embe
r 19
50 to
S
epte
mbe
r 19
51.
Wat
er
tem
per
ature
s:
Oct
ober
19
50,
May
to
S
epte
mbe
r 19
51.
EXTR
EMES
, 1
95
0-5
1.
Sp
ecif
ic
conduct
ance
: M
axim
um,
864
mlc
rom
hos
Mar
. 20
; m
inim
um,
320
mic
rom
hos
June
24
.P
erce
nt
sodi
um:
Max
imum
, 39
A
pr.
8,
May
1-3
1;
min
imum
, 33
F
eb.
1-2
8.
RE
MA
RK
S. D
aily
sa
mp
les
for
chem
ical
an
alyse
s co
mposi
ted
by dis
charg
e.
Rec
ords
of
specif
ic
conduct
ance
o
f dail
y
sam
ple
s av
ail
ab
le
in
regio
nal
o
ffic
e
at
Lin
coln
, N
ebr.
R
ecord
s o
f dis
char
ge
for
wat
er
yea
r O
cto
ber
19
50 to
S
epte
mbe
r 19
51
giv
en in
W
ater
-Supply
P
aper
12
09.
Che
mic
al a
naly
ses,
D
ecem
ber
1950
to
Sep
tem
ber
1951
Dat
e of
col
lect
ion
Dec
* 5,
19
50,
Sta.
12
0 D
ec.
5,
Sta.
220
Ron
*_
Qta
t\
(\(\
Dec
. 6-
31
Jan.
1-
31,
1951
Jan.
3,
St
a.
140
d -
Jan.
3,
St
a.
200
d -
Jan.
3,
St
a.
300
d
Jan.
3,
St
a.
950
d -
Feb
. 1-
28
Mar
. 1-
21 -
Mar
. 2,
Sta
. 12
0 d -
Mar
. 2,
St
a.
200d
-
Mar
. 2,
St
a.
550
d
mjf
__
on
nr
7
Mar
9R
-31
_
______
Run
off
(acr
e-
feet
)
24, 9
90
b 24
, 990
b
24, 9
90
701,
000
788,
800
29
, 55
0 29
,550
29
, 55
0 29
,550
739,
200
44
3, 3
00
24, 0
00
24, 0
00
24, 0
00
236,
400
9R
Q fin
n
Sil
ica
(SiO
a)
ppm
17
14
17
17 14 14
15 13
m
Equ
ival
ents
per
mil
lion
Cal
- ci
um
(Ca) 3.34
3.
19
3.14
3.
24
3.29
3.09
3.
19
2.94
9
nn
Mag
ne-
sium
(M
g)
2.10
2.
07
1.98
1.
94
1.97
1.89
2.
17
1.46
1 19
So-
dium
(Na) 3.04
2.
87
2.91
2.
65
2.70
2.52
2.
87
. 2.
301
ft*
Po
tas-
si
um
(K)
0.09
.1
0 .1
0 .0
8
.09
.09
.08
.10 in
Bic
ar-
bona
te
(HC
03)
3.54
3.
44
c3.4
3
3.41
3.43
3.33
3.
28
2.65
9
9n
Sul
- fa
te
(S04
)
4.73
4.
54
4.35
4.
33
4.33
4.10
4.
73
3.91
9
-
Apr
. 1-
7 ---
--
Apr
. 8,
St
a.
1,00
0
Apr
. 9-
30
Apr
. 26
, S
ta.
710
d -
Apr
. 28
, S
ta.
880
d
Apr
. 26
, S
ta.
890
d
Apr
. 26
, S
ta.
978
d
May
1-3
1
June
1-3
0
June
7,
Sta
. 86
0 d
June
7,
Sta
. 89
0 d -
June
7,
Sta
. l.O
OO
d
July
1-3
1
Aug
. 1-
31
Sept
. 3,
Sta
. l,
015d
Tot
al o
r w
eigh
ted
aver
age
e
AAQ
oftft
109,
100
1, 2
46, 0
00
44, 4
3044
, 430
44,4
3044
, 430
1Q
4Q
ft
AA
2A
A9
nnn
80,5
3080
,530
80,5
3080
,530
2n
cq
nnn
2O
1O
fW
\A
2,07
0,00
074
«fl
nrj
A
4p
n
74 *
p.n
74 *
p.n
15,7
60,0
00
10 11 19 15 15 15 13 14
2 in
2.15
2
An
2 in
1.65
i on
24C
2ft
4
2.40
1.13
1.
