Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA -BriefExplanation · Qualitative Methods for Research...
Transcript of Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA -BriefExplanation · Qualitative Methods for Research...
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA- Brief Explanation
Vicenc [email protected]
May 30, 2016
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Outline
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Kinds of paradigms
Approaches or paradigms of social research can be identified fromthe following three questions (Guba, 1991):
I Q1: How do we conceive the nature of both knowledge andreality? 1 or 2 realities.
I Q2: How do we conceive the nature of relationships betweenthe researcher and the knowledge? Independent or not.
I Q3: What is the way do the researcher develop or constructknowledge? To build from the experience or to testhypothesis.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Understanding The Quantitative/ Qualitative Divide
Quantitative and qualitative research traditions represent afundamental debate in the production of knowledge.
The terms quantitative and qualitative, particularly in relation tomethodology, however, can be confusing, divisive and limiting.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
The Qualitative Tradition
The qualitative tradition critiques quantitative assumptions andpremises inductive logic, subjectivity, multiple truths, the politicalnature of research, and the value of depth over quantity.
Qualitative research strategies for achieving credibility includethoroughness, i.e. saturation, crystallization, prolongedengagement, persistent observation, broad representation and peerreview, and confirmation, i.e. triangulation, member checking, andfull explication of method.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Traditions
I Ethnography
I Phenomenology (dialogic process)
I Ethnomethodology
I Feminist Approaches
I Symbolic interactionism
I Cognitive anthropology
I Holistic ethnography
I Ecological psychology
I Grounded theory.
To see more taxonomies: Tesch (1990), Jacob (1987), Sandoval(1996), & Taylor and Bogdan (1992 ).
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Mixed Methodology
’Mixed’ studies traverse traditional divides and can help youcapitalize on the best of both traditions while overcoming theirshortcomings.
’Mixed’ approaches can be premised in the quantitative traditionwith acceptance of qualitative data; the qualitative tradition withacceptance of quantitative data; or be driven by the questionsthemselves.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
General ConsiderationsCriteria for judging the quality
I 1. Objectivity
I 2. Construct validity
I 3. Internal validity
I 4. External validity
I 5. Reliability
I 6. Pragmatic validity
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
General ConsiderationsMaking inferences
Statistical generalization
I First level
I To generalize the results of a sample to a population.
Analytic generalization
I Second level
I To generalize the results of a research to a theory and therival theory..
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
General ConsiderationsMaking inferences
Industrial Engineering and Management Research Group [email protected]
Making inferences
! Statistical generalization ! First level ! To generalize the results of a sample to a population
! Analytic generalization ! Second level ! To generalize the results of a research to a theory and the rival theory.
THEORY Policy implication
RIVAL THEORY Rival policy implication
SURVEY Population
CASE STUDY findings
EXPERIMENTS findings
SAMPLE SUBJECTS
LEV
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VEL
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COSMOS Corporation
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
General ConsiderationsComputer software
Uses of Computer Software (Miles & Huberman, 1994):
I (1) Making notes in the field, (2) Writing up or transcribingfield notes, (3) Editing them, (4) Coding them, (5) Storagethem, (6) Search and retrieval them, (7) Data ’linking’ them,(8) Memoing, (9) Content analysis, (10) Data display, (11)Conclusion drawing and verification, (12) Theory building,(13) Graphic mapping, and (14) Preparing interim and finalreports.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
General ConsiderationsComputer software
The computer does not analyze, the researcher analyzes.Advise
I We cannot answer the question: What software is the best?
I Select software comfortable for you.
