Quality Assurance .

• Quality Assurance

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Software testing - Software quality assurance (SQA)

1 Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance

(SQA) process


Software testing - Software quality assurance (SQA)

1 Software testing is a task intended to detect defects in software by

contrasting a computer program's expected results with its actual

results for a given set of inputs. By contrast, QA (quality assurance) is the implementation of policies and

procedures intended to prevent defects from occurring in the first

place.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Software quality assurance

1 Software quality assurance (SQA) consists of a means of monitoring the software engineering processes and

methods used to ensure quality.



1 The methods by which this is accomplished are many and varied,

and may include ensuring conformance to one or more

standards, such as ISO 9000 or a model such as CMMI.



1 SQA encompasses the entire software development process, which

includes processes such as requirements definition, software

design, coding, source code control, code reviews, change management, configuration management, testing, release management, and product

integration.



1 SQA is organized into goals, commitments, abilities, activities, measurements, and

verifications.



1 The American Society for Quality offers a Certified Software Quality Engineer (CSQE) certification with exams held a minimum of twice a

year.


HP Application Lifecycle Management - Quality Assurance

1 HP Application Lifecycle Management includes quality assurance features

for risk-based test planning and management, version control,

baselining, quality release and cycle management, test scheduling and

execution, integrated manual testing and defect management.


HP Application Lifecycle Management - Quality Assurance

1 HP Quality Center is an ActiveX-based quality management platform that can be used for a single project or across

multiple IT projects to manage application quality across the entire application lifecycle. The solution

provides requirements management, release and cycle management, test

management, defect management and reporting from a single platform.


Software quality control - Proposed method of documentation of comments, coordination responses and quality assurance records.

1 Documentation of Comments,

Coordination and Responses


Software quality control - Proposed method of documentation of comments, coordination responses and quality assurance records.

1 Coordination with Operations (Construction

and Maintenance)


DO-178B - Quality assurance

1 Output documents from the quality assurance

process:



1 Software accomplishment summary (SAS)



1 This process performs reviews and audits to show compliance with DO-

178B. The interface to the certification authority is also handled

by the quality assurance process.


Quality assurance

1 Quality assurance (QA) refers to administrative and procedural activities implemented in a quality system so that

requirements and goals for a product, service or activity will be fulfilled. It is the

systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, monitoring of processes and an associated feedback loop that confers error

prevention. This can be contrasted with quality control, which is focused on process

outputs.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Quality assurance

1 Two principles included in QA are: "Fit for purpose", the product should be suitable for the intended purpose;

and "Right first time", mistakes should be eliminated. QA includes management of the quality of raw

materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management,

production and inspection processes.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Quality assurance

1 Suitable quality is determined by product users, clients or customers, not by

society in general. It is not related to cost, and adjectives or descriptors such as "high" and "poor" are not applicable. For example, a low priced product may

be viewed as having high quality because it is disposable, where another may be viewed as having poor quality

because it is not disposable.


Quality assurance - Initial efforts to control the quality of production

1 During the Middle Ages, guilds adopted responsibility for quality

control of their members, setting and maintaining certain standards for

guild membership.



1 Royal governments purchasing material were interested in quality

control as customers. For this reason, King John of England appointed

William Wrotham to report about the construction and repair of ships. Centuries later, Samuel Pepys,

Secretary to the British Admiralty, appointed multiple such overseers.



1 Prior to the extensive division of labor and mechanization resulting from the Industrial Revolution, it was possible for workers to control the quality of their own products.

The Industrial Revolution led to a system in which large groups of people performing a

specialized type of work were grouped together under the supervision of a

foreman who was appointed to control the quality of work manufactured.


Quality assurance - Wartime production

1 At the time of the First World War, manufacturing processes typically became more complex with larger

numbers of workers being supervised



1 The systematic approach to quality started in industrial manufacturing during the 1930s,

mostly in the U.S., when some attention was given to the cost of scrap and rework. The impact of mass production required during the Second World War made it necessary to

introduce an improved form of quality control known as Statistical Quality Control, or SQC.

Some of the initial work for SQC is credited to Walter A. Shewhart of Bell Labs, starting with his famous one-page memorandum of 1924..



1 SQC includes the concept that every production piece cannot be fully

inspected into acceptable and non acceptable batches


Quality assurance - Postwar

1 In the period following World War II, many countries' manufacturing

capabilities that had been destroyed during the war were rebuilt


Quality assurance - Postwar

1 Although there were many individuals trying to lead United States industries towards a more

comprehensive approach to quality, the U.S. continued to apply the Quality Control (QC) concepts of

inspection and sampling to remove defective product from production

lines, essentially ignoring advances in QA for decades.