56
1 99 flQ QO
144
1 49
1.32
1 Q
1
2.13
24
a
24n
1.43
1.61
2f\
A
24Q
2.09
no .12
.10
.08
.05
.06 no no
0.08
29n
2.43
27Q
2 C
O
1.97
21
4
2O
Q
2.61
3.10
2.91
3O
4
2 O
ft
2 no
2(\
a
2Q
A
3K
A
3.04
AC
.17
O4
91
.14
.16
O4
AC
0.22
nn .03 n9 no no n9 .03
.03
0.03
.04
.06
.03
.04
.03
.02
.02 no
0.03
no .08
.13
.09
.05
.12 19 14
0.11
QA
n
368
Ana
47A
97
9
one
4C
O
41ft
376
«
.50 v» 47 07 cry
0.51
9 i o
7nn
54,5
50799
7OA
Q74
nnn
QA4
nnn
7 en
onn
1,08
7,00
01
1 HA
nnn
6, 0
60, 0
00
4 A 39 47 4Q OA 07 AC 9ft
35
530
606
a a
n
a eo
660
661
RR
Q4Q
Q
445
AA
1A
9O
AA
1
AtH 554
640
557
8O
8.0
8ft
7Q
8ft
7.7
7 a
70 --
dNot
inc
lude
d in
tot
al o
r w
eigh
ted
aver
age.
eFor
peri
od s
ampl
ed o
nly.
-
MISSOURI RIVER
MAIN ST
EM C
onti
nued
MISSOURI RIVER
AT PIERRE,
S. DAK.
LOCATION. At br
idge
on U
. S.
Hi
ghwa
y 14
at Pierre,
Hugh
es County,
1J miles
upst
ream
from
Bad
Rive
r.DR
AINA
GE AREA. 243,500 sq
uare
miles.
RECO
RDS AV
AILA
BLE.
Che
mical
analyses:
Octo
ber
1950
to Se
ptem
ber
1951.
Wate
r temperatures:
May
to Sep
temb
er 1951.
EXTR
EMES
, 19
50-5
1. S
peci
fic
conductance:
Maxi
mum,
975 mi
crom
hos
Mar.
28;
mini
mum,
394
micr
omho
s Ju
ly 3.
Perc
ent
sodium:
Maxi
mum,
41 Ap
r. 23,
May
8, Sept.
13;
minimum, 31
Ap
r. 8.
REMARKS. Daily s
ampl
es fo
r ch
emic
al analyses co
mpos
ited
by discharge.
Reco
rds
of specific conductance
of daily
samp
les
and
periodic
nitrogen cycle
determin
atio
ns available
in regional of
fice
at
Li
ncol
n, Nebr.
Records
of discharge
for
water
year October 1950 to
September
1951
given
in Wa
ter-
Supp
ly Pa
per
1209.
Chemical ana
lyse
s, w
ater
yea
r October
1950
to Se
ptem
ber
1951
Dat
e of
col
lect
ion
Oct
. 3,
19
50,
Sta.
600a
Oct
. 3,
Sta
. 95
0 a
Oct
. 3,
St
a.
1,20
0 a
-O
ct.
3, S
ta.
1,35
0 a
-
Nov
. 3,
Sta
. 60
0 a
Nov
. 3,
Sta
. 90
0 a
Nov
. 3,
Sta
. l,
200a-
Nov
. 3,
St
a. l,
350a-
Jan.
8,
19
51,
Sta.
1/
8Ja
n.
8, S
ta.
3/8
Jan.
8,
Sta
. 5/
8
Jan.
8,
Sta
. 7/
8
Jan.
9-
31
Run
off
(acr
e-fe
et)
co
7cn
OO
j f
uU
53,7
5053
,750
53,7
50
70, 2
1070
, 210
70, 2
1070
, 210
34,3
10n
tii
^in
U O
f, O
XU
c 34
, 3 1
0c
34, 3
1063
8, 5
00
Sil
ica
(SiO
,)pp
m
11 11 11 12 8.9
11 9.2 9.0
11 11 10 7Q . o
13
Equ
ival
ents
per
mil
lion
Cal
-ci
um(C
a)
3(\
A. w
« 3.