I To learn how a software works, you need to use it on real tasks
I Researchers need time to learn and set-up this software
I No single program can do everything well.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
MaxQDAGeneral information
MAXQDA is a professional software for qualitative and mixedmethods data analysis. The software is available as a universal appfor Windows and Mac OS X and can help you analyze all kinds ofunstructured data like interviews, articles, media, surveys, twitter,and more.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
MaxQDAScreen
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Components of Data Analysis
Industrial Engineering and Management Research Group [email protected]
Components of Data analysis
Data Collection
Conclusions: drawing/verifying
Data Reduction
Data Display
Pre-Data Collection
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Components of Data Analysis
Pre-Data Collection / Research Design
I The qualitative research is beginning to focus on the studysissues, the cases to be studied, the data to be collected, andhow these data will be managed and analyzed.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Components of Data Analysis
Data Collection
I There are many ways to gathering data: Interviews, writtendocuments, pictures, etc.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Components of Data Analysis
Data Reduction
I Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing,simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data thatappear in written-up field notes or transcriptions.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Components of Data Analysis
Data Display
I A display is an organized, compressed assembly of informationthat permits conclusion drawing and action. The mostcommon display is extended text.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Components of Data Analysis
Conclusions drawing and verification
I The conclusions have also been prefigured fro the beginning
I Conclusions are also verified as the analyst proceeds.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Research Design
I The methodology and the method.
I The conceptual framework (optional).
I The research question.
I The research purpose.
I The propositions (if any).
I The unit(s) of analysis.
I The sampling.
I The tool for getting data.
I The strategy for analysing data.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Six sources of evidence
I Documentation
I Archival Records
I Interviews
I Direct Observations
I Participant-Observation
I Physical Artifacts
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Situations for di↵erent research strategies
When to Use Each Strategy?
I The type of Research Question
I The control of Behavioral Events
I The degree of focus on contemporary as opposed to historicalevents
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Situations for di↵erent research strategies
Strategy RQ Control ContemporaryExperiment How, why? Yes YesSurvey Who, what, where, No Yes
how many, how much?Archival analysis Who, what, where, No Yes/No
how many, how much?History How, why? No NoObservations How, why? No YesInterviews How, why? No Yes
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Principles of data collection
There are three principles, which are relevant to all six sources.
I Principle 1: Use multiple sources of evidence
I Principle 2: Create a database
I Principle 3: Maintain a chain of evidence
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Principles of data collectionPrinciple 1: Use multiple sources of evidence
Triangulation
I Rationale for using multiple sources of evidence
Types of triangulation
I Of data sources (data triangulation)
I Among di↵erent evaluators (investigator triangulation)
I Of perspectives to the same data set (theory triangulation)
I Of methods (methodological triangulation)
To improve the construct validity.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Principles of data collectionPrinciple 2: Create a database
How to organizing and documenting the data collected.
I Its very di�cult to create a standard database
There are two kinds of information:
I The data or evidentiary base
I The report of the investigator
There are four kinds of components:
I Notes (to organize, categorize, and complete)
I Documents (to access)
I Tabular Materials (as quantitative data)
I Narratives (to access)
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Principles of data collectionPrinciple 3: Maintain a chain of evidence
I To increase the reliability.
I An external observer should be able to trace the steps ineither direction.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Documentation
This type of information is take many forms and should be theobject of explicit data collection plans.
Types of documents
I Letter, memoranda, and other communiques
I Agendas, announcements and minutes of meetings, and otherwritten reports of events.
I Administrative documents proposals, progress reports, andother internal records.
I Formal studies or evaluations of the same site under study.
I Newspaper clippings and other articles appearing in the massmedia or in community newsletters.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Archival Records
I Many times they taking form of computer files or records.
I The usefulness of these archival records will vary fromresearch to research.
I Researcher must be careful to ascertain the conditions underwhich it was produced as well as its accuracy.
I The numbers of these Archival Records should notautomatically be considered a sign of accuracy.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Interviews
Types of InterviewI Structured Interview
I The Interview aims to explain more than understanding.I The Interviewer asks a set of questions with a predetermined
set of answers.I The Interviewee: All respondents receive the same package of
questions.I Answers: They are closed (categories box).
I Unstructured interviewI The Interview seeks to understand rather than explain.I The Interviewer asks questions without fixed pattern of
response categories.I The Interviewee: Each respondent receives his/her own set of
questions.I Answers: They are open by definition (non categories).
