Qklhokn Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfr - Maharshi Dayanand University Economic... · 4 jktuhfr foKku M.A....

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Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfrHkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfrHkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfrHkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfrHkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfr(Indian Economy Policy)

iz'u i=k&iz'u i=k&iz'u i=k&iz'u i=k&iz'u i=k&VIPaper-VI

,e-,- vFkZ'kkL=k ¼mÙkjk)Z½,e-,- vFkZ'kkL=k ¼mÙkjk)Z½,e-,- vFkZ'kkL=k ¼mÙkjk)Z½,e-,- vFkZ'kkL=k ¼mÙkjk)Z½,e-,- vFkZ'kkL=k ¼mÙkjk)Z½M.A. Economics (Final)

nwjLFk f'k{kk funs'kky;nwjLFk f'k{kk funs'kky;nwjLFk f'k{kk funs'kky;nwjLFk f'k{kk funs'kky;nwjLFk f'k{kk funs'kky;

egf"kZ n;kuUn fo'ofo|ky;egf"kZ n;kuUn fo'ofo|ky;egf"kZ n;kuUn fo'ofo|ky;egf"kZ n;kuUn fo'ofo|ky;egf"kZ n;kuUn fo'ofo|ky;jksgrd&jksgrd&jksgrd&jksgrd&jksgrd&124 001124 001124 001124 001124 001

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Qklhokn 3

fo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwph

bdkbZµbdkbZµbdkbZµbdkbZµbdkbZµIv/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 1: vkfFkZd fodkl & ?kVd o eki 5v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 2: jkT;] cktkj o laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk 10v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 3: vk; vlekurk] i;kZoj.k] f'k{kk o LokLF;] tukafddh rFkk vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk 15v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 4: xzkeh.k&'kgjh LFkkukUrj.k 27v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 5: vkfFkZd fu;kstu 39v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 6: fodkl ds fy, iapk;r vkSj ,u0th0vks0 dh Hkwfedk 49

bdkbZµbdkbZµbdkbZµbdkbZµbdkbZµIIv/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 7: Hkwfe lq/kkj 51

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 8: Ñf"k vkxr vkSj gfjr ØkfUr 60v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 9: Ñf"k dher uhfr 68

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 10: Hkkjr esa Ñf"k foÙk 73

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 11: Hkkjr esa Ñf"k cktkj 81

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 12: [kk| ¼Hkkstu½ lqj{kk% Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh 86

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 13: vkS|ksfxd uhfr 93v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 14: y?kq m|ksx {ks=k 121

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 15: Hkkjr dh fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfr 137

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 16: ,fDtV ikWfylh & Je cktkj lq/kkj esa eqís 143

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 17: Hkqxrku larqyu o fons'kh iw¡th 146

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 18: Hkkjr dk fons'kh O;kikj & <k¡pk o fn'kk 153

bdkbZµbdkbZµbdkbZµbdkbZµbdkbZµIIIv/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 19: dsUnz&jkT; foÙkh; laca/k 158

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 20: vFkZO;oLFkk esa <k¡pkRed lq/kkj 163

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 21: Hkkjrh; eqnzk ctkj 172

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 22: Hkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj 177

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 23: fo'oO;kihdj.k vkSj MCY;w0Vh0vks0 182

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 24: RBI dh ekSfnzd uhfr dk voyksdu 189

v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; v/;k; 25: Hkkjr esa dher Lrj 193

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M.A. (Final) Economics

Paper-VIndian Economy Policy

M. Marks : 100Time : 3 Hrs.

Note:

(i) Question paper will consist of two sections A and B

(ii) Section A will consist of two Compulsory questions spread over the whole of syllabus. The firstquestion will consist of 7 parts and the candidate will be required to attempt 5 parts. Answerswill be very short type about 35 words carrying 4 marks each. The second question will consistof 3 parts and the candidate will be required to attempt 2 parts. Answer will be short type ofabout 200 words carrying 10 marks each.

(iii) Section B of the paper will consist of 6 questions taking two from each unit, and the candidatewill be required to attempt 3 questions selecting one from each unit. The answers will be fulllength essay type carrying 20 marks each.

UNIT–IApproaches to economic development and its measurement–sustainable development; Role of State,market and other institutions; Indicators of development – Human development Index (HDI), genderdevelopment indices (GDI); Objective and strategy of planning; Failures and achievements of Plans;Developing grass-root organizations for development – Panchayats, NGOs and pressure groups;Board demographic features of Indian populations; Rural-urban migration; Urbanization and civicamenities; Concept and measurement of poverty – Head count index, poverty gap index, squaredpoverty gap index and Human poverty index (HPI); Income inequality; Energy; Social infrastructure–education and health; Environment; Regional inbalance; Issue and policies in financing infrastructuredevelopment

UNIT–IIInstitutional Structure–land reforms in India; Technological change in agriculture–pricing of agriculturalinputs; Terms of trade between agriculture and industry; Agricultural finance policy: AgriculturalMarketing and warehousing; Issues in food security – policies for sustainable agriculture; Industrialpolicy; Public sector enterprises and their performance; Problem of sick unit in India; Privatisationand disinvestment debate; Growth and pattern of industrialisation; Small-scale sector; Productivity inindustrial sector; Exit policy – issues in labour market reforms; Approaches for employment generation;Structure and direction of foreign trade; Balance of payments; Issues in export in export policy andFEMA; Exchange rate policy; Foreign capital and MNCs in India; The progress of trade reforms inIndia.

UNIT–IIIFiscal federalism–centre-state financial relations; Finances of central government; Finances of stategovernments; Parallel economy; Problems relating to fiscal policy; Fiscal sector reforms in India;Analysis of price behaviour in India; Financial sector reforms; Interest rate policy; Review of monetarypolicy of RBI; Money and capital markets; Working of SEBI in India. Rationale of internal andexternal reforms; Globalization of Indian economy; W.T.O. and its impact on the different sectors ofthe economy; Need for issues in good governance; Issues in competition and safety nets in Indianeconomy.

vkfFkZd fodkl & ?kVd o eki 5

vkfFkZd fodkl ds ckjs esa loZekU; ifjHkk"kk nsuk dkQh dfBu gS D;ksafd vyx&vyxvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds lkspus ds rjhds Hkh vyx&vyx gSaA ysfdu fQj Hkh ge dg ldrs gSa fdvkfFkZd fodkl ,oa izfØ;k gSA ;g fdlh mís'; dks izkIr djus dk lk/ku gSA bldh otgls jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f) gksrh gSA blfy, jk"Vªh; vk; c<+us ij lk/kuksa dk dq'kyrk lsiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu vk/kqfud n`f"Vdks.k esa bldh ifjHkk"kk lkekftd dY;k.k ds:i esa dh tkrh gSA 1970 ds i'pkr~ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ;g eglwl djuk vkjEHk dj fn;kgS fd izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f) gksus ij Hkh lkekftd dY;k.k esa o`f) ugha gqbZA blfy,vkfFkZd fodkl dk eryc dsoy jk"Vªh; vk; ;k izfrO;fDr vk; esa o`f) u gksdj lkekftddY;k.k gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ yksxksa dh vk/kkjHkwr vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V gksuh pkfg,A bllsfu/kZurk] csjkstxkjh rFkk vk; dh lekurk esa deh gS rFkk turk ds thou Lrj ,oa lkekU;dY;k.k dk lwpdk¡d c<+rk gSA bl izdkj vyx&vyx vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us fodkl esa rFkk lao`f)esa vUrj fd;k gSA vkfFkZd lao`f) dk vfHkizk; jk"Vªh; vk; esa foLrkj ls gh ugha gS cfYdvkfFkZd fodkl dk laca/k ,d fo'ks"k le; ls u gksdj nh?kZdkfyu ifjorZuksa ls gSA blhizdkj vkfFkZd fodkl dks ekius ds fo"k; eas vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds fopkjksa esa fHkUurk jgh gSAbldk ,d fuf'pr ekinaM nsuk eqf'dy gSA

ekiekiekiekieki(Measurement)

fodkl dk ekiuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA vk/kqfud vFkZ'kkL=kh fodkl dks O;fDr rFkk leqnk;dh HkykbZ ds fy, tks bl ckr dks fd HkykbZ ¼dY;k.k½ dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, HkhdqN iSekus gaSA ftlesa 'kkfey gS & thou dh vk/kkjHkwr vko';drk,¡ f'k{kk] LokLF;] jkstxkj]rFkk vk; esa /ku ds forj.k esa lekurkA bl rjg ds iSekus yEcs&pkSM+s iSekus ij gSA ysfdugj ,d iSekus dks ekius dk fofHkUu rjhdk gS vkSj ;fn bu fofHkUu rjhdksa dks feyk fn;ktk, rks ge bls fodkl dk lwpdkad cukus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gS ftlesa dqN dfe;k¡gksaxhA ;|fi vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk dguk gS fd ns'k ds yksxksa dk vkfFkZd dY;k.k ekius dkrjhdk izfr O;fDr jk"Vªh; vk; gSA

bZdkbZ&bZdkbZ&bZdkbZ&bZdkbZ&bZdkbZ&1

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-1vkfFkZd fodkl vkfFkZd fodkl vkfFkZd fodkl vkfFkZd fodkl vkfFkZd fodkl & ?kVd o eki ?kVd o eki ?kVd o eki ?kVd o eki ?kVd o eki(Economic Development – Indicators andMeasurement)

Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfr6

Hkwrdky esa fofHkUu vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa }kjk fofHkUu ?kVdksa dks vyx&vyx Hkkj nsdj ,d vyxrjhdk fodkl dks ekius ds fy, rS;kj fd;kA izks0 ,ojSV bZ0 gsxu us 11 ?kVdksa dk fujh{k.kfd;kA ;s lkekftd vkSj O;fDrxr dY;k.k ls lacaf/kr gSa ftlesa f'k{kk] ikSf"Vd] LokLF;]jkstxkj] vk/kkjHkwr vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx lapkj vkSj nwljh lsok,¡] 'kgjhdj.k rFkkizfrO;fDr ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknA izks0 MksyUM ,p0 fuoksjksdh us 14 ?kVdksa dk fujh{k.k fd;ktks izks0 ,sojsV ls feyrs FksA ;|fi bl lwpdkad esa miHkksx oLrqvksa dk de egÙo fn;kx;k ysfdu buesa ,d pht vke Fkh & LokLF; dk egÙo] ikSf"Vdrk vkSj f'k{kk tks dY;k.kds ?kVd gSaA izks0 bjek ,dyeSu us fodkl dks ekius ds fy, 41 ?kVdksa dk iz;ksx fd;kAbuesa ls dqN ?kVd lkekftd ;k jktuSfrd izÑfr ds FksA

dqN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd izfrO;fDr vk; esa eki dh vis{kk fodkl dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd ?kVdksa }kjk ekiuk pkfg, D;ksafd os ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dh rLohj Hkyh&Hkk¡fr is'kdj ldrs gSaA gkykafd dqN vFkZ'kkL=kh blls vlarq"V gSA D;ksafd mudk ekuuk gS fd ftuvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us fodkl ds ?kVd }kjk fodkl dks ekik gS mudk vf/kdrj /;ku <k¡pkRedifjrorZu ij Fkk u fd ekuo dY;k.k dh rjQA nwljk blesa ;s Hkh fn[kk;k x;k gS fdvYi fodflr ns'kksa dks fodflr ns'kksa ds infpg~uksa ij pyuk pkfg,A rhljs blesa ekirsle; vkxr ij T;knk /;ku fn;k x;k gS tSls 1000 ejhtksa ij fdruh ulZ ;k Ldwy esafdrus cPpksa dk nkf[kyk vkfnA vkf[kjh jk"Vªh; vk; dh rjg vf/kdrj ?kVdksa ds ckjsesa vk¡dM+ksa dh deh vkfnA

bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dqN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us vkfFkZd fodkl dks ekius dkrjhdk rS;kj fd;k tks thou dh mi;ksfxrk ;k tula[;k dh vko';drk dks iwjk djusokyhckrksa dks /;ku esa j[ksA blesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ v/;;u izks0 eksfjl Mh0 eksfjl gS ftlesa rhu?kVdksa dks /;ku esa j[kk x;kA tks bl izdkj gSa& ,d o"kZ dh vk;q esa vk;q lhek] f'k'kqe`R;qnj o f'k{kk ¼lk{kjrk½ bu lcdks feykdj PQLI rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA gj ,d ?kVdds fy, fofHkUu ns'kksa dh lwph 1 o 100 ds chp gSA ftlesa ,d dks [kjkc rFkk 100 dksvPNk ekuk x;k gSA

vkerkSj ij ;g ekuk x;k gS fd ftu ns'kksa dh izfr O;fDr GNP de gS mudk PQLI derFkk ftu ns'kksa dh izfrO;fDr GNP T;knk gS mudk PQLI Hkh T;knk gSA ysfdu blesa HkhdbZ HkzkfUr;k¡ gSa ftu ns'kksa dh izfr O;fDr GNP de gS mudk PQLI Hkh T;knk gS rFkk tgk¡izfr O;fDr GNP T;knk gS mu ns'kksa dk PQLI de gS PQLI de gksus dk eryc gS fdmu ns'kksa ds yksxksa dk thou Lrj de gS rFkk mudh vk/kkjHkwr vko';drk,¡ Hkh iwjh ughagks ikrhA vf/kd izfr O;fDr GNP rFkk fuEu PQLI gksus dk eryc gS fd vk; dk fgLlkdqN gh yksxksa ds gkFk esa gSA bl ckr ls ;g Li"V gS fd mPp GNP mPp dY;k.k iznkuugha dj ldrkA

blfy, izfr O;fDr GNP dh ctk; fodkl dks ekius dk fo'oluh; rjhdk PQLI gS D;ksafdmPp vk;q Lrj] f'k{kk rFkk f'k'kq e`R;q nj esa deh gksus dk eryc gS fd fodkl dk ykHkgj ,d O;fDr dks fey jgk gS ysfdu vf/kdrj vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk dguk gS fd ;g Hkh lghrjhdk ugha gS D;ksafd blls bl ckr dh xkjaVh ugha yh tk ldrh gS fd Å¡ph PQLI lsgj ,d O;fDr ds fodkl dk ykHk fey jgk gS cfYd ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd vf/kdrjyksxksa dks bldk ykHk fey jgk gS u fd gj ,d dksA ysfdu orZeku esa lcls egÙoiw.kZrjhdk fodkl dks ekius dk lgh rjhdk áweu MsoyiesaV baMsDl (HDI) tks lcls igys


;qukbVsM us'kuy MsoyiesaV izksxzke (UNDP) }kjk 1990 esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA HDI dks ekiusds fy, fofHkUu ?kVd fy, x, gSa ysfdu mlls igys ge ekuo fodkl ds ?kVd ds ckjsesa o.kZu djsaxsA

ekuo fodkl ds ?kVdekuo fodkl ds ?kVdekuo fodkl ds ?kVdekuo fodkl ds ?kVdekuo fodkl ds ?kVd(Indicators of Human Development)

egcwc my gd us ekuo fodkl dks ekius ds pkj rÙo fy, gSa&

1. lekUkrk lekUkrk lekUkrk lekUkrk lekUkrk (Equity) & ;fn fodkl dk eryc yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa dks /;kuesa j[kuk o c<+kuk gSa blls yksxksa dks cjkcj ds volj feysaxsA bldk vfHkizk;gS lekt esa laoS/kkfud rkdr dk fuekZ.k djuk eryc mRikfnd lEifÙk;ksa dk Hkwfelq/kkj ds rgr fooj.k es ifjorZu] jktLo uhfr ds rgr vk; dk forj.k erycvehj ls xjhc dks vk; dk gLrkarj.k] 'kk[kk i)fr dks lgh djuk rkfd xjhcyksxksa dh lk[k lEcfU/kr vko';drk,¡ iwjh gks ldsa] oksV vf/kdkj lq/kkj ds rgrjktuSfrd voljksa esa cjkcjh rFkk lkekftd o oS/kkfud #dkoV nwj djuk ftllsefgyk,¡ Hkh cjkcj dk vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd gd iz;ksx dj ldsaA

2. mRikndrk mRikndrk mRikndrk mRikndrk mRikndrk (Productivity) & mRikndrk ekuo fodkl dk egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSmRikndrk] bldk eryc yksxksa esa fuos'k dh vko';drk vkSj muds fy, bl rjgdk okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk tks mUgsa viuh {kerk dk iw.kZ iz;ksx djus ds voljiznku djsA vf/kdrj ns'kksa us vkfFkZd o`f) ekuo iw¡th esa fuos'k }kjk izkIr dh gSAvf/kdrj fodkl ds ekWMy ekuo iw¡th ij vk/kkfjr gSaA blfy, mRikndrk dksekuo fodkl dk ,d igyw ekuuk pkfg,A

3. l'kfDrdj.k l'kfDrdj.k l'kfDrdj.k l'kfDrdj.k l'kfDrdj.k (Empowerment) & ekuo fodkl yksxksa dks iw.kZ l'kfDrdj.k dhckr djrk gSA l'kfDrdj.k dk eryc gS fd yksx viuh bPNkvksa dks Lora=k:ils iwjk dj ldsA blesa jktuSfrd iztkra=k Hkh 'kkfey gS tks yksxksa dks vius thouds QSlys ysus ds fy, izHkkfor djrh gSA bldk eryc 'kfDr dk fodsfUnz;dj.krkfd okLrfod ljdkj gj ,d O;fDr ds njokts ij ykbZ tk ldsA bldk erycns'k ds lHkh lnL; [kkldj NGO ¼ukWu&xouZesaV vkjxsukbtslu½ vius QSlys ykxwdj ldsA blds rgr f'k{kk] LokLF; esa fuos'k rFkk gj ,d O;fDr dks bl rjgekgkSy nsuk rkfd os viuh mRiknu {kerk dk iwjk iz;ksx dj lds rFkk efgyko iq#"k nksuksa l'kfDrdj.k iznku djuk rkfd os leku:i ls izfr;ksxh gks ldsaA

ekuo fodkl lwpdkadekuo fodkl lwpdkadekuo fodkl lwpdkadekuo fodkl lwpdkadekuo fodkl lwpdkad(Human Development Index)

Åij of.kZr ckrsa crkrh gaS fd fiNys le; ¼xr o"kks±½ esa vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us fodkl dks vkfFkZdo`f) ls ekuo fodkl dh rjQ gLrkarfjr fd;k gSA dkQh le; ls ;gh ckr Fkh fd jk"VªdSls mRiknu dj jgk gS ysfdu vc ;g ckr gS fd dSls] yksxksa dks D;k fey jgk gSA blgLrkarj.k dk eq[; dkj.k gS yksxksa ds oLrqvksa ds pquko dh rjQ fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk blesaLokLF;] f'k{kk] jktuSfrd vktknh lk{kjrk vkfn vk; dh rjg egÙoiw.kZ gSA

;|fi] ekuo fodkl lHkh t:jrksa dk var gSA blfy, bldk eki dkQh eqf'dy gSA ;|fi


vkfFkZd lao`f) dks ekius dk ijEijkxr rjhdk izfr O;fDr GNP gSA blfy, ekuo fodklds fofHkUu igyqvksa dks ekiuk dkQh eqf'dy dke gSA HDI dks UNDP us 1990 esa 'kq: fd;krFkk ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ Hkh 1990 esa izdkf'kr gqbZA HDI esa rhu phtsa egÙoiw.kZ yh xbZ gSa&ikSf"Vd] f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;A