043.
043.
04
2.79
2.79
2.79
2.79
3.24
3Q
Q.
A0
3<
IA. £n
3Q
Q.
t*a
2.89
Mag
ne-
sium
(Mg)
1.55
1.55
1.62
1.66
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.80
2.00
Ion
. O
I
21
9.
i."
2f\
7.
V I
2.47
So-
dium
(Na) 2
Q1
. «f
12.
962.
913.
00
2.52
2.48
2.52
2.48
2.78
2Q
O. o
o2
Q1
. «f
1.2
07
.Of
2.87
Pot
as-
sium (K
)
0 12 .12
.11
.13
.10
.10
.09
.11
.11 no . u»j no . u»j
.1
0.1
0
Bic
ar-
bona
te(H
CO
,)
2Q
c.
if 3
2.95
"2.
952.
95
3.02
3.00
2.98
3.02
3.47
347
. Tt
' 3
A
n. 4i
3R
1.
31
.
3.57
Sul
-fa
te(S
04)
4 21
4.25
4.37
4.46
3.68
3.66
3.81
3.77
4.37
4 27
4^7
.Of
4K
A.
«n
4.43
Chl
o-ri
de(C
D OO
Q,
^O
.34
.31
.31
.25
.25
.25
.25
.31 n .ox n ox 34 . o^t
.3
1
Flu
o-ri
de (F) 0.03 .0
3.0
3.0
3
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03 M
.. u
o (\1
. uo
(\1
. uo
.01
Ni-
trat
e(N
O,)
0.04 .03
.03
.03
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.03 n9
. U
£
.02
Bor
on(B
)pp
m
0.30 .2
4.3
0.2
0
.30
.30
.30
.30
.17
.17
Dis
solv
ed s
olid
s
Par
tsp
erm
il-
lion
474
474
476
490
448
446
452
450
514
510
514
510
526
Ton
sp
erac
re-
foot 0.64 .64
.65
.67
.61
.61
.61
.61
.70
.69
.70 fiQ
. va
.72
Tot
alto
ns b 34
, 940 --
b 42
, 830 -- __
b 24
, 020
459,
700
Per
-ce
ntso
-di
um 3R OO 39 38 38 35 35 35 35 34 Q C
O U
A
CO
934 34
Spe
cifi
c co
nduc
t-an
ce(m
icro
-m
hos
at25
*C)
7f\
ol\>
&
705
709
719
666
670
671
678
787
779
f t£
t
7O
9I0
Z
782
pH
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.8
8.0 7.8
8.0 7.9
8.0
8(\
. U
70
. O
7.9
8.0
a No
t included i
n to
tal or weighted average,
b Mean for cross section,
c Not included i
n to
tal.
-
Feb
. 1-
9
Feb
. 10
-28 -
Feb
. 15
, S
ta.
L 1
40 a
F
eb.
15,
Sta
. L
260
a
Feb
. 15
, S
ta.
R 1
30 a
F
eb.
15,
Sta.
R 3
30 a
Mar
. 6-
9 -
Mar
. 14
a - - -
Mar
. 14-1
6i .....
Mar
. 27
-Apr
. 3
Apr
. 4-
5 ---
-- -
Apr
. 6
Apr
. 8
Apr
. 9 -
Apr
. 10
-11
Apr
. 23
, St
a.
500
a
Apr
. 23
, S
ta.
820
a
Apr
. 23
, S
ta.
l,200a-
Apr
. 23
, S
ta.
l,350a-
j£ay
i_3i _
May
B,
Sta
. 45
0 a
May
8,
Sta
. 89
5 a
May
B,
Sta
. 1,
075
a
May
B,
Sta
. 1,
330
a
July
1-2
3
July
9,
Sta.
44
0 a
July
9,
Sta
. 75
0 a --
---
July
9,
Sta
. 1,
000
a
July
9,
Sta
. l,
315a
July
29-A
ug.