Quality assurance - Failure testing

1 A valuable process to perform on a whole consumer product is failure testing or stress

testing


Quality assurance - Statistical control

1 Statistical control is based on analyses of objective and subjective

data. Many organizations use statistical process control as a tool in

any quality improvement effort to track quality data. Any product can be statistically charted as long as

they have a common cause variance or special cause variance to track.


Quality assurance - Statistical control

1 Walter Shewart of Bell Telephone Laboratories recognized that when a

product is made, data can be taken from scrutinized areas of a sample lot of the part and statistical variances are then analyzed

and charted. Control can then be implemented on the part in the form of

rework or scrap, or control can be implemented on the process that made the part, ideally eliminating the defect before

more parts can be made like it.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Quality assurance - Total quality management

1 Total quality management



1 The quality of products is dependent upon that of the participating

constituents, some of which are sustainable and effectively controlled while others are not. The process(es) which are managed with QA pertain

to Total Quality Management.



1 If the specification does not reflect the true quality requirements, the

product's quality cannot be guaranteed. For instance, the

parameters for a pressure vessel should cover not only the material

and dimensions but operating, environmental, safety, reliability and

maintainability requirements.


Quality assurance - QA in software development

1 Software quality assurance consists of a means of monitoring the

software engineering processes and methods used to ensure quality. The

methods by which this is accomplished are many and varied,




Quality assurance - Models and standards

1 ISO 17025 is an international standard that specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests and or calibrations


Quality assurance - Models and standards

1 The CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) model is widely used to

implement Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA) in an

organization. The CMMI maturity levels can be divided into 5 steps, which a company can achieve by

performing specific activities within the organization.


Quality assurance - Company quality

1 During the 1980s, the concept of "company quality" with the focus on management and people came to the fore. It was realized that, if all

departments approached quality with an open mind, success was possible if the management led the quality

improvement process.



1 The company-wide quality approach places an emphasis

on four aspects :-



1 Elements such as controls, job management, adequate processes, performance and integrity criteria

and identification of records



1 Competence such as knowledge, skills, experiences,

qualifications



1 Soft elements, such as personnel integrity, confidence, organizational culture, motivation, team spirit and

quality relationships.



1 Infrastructure (as it enhances or limits

functionality)



1 The quality of the outputs is at risk if

any of these aspects is deficient.



1 QA is not limited to the manufacturing, and can be applied to

any business or non-business activity:



1 It comprises a quality improvement process, which is generic in the

sense that it can be applied to any of these activities and it establishes a

behavior pattern, which supports the achievement of quality.



1 This in turn is supported by quality management practices which can

include a number of business systems and which are usually specific to the activities of the

business unit concerned.



1 In manufacturing and construction activities, these business practices can be equated to the models for quality assurance defined by the

International Standards contained in the ISO 9000 series and the specified

Specifications for quality systems.



1 In the system of Company Quality, the work being carried out was shop floor inspection which did not reveal the major quality problems. This led to quality assurance or total quality control, which has come into being

recently.


Quality assurance - Using contractors and/or consultants

1 Consultants and contractors are sometimes employed when

introducing new quality practices and methods, particularly where the

relevant skills and expertise are not available within the organization or

when allocating the available internal resources are not available


Quality assurance - Journals

1 The Quality Assurance Journal, ISSN: 1087-

8378, John Wiley & Sons



1 QP - Quality Progress magazine, Published by the American Society for Quality



1 Quality Assurance in Education, ISSN

0968-4883, Emerald Publishing Group



1 Accreditation and Quality Assurance: Journal for Quality, Comparability and Reliability in Chemical Measurement, ISSN: 0949-1775 Print, ISSN: 1432-

0517



1 Food Quality and Preference, ISSN: 0950-3293


Quality assurance - Issues

1 Almeida, E., Alvaro, A., Meria, S. (2007, September 3–4). A

Component quality assurance process. Foundations of Software

Engineering, doi: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1295074.

1295093



1 Feldman, S. (2005, February). Quality assurance: much more than testing.

Queue, 3(1), doi: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1046931.

1046943



1 Meisinger, M., Wagner, S. (2006, November 6). Integrating a Model of Analytical Quality Assurance into the V-Modell XT. Foundations of Software

Engineering, 38-45.doi: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1188895.

1188906


Quality assurance - Books

1 Majcen N., Taylor P. (Editors): Practical examples on traceability,

measurement uncertainty and validation in chemistry, Vol 1; ISBN

978-92-79-12021-3, 2010.



1 Pyzdek, T, "Quality Engineering Handbook",

2003, ISBN 0-8247-4614-7



1 Godfrey, A. B., "Juran's Quality

Handbook", 1999, ISBN 0-07-034003-X



1 da Silva, R.B., Bulska, E., Godlewska-Zylkiewicz, B., Hedrich, M., Majcen,

N., Magnusson, B., Marincic, S., Papadakis, I., Patriarca, M., Vassileva,

E., Taylor, P., Analytical measurement: measurement

uncertainty and statistics;ISBN 978-92-79-23070-7, 2012.