HDI, GNP dh txg ugha ysrk cfYd lekt dh okLrfod rLohj is'k djrk gS vk; ds lkFkHDI f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; dks Hkh ekirk gS] HDI c<+us dk eryc gS yksxksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkjgS tcfd fdlh ,dkadh vk; esa o`f) gksus ls gks ldrk gS fdlh nwljs dk 'kks"k.k gksA ,dns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa HDI varj iwjk ;k cjkcj fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu vk; ds varj dksiwjk djuk eqf'dy gSA HDI esa fofHkUu igyw fn, x, gS ftldk ge Åij o.kZu dj pqds gSAfQj Hkh dqN bl izdkj gSa&

1. HDI esa yksxksa ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd pquko dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

2. ekuo fodkl ds vk/kkjHkwr rÙoksa dks Hkh fy;k x;k gS tSls & thou&Lrj] lkQikuh rFkk gok dh miyC/krk vkfnA

3. HDI esa vk;q dks o"kks± esa] fd'kksj lk{kjrk esa fd'kksjksa dk izfr'kr rFkk okLrfodvk; dks PPP ¼ijpsftax isfVVh ikoj½ esa ekik x;k gSA tks Mkyj ($) esa yh xbZgSA

HDI dh cukoV ds fy, fofHkUu rÙo fy, x, gS & yach vk;q] Kku rFkk thou&LrjA yachvk;q dk eryc tUe ds le; vk;q lhek] Kku eryc f'k{kk izkIr djuk rFkk thou dkjgu&lgu okLrfod izfr O;fDr GDP ¼PPP tks $ esa gS½ ds }kjk ekiuk gSA

lwpdkad fudkyus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr QkewZyk gS&

okLrfod dher & U;wure dherlwpdkad ¾

vf/kdre dher & U;wure dher

blfy, HDI dk eryc vk;q lhek lwpdkad] f'k{kk izkIr lwpdkad rFkk PPP dk lk/kkj.kvkSlr gSA

yssfdu HDI dk lcls cM+k uqdlku gS fd ;g vkSlr gS rFkk ;g ekuo fodkl dh lghrLohj is'k ugha djrkA

lsDl&lacaf/kr fodkllsDl&lacaf/kr fodkllsDl&lacaf/kr fodkllsDl&lacaf/kr fodkllsDl&lacaf/kr fodkl(Gender-Related Development Index (GDI))

GDI dks 1995 es ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA ;g HDI dh rjg gh fn[kkbZ nsrkgSA ysfdu bles efgyk o iq#"k dh vlekurk ds laca/k esa fy;k x;k gSA ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ2000 crkrk gS fd dukMk dh jSad GDI esa lcls T;knk gSA GDI dks HDI ds lkFk fy;k x;kgS ftlesa dsoy vkneh o efgyk vlekurk dks lkFk tksM+ fn;k gSA GDI ds lkeus dbZ ckrsamHkj dj vkbZ gS tSls&

1. dksbZ Hkh lekt efgykvksa dks cjkcj dk ntkZ ugha nsrk ;g bl ckr dk ifj.kkegS fd HDI dh vis{kk GDI dh dher de gSA


2. efgyk vlekurk dks ekuo xjhch ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gSA

3. efgyk vlekurk dks ges'kk vke xjhch ds lkFk ugha tksM+k x;k gSA

4. efgyk vlekurk dks lekurk esa jktuSfrd rFkk jhfr&fjokt ifjorZu ds }kjk Hkhyk;k tk ldrk gSA

GDI dh nj efgyk dh ;ksX;rk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn ge v/;;u ds ifj.kkeksa ls ns[ksarks irk pyrk gS fd dsjy esa efgykvksa dk laifÙk esa fgLlk 12 izfr'kr rd rFkk fgekpyesa 38 izfr'kr gSA ysfdu dsjy esa GDI jSd Å¡pk gS bldk eq[; dkj.k efgykvksa dh lk{kjrknj tks fd 81 izfr'kr gS blfy, efgykvksa ds fy, mPp vk; fgLlk vko';d gks ldrhgS ysfdu iw.kZ ugha D;ksafd ;g efgyk lekurk dh 'krZ dks iwjk ugha dj ikrkA nwljhvkèkkjHkwr ;ksX;rk,¡ Hkh vko';d gSaA

laLFkkfir fodkllaLFkkfir fodkllaLFkkfir fodkllaLFkkfir fodkllaLFkkfir fodkl(Sustainable Development)

laLFkkfir fodkl dk vfHkizk; gS fd lk/kuksa dk bl rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk, rkfd orZekutula[;k dh vko';drk iwfrZ djus ds ckn Hkfo"; ds fy, bu lk/kuksa dks cpk dj j[kktk, vFkkZr~ orZeku rFkk Hkfo";dky esa tula[;k bu lk/kuksa dk leku:i ls iz;ksx djsA;fn fodkl izfØ;k dk vkadyu fd;k tk, rks ;g dbZ Lrjksa ls xqtj dj ;gk¡ igq¡ph gSAigys vkfFkZd lao`f) ls vkfFkZd fodkl&ekuo fodkl ls laLFkkfir fodklA laLFkkfirfodkl dks NksM+dj ge ckdh dk o.kZu igys gh dj pqds gSaA

vYifodflr ns'kksa dh tula[;k esa yxkrkj o`f) ls lk/kuksa dk iw.kZ:i ls lnqi;ksx ugha gksikrk blfy, vko';drk iwfrZ rFkk lao`f) ds fy, ge bu lk/kuksa dk nq#i;ksx djuk vkjEHkdj nsrs gSaA tSls tula[;k c<+us ls fctyh dh ek¡x Hkh c<+rh gS rFkk c<+h ek¡x dh iwfrZ dsfy, vFkok fctyh dh vf/kd ek=kk iSnk djus ds fy, ge ikuh dk nksgu djrs gSaA ekuolalk/ku ns'k dh iw¡th gS ysfdu ;fn budh vko';drk iwfrZ ds fy, lk/kuksa dk nksgu gksxkrks gekjs fy, ?kkrd gSA ;g ge bu lk/kuksa dks cpkdj j[kuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa ns'k dks vFkokvFkZO;oLFkk dks LFkkfir fodkl nsuk gksxk rkfd Hkfo"; esa tula[;k o`f) esa gksusokyhleL;kvksa dks tSls izkÑfrd lk/ku & ty] lkQ gok] jgus dh O;oLFkk] ewyHkwr vko';drkvksadh iwfrZ dh deh u gksA ;fn fodkl ds uke ij ;fn bu lk/kuksa dk nksgu djrs jgs rksHkfo"; esa budh deh mRiUu gksxh rFkk tula[;k dks laLFkkfir fodkl tSlh vko';drk lsoafpr jguk gksxk tks fd cgqr vko';d gSA fodkl dk vfHkizk; dsoy tu dY;k.k ds lkFklekt dks LoPN ikuh] 'kq) okrkoj.k] jkstxkj rFkk ewyHkwr vk/kkjHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZdk gksuk pkfg,A fodkl dk eryc dsoy mRiknu c<+kuk gh ugha gksuk pkfg,A bl izdkjorZeku vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds lkFk&lkFk Hkfo"; ds fy, tula[;k ds chp miyC/klk/kuksa dk leku :i ls c¡Vokjk o iz;ksx dks gh ge laLFkkfir fodkl dk uke nsrs gSaA ;gvFkZO;oLFkk dks lqpk::i ls pykus ds fy, vge~ dM+h gSA ;fn bl rjg ds fodkl ij è;kufn;k tk, rks Hkfo"; esa lk/kuksa dh deh dh leL;k vius vki gh de gks tk,xhA gekjs fy,orZeku gh ugha Hkfo"; dh vko';drk,¡ Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA


vYifodflr ns'kksa esa fodkl ds dk;ZØe pykus ds fy, jkT;ksa dh Hkwfedk vge gSA jkT;ksadh blesa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA bl izdkj ge fuEufyf[kr ckrksa }kjk vYifodflr ns'kksa esajkT; dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djsaxsA

1. ;kstuk dh vko';drk;kstuk dh vko';drk;kstuk dh vko';drk;kstuk dh vko';drk;kstuk dh vko';drk (Need for Planning) & f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds i'pkr~vf/kdrj vYifodflr ns'k xjhch ds nq"pØ esa Q¡l x,A blfy, bl xjhch dsnq"pØ dks rksM+us ds fy, foÙkh; rFkk 'kkjhfjd lk/kuksa dh vko';drk FkhA buns'kksa esa lk/kuksa dh deh ls lk/kuksa dk forj.k bl izdkj djuk rkfd bldk lghiz;ksx gks ldsA ;g xgu lksp dk fo"k; Fkk vYifodflr ns'k dks cSySaLM] vucSyaSlxzksFk ;k fØfVdy fefu;e ,QVZ viukuk pkfg,A blfy, jkT; dh Hkwfedkvge Fkh fd fdl izdkj ;kstuk cukdj U;wure dk T;knk ;k lgh iz;ksx fd;ktk,A

2. iw¡th fuekZ.k esa Hkwfedkiw¡th fuekZ.k esa Hkwfedkiw¡th fuekZ.k esa Hkwfedkiw¡th fuekZ.k esa Hkwfedkiw¡th fuekZ.k esa Hkwfedk (Role in Capital Formation) & vYifodflr ns'kksa esavkfFkZd izfØ;k ds fy, iawth dh vge vko';drk gSA ;g lc iw¡th fuekZ.k ijfuHkZj djrk gS vYifodflr ns'kksa dh lcls cM+h leL;k lk/kuksa dk vf/kdre iz;ksxdjuk gSA lcls cM+h leL;k ;g jgrh gSS fd dSls iw¡th dh iwfrZ dks c<+k;k tk,Aiw¡th dh iwfrZ cpr ij rFkk cpr izfrO;fDr vk; ij fuHkZj djrh gS tks fdvYifodflr ns'kksa esa de gSA ysfdu fØ;kRed rkSj ij iw¡th dh iwfrZ dks dkS'ky]izca/ku rFkk fo'ks"kK Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSa tks iw.kZ rkSj ij iw¡th fuekZ.k dh c<+ksÙkjhij fuHkZj djrs gSaA

vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd iw¡th fuekZ.k dSls c<+s D;ksafd vk; Lrj de gksus ijyksxksa dh cpr djus dh {kerk Hkh de gS vkSj nwljh rjQ vehj oxZ miHkksx ijcsdkj ds [kpZ djrk gSA blfy, lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx dh ftEesokjh jkT; ij fuHkZjdjrh gSA ljdkj izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k dj yxkrh gS ysfdu izfrO;fDr vk; degksus ij ljdkj dks izR;{k dj dh ctk; Hkkjh ek=kk esa vizR;{k dj ij fuHkZjjguk iM+rk gSA

3. laLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k esa HkwfedklaLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k esa HkwfedklaLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k esa HkwfedklaLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k esa HkwfedklaLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k esa Hkwfedk (Role in Building Institution) & ;|fi iw¡th dhdeh vkfFkZd fodkl esa cM+h ck/kk gS blfy, ljdkj cSfdax laLFkk,¡] cpr laxBu]thou chek dkjiksjs'ku dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA ;s laxBu yksxksa dh cpr c<+kus esavge Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa vkSj ;s cpr _.k ds rkSj ij fuos'k dh tkrh gSA okLroesa cSafdax lqfo/kkvksa ds foLrkj ds fcuk] vkS|ksfxd mUufr vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k ds

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-2jkT;] cktkj o laLFkkvksa dh HkwfedkjkT;] cktkj o laLFkkvksa dh HkwfedkjkT;] cktkj o laLFkkvksa dh HkwfedkjkT;] cktkj o laLFkkvksa dh HkwfedkjkT;] cktkj o laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk(Role of State, Market and Institutions)

jkT;] cktkj o laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk 11

dk;ZØe laHko ugha gS rFkk budh xfr Hkh /kheh jgsxhA

4. laLFkkxr <k¡ps ds fodkl esa HkwfedklaLFkkxr <k¡ps ds fodkl esa HkwfedklaLFkkxr <k¡ps ds fodkl esa HkwfedklaLFkkxr <k¡ps ds fodkl esa HkwfedklaLFkkxr <k¡ps ds fodkl esa Hkwfedk (Role in Development of Infrastructure)&vYifodflr ns'k esa laLFkkxr <k¡¡ ¡¡¡pksa ¼;krk;kr] fctyh] lapkj] flapkbZ½ dk fodklljdkj ij fuHkZj djrk gS D;ksafd futh {ks=k Hkkjh fuos'k dh otg rFkk ykHk dhde ek=kk ls buesa fuos'k djus ds bPNqd ugha gksrsA ns'k esa Ñf"k] vkS|ksfxd fodklvk/kkjHkwr <k¡¡ ¡¡¡ps ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn ;g fodflr ugha gksxk rks ns'k dk fodkldjuk vlaHko gSA Hkkjr esa blds fodkl dh rjQ fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;k gSA r`rh;;kstuk esa dqy fuos'k dk 24.7 izfr'kr lapkj rFkk ;krk;kr ij [kpZ fd;k x;kAÅtkZ {ks=k esa 14.7 izfr'kr Fkk rFkk lkroha o vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa dqy 50

izfr'kr FkkA

5. vkS|ksfxd vk/kkj dks etcwr djukvkS|ksfxd vk/kkj dks etcwr djukvkS|ksfxd vk/kkj dks etcwr djukvkS|ksfxd vk/kkj dks etcwr djukvkS|ksfxd vk/kkj dks etcwr djuk (To Strength Industrial Base) & iw¡thxrm|ksxksa esa fuos'k djuk vk/kkjHkwr <k¡¡ ¡¡¡ps esa fuos'k dh rjg gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ijHkkjh m|ksx tSls yksgk o bLikr m|ksx] e'khu o vkStkj m|ksxksa esa Hkkjh ek=kk esafuos'k dh vko';drk gSA futh O;fDr bu m|ksxksa esa fuos'k djus ds bPNqd Hkhugha gksrs rFkk muds ikl bruk T;knk iSlk Hkh ugha gksrkA ;s m|ksx ns'k esavkS|ksfxdhdj.k c<+kus esa jh<+ dh gìh dh rjg gSA blfy, buds fodkl dh lkjhftEesnkjh ljdkj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

6. Ñf"k fodkl esa HkwfedkÑf"k fodkl esa HkwfedkÑf"k fodkl esa HkwfedkÑf"k fodkl esa HkwfedkÑf"k fodkl esa Hkwfedk (Role in Agricultural Development) & vYifodflrns'kksa dk eq[; O;olk; Ñf"k gS rFkk ;g jk"Vªh; vk; esa dkQh ;ksxnku djrh gSA;|fi bl {ks=k esa o`f) nj de gS rFkk ;g vkfFkZd fodkl esa ck/kd gSA ysfduljdkj dk ekuuk gS fd tc rd Ñf"k vkRe&fuHkZj ugha cusxk rc rd fodkldh xfr dks c<+k;k ugha tk ldrkA Ñf"k fodkl ds fy, u, [kkn] cht o flapkbZO;oLFkk dh vge vko';drk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk fdlkuksa dks lk[k lqfo/kk,¡miyC/k djkuk Hkh ljdkj dh gh ftEesnkjh gSA blfy, vYifodflr ns'kksa esaljdkj dh Hkwfedk vge gSA ljdkj ds gLr{ksi rFkk ;ksxnku ds fcuk vYifodflrns'kksa dk fodkl laHko ughaA

7. xjhch rFkk vk; dh vlekurk dh leL;k dks de djukxjhch rFkk vk; dh vlekurk dh leL;k dks de djukxjhch rFkk vk; dh vlekurk dh leL;k dks de djukxjhch rFkk vk; dh vlekurk dh leL;k dks de djukxjhch rFkk vk; dh vlekurk dh leL;k dks de djuk (To Reduce theProblem of Poverty and Inequalities) & vk; dh vlekurk rFkk Hkkjr esa xjhchokys v/;k; esa ge bldk o.kZu dj pqds gSaA vYifodflr ns'kksa esa ¼Hkkjr½ yxHkx40% yksx xjhch js[kk ls uhps gSaA vf/kd laifÙk ij Hkh dqN gh yksxksa dk ,dkfèkdkjgSA blfy, xjhch rFkk vk; dh vlekurk dks de djus ds fy, jkT; ds gLr{ksidh vko';drk gSA ljdkj us xjhch gVkus ds fy, ns'k esa xzkeh.k dk;ZØeksa dh'kq#vkr dh rFkk vk; dh vlekurk de djus ds fy, ljdkj us dj iz.kkyhdk iz;ksx fd;kA

8. {ks=kh; vlekurk esa deh{ks=kh; vlekurk esa deh{ks=kh; vlekurk esa deh{ks=kh; vlekurk esa deh{ks=kh; vlekurk esa deh (Reduction in Regional Imbalances) & ns'k esa vf/kdrj ns'k {ks=kh; vlekurk dh leL;k ls ihfM+r gSaA fodflr ns'k tSls vesfjdkHkh bl leL;k dks dkcw ugha dj ldsA bl rjg dh leL;k dk fuokj.k djusds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us dqN uhfr;k¡¡ ¡¡¡ fu/kkZfjr dh gS tSls mu {ks=k esa m|ksx yxkuktks fd fiNM+s gq, jkT;ksa dks ;kstukvksa ds fy, rFkk xSj&;kstukvksa ds fy, lkèku


eqgS;k djuk rFkk fiNMs+ {ks=k esa lkoZtfud izkstsDV pkyw djuk vkfn gSA bl rjgds dk;ZØe dsoy jkT; ljdkj gh pyk ldrh gS D;ksafd fuft {ks=k tgk¡¡ ¡¡¡ ykHkdh ek=kk de gks ogk¡¡ ¡¡¡ fuos'k djus esa #fp ugha ysrsA

9. lkoZtfud LokLF; rFkk ifjokj dY;k.k dks c<+koklkoZtfud LokLF; rFkk ifjokj dY;k.k dks c<+koklkoZtfud LokLF; rFkk ifjokj dY;k.k dks c<+koklkoZtfud LokLF; rFkk ifjokj dY;k.k dks c<+koklkoZtfud LokLF; rFkk ifjokj dY;k.k dks c<+kok (To Enhance Public Healthand Family Welfare) & oÙkZeku le; esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd dY;k.k c<+kus dhotg ls vYi&fodflr ns'k lkoZtfud LokLF; rFkk ifjokj dY;k.k ds fy, dkQhek=kk esa /ku [kpZ djrs gSaA ljdkj us vdky] egkekjh vkfn jksdus ds fy, egÙoiw.kZdne mBk, gSaA ljdkj us U;wure vko';drk dk;ZØe Hkh pyk, rkfd yksxksa dhU;wure vko';drk,¡¡¡¡¡ iwjh gks ldsaA ljdkj us xzkeh.k LokLF;] ikSf"Vdrk dY;k.kesa [kpZ djus ls ljdkj dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vk; izkIr gksus dh lEHkkouk ughajgrhA blfy, bl rjg ds {ks=kksa esa futh {ks=k dksbZ Hkh #fp ugha fn[kkrs rFkkbldh iwjh ftEesokjh ljdkj ij jgrh gSA xzkeh.k {ks=k esa lM+d] fctyh] ?kjksa dhlqfo/kk vkfn ftEesnkjh ljdkj ij gksrh gSA

cktkj dh Hkwfedkcktkj dh Hkwfedkcktkj dh Hkwfedkcktkj dh Hkwfedkcktkj dh Hkwfedk(Role of Market)

vk/kqfud vFkZ'kkL=kh eq[;:i ls nks laLFkk,¡¡ ¡¡¡ cktkj rFkk ;kstukvksa ij & vkfFkZd leL;kvksadk fuokj.k djus dss fy, fuHkZj jgrs gaSA vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa cktkj dh vge HkwfedkgSA ;|fi vk/kqfud iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa izfr;ksfxrk cktkj dks tkjh j[kuk dkQheqf'dy gSA ljdkj Hkh lkoZtfud m|ksx ds tfj, mRiknu esa 'kkfey gksrh gSA blfy, ,dvFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl cktkj ds fu/kkZj.k ij dkQh fuHkZj djrk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk esa cktkjds eq[; dk;Z gSa & lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa cktkj i)fr dk T;knk izHkko ugha iM+rk cfYdiw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa vFkZO;oLFkk dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dkQh gn rd cktkj ij fuHkZj djrhgSA