31
Aug
. 8,
Sta
. 41
0 a
Aug
. 8,
Sta
. 71
0 a -
Aug
. 8,
Sta
. 96
5 a
Aug
. 8,
Sta
. 1,
300
a
242,
600
465,
500
23, 2
10
23, 2
10
23,2
10
23, 2
10
96, 9
90
137,
900
28
, 980
82
, 310
63
, 870
522,
800
28
4, 6
00
216,
200
21
0, 2
00
168,
"800
40
9, 8
00
804,
100
63
, 470
63
, 470
63
, 470
63
, 470
1,79
4,00
0 58
, 710
58
, 710
58
, 710
58
, 710
2,68
2,00
0 1,
661,
000
66,6
40
66,6
40
68, 6
40
66, 6
40
2,43
5,00
0 68
, 430
68
, 430
68
, 430
68
, 430
15 13 12 17 18 10 13 12 14 11 12 13 13 10 12 7.3
13 9.8
17 15 13 14 12
3.44
3.34
3.49
3.39
3.24
2.8»
2.94
3.09
3.39
2.69
2.45
2.30
2.15
2.20
2.40
2.20
2.45
2.54
2.15
1.85
1.80
2.10
1.80
1.84
1.94
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.85
1.86
1.95
1.59
1.23
1.05
1.07 .82
.92
1.34
1.20
1.53
1.62
1.05 .95
.88
1.10 .98
2.83
2.74
2.83
3.17
2.78
2.65
2.74
2.78
2.96
2.09
1.83
1.57
1.57
1.52
2.39
2.39
2.78
3.00
2.04
1.65
1.87
2.00
1.61
.09
.09
.09
.10'
.10
.09
.09
.09
.12
.09
.07
.09
.09
.07
.09
.08
.11
.13
.11
.08
-.11 .09
.09
3.54
3.51
3.57
3.61
3.38
3.15
3.21
3.28
3.05
2.87
2.90
2.85
2.75
2.69
2.84
2.56
2.95
3.15
2.62
2.23
2.02
2.34
1.93
4.50
4.27
4.54
4.62
4.25
4.00
3.91
4.18
4.50
2.91
2.17
1.89
1.83
1.79
3.08
3.02
3.56
4.04
2.60
2.14
2.42
2.81
2.46
.34
.34
.31
.34
.31
.28
.31
.31
.28
.20
.13
.11
..14
.11
.21
.23
.24
.25
.17
.14
.16
.18
.16
.01
.01
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02 .01
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.03
.04
.04
.03
.04
.03
.04
.05
.06
.08
.08
.05
-.04 .03
.02
.02
.04
.03
.03
.03
.03
.17
.13 -- .13
.16 .15
.14
.13
.11
.10
.08
.09
.08
.12 -- .13 -- .13
.12 -- .12 --
532
526
524
540
500
472
478
494
512
376
332
302
304
302
408
366
468
488
338
288
296
336
298
.72
.72
.71
.73
.68
.64
.65
.87
.70
.51
.45
.41
.41
.41
.55
.50
.63
.63
.46
.39
.40
.46
.41
.72
.72
.71
.73
.68
.64
.65
.87
.70
.51
.45
.41
.41
.41
.55
.50
.63
.63
.46
.39
.40
.46
.41
174,
700
335,
200
16, 4
80
70, 8
0093
, 770
18, 5
3053
,500
42, 7
90
366,
000
145,
100
97, 2
9086
,180
89,2
1016
8, 0
00
442,
300
31, 7
40
1, 1
30, 0
00
36, 9
90
1, 2
25, 0
0064
7, 8
00
28, 6
60
1, 1
20, 0
00
28,0
80
35 34 34 37 35 35 36 35 37 34 34 31 34 32 38 41 40 41 38 36 40 38 36
773
758
779
782
793
734
703
708
732
748
574
506
455
448
445
593
CQ
nD
OO
562
568
Kfj
f\3
(U
650
679
684
OQ
fJO
o 1
517
444
491
^A
jl
49
O^£0
452
A <
M*
t«l9
518
436
XO
Qrt
uo
448
4R
4
7.6
8.1
7.9
7.8
8.0
8.0
7.8
7.8
7.9 7.9
7.7
7.8 7.7
7.7
7.9
7.8
7.9
8.0 7.5
7.4
8.2
7.5 ~~ B.O
a N
ot I
nclu
ded
In t
otal
or
wei
ghte
d av
erag
e.