Beta testing - Software quality assurance (SQA)

1 Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.p 347 In SQA, software

process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software

development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation,

code and systems


Carbon offset - UK Government Quality Assurance Scheme for Carbon Offsetting

1 In an effort to inform and safeguard business and household consumers purchasing Carbon Offsets, in

2009,DECC to close carbon offset accreditation scheme: http://www.greenwisebusiness.co.uk/news/decc-to-close-

carbon-offset-accreditation-scheme-2356.aspx the UK Government has launched a scheme for regulating Carbon

offset products.[ http://offsetting.defra.gov.uk/ The UK Government's Quality Assurance Scheme for Carbon Offsetting] UK Government DEFRA, 9 February 2009 DEFRA have created the Approved Carbon Offsetting

brand to use as an endorsement on offsets[ http://offsetting.defra.gov.uk/cms/approved-offsets/ List of DEFRA QAS approved Offsets] UK Government DEFRA, 9

February 2009 approved by the UK government.



1 * Accurate calculation of emissions to be offset



1 * Use of good quality carbon credits i.e. initially those that are Kyoto compliant



1 * Cancellation of carbon credits within a year of the consumers purchase of the offset



1 * Provision of information about the role of offsetting in tackling climate

change and advice on how a consumer can reduce his or her

carbon footprint



1 The first company to qualify for the scheme was Clear (UK company)|

Clear, followed by Carbon Footprint, Carbon Passport, Pure, British

Airways and Carbon Retirement Ltd.



1 On 20 May 2011 the Department of Energy and Climate Change announced that the

Quality Assurance Scheme would close on 30 June 2011. The stated purpose of the Quality

Assurance Scheme was 'to provide a straightforward route for those wishing to offset their emissions to identify quality offsets'. Critics of the closure therefore

argued that without the scheme, businesses and individuals would struggle to identify

quality carbon offsets.



1 The Quality Assurance Standard is a comprehensive independent audit system for

carbon offsets



1 On 17 July 2012, the first organisations were approved as meeting the new QAS.


Quality Assurance International

1 'Quality Assurance International' ('QAI') is a United States|U.S.-based

international organic certification company that is authorized by the

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a USDA-accredited certifying agent that

operates globally to certify organic operations to National Organic

Program standardshttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Quality Assurance International - Organic certification

1 QAI offers organic certification under the National Organic Program for

agricultural producers, food processing facilities, integrated

manufacturing operations, contract packing operations, traders,

distributors, retailers, and ultimately consumers.


Quality Assurance International - Organic certification

1 On March 23, 2006, QAI announced that it surpassed a company

milestone by certifying 259,608 products.


Quality Assurance International - Gluten-free certification

1 QAI, in partnership with [http://www.celiaccentral.org/ National Foundation for Celiac

Awareness (NFCA)], developed a science-based gluten-free

certification program.



1 The stringent nature of the QAI certification protocols ensures prevention

of contamination and co-mingling, critically important for those with

allergies to gluten and gluten-intolerance. The QAI and NFCA Gluten-

Free certification program requires companies to produce products at less

than 10 parts per million (ppm) of gluten to receive certification.



1 The program includes:



1 * Testing to ensure compliance to 10ppm or less



1 * Ongoing compliance

including random product testing


Quality Assurance International - Personal care certification

1 QAI certifies personal care products to the National Organic Program guidelines. Those products not

meeting the NOP guidelines can be certified to the [http://www.qai-

inc.com/services/personal_care.asp NSF/ANSI 305 Standard] for Personal

Care Products Contains Organic Ingredients.


Quality Assurance International - Personal care certification

1 Under this program, products with a minimum organic content of 70

percent (070) that meet the requirements can make the organic

label and marketing claim of Contains Organic Ingredients


Quality Assurance International - Kosher certification

1 QAI, in partnership with STAR-K, provides a joint kosher and organic

auditing program. Through rabbinical supervision products can be certified

to both the strictest kosher certification requirements and to the

USDA National Organic Program standards for organic certification.


Quality Assurance International - International organic certification

1 As an accredited certifying agent under the USDA's National Organic Program, QAI is also accredited by

the USDA for ISO 65 compliance, the Japan Ministry of Agriculture Forestry

for JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard) compliance, and Le Conseil

des appellations reservées et des termes valorisants (CARTV).


Quality Assurance International - Food safety

1 QAI is the only USDA-accredited organic certifying agency able to

offer joint certification to the British Retail Consortium (BRC), Safe Quality

Food (SQF) and FSSC 22000 global food safety standards, which is

required by many retailers under the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI).


Quality Assurance International - Mission

1 QAI is committed to fostering increased consumer trust in the organic label by:



1 * Certifying to the current federal standard under the National Organic Program.