1. miHkksx oLrqvksa ds LVkWd dk c¡VokjkmiHkksx oLrqvksa ds LVkWd dk c¡VokjkmiHkksx oLrqvksa ds LVkWd dk c¡VokjkmiHkksx oLrqvksa ds LVkWd dk c¡VokjkmiHkksx oLrqvksa ds LVkWd dk c¡Vokjk (To Allocate the Stock of Consumer’s)&tks vFkZO;oLFkk Je ds foHkktu ij fuHkZj djrh gS ogk¡¡ ¡¡¡ mRiknu Lo;a miHkksx dsfy, fd;k tkrk gSA gj ,d O;fDr dksbZ&u&dksbZ dk;Z djrk gS ftldh mldksvnk;xh gksrh gSA orZeku esa mRiknu [kjhnnkjksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k¼mRikfnr½ fd;k tkrk gSA vk/kqfud vFkZO;oLFkk esa ;g i)fr bruh vklku gS fdfdlh dks ;g lkspus dh t:jr dSls fdls D;k izkIr gqvk gSA bu lc izfØ;kesa cktkj dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gSA cktkj ykHk ds }kjk gh fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS rFkkblesa rFkk mRiknd mUgha dks viuk mRiknu csprk gS tks T;knk dher nsrs gSaAbl rjg ds cktkjksa esa miHkksxdÙkkZ dks cjkcj dk ntkZ ugha fn;k tkrkA ;|fixjhcksa dks miHkksx oLrq,¡¡ ¡¡¡ de feyrh gS rFkk vehj oxZ tks pkgrk gS ogh izkIrdj ldrk gSA blfy, cktkj Ø; 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij gh miHkksxdÙkkZ dks oLrqvksadk c¡¡¡¡¡Vokjk djrk gSA

2. oLrqvksa ds mRiknu dk c¡VokjkoLrqvksa ds mRiknu dk c¡VokjkoLrqvksa ds mRiknu dk c¡VokjkoLrqvksa ds mRiknu dk c¡VokjkoLrqvksa ds mRiknu dk c¡Vokjk (To Allocate the Production betweenCommodities) & lkekftd vFkZO;oLFkk esa bl rjg dk c¡¡¡¡¡Vokjk ljdkj }kjkfd;k tkrk gS fd dkSu&lh oLrq dh ek=kk T;knk gksxh tSls mnkgj.k ds rkSj ijmiHkksx oLrqvksa dk T;knk mRiknu gks ;k nwljh oLrqvksa dk tSls lqj{kk laca/kh

jkT;] cktkj o laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk 13

mRiknuA iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa rjg ds fu.kZ; ljdkj ugha djrhA ,slhvFkZO;oLFkk esa bl ykHk dh ek=kk dks ns[kdj gh mRiknu dks fØ;kvksa esa ck¡¡ ¡¡¡Vktkrk gSA blfy, iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa cktkj dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gSA LorU=kcktkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa ek¡x dks dher izHkkfor djrh gS rFkk mRiknd dksmiHkksDrkvksa dh Ø; 'kfDr dks /;ku esa j[kdj gh dher dk fu/kkZj.k djuk pkfg,A;fn mRiknu bl rjg dh O;oLFkk dks /;ku esa ugha j[krk gS rks mls tksf[ke HkhmBkuh iM+ ldrh gSA ;|fi QSlyk djuk eqf'dy gS ysfdu blds flok; dksbZpkjk ugha gSA

3. fofHkUu iz;ksxksa esa mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk c¡VokjkfofHkUu iz;ksxksa esa mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk c¡VokjkfofHkUu iz;ksxksa esa mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk c¡VokjkfofHkUu iz;ksxksa esa mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk c¡VokjkfofHkUu iz;ksxksa esa mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk c¡Vokjk (To Allocate the Factors ofProduction among their Various) & fdlh Hkh ns'k esa mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dhiwfrZ vlhfer ugha gSA blfy, gj ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dks miHkksx vko';drkvksa dks/;ku esa j[kdj rFkk vk; c<+kusokyh oLrqvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj mRiknu ds lkèkuksadk c¡Vokjk djuk iM+rk gS blfy, lLrh rFkk eg¡xh oLrq nksuksa dk gh mRiknudjuk iM+rk gSA mRiknu ds ekfyd ,d rjQ bl rjg ds [kjhnnkjksa dks Hkh è;kuesa j[krs gS tks dher T;knk ns ldsa rFkk blls mudh vk; esa c<+ksÙkjh gksA blfy,mRiknudÙkkZ dks eg¡xs mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dh txg lLrs lk/kuksa dks iz;ksx djusesa Hkh dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha gSA ;s miHkksxdÙkkZ dh vk; dks rFkk Ø;'kfDr dks /;kuesa j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA

blfy, bu lc ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk mRiknd dks miHkksxdÙkkZ dh #fp dk Hkh è;kuj[kuk gksxkA mRikndksa dks vius ykHk c<+kus ds fy, Hkh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,blfy, mRiknd ds cktkj dh gj ,d fLFkfr dk iw.kZ xgu v/;;u djuk iM+rkgS rkfd og gj ,d oLrq dh tkukdjh j[k ldsA

ysfdu dqN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk dguk gS fd bl rjg ds fu.kZ; cktkj dh vis{kkljdkj dks djus pkfg,A D;ksafd vYi&fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk esa lekt dY;k.k ;kmiHkksDrkvksa dk fgr ljdkj }kjk gh iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd futh O;fDrrks dY;k.k dks NksM+dj ykHk dekus dh O;oLFkk ij T;knk /;ku nsrk gSA bu lcckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj gh cktkj dh Hkwfedk dk voyksdu djuk pkfg,A

vf/kdrj vYifodflr ns'kksa esa cktkj dh Hkwfedk lansgtud gS D;ksafd bu ns'kksa esa mRiknddks cktkj ds vkdkj] nwljs mRikndksa dh ekStwnxh ls izfr;ksfxrk ds Lrj fdruk varj] cktkjlwpuk vkfn dh lgh tkudkjh ugha gksrhA blfy, ;fn v/kwjh lwpuk ds vk/kkj ij ;fncktkj dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk, rks ;g vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, ?kkrd gksxkA vYifodflr ns'kksaesa jkT; dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd lkekftd oLrq,¡ tSls f'k{kk] LokLF; tks fd ykxrls Hkh de dher ij iznku dh tkrh gSA ,slh voLFkk esa futh mRikndksa dks bls mRikfnrdjus esa dksbZ ykHk ugha gSA blfy, ljdkj dks U;wure dY;k.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj buoLrqvksa dks iznku djus dh ftEesnkjh fuHkkuh pkfg,A

cktkj lk/kuksa ds c¡Vokjs dk Hkh lgh <ax ls iz;ksx ugha dj ikrkA blesa ldy ek¡x rFkkldy iwfrZ ds larqyu ij Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ge dg ugha ldrsfd cktkj dh fodkl dh izfØ;k gS D;ksafd cktkjksa esa viw.kZrk vkluh ls ns[kus dks feyrhgSA cktkj ges'kk iw.kZ izfr;ksxh ugha gksrsA ;g lPpkbZ gS fd vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkk esa


cktkj viw.kZ izfr;ksxh gSA bu ns'kksa esa iw¡thoknh dk ,dkf/kdkj vklkuh ls ns[kus dks feyrkgSA

;|fi ;g Hkh eku ysa fd cktkj iw.kZ :i ls lgh dk;Z djrk gS fQj Hkh bls fodkl dklwpd ugha dg ldrsA D;ksafd lkekftd o futh ykxr o ykHk esa varj gSA cktkjksa dh Hkwfexjhc yksxksa ds izfr ldkjkRed ugha gS D;ksafd tks mRiknd oLrq dk mRiknu djrk gS mldkeq[; mís'; ykHk dekuk gSA blfy, bl ckr ls udkjk ugha tk ldrk fd vkfFkZd fodkl,d lajpukRed izfØ;k gh gks ldrk gSA cktkj lk/kuksa dk c¡Vokjk djus esa lgh gks rFkkog fuf'pr m|ksxksa dks mHkjus dk ekSdk ns rFkk dqN m|ksxksa dks vlQy dj ns rks ,slhvoLFkk esa mRiknu dh j¶rkj VwV tk,xh tks fd vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, ?kkrd gSA blfy,nh?kZdkyhu mís';ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ljdkj dks ,slh voLFkk esa gLr{ksi djuk pkfg,tgk¡ ns'k dk fodkl izHkkfor gksA blfy, 1991 dh WDR esa dgk x;k gS fd jkT; ns'k dsvkfFkZd fodkl es vge Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrk gS ;fn bldk gLr{ksi de gksA ;g Hkh lghgS fd jkT; ds gkFkksa esa vf/kd fu;a=k.k gksus ij ykyQhrk'kkgh] nsjh rFkk uhfr;k¡ vFkZ'kkfL=k;kas]fo'ks"kKksa }kjk ugha cukbZ tkrh cfYd jktuhfrK gh budk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ysfdu fQj HkhjkT; dh egÙkk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA Hkkjr tSls vYifodflr ns'k esa jkT; dh HkwfedkHkfo"; uhfr fu/kkZj.k ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSA bu lc lhekvksa ds ckotwn Hkh jkT; dh Hkwfedkns'k ds fodkl ds fy, vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gSA xjhch] csjkstxkjh rFkk vlekurk] vKkurk]vikSf"Vdrk Hkfo"; esa vkfo"dkfjd Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksxhA rHkh ns'k dk fodkl laHko gksldsxkA

vk; vlekurk] i;kZoj.k] f'k{kk o LokLF;] tukafddh rFkk vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk 15