-
MISSOURI RIVER MA
IN STEM Continued
MISSOURI RIVER AT PIE
RRE,
S. DA
K.--
Cont
inue
d
Chem
ical
ana
lyse
s, wa
ter ye
ar October 1
950 to
September 1
951-
-Con
tinu
ed
Dat
e of
col
lect
ion
Sept
. 1-
30,
1951
Sept
. 13
, St
a.
410
a Se
pt.
13,
Sta.
58
5a
Sept
. 13
, St
a.
l,385a-
Tot
al o
rw
eigh
ted
aver
age
d-
Run
off
(acr
e-
feet
)
9 OQ
Q ru
in
76,5
6076
, 560
15,2
30)0
00
Sil
ica
(SiO
a)
ppm
11 12 14
Equ
ival
ents
per
mil
lion
Cal
- ci
um(C
a)
2.50
2.40
Mag
ne-
sium
(Mg)
1.46
1.32
So-
dium
(Na)
2.78
2.30
Po
tas-
si
um (K)
0.10 .12
0.10
Bic
ar-
bona
te(H
C03
)'
2.75
2.74
Sul
- fa
te(S
0«)
3.79
3.10
Chl
o-
ride
(Cl)
.21
0.21
Flu
o-
ride (F)
0.03 .01
0.02
Ni-
tr
ate
(NO
,)
0.03 .04
0^03
Bor
on(B
) pp
m
0.14 _
0.13
Dis
solv
ed s
olid
s
per
mil
-li
on 4JLO
428
389
per
foot
Oen .58
0.53
Tot
al
1,31
0,00
0
44, 4
00
8,06
0,00
0
Per
-
so-
40 41 38
Spe
cifi
c
(mic
ro-
25°C
)
bo7
641
£ C
O
581
pH
7.4
7.7
--
a Not included i
n total or weigh
ted average.
d For period sam
pled
only.
MISSOURI RI
VER MA
IN STEM Continued
MISS
OURI
RI
VER
AT NEB
RASK
A CI
TY,
NEBR.
LOCATION. At gaging stat
ion
at Waubonsie
High
way
Brid
ge at
Ne
bras
ka C
ity, Otoe County.
DRAI
NAGE
AREA. 414,400 sq
uare
miles.
RECO
RDS AV
AILA
BLE.
Che
mica
l analyses:
Janu
ary
to September
1951.
Wate
r temperatures:
May
to September
1951.
EXTREMES,
1951. Specific co
nduc
tanc
e:
Maximum, 870 mi
crom
hos
Jan.
7,
Fe
b. 8; minimum, 361 micromhos
Mar. 29.
Perc
ent
sodi
um:
Maximum, 34 Ja
n. 4-
31,
June 9-19;
minimum, 18 M
ar.
27-2
9.REMARKS. Daily sa
mple
s for
chem
ical
analyses co
mpos
ited
by discharge.
Reco
rds
of specific conductance
of da
ily
samp
les
available
in
regional of
fice
at Lincoln, Ne
br.
Reco
rds
of discharge
for
water
year O
ctob
er 1950 to September
1951 given
in Wat
er-S
uppl
y Paper
1210
.
-
Che
mic
al a
naly
ses,
Ja
nuar
y to
Sep
tem
ber
1951
Dat
e of
col
lect
ion
Jan.
4,19
51,S
ta.
175
a-
Jan.
4,
Sta
. 22
5 a
Jan.
4,
Sta.
30
0 a
Jan.
4,
Sta
. 37
5 a
Jan.
4,
Sta.
60
0 a
Jan.
4-3
1
Feb
. 1-
28 -
Mar
. 1-
24
Mar
. 25
-26
Ua-.
97_,O
Q
Mar
. 30
-Apr
. 17
Apr
. 18
-20
A %
« O
1
OQ
Apr
. 30
-May
3
MO
D A
1
\
Aug
. 1-
31
Tot
al o
r w
eigh
ted
aver
age
b
Run
off
(acr
e-
feet
)
42,4
50
42,4
50
42,4
50
42,4
50
42,4
50
1,15
2,00
0
1, 1
91, 0
00
1, 3
56, 0
00
242,
800
83
7, 0
00
4, 4
53, 0
00
542,
100
L, 1
48, 0
00
720,
000
3,
357,
000
529,
600
63
0, 0
00
554,
600
1, 7
87, 0
00
564,
500
901,
300
4,
728,
000
3,89
0,00
0 3,
760,
000
32,3
40,0
00
Sil
ica
(SiO
.) pp
m 22 21
21
18
13
13 13
15
16
19
14
16 17
17
15
15
19
17
16 17
Equ
ival
ents
per
mil
lion
""
Cal
- ci
um
(Ca) 3.34
3.29
3.