1 * Certifying organic growers, processors, traders and distributors in an efficient, timely and thorough

manner.



1 * Providing superior, professional assistance and conducting expeditious certification

renewals.



1 * Remaining active in the organic industry on a national level to remain

current with and responsive to any changes in the organic regulations.


Quality Assurance International - Environmental policy

1 QAI achieved ISO 14001|ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems

accreditation in June 2010.



1 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001 standard

provides guidance on how to manage the environmental aspects of an organization's

activities, products and services more efficiently. ISO 14001 focuses on reducing the environmental footprint, pollution and waste produced by businesses, which is

consistent with QAI's mission to help support organic agriculture and protect the

environment.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html


1 ISO 14001 registration verifies that QAI has effective procedures in place to monitor and continuously improve

its environmental performance


Quality Assurance International - Accreditations

1 * United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)



1 : European Recognition

Programme (EU)



1 * JAS through our Japan-based, MAFF accredited partner

EcoCert


Quality Assurance International - Partnerships

1 QAI works with other leading food safety and quality organizations. As a

result, QAI is able to provide additional services:



1 * NSF/ANSI 305 Contains Organic

Ingredients Personal Care Products



1 * NaTrue Personal Care Certification



1 * British Retail Consortium (BRC), Safe Quality Foods (SQF), ISO 22000|FSSC 22000

Certification



1 * Dietary Supplement GMP and Certification



1 * Sustainability Claims Verification


Quality Assurance International - Community and industry advocacy

1 QAI sponsors the Earth Day Fair in San Diego to help educate the

community on the benefits of going organic


Quality Assurance International - Community and industry advocacy

1 QAI is also active in the Organic Trade Association (OTA) to help

protect and promote organic practices. QAI Senior Vice President

Joe Smillie has served as OTA president and as a member of the board of directors. QAI President

Kristen Holt currently serves on the board of directors as treasurer.


Quality Assurance International - Past controversy

1 In July 2008, it was reported that organic powdered ginger that had been certified by QAI, was found

when tested to be contaminated with the banned pesticide Aldicarb


Quality Assurance International - Past controversy

1 Also, under USDA National Organic Program rules QAI as an accredited

certifying agent must accept the certification decisions of other accredited certifying agents


Education in the Netherlands - Accreditation and quality assurance

1 A guaranteed standard of higher education is maintained through a national system of legal regulation

and quality assurance.


Education in the Netherlands - Accreditation and quality assurance

1 The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science is responsible for

legislation pertaining to education



1 'Software quality assurance' ('SQA') consists of a means of monitoring the software engineering processes and methods used to ensure quality. The

methods by which this is accomplished are many and varied,





1 SQA encompasses the entire software development process, which includes

processes such as requirements definition, software design, Computer programming|coding, Revision control|

source code control, code reviews, change management, configuration

management, Software testing|testing, Release Management|release

management, and product integration


Solutions architect - Methodology and Quality Assurance

1 * Lead development of formalized solution

methodologies



1 * Build and maintain repository for deliverables, methodologies, and business

development documents



1 * Interface and coordinate tasks with internal and external technical

resources. Collaborates with Project Managers and technical directors to provision estimates, develop overall implementation solution plan, and

serve as a lead as required, to implement the installation,

customization, and integration efforts



1 * Oversee aspects of project life cycle, from initial kickoff through

requirements analysis, design and implementation phases for projects

within the solution area



1 * Provide quality assurance for services within the solution area



1 * Write, or direct the writing of white papers that add further insight and

thought in the solution area


Philosophy of healthcare - Quality assurance

1 With respect to quality assurance in cancer treatment scenarios, the Quality Assurance Review Center

(QARC) is just one example of a QA facility that seeks to improve the standards of care for patients by

improving the quality of clinical trials medicine.


European Quality in Social Services - Quality Assurance in Social Services (EQUASS Assurance)

1 EQUASS Assurance guarantees quality of service provision by certifying compliance

with 50 criteria based on the ten Principles for Quality. It can be viewed as a fundamental requirement for operating

social services, having a feasible threshold in terms of costs, efforts and

resources required. An organisation that meets the EQUASS Assurance criteria is

certified for a two year period.


Teacher education - Quality Assurance

1 Quality in educationAnderson,

Chris



1 In most countries, teacher salary is not related to the perceived quality of his or her

work



1 Feedback on the performance of teachers is integral to many state and private education procedures, but takes many different forms.

The 'no fault' approach is believed by some to be satisfactory, as weaknesses are carefully

identified, assessed and then addressed through the provision of in house or school

based training. These can, however, be seen as benefiting the institution and not

necessarily fully meeting the CPD needs of the individual as they lack educational gravitas.