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
ObservationsTypes of observation
Observation strategies
I Participatory directly or without participating in thephenomenon
Levels of systematization
I Fixing or without specifying the categories, groups, ...
Degree of control
I Controlling and manipulating the situation or without control
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Physical Artifacts
Physical or cultural artifact.
Physical artifacts have less potential relevance in the most typicalkind of organizational research.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAMain Screen
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAImporting our documents
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAImporting our documents
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAPre-Importing Gathered Data
I suggest to:
I Transcribe our interviews to text.
I Describe our observations with text.
I Transform our questionnaires to text.
I Describe the physical artefacts with text.
The software allows to work with picture, pdf, MS-Word, audio,video, etc., but it’s easier to work with texts.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDATranscribe interviews
maxQDA supports the transcription of audio and video data withbasic functions.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDATranscribe interviews
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDATranscribe interviews
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Codes and coding
After gathering all data of your research, the next step is toprocess and order all this information.
I Time: You need 3 to 6 times as much time for processing andordering the gathered data as you needed to collect it.
Two problems:
I Data overload: How I can process all information
I Data retrieval: How I can access information that I need
Coding is analysis ) Its hard and di�cult
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Codes and codingBasic Concepts
IMeaning unit: We need to explicit what we want to analyzeof the interview (e.g. Barriers, behaviours, best practices).
ICoding unit: We need to explicit how we are going to encodethe interview. We can encode by sentence, by paragraph, bytopic, by phenomenon, etc. In our research field, the mostcommon is the topic.
ICode: Of course, we need to create our code list.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Creating codesDefinition of Code
The elements (codes) inside of the same category or super-codemust be disjunctive. The list of codes will be a table with thefollowing fields:
ILabel: Clear, Concise, close to the raw data, descriptive
IDefinition: What it means
IDescription: When the theme occurs
IInclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Passages included andexcluded in the code
IExamples: Occurrences of the code
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Codes and coding
Characteristics of codes
I Codes can be at di↵erent levels of analysis
I Codes can happen at di↵erent times during analysis
Revising codes
I Some codes decays and other codes flourish.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Creating codesMethod
1. To create a start list of codes from the conceptual framework,research questions, hypotheses, problem areas, and other keyvariables. The start list can contain fro 12 to 60 codes.
2. An inductive approach.
3. A combination: see Lofland (1971) or Bogdan and Biklen (1992)
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Creating codesCode List: Tips
We need to avoid the nodes duplication trap. We have to create acode scheme where the last code of it.Wrong Code Scheme:
I WomenI Feelings
I PositiveI Negative
I MenI Feelings
I PositiveI Negative
I YouthI Feelings
I PositiveI Negative
Correct Code Scheme:
I GenreI WomanI Man
I AgeI ChildI YoungI Adult
I FeelingsI PositiveI Negative
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Codes and codingCheck-coding
How to check a code?
I Two people code separately 5-10 pagesI To calculate the level of reliability:
IReliability = number of agreements
number of agreements + disagreements
I If reliability is better than 70% ) OK
Final advice
I Not every piece of the notes must be coded.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Summary of encoding
The coding is a way of forcing you to understand what is still
unclear, by putting names on incidents and events, trying cluster
them, communicating with other around some commonly held
ideas, and trying out enveloping concepts against another wave of
observations and conversations.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Before starting to encode
Before encoding documents, its important to understand thedocument (eg. interview). So, try to summary the document injust one page.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Let’s start to encoding
Now its time to encode the interview. Try to overlap segmentswith di↵erent codes. If you need to create a new code, do it. Andat the end, start to encode again the whole interview.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAMain Screen
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDACodes
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
RQDACoding process
1. Open a file.
2. Read and think if some words are relevant to a code.
3. Apply that code to the text segment: select a code, selectthat text segment, and drag the sentence to the ”Code”.
4. Keep reading and thinking.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAMain Screen
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDACoding
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDACoding
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDACoding
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
MemoingWhats a memo?