04
2.69
2.
74
2.45
2.79
2.
89
3.24
3.
19
2.89
2.
79
3.04
2.
64
2.59
2.
84
2.84
2.
54
2.79
2.84
Mag
ne-
sium
(M
g)
2.10
1.83
1.
60
1.15
.9
4 1.
23
1.25
1.
23
1.24
1.
49
.99
1.07
1.34
1.
20
1.05
1.
14
1.16
1.
06
1.35
1.32
So-
di
um
(Na) 2.91
2.61
2.
22
1.30
.8
7 1.
48
1.70
1.
74
1.22
2.
09
1.22
1.
57
1.83
2.
09
1.30
1.
61
1.74
1.
57
2.04
1.83
Pota
s-
sium
(K
)
0.15 .13
.14
.16
.16
.13
.12
.14
.16
.16
.16
.16
.16
.16
.15
.16
.15
.14
.14
0.15
Bic
ar-
bona
te
(HC
O,)
3.74
3.61
3.
31
2.98
2.
98
2.69
3.08
3.1
5
3.67
3.
41
3.16
2.
98
3.08
2.
95
2.92
2.
85
3.10
2.
75
3.05
3.06
Sul
- fa
te
(SO
,)
3.96
3.44
3.
14
1.83
1.
42
2.08
2.48
2.
46
1.85
3.
08
1.58
2.
21
2.91
2.
66
1.83
2.
56
2.39
2.
21
2.77
2.54
Chl
o-
ride
(C
D 0.68 .68
.56
.31
.20
.25
.27
.37
.27
.37
.31
.28
.34
.31
.25
.31
i .3
4 .3
4 .3
4
0.37
Flu
o-
ride
(F
) 0,03 .0
3 .0
2 .0
1 .0
1 .0
2
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
0.02
Ni-
tr
ate
(NO
,)
0.06 .06
.07
.09
.10
.09
.09
.09
.06
.09
.05
.U .10
.09
.11
.10
.09
.08
.06
0.08
Bor
on
(B)
ppm
0.13 .1
0 .1
0 .0
6 .1
0 .0
9
.06
.07
.08
.08
.08
.08
.13
.09
.06
.08
.09
.04
.08
0.08
Dis
solv
ed s
olid
s
Par
ts
per
m
il-
lion
532
514
456
332
. 28
0 34
8
382
410
378
428
316
348
396
374
314
356
369
338
395
384
Ton
s p
er
acre
- fo
ot 0.72 .70
^62
.45
.38
.47
.52
.56
.51
.58
.43
.47
.54
.51
.43
.48
.50
.46
.54
0.52
Tot
al
tons 82
9,40
0
833,
700
840,
700
10
9,30
0 31
8, 1
00
2, 0
93, 0
00
281,
900
64
2,90
0 36
7, 2
00
1, 9
47, 0
00
227,
700
29
6, 1
00
299,
500
91
1, 4
00
242,
700
43
2, 6
00
2, 3
64, 0
00
1, 7
89, 0
00
2,03
0,00
0
16, 8
60, 0
00
Per
- ce
nt
so-
dium 3
4 33
32
25
18
28 29
29
21
30
23
28 29
34
26
28
30
30
32 30
Spe
cifi
c co
nduc
t-
ance
(m
icro
- m
hos
at
25°C
)
795
799
800
802
804
798
747
659
505
442
498
555
569
545
652
478
533
599
575
483
547
560
519
602
575
pH
8.1
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.5
7
.7
7.3
7.6
7
.5
7.4
7.3
7.7
7.6
7.4
7.6
7.7
7.7 --
a N
ot i
nclu
ded
in t
otal
or
wei
ghte
d av
erag
e,
b F
or
peri
od s
ampl
ed o
nly.
-
YELLOWSTONE RI
VER
BASIN
YELLOWSTONE RI
VER AT
BILLINGS, MO
NT.
.LOCATION. A
t ga
ging
sta
tion