3D scanner - Quality assurance and industrial metrology

1 The optimal performance of this process is guaranteed by quality assurance systems



1 Within highly automated processes, the resulting geometric measures are transferred

to machines that manufacture the desired objects. Due to mechanical uncertainties and abrasions, the result may differ from its digital nominal. In order to automatically capture and evaluate these deviations, the manufactured

part must be digitized as well. For this purpose, 3D scanners are applied to generate point samples from the object's surface which are finally compared against the nominal data.



1 The process of comparing 3D data against a CAD model is referred to as CAD-Compare, and can be a useful technique for applications such as

determining wear patterns on molds and tooling, determining accuracy of final build, analyzing gap and flush,

or analyzing highly complex sculpted surfaces


Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Tanzania) - Health Quality Assurance Division

1 * Pharmaceutical Services Section


Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Tanzania) - Health Quality Assurance Division

1 * Health Services Inspectorate and Quality

Assurance Section


University of Notre Dame Australia - Quality assurance

1 The University is a self-accrediting institution and is subject to regular

quality audits and registration processes undertaken by the Tertiary

Education Quality and Standards Agency.


Higher education in Ukraine - Quality assurance

1 The national system of quality assurance (QA) in Ukraine is realized by means of licensing and Educational accreditation|

accreditation procedures carried out by the Department for Licensing, Accreditation

and Nostrification of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, through the State Accreditation Commission, the

State Inspectorate of HEIs, and the Higher (Supreme) Attestation Board.


Student rights - Accountability Quality Assurance Rights

1 * Right to a quality education (with quality standards in

place)



1 * Right to quality standards for teachers and course resources for

use in quality assurance and evaluation



1 * Right to quality standards for support resources for use in quality assurance and

evaluation



1 * Right to the availability of information related to stated educational objectives



1 * Right to participate in evaluation of teachers, courses, seminars,

programs, practicums, internships, residencies



1 * Right to access teacher, course, seminar, program, practicum,

internship, residency evaluations as public info



1 * Right to have evaluations used for assessment of quality and objective

achievement



1 * Right to know how tuition, fees and other charges are determined or justified



1 * Right to be informed about the number, type and amount

of each fee charged



1 * Right to institutional consultation with student organizations on issues in higher

education



1 * Right to representative participation in university executive and deliberative bodies



1 * Right to 25%+ representative participation in the university senate and faculty council



1 * Right to representative participation in faculty counsels and

university senates or governance structures



1 * Right to representatives participation in government departments involving students



1 * Right to representative participation in choosing and

appointing an institutional president or head



1 * Right to student representative elections free of interference from

instructors and administrators



1 * Right to serve as a student representative for up to four years

regardless of academic performance or attendance



1 * Right to be informed and consulted by student representatives on

matters in institutional governance



1 * Right for student organizations to develop an annual report on

institutional compliance with this code



1 * Right to an annual response to the compliance report including

proposed improvements and a timeline


Health care in the United States - Quality assurance

1 Health care quality assurance consists of the activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in

either a defined medical setting or a program. The concept includes the

assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or

shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these

deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps.


Health care in the United States - Quality assurance

1 One innovation in encouraging quality of health care is the public reporting of the performance of

hospitals, health professionals or providers, and healthcare

organizations. However, there is no consistent evidence that the public

release of performance data changes consumer behaviour or improves

care.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Second Life criticism - Quality assurance

1 Criticism of Software Quality Assurance|quality assurance of Second Life states that Linden

Lab focuses too much on bringing new features to the production environment

instead of fixing long-standing bugs that, in the worst case, cause financial loss for the

users. On April 30, 2007 an open letter, signed by over 700 users, was sent to Linden Lab to

protest the Software Quality Assurance|quality assurance process of the company. Linden Lab

has responded to the open letter.


Modified atmosphere - Quality assurance of MAP packages

1 Although Modified Atmosphere Packaging is a well-established process, it is a good practice to maintain tight quality assurance through package testing. Incorrect oxygen levels,

empty gas cylinders and bad sealing bars can cause imprecise gas blends and poor package

seals that can result in product spoilage. Routine package testing with headspace gas

analysers, on-line gas analysers and leak detectors assures package quality, and hence

helps to maintain shelf life.


Modified atmosphere - Quality assurance: MAP analysers

1 There exist a number of analysers on the market for Modified Atmosphere

Packaging to verify the gas mix is correct and ensure that the seal is not leaking. Both units built into

packaging systems and handheld analysers can be used.


National Cancer Institute - Quality assurance

1 The RPC assures the NCI of proper participation in the physics-related

aspects of its studies and QARC provides radiotherapy quality

assurance and diagnostic imaging data management to all of the NCI

sponsored cooperative groups


Process area (CMMI) - Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA)

1 * A Support process area at Maturity Level 2



1 The purpose of 'Process and Product Quality Assurance' (PPQA) is to

provide staff and management with objective insight into processes and

associated work products.