;g vkerkSj ij lkspk tkrk gS fd vk; dh vlekurk yksxksa dh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrhgSA ;g lgh ugha gSA Hkkjr esa vk; vlekurk ds nks eq[; dkj.k gSa&

1. orZeku vkfFkZd i)fr futh laifÙk laLFkkvksa ij vk/kkfjrA

2. iSr`d laca/kh dkuwu

1. futh ekfydkuk laifÙk futh ekfydkuk laifÙk futh ekfydkuk laifÙk futh ekfydkuk laifÙk futh ekfydkuk laifÙk (Private Ownership Property) & Hkkjr ,dfefJr iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk gSA vkfFkZd i)fr esa yksx lEifÙk ds vf/kdkj dkvkuan ysrs gSA blfy, tehu] bekjr vkfn gh O;fDr ds vf/kdkj esa ugha cfYdmuds mRiknu ds lk/ku tSls QSDVªh] clsa] [ksr Hkwfe] [kkus vkfn ij futh yksxksadk vf/kdkj gSA vkerkSj ij ns'k esa yksxksa dks nks oxks± esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS igys esaftuds ikl laifÙk ugha gS os vius thou fuokZg ds fy, Je 'kfDr ij fuHkZj gSaAdqN yksxksa dks NksM+dj vf/kdrj yksx xjhc gSaA vc ge budh vlekurk dk o.kZudjsaxsA

A. Hkwfe ekfydkuk esa vlekurk Hkwfe ekfydkuk esa vlekurk Hkwfe ekfydkuk esa vlekurk Hkwfe ekfydkuk esa vlekurk Hkwfe ekfydkuk esa vlekurk (Inequalities in Landownership) &xzkeh.k {ks=k esa bl rjg dh vlekurk dkQh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bldkeq[; dkj.k fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjku tehankjh izFkk dk gksuk gSA ;|fiLorU=krk ds i'pkr~ tehankjh izFkk [kRe dj nh xbZ Fkh ysfdu fQj HkhHkwfe ekfydkuk gd dks rksM+k ugh tk ldkA NSS ¼us'kuy lSaiy losZ &26oka jkÅaM½ ds rgr 1971-72 esa cM+s fdlkuksa ds ikl Ñf"k dk 39.43

izfr'kr dsoy 5.44 izfr'kr fdlkuksa ds ikl FkkA bl izdkj ds vk¡dM+sge Hkwfe lq/kkj okys v/;k; esa Hkh crk pqds gSA blfy, xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esvk; vlekurk dk eq[; dkj.k Hkwfe vkSj laifÙk ds Åij dqN yksxksa dkvf/kdkj gksuk gSA vf/kdrj NksVs o lhekar fdlkuksa ds ikl ftuds ikl2 ,dM+ tehu gS os dkQh xjhc gSA ;|fi cM+s fdlkuksa dh vk; T;knkugha Fkh ysfdu gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn mudh vk; rsth ls c<+ jgh gsA vccM+s fdlkuksa ds ikl dsoy cpr djus dh {kerk gh ugha gS cfYd oslaLFkkxr foÙk dk Hkh izca/k djrs gSA gfjr ØkfUr ls NksVs rFkk lhekar

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-3vk; vlekurk] i;kZoj.k] f'k{kk o LokLF;]vk; vlekurk] i;kZoj.k] f'k{kk o LokLF;]vk; vlekurk] i;kZoj.k] f'k{kk o LokLF;]vk; vlekurk] i;kZoj.k] f'k{kk o LokLF;]vk; vlekurk] i;kZoj.k] f'k{kk o LokLF;]tukafddh rFkk vk/kkjHkwr lajpuktukafddh rFkk vk/kkjHkwr lajpuktukafddh rFkk vk/kkjHkwr lajpuktukafddh rFkk vk/kkjHkwr lajpuktukafddh rFkk vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk(Income Inequalities, Environment, Educationand Health, Demography and Infrastructure)


fdlkuksa dh vk; esa T;knk o`f) ugha gks ikbZ D;ksafd muds ikl lk/kuksadh deh gSA

B. m|ksxksa] O;kikj rFkk bekjrksa ij futh vf/kdkj m|ksxksa] O;kikj rFkk bekjrksa ij futh vf/kdkj m|ksxksa] O;kikj rFkk bekjrksa ij futh vf/kdkj m|ksxksa] O;kikj rFkk bekjrksa ij futh vf/kdkj m|ksxksa] O;kikj rFkk bekjrksa ij futh vf/kdkj (Private Ownershipof Industries, Trade and Building) & Hkkjr dk lkekftd <kapk bulcls Åij futh vf/kdkj j[kus dh btktr nsrk gSA blfy, vf/kdlaifÙk ij dqN gh yksxksa dk vf/kdkj gSA blfy, laifÙk ij dqN gh yksxksadk ,dkf/kdkj jgrk gSA lu~ 1971-81 ds chp bu ,dkf/kdkj xzqi dkfgLlk fLFkj jgk gSA ysfdu fQj Hkh bu ij dqN yksxksa dk ,dkf/kdkjgSA ljdkj dh uhfr;k¡ bl ,dkf/kdkj dks de djus esa ukdke jgh gSAeUnh ds le; esa Hkh budh laifÙk;k¡ yxkrkj c<+h gaSA

'kgjksa esa fd, x, losZ{k.k ls irk pyrk gS fd 10 izfr'kr yksxksa ds ikllaifÙk dk 46.29 izfr'kr Fkk tcfd dsoy 11.69 izfr'kr fupys 60 izfr'kryksxksa ds ikl FkkA bldk eq[; dkj.k mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij budk,dkf/kdkj gSA 'kgjksa esa tks yksx uhps rcds ds gS os xjhc gSaA

C. O;olk; dh vlekurk O;olk; dh vlekurk O;olk; dh vlekurk O;olk; dh vlekurk O;olk; dh vlekurk (Inequalities of Professionals) & bathfu;j]odhy] O;kolkf;d yksxksa dh vk; Å¡ph gSA blfy, ;g /kkj.kk xyr gSfd O;kolkf;d {kerk dh deh dh otg ls vk; vlekurk gSA HkkjrtSls ns'k esa izf'k{k.k dh lqfo/kk gj ,d dks miyC/k ugha gks ldrhA Ñf"kJfedksa ds cPps rFkk vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa ds cPps bl rjg dh f'k{kk izkIrdjus dh vk'kk ugha j[k ldrsA vehj O;fDr;ksa ds cPps gh bl rjg dhf'k{kk izkIr dj ikrs gSaA blfy, f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k ls Hkh vk; dh vlekurkiuirh gSA

2. mÙkjkf/kdkj dkuwu mÙkjkf/kdkj dkuwu mÙkjkf/kdkj dkuwu mÙkjkf/kdkj dkuwu mÙkjkf/kdkj dkuwu (Inheritance Law) & orZeku mÙkjkf/kdkj dkuwu Hkh vk; dhvlekurk dk dkj.k gSA bl ckr ij xgu fopkj djuk pkfg, fd iw¡thifr dkcsVk iw¡thifr gSA tcfd Jfed dk csVk Jfed gSA D;ksafd bldk eq[; dkj.kmÙkjkf/kdkj dkuwu ds vUrxZr ekrk&firk dh laifÙk ij cPpksa ¼yM+ds o yM+dh½dk vf/kdkj gksxkA blfy, os cPps HkkX;'kkyh gS tks vehj ifjokjksa esa tUe ysrsgSaA

vk; vlekurk ds Hkh vkSj dqN dkj.k gaS tSls&

A. dherksa esa o`f) dherksa esa o`f) dherksa esa o`f) dherksa esa o`f) dherksa esa o`f) (Rise in Price) & dherksa esa o`f) dh ekj xjhc yksxksaij T;knk iM+rh gS D;ksafd blls dkexkj oxZ dh okLrfod vk; de gkstkrh gS tcfd m|ksxifr;ksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj fdlkuksa dh dher c<+us lscktkj vkf/kD; dh vf/kd dher feyrh gSA ;fn ge 50 ds n'kd ls ns[ksarks oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa yxkrkj o`f) gqbZ gS tks vk; vlekurk dk dkj.kgSA

B. lk[k lqfo/kkvksa esa vlekurk lk[k lqfo/kkvksa esa vlekurk lk[k lqfo/kkvksa esa vlekurk lk[k lqfo/kkvksa esa vlekurk lk[k lqfo/kkvksa esa vlekurk (Inequalities in Credit Facilities) & Hkkjresa lk[k lqfo/kkvksa dh vlekurk dk eq[; dkj.k /ku dk vleku forj.kgSa D;ksafd vf/kdrj Jfed o NksVs fdlku viuh t:jrksa ds fy, tehankjksa


rFkk iSlk m/kkj nsusokyksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSa vkSj ;s iSlk m/kkj nsusokysÅ¡ph C;kt nj ysdj xjhc yksxksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSaA

C. futh fuos'k esa 'kgjh i{k futh fuos'k esa 'kgjh i{k futh fuos'k esa 'kgjh i{k futh fuos'k esa 'kgjh i{k futh fuos'k esa 'kgjh i{k (Urban Bias in Private Investment) & Hkkjresa yxHkx 70 izfr'kr tula[;k xk¡o eas jgrh gS tcfd m|ksxksa esa futhfuos'k dk yxHkx 70 izfr'kr 'kgjh {ks=kksa ls tkrk gSA 'kgjh {ks=k esavf/kdrj e'khu vk/kkfjr izkstsDV ij dke fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, iw¡thvk/kkfjr rduhd okys {ks=kksa esa jkstxkj ds volj dkQh de gS blfy,Jfed oxZ ds fy, jkstxkj ds volj lhfer gks tkrs gSaA vkf[kjdkj oghifj.kke fudyrk gS vk; dh vlekurkA

;|fi ljdkj us vk; dh vlekurk dks de djus ds fy, ljdkjh uhfr cukbZ gSA ;kstukvksads vUrxZr Hkh vk; dh vlekurk rFkk /ku ds leku forj.k ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k gSA ljdkjus blds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; fd, gSa&