Its the theorizing write-up of ideas about codes and theirrelationships as they strike the analyst while coding it can be asentence, a paragraph or few pages it exhausts he analystsmomentary ideation based on data with perhaps a little conceptualelaboration.
Memos are primarily conceptual in intent.
The memo writer can:
I Aim at clarifying the idea
I Tie it to information from a case
I Di↵erentiate the idea from already existing codes.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
MemoingWhats a memo?
Memos should always be
I Dated.
I Entitled with key concepts discussed.
I Linked to particular places in the field notes, to previous caseanalysis discussions, or to case summaries.
I Coded according to the concept(s) they are about, and keptseparate from data files.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
MemoingWhats a memo?
Advices
I Give ALWAYS priority to memoing.
I Memoing should begin as soon as the first field data starcoming in.
I Keep memos ’sortable’.
I Memos are about ideas.
I Do not standardize memos formats or types.
I Memo writing is fun.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAMemoing
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAMemoing
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Analysis ProcessStep 1
Analysis case-by-case:
1. Take one case
2. Analyse the case
3. Display the case
4. Write the results of the case with words
5. Confirm the results of the case
6. Take another case, and start the whole process.
7. If you discover something new, re-analyze the previous cases.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Tactics for Generating MeaningPatterns
We need to find repetitions (patterns) which:
I add new dimensions to the phenomenon
I confirm previous propositions
I contradict an established theory
I help to generate hypothesis
I deepen our understanding
There are many techniques/tactics to analyse the interview...
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Tactics for Generating MeaningRelationships
Noting Relationships Between Variables
I A+, B+
I A+, B-
I A", B "I A", B #I A", then B "I A", then B #
Findings Intervening Variables
I moderating e↵ect
I mediating e↵ect
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Tactics for Generating MeaningI Noting Patterns, ThemesI Seeing Plausibility: Plausibility and intuition are the
underlying bases, and are not to be sneered at.I Clustering: Classes, categories and bins.I Making Metaphors: They are usefulness because it is
necessary a certain level of abstraction of data, and they canhelp you to relate to theory.
I CountingI Making Contrasts/Comparisons: Compare everything. All
time. All places.I Partitioning Variables: Try to divide complex variables, or
variables with rare behavior.I Subsuming Particulars Into the General: Actions, Events,
States,I Factoring: Factor analysis
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAAnalysis Tools
The analysis is something you have to done manually. maxQDAgives us some tools in order to summary (in a di↵erent ways) allcontent we have collected. This maxQDA tools simplifies theanalysis, but at the end the researcher is the key of the analysis.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDAAnalysis Tools
Some interesting tools are:
I Table Codes versus Codes, where we can see the number oftext segments that have been coded at the same time for twocodes.
I Table Files versus Codes, where we can see the codes thathave been used in each file.
I Retrieved text segments that have been coded by acombination of codes.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDATable Codes versus Codes: Code Relations Browser
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDATable Files versus Codes: Code Matrix Browser
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDARetrieved text segments
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDARetrieved text segments
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
maxQDARetrieved text segments
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Steps for Analyzing Qualitative Data
Analyses case-by-case:
1. Take one case
2. Analyse the case
3. Display the case
4. Write the results of the case with words
5. Confirm the results of the case
6. Take another case, and start the whole process.
7. If you discover something new, re-analyze the previous cases.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Displays
Two types of displays:
I Matrices
I Networks
Two types of paradigm:
I Variable-oriented approach: Relations among well-definedconcepts
I Process-oriented approach: Set of events in a specific casecontext over time.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
DisplaysObjectives
Description:
I Making complicated things understandable by reducing themto their component parts
Explanation
I Making complicated things understandable by showing howtheir component parts fit together according to some rules.