1 * SG 1 Objectively Evaluate Processes and Work Products



1 ** SP 1.1 Objectively Evaluate Processes



1 ** SP 1.2 Objectively Evaluate Work Products



1 ** SP 2.1 Communicate and Resolve

Noncompliance Issues


Data quality assurance

1 'Data quality assurance' is the process of Data profiling|profiling the data to discover inconsistencies and other anomalies in the data, as well

as performing data cleansing activities (e.g. removing outliers,

missing data interpolation) to improve the data quality .


Data quality assurance

1 These activities can be undertaken as part of data warehousing or as

part of the database administration of an existing piece of applications

software.


Data quality assurance - Definitions

1 This list is taken from the online book Data Quality: High-impact Strategies. See also the glossary of data quality terms.[http://iaidq.org/main/glossary.shtml Glossary of data quality terms] published by [http://iaidq.org/ IAIDQ]



1 *Degree of excellence exhibited by the data in relation to the portrayal of the actual

scenario.



1 *The state of completeness, validity, consistency, timeliness and accuracy

that makes data appropriate for a specific

use.[http://www.cio.gov.bc.ca/other/daf/IRM_Glossary.htm Government of

British Columbia]



1 *The totality of features and characteristics of data that bears on

their ability to satisfy a given purpose; the sum of the degrees of

excellence for factors related to data.[http://www.go-ship.org/Manual/Swift_DataEval.pdf REFERENCE-QUALITY

WATER SAMPLE DATA: NOTES ON ACQUISITION, RECORD KEEPING,

AND EVALUATION]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html


1 *The processes and technologies involved in ensuring the

conformance of data values to business requirements and

acceptance criteria.[http://istabg.org/?p=647 istabg.org Data QualYtI – Do You

Trust Your Data?]



1 *Complete, standards based, consistent, accurate and time

stamped.[http://www.gs1.org/gdsn/dqf GS1.ORG dqf]


Data quality assurance - History

1 Before the rise of the inexpensive server, massive Mainframe

computer|mainframe computers were used to maintain name and

address data so that mail could be properly routed to its destination



1 Companies with an emphasis on marketing often focus their quality

efforts on name and address information, but data quality is

recognized as an important property of all types of data



1 While name and address data has a clear standard as defined by local postal authorities, other types of

data have few recognized standards. There is a movement in the industry

today to standardize certain non-address data. The non-profit group

GS1 is among the groups spearheading this movement.



1 For companies with significant research efforts, data quality can

include developing Protocol (natural sciences)|protocols for research

methods, reducing measurement error, bounds checking of the data,

cross tabulation, modeling and outlier detection, verifying data

integrity, etc.


Data quality assurance - Overview

1 There are a number of theoretical frameworks for understanding data

quality



1 A considerable amount of data quality research involves

investigating and describing various categories of desirable attributes (or

dimensions) of data



1 MIT has a Total Data Quality Management program, led by Professor Richard Wang, which

produces a large number of publications and hosts a significant international conference in this field

(International Conference on Information Quality, ICIQ). This

program grew out of the work done by Hansen on the Zero Defect Data

framework (Hansen, 1991).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html


1 In practice, data quality is a concern for professionals involved with a wide

range of information systems, ranging from data warehousing and business intelligence to customer

relationship management and supply chain management



1 In 2002, the USPS and PricewaterhouseCoopers released a

report stating that 23.6 percent of all U.S. mail sent is incorrectly

addressed.http://www.directionsmag.com/article.php?article_id=509



1 One reason contact data becomes stale very quickly in the average database – more than 45 million Americans change their address

every year.http://ribbs.usps.gov/move_update/documents/tech_guides/PUB363.p

df



1 In fact, the problem is such a concern that companies are beginning to set up a data governance team whose sole role in the corporation is to be

responsible for data quality. In some organizations, this data governance

function has been established as part of a larger Regulatory Compliance

function - a recognition of the importance of Data/Information

Quality to organizations.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html


1 Problems with data quality don't only arise from incorrect data;

inconsistent data is a problem as well. Eliminating shadow system|data

shadow systems and centralizing data in a warehouse is one of the initiatives a company can take to

ensure data consistency.



1 Enterprises, scientists, and researchers are starting to

participate within data curation communities to improve the quality of their common data.E. Curry, A.

Freitas, and S. O’Riáin, [http://3roundstones.com/led_book/le

d-curry-et-al.html “The Role of Community-Driven Data Curation for Enterprises,”] in Linking Enterprise

Data, D. Wood, Ed. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010, pp. 25-47.