1. Hkwfe lq/kkj ykxw djuk Hkwfe lq/kkj ykxw djuk Hkwfe lq/kkj ykxw djuk Hkwfe lq/kkj ykxw djuk Hkwfe lq/kkj ykxw djuk (To Implement Land Reforms) & ljdkj us Ñf"k Hkwfeds forj.k ds fy, rFkk vk; dh vlekurk de djus ds fy, Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeykxw fd;kA tehankjh izFkk [kRe gksus ls igys Hkwfe dh vf/kd ek=kk tehankjksa dsikl FkhA bl rjg ds tehankj ftudks ge vuqifLFkr tehankjh dh lwph eas j[krsgSaA ;|fi bldk iw.kZ:i ls o.kZu ge Hkwfe lq/kkj v/;k; esa dj pqds gSa tSls Hkwfedh lhek fu/kkZfjr djuk rFkk tehankjksa ls tehu ysdj Ñf"k] Jfed o Hkwfeghuksadks Hkwfe forj.k djuk vkfnA

2. jkstxkj ds T;knk volj iSnk djuk jkstxkj ds T;knk volj iSnk djuk jkstxkj ds T;knk volj iSnk djuk jkstxkj ds T;knk volj iSnk djuk jkstxkj ds T;knk volj iSnk djuk (To Generate more Employment) &ljdkj us bl rjg ds etnwjh uhfr ykxw dh ftldk eq[; mís'; jkstxkj c<+kukFkkA ljdkj us Lo;a jkstxkj Ldhe] dk;Z ds cnys vukt Ldhe rFkk fofHkUu xzkeh.kfodkl dk;ZØe pyk, ftlls jkstxkj ds voljksa esa c<+ksÙkjh gks tSls NREP,

RLEGP, IRDP vkfn xzkeh.k dk;ZØeA bu lHkh dk;ZØeksa dk eq[; mís'; xzkeh.k{ks=k esa jkstxkj ds volj tqVkuk FkkA

3. djk/kku djk/kku djk/kku djk/kku djk/kku (Taxation) & Hkkjr esa dj iz.kkyh bl rjg ls cukbZ xbZ tks /ku dksdqN gkFkksa esa dsfUnzr gksus ij jksdrh gSA tSls ljdkj us vk; dj] laifÙk dj vkfndk izok/ku Hkh fd;k gSA gkykafd ;g dguk lp ugha gksxk fd Hkkjr dh dj iz.kkyhxjhcksa ds i{k esa gSA dj iz.kkyh vk; dh vlekurk ds igyqvksa dks Hkh ugha NwrhAbl rjg ds lwpuk rFkk vk¡dM+s miyC/k ugha gSaA blfy, blds ckjs esa tkudkjhnsuk eqf'dy gSA

4. xjhcksa dks Åij mBkus okys dk;ZØe xjhcksa dks Åij mBkus okys dk;ZØe xjhcksa dks Åij mBkus okys dk;ZØe xjhcksa dks Åij mBkus okys dk;ZØe xjhcksa dks Åij mBkus okys dk;ZØe (Programme to Uplift the Poor) & xzkeh.k{ks=k esa xjhch dh ek=kk dkQh gSA xjhc ifjokj Hkwfeghu] xzkeh.k dk'rdkj] NksVso lhekar fdlku vkfn rFkk fiNM+s oxZ ds yksx gSaA ljdkj us budh vk; c<+kusds fy, tSls dk;Z ¼jkstxkj½ c<+kus okys dk;ZØe {ks=k dk fodkl dk;ZØe 'kq:fd, gSA blesa vf/kdrj ogh dk;ZØe gS tks xzkeh.k {ks=k esa pyk, x, Fks tSls JRY,

RLEGP, NREP dk;ZØe vkfnA buds rgr ljdkj us xzkeh.k {ks=k esa jkstxkj dsvolj c<+kus ds fy, rFkk xjhc yksxksa dks jkstxkj iznku djus dh igy dhA ftllsxjhc yksxksa dh vk; dk Lrj c<+s rFkk blls vk; dh vlekurk de gksA


5. ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;a=k.k ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;a=k.k ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;a=k.k ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;a=k.k ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;a=k.k (To Control Monopoly) & ljdkj ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;a=k.kds fy, eksuksikfyt ,aM VsªM izsfDVl (MRTP) 'kq: fd;kA ;g 1969 esa 'kq: fd;kx;kA bldk eq[; mís'; vkfFkZd ,dkf/kdkj dks fu;a=k.k djuk FkkA ;|fi bldsifj.kke larks"ktud ugha jgsA ;|fi ljdkj us NksVs m|ksxifr;ksa dks izksRlkfgrdjus ds fy, vkS|ksfxd ykblsal uhfr Hkh 'kq: dhA rkfd NksVs m|ksxksa dks vlQygksus ls jksdk tk ldsA

;|fi ljdkj }kjk fd, x, mik;ksa ls xjhch ij dksbZ [kkl izHkko ugha iM+k gSA D;ksafd futhlaifÙk fu;a=k.k [kRe ugha gks ik;kA iSr`d vf/kdkj Hkh lekIr ugha gqvkA blfy, 'kkld ghns'k es vkuUn dk thou thrs gSA

i;kZoj.ki;kZoj.ki;kZoj.ki;kZoj.ki;kZoj.k(Environment)

lekt ds fodkl ds fy, i;kZoj.k dh vge Hkwfedk gSA ns'k us bldh egÙkk dks vPNh rjgle>k gSA Hkkjr ds izkÑfrd lk/ku vPNs] ekSleh gkyr Hkh i{k esa] Hkwfe mitkÅ vkSj ikuhokyh gS vkSj b±/ku dkQh ek=kk esa miyC/k gSA bl ns'k esa i'kq/ku taxy vkfn Hkh dkQh ek=kkesa miyC/k gSA ;g ns'k ds yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa dks dkQh ek=kk esa iwjk dj ldrs gSaA

;|fi ns'k xjhch o csjkstxkjh dh otg ls i;kZoj.k ds {ks=k esa dkQh leL;kvksa ls tw> jgkgSA c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k vkSj fuf'pr fodflr fØ;kvksa dh otg ls i;kZoj.k dks [krjk c<+kgSA blfy, ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, i;kZoj.k izca/ku vko';d gSA blfy, xr dqNo"kks± esa i;kZoj.k izca/ku c<+kus ds fy, oSKkfud rduhdh] izca/kdh; rFkk dkuwuh izfØ;k esao`f) gqbZ gSA

i;kZoj.k [kjkc gksus dk eq[; dkj.k izkÑfrd lk/kuksa dk lgh rjg iz;ksx u gksuk gSA isMksadh dVkbZ dkQh ek=kk esa gqbZ gSA ufn;ksa ls ikuh ckgj fudyuk] xSj ;kstuk fuekZ.k] m|ksxksadk csdkj ikuh esa cgkuk ;k tehu ij Qsaduk rFkk vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dk foLrkj vkfn gSA;|fi dqN o"kks± ls ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr i;kZoj.k ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k gSA 1972 esa i;kZoj.klapkyu desVh fu;qDr dh xbZ tks i;kZoj.k dh leL;k lqy>kus laca/kh dk;Z djsxhA nwljhdesVh 1980 esa i;kZoj.k lq/kkj ds fy, cukbZ xbZA bl desVh dh flQkfj'k ij i;kZoj.kfoHkkx 1980 eas LFkkfir fd;k x;kA 1985 esa bls i;kZoj.k ea=kky; esa rCnhy dj fn;k x;kAvc bl ea=kky; us i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe pykus ds fy, fofHkUu izca/kdh; izca/k fd, gSaA

i;kZoj.k nwf"kr gksus ds eq[; dkj.k gfjr ØkfUr] isM+ksa dh dVkbZ Hkh jgk gSA blds lkFk HkwferFkk ikuh dk Hkh lgh :i ls izcU/k ugha gks ik;kA ;|fi ljdkj us blds fy, dkQh mik;fd, gS tks bl izdkj gS&

1. iznw"k.k jksduk iznw"k.k jksduk iznw"k.k jksduk iznw"k.k jksduk iznw"k.k jksduk (Pollution Control) & ikuh dks cpkus rFkk fu;af=kr djus ds fy,dsUnzh; cksMZ dk xBu fd;k x;k dsUnz us jkT; cksMZ Hkh cuk, tks jkT; Lrj ijiznw"k.k dks fu;af=kr j[ksxkA fofHkUu izdkj dh yscksjsVªh cukbZ xbZ tks 'kks/k dk dk;ZHkh djsaxhA fofHkUu izf'kf{kr deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr dh xbZ rkfd iznw"k.k leL;kls fuiVk tk ldsA

2. i;kZoj.k ds izHkko dk vanktk i;kZoj.k ds izHkko dk vanktk i;kZoj.k ds izHkko dk vanktk i;kZoj.k ds izHkko dk vanktk i;kZoj.k ds izHkko dk vanktk (Assessment of Impact of Environment) & blrjg ds dk;ZØe rFkk izkstsDV pyk, x, tks i;kZoj.k dks vanktk yxkdj mudks


nwf"kr gksus ls jksd ldsA nwljs izkstsDV tks i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/kr Hkh ugha gS mUgsaHkh i;kZoj.k dh lgefr ysuk vko';d gS xkfM+;ksa vkfn ds fy, Hkh lkfVZfQdsVysuk vko';d fd;k x;kA

3. i;kZoj.k f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k i;kZoj.k f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k i;kZoj.k f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k i;kZoj.k f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k i;kZoj.k f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k (Environment Education and Training) & i;kZoj.ktkudkjh ds fy, ljdkj us f'k{kk rFkk izf'k{k.k dk foLrkj fd;kA Ldwyksa dhfdrkcksa esa i;kZoj.k laaca/kh v/;k; rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa Hkh i;kZoj.k foHkkx [kksysx, rkfd i;kZoj.k laca/kh leL;kvksa ij 'kks/k fd;k tk ldsA xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksadks Hkh bl fn'kk esa dke djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dks blrjg ds izkstsDV ij dke djus ds fy, lgk;rk iznku dhA