CausalityI There is no precise demarcation between general explanation
and causality. Determining causality:I Temporal precedence: A precedes B.I Constant conjunctions: When A, always B.I Contiguity of influence: A plausible mechanism links A and B.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
List of displays
Miles & Huberman (1994):
I Within-Case Displays: Exploring and Describing
I Within-Case Displays: Explaining and Predicting
I Cross-Case Displays: Exploring and Describing
I Cross-Case Displays: Ordering and Explaining
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Steps for Analyzing Qualitative Data
1. Take one case
2. Analyse the case
3. Display the case
4. Write the results of the case with words
5. Confirm the results of the case
6. Take another case, and start the whole process.
7. If you discover something new, re-analyze the previous cases.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Write the results of the case with words
Try to explain your displays with words using references to theencoded documents. All displays need explanations.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Verification the results
Now, we need to analyze the robustness of the display. The idea isvery simple, change di↵erent parts of the display and try to explainit with the current data you have. If you can do it, the displaydoesnt work and you have to improve it.
This process is iterative.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Steps for Analyzing Qualitative Data
1. Take one case
2. Analyse the case
3. Display the case
4. Write the results of the case with words
5. Confirm the results of the case
6. Take another case, and start the whole process.
7. If you discover something new, re-analyze the previous
cases.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Steps for Analyzing Qualitative Data
Cross-case Analysis:
1. Take the displays and the results of some cases (according toyour attributes). We’ll call cross-cases.
2. Analyse the cross-case
3. Display the cross-case
4. Write the results of the cross-case with words
5. Confirm the results of the cross-case
6. Take another cross-case, and start the whole process (if it’s).
7. If you discover something new, re-analyze the previouscross-cases.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Main IDEA...
Clarity, Force and Ease
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
General structure for researchers
1. Statement of the problem
2. Conceptual framework
3. Research questions
4. Methodology
5. Data Analysis
6. Discussion (and propositions)
7. Conclusions
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Structures
Industrial Engineering and Management Research Group [email protected]
Structures
Events, anecdotes, episodes,… Variables
50-70% 30-40%
Remember: the reader needs to be able to understand the whole research process, and to replicate the research.
Remember: the reader needs to be able to understand the whole
research process, and to replicate the research.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Example of guide...
American Psychological Association
I Publication Manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation, Sixth Edition.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Final TIPS
Why is reproducibility so important? Because it is the only thingthat an investigator can guarantee about a study.
Contrary to what most press releases would have you believe, aninvestigator cannot guarantee that the claims made in a study arecorrect (unless they are purely descriptive).
So reproducibility is important not because it ensures that theresults are correct, but rather because it ensures transparency andgives us confidence in understanding exactly what was done.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Final TIPS
For this reason, its very, very, very important to record all stepsand decisions that we have followed during the data analysis. Itsthe only way to justify our results. For this reason, I suggest thecreate a research diary where we take notes of all our decisions,changes, ideas, explanations (with dates) during the research.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
Introduction
Good Research
Design of the Research
Collecting Data
Coding Data
Analysis Tools
Data Displays
Reporting the Research
Bibliography
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
BibliographyBasic Literature
I Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative dataanalysis, 2nd ed. Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage.
I Yin, R.K. (1984). Case study research: Design and methods.Berverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation
Introduction Good Research Design Collecting Coding Tools Displays Reporting
BibliographyComplementary Literature
I Bogdan, R; Biklen, S.K. (1992) Qualitative Research For Education,Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
I Corbin, J.; Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures,canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13, 3-21.
I Glaser, B.G.; Strauss, A.L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory.Strategies for Qualitative Research. Sociology Press.
I Lofland, J. (1971). Analyzing social setting: A guide to qualitativeobservation and analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
I Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods.Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
I Ruiz Olabuenaga, I. (1996). Metodologia de la investigacion cualitativa.Bilbao: Universidad Deusto.
I Sandoval, C.A. (1996). Investigacion cualitativa. ICFES: Bogota.
Vicenc Fernandez
Qualitative Methods for Research with MaxQDA - Brief Explanation