1 The market is going some way to providing data quality assurance. A number of vendors make tools for analysing and

repairing poor quality data in situ, service providers can clean the data on a contract basis and consultants can advise on fixing processes or systems to avoid data quality

problems in the first place. Most data quality tools offer a series of tools for

improving data, which may include some or all of the following:



1 #Data profiling - initially assessing the data to understand its quality challenges



1 #Data standardization - a business rules engine that ensures that data conforms to

quality rules



1 #Geocoding - for name and address data. Corrects data to US and Worldwide postal

standards



1 #Matching or Linking - a way to compare data so that similar, but slightly different records can

be aligned. Matching may use fuzzy logic to find duplicates in the data. It often recognizes

that 'Bob' and 'Robert' may be the same individual. It might be able to manage

'householding', or finding links between spouses at the same address, for example. Finally, it

often can build a 'best of breed' record, taking the best components from multiple data sources

and building a single super-record.



1 #Monitoring - keeping track of data quality over time and reporting variations in the quality of data.

Software can also auto-correct the variations based on pre-defined

business rules.



1 #Batch and Real time - Once the data is initially cleansed (batch),

companies often want to build the processes into enterprise

applications to keep it clean.



1 There are several well-known authors and self-styled experts, with Larry English perhaps the most popular

guru. In addition, the [http://iaidq.org/ International

Association for Information and Data Quality (IAIDQ)] was established in

2004 to provide a focal point for professionals and researchers in this

field.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html


1 ISO 8000 is the international standard

for data quality.


Data quality assurance - Data quality control

1 'Data quality control' is the process of controlling the usage of data with known quality measurement—for an application or a process. This process is usually done after a Data Quality

Assurance (QA) process, which consists of discovery of data inconsistency and correction.



1 Data QA process provides following information to Data Analytical quality

control|Quality Control (QC):



1 The Data QC process uses the information from the QA process, then it decides to use the data for

analysis or in an application or business process


Data quality assurance - Optimum use of data quality

1 Data Quality (DQ) is a niche area required for the integrity of the data

management by covering gaps of data issues. This is one of the key

functions that aid data governance by monitoring data to find exceptions

undiscovered by current data management operations. Data

Quality checks may be defined at attribute level to have full control on

its remediation steps.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html


1 DQ checks and business rules may easily overlap if an organization is not attentive of

its DQ scope



1 'Completeness' and 'precision' DQ checks on all data may be performed at the point of

entry for each mandatory attribute from each source system. Few attribute values

are created way after the initial creation of the transaction; in such cases,

administering these checks becomes tricky and should be done immediately after the

defined event of that attribute's source and the transaction's other core attribute

conditions are met.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html


1 All data having attributes referring to Reference Data in the organization may be validated against the set of

well-defined valid values of Reference Data to discover new or

discrepant values through the 'validity' DQ check. Results may be

used to update Reference Data administered under Master Data

Management (MDM).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html


1 All data sourced from a third party to organization's internal teams may

undergo 'accuracy' (DQ) check against the third party data. These DQ check results are valuable when

administered on data that made multiple hops after the point of entry

of that data but before that data becomes authorized or stored for

enterprise intelligence.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html


1 All data columns that refer to Master Data may be validated for its

'consistency' check. A DQ check administered on the data at the point of entry discovers new data for the

MDM process, but a DQ check administered after the point of entry discovers the failure (not exceptions)

of consistency.



1 As data transforms, multiple timestamps and the positions of that timestamps are captured and may be compared against each other and its leeway to validate its value, decay, operational significance against a

defined SLA (service level agreement). This 'timeliness' DQ check can be utilized to decrease

data value decay rate and optimize the policies of data movement

timeline.



1 In an organization complex logic is usually segregated into simpler logic across multiple

processes



1 'Conformity' checks and 'integrity checks' need not covered in all

business needs, it’s strictly under the database architecture's discretion.



1 There are many places in the data movement where DQ checks may not be

required. For instance, DQ check for completeness and precision on not–null

columns is redundant for the data sourced from database. Similarly, data should be validated for its accuracy with respect to

time when the data is stitched across disparate sources. However, that is a

business rule and should not be in the DQ scope.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Data quality assurance - Criticism of existing tools and processes

1 * 'Project costs': costs are typically in the hundreds of thousands of dollars



1 * 'Time': lack of enough time to deal with large-scale data-cleansing software



1 * 'Security': concerns over sharing information, giving an application

access across systems, and effects on legacy systems


National Committee for Quality Assurance

1 The 'National Committee for Quality Assurance' (NCQA) is an independent 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in

the United States that works to improve health care quality through

the administration of utilizes evidence-based standards, measures, programs, and

accreditation


National Committee for Quality Assurance - History

1 The NCQA was established in 1990 with support from the Robert Wood Johnson

Foundation.


National Committee for Quality Assurance - Programs

1 NCQA manages voluntary accreditation programs for individual physicians, health plans, and medical groups. It offers dedicated programs

targeting vendor certification, software Certification, and

compliance auditing.


National Committee for Quality Assurance - Programs

1 Health plans seek accreditation and measure performance through the

administration and submission of the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and

Information Set (HEDIS) and Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and

Systems (CAHPS) survey. NCQA provides an evidence-based program for case-

management accreditation available for use s in payer, provider, and community-based

organizations. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Canning - Seamer setup and quality assurance

1 Many different parts during the seaming process are critical in

ensuring that a can is airtight and vacuum sealed. The dangers of a can

that is not hermetically sealed are contamination by foreign objects

(bacteria or fungicide sprays), or that the can could leak or spoil.



1 One important part is the seamer setup. This process is usually performed by an experienced

technician. Amongst the parts that need setup are seamer rolls and

chucks which have to be set in their exact position (using a feeler gauge

or a clearance gauge). The lifter pressure and position, roll and chuck designs, tooling wear, and bearing

wear all contribute to a good double seam.



1 Incorrect setups can be non-intuitive. For example, due to the springback

effect, a seam can appear loose, when in reality it was closed too tight and has opened up like a spring. For this reason, experienced operators

and good seamer setup are critical to ensure that double seams are

properly closed.



1 Quality control usually involves taking full cans from the line - one per seamer head, at least once or twice per shift, and performing a teardown operation (wrinkle/wikt:tightness|

tightness), mechanical tests (external thickness, seamer length/height and

countersink) as well as cutting the seam open with a twin blade saw and measuring with a double seam inspection system. The

combination of these measurements will determine the seam's quality.



1 Statistically tracking the performance of each head or

seaming station of the can seamer allows for better prediction of can

seamer issues, and may be used to plan maintenance when convenient, rather than to simply react after bad

or unsafe cans have been produced.Quality Assurance for the Food Industry: A Practical Approach

by Jhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-quality-assurance-toolkit.html

Openehr - Quality Assurance of Archetypes

1 Various principles for developing

archetypes have been identified


Openehr - Quality Assurance of Archetypes

1 In the field of Electronic health records there are a number of

existing information models with overlaps in their scope which are

difficult to manage, such as between HL7|HL7 V3 and SNOMED CT. The

openEHR approach faces harmonisation challenges unless

used in isolation.


Computer-aided quality assurance

1 'Computer-aided quality assurance (CAQ)' is the engineering application

of computers and computer controlled machines for the definition

and inspection of the quality of products.



1 *Control chart|Attribute chart



1 *Documentation



1 *Advanced Product Quality Planning

(APQP)



1 *Failure mode and effects analysis

(FMEA)



1 *Dimensional tolerance (engineering)|tolerance stack-up

analysis using Product Manufacturing Information|product and

manufacturing information (PMI) on Computer-aided design|CAD models



1 *Computer aided inspection with

coordinate-measuring machines (CMM)


Autoclave - Quality assurance

1 There are physical, chemical, and biological indicators that can be used to ensure that an autoclave reaches

the correct temperature for the correct amount of time. If a non-

treated or improperly treated item can be confused for a treated item then there is the risk that they will become mixed up which in some areas such as surgery, is critical.



1 Chemical indicators on medical packaging and autoclave tape change color once the correct

conditions have been met, indicating that the object inside the package, or

under the tape, has been appropriately processed



1 To prove sterility, biological indicators

are used



1 Some computer-controlled autoclaves use an F0 (F-nought) value to control the sterilization

(microbiology)|sterilization cycle. F0 values are set for the number of

minutes of sterilization equivalent to at above atmospheric pressure for

15 minutes . Since exact temperature control is difficult, the temperature is monitored, and the

sterilization time adjusted accordingly.


Iran Aseman Airlines - Quality Assurance and Control

1 Technical specialists in QA/QC department endeavor that all maintenance and engineering

activities be in accordance with flight standards. This may be fulfilled

through direct and indirect inspections by quality control and

assurance experts.



1 Quality control team is responsible to perform direct inspection on aircraft

and pertinent systems during maintenance and engineering

process.



1 *Final inspections of product


Precision glass moulding - Metrology and quality assurance

1 Once process and tool have been developed, precision glass moulding

has a great advantage over conventional



1 production techniques. The majority of the lens quality characteristics are tool-bound. This means that lenses,

which



1 are pressed with the same tool and process, usually have only insignificantly small

deviations


Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries - Quality assurance (QA) and shelf life

1 *Drugs should be from a reliable source and WHO certification for

quality assurance|quality of pharmaceuticals should be used.



1 *No returned drugs from patients should be used.



1 *All drugs should have a shelf life of at least 12 months after arrival in the recipient

country.


Alabama Cooperative Extension System - Beef Quality Assurance

1 The Extension-sponsored BQA program is a cooperative effort

among beef producers, veterinarians, the Alabama Veterinary Medical

Association and the Alabama Cattlemen’s

Association.[http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1277/ Alabama Beef Quality Assurance: Getting Started,

ANR-1277, Alabama Cooperative Extension System]


For More Information, Visit:

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