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd ljdkj us i;kZoj.k ds nwf"kr gksus dks jksdus ds fy, i;kZoj.kizca/k dk;ZØe Hkh pyk, rFkk 'kks/k o fodkl ds fy, u, foHkkx [kksys x,A NBh iapo"khZ;;kstuk ds vUrxZr caxykSj eas lsaVj QkWj bdksykWftdy fjlpZ ,aM Vªsfuax LFkkfir fd;kAvgenkckn esa Hkh i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ds fy, lsaVj LFkkfir fd;k vkSj lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstukds vUrxZr /kuckn esa lsaVj QkWj ekbUM ,uokW;jesaV LVht 'kq: fd;kA

ljdkj us ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr cM+s iSekus ij isM+ yxkvksa dk;ZØe Hkh 'kq: fd, rkfdvf/kd&ls&vf/kd isM+ yxkdj i;kZoj.k ds nwf"kriu dks cpk;k tk ldsA fofHkUu lkekftdtaxy dk;ZØe Hkh pyk, x, ftuds rgr xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa b±/ku dh fuHkZjrk dks de djukFkkA

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;Hkkjr esa f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;Hkkjr esa f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;Hkkjr esa f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;Hkkjr esa f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;(Education and Heath in India)

vkfFkZd fodkl eas ekuo lalk/ku fodkl dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gSSA vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuukgS fd ns'k ds fodkl esa lcls cM+h #dkoV ekuo lalk/kuksa dk fodflr u gksuk gS ftlesavkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd lalk/ku egÙoiw.kZ gSA vkfFkZd o`f) dks c<+kus ds fy, f'k{kk esa fuos'kvko';d gSA D;ksafd ;g mRiknd Je 'kfDr dks c<+kus esa lgk;d gS tks Kku rFkk n{krkds lkFk tqM+h gSA ;g v/;kidks] Ldwyksa rFkk nwljs mRiknd oxks± dks jkstxkj rFkk vk; dslk/ku tqVkus esa enn djrh gSA ;g n{krk iznku djus ds lkFk&lkFk vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjkviukus esa Hkh enn djrh gSaA

f'k{kk ls vk; vlekurk esa Hkh deh vkrh gS D;ksafd ;g jkstxkj ds volj iznku djikfjokfjd vk; c<+kus esa enn djrh gSA ;|fi bl ckr dks lkfcr djuk dkQh eqf'dygS D;ksafd ljdkj us dbZ f'k{kk uhfr vkjEHk dh gSa ysfdu ;fn budk Qk;nk ns[kk tk, rksbldk lcls vf/kd vehj o e/;e vk; ds yksxksa dks gqvk gSa xjhc cPpksa dk cpiu fuEuikSf"Vdrk] ?kjsyw ijs'kkuh ds ekgkSy ds chp xqtjrk gS vkSj os viuh f'k{kk ds iwjk djus esaHkh ukdke jgrs gSaA bl otg ls os oks jkstxkj izkIr djus esa dfBukbZ eglwl djrs gSa tksvehj oxZ ds fy, gS D;ksafd mudk lkekftd jgu&lgu rFkk laca/k bldks izHkkfor djrkgSA

blh izdkj f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk LokLF; dh Hkh vkfFkZd fodkl esa vge Hkwfedk gSA LokLF;lqfo/kkvksa ls mRiknd {kerk esa o`f) gksxh vkSj blls ekuo iw¡th esa xq.kkRed o`f) gksxhAblfy, Je dh mRiknd {kerk c<+kus ds fy, rFkk mls cuk, j[kus ds fy, LokLF; esa fuos'k


vko';d gSA ;|fi vYifodflr ns'kksa esa LokLF; esa fuos'k esfMdy Kku c<+kus] chekjh jksdusrFkk bykt djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu vf/kd ek=kk esa xjhc thou fuokZg Lrj ls Hkhuhps gS tks vikSf"Vdrk ls ihfM+r gSA blfy, vYifodflr ns'kksa esa LokLF; dk;ZØe xjhcksads /;ku esa j[kdj pykus pkfg,A blfy, ;s lc fØ;k,¡ euq"; dh mRiknd {kerk dks c<+kusds fy, dh tkrh gS tks ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k ds vUrxZr vkrh gSA

vc ge f'k{kk dks ekuo fodkl ls tksM+us ls lacaf/kr ckrksa dk o.kZu djsaxsA

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ij [kpZ dks fuos'k dk uke ugha fn;k tkrkA vf/kdrj yksx tks ljdkj esaQSlys ysus okys gS oks lksprs gSa fd f'k{kk ,d lkekftd lsok gS tks euq"; dk thou lq/kkjusds dke vkrk gSA ,d f'kf{kr O;fDr dh mi;ksfxrk lekt esa T;knk gSA

fofHkUu ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr Hkkjr esa f'k{kk lqfo/kkvks esa foLrkj gqvk gS] blls u dsoylk{kjrk nj c<+h gS cfYd Ldwy f'k{kk esa cPpksa dk izfr'kr c<+k gSA orZeku esa ns'k esa Hkkjhek=kk esa Å¡ps vkSj rduhdh lsokvksa ds fy, vikj lqfo/kk,¡ gSaA

1991 ds vuqlkj jk"Vªh; vkSlr lk{kjrk nj 52.11 izfr'kr Fkh tks 1951 esa dsoy 16.67

izfr'kr FkhA ysfdu vc Hkh vktknh ds brus lkyksa ckn Hkkjr esa yxHkx 50 izfr'kr tula[;klk{kj ugha gSA ysfdu nwljs ,f'k;u ns'kksa dh ctk, Hkkjr dh lk{kjrk nj dkQh fujk'kktudgSA Hkkjr esa oYMZ MoyieSaV fjiksVZ (WDR) 1999/2000 ds vuqlkj fd'kksj iq#"k fuj{krk nj33 izfr'kr Fkh tks phu esa 9 izfr'kr] Jhyadk 5 izfr'kr] fQfyfiu rFkk 3 izfr'kr FkkbZySaMo vtsZUVhuk FkhA bu ns'kksa esa efgyk fuj{krk nj Hkh Hkkjr dh ctk; de gSA

blh izdkj izkFkfed] f}rh;] Å¡ph rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk esa Hkh Hkkjr dh fLFkfr T;knk vPNhugha gSA rduhdh f'k{kk esa izcU/kdh; f'k{kk 'kkfey gSA ysfdu dqN o"kks± ls rduhdh f'k{kkesa foLrkj gqvk gSA fQj Hkh fodflr ns'kksa dh vis{kk dkQh de gSA ;|fi uoha iapo"khZ;;kstuk ds vUrxZr blds vk/kqfudhdj.k ij dkQh tksj fn;k gSA

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk uhfrHkkjr esa f'k{kk uhfrHkkjr esa f'k{kk uhfrHkkjr esa f'k{kk uhfrHkkjr esa f'k{kk uhfr(Education Policy in India)

vktknh ds chl lky ckn Hkh jk"Vªh; ljdkj us fczfV'k ljdkj dh f'k{kk uhfr esa dksbZifjorZu ugha fd;kA 1964 esa ljdkj us eglwl fd;k fd f'k{kk uhfr esa ifjorZu djukpkfg,A blfy, izks0 Mh-,l- dksBkjh dh v/;{krk esa f'k{kk deh'ku cuk;k x;k] ftlus 1966

esa ljdkj dks viuh fjiksVZ is'k dhA ljdkj us 1968 esa bl deh'ku ds vk/kkj ij jk"Vªh;f'k{kk uhfr dk xBu fd;kA blesa ;g fuf'pr fd;k fd 14 lky ls igys vFkok 14 lkydh vk;q rd gj ,d cPps dks f'k{kk t:jh gSA xjhch dh otg ls izkFkfed f'k{kk eq¶r nhtkuh pkfg,A f'k{kk dk Lrj lq/kkjus ds fy, v/;kidksa dh gkyr esa Hkh lq/kkj djuk pkfg,A

ysfdu bl f'k{kk uhfr esa Hkh dkQh leL;k,¡ Fkha tks bl izdkj gSa& mPp f'k{kk esa xSj ;kstukrjhds ls ifjorZu fd;k x;kA Hkkjr esa xjhch dh otg ls dkQh yksx bldk Qk;nk ughamBk ik,A f'k{kk dk Lrj Hkh uhpk Fkk vf/kdrj f'kf{kr yksx csjkstxkj Fks blfy, ekuolalkèkuksa esa fuos'k vuqRiknd FkkA izkFkfed f'k{kk dh rjQ fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;kAbldks lq/kkjus ds fy, ljdkj us f'k{kk ds fy, ubZ jk"Vªh; uhfr 'kq: dhA


f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfrf'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfrf'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfrf'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfrf'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfr(National Policy on Education)

vxLr 1985 esa ljdkj us ubZ f'k{kk uhfr cukus dh dksf'k'k dhA 1986 esa f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh;uhfr 'kq: dh rFkk 1990 rd izkFkfed rFkk f}rh; f'k{kk dks ,d tSlk fd;k x;kA 1992

esa f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfr dks rcnhy fd;k x;kA bl izdkj orZeku esa rduhdh fodklrFkk vk/kqfudhdj.k dks fodflr djus dk dkQh ncko gSA bl ldkjkRed fodkl ls ;gvk'kk dh tkrh gS fd blls jkstxkj ds volj Hkh c<a+sxsA bl izdkj nloha ikl] mPpf'k{kk ikl vkSj bathfu;fjax dkslZ okyksa ds fy, Hkh laxfBr rFkk vlaxfBr {ks=k esa jkstxkjds volj c<+sxsaA xr o"kks± es rduhdh f'k{kk ds Åij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;k gSA ;|fi fctyhm|ksx esa rsth ls o`f) gqbZ gSA Hkfo"; es Hkh fctyh] dEI;wVj i)fr] lsVsykbZV lapkj]i;kZoj.k bathfu;fjax vkfn ij Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk,xkA

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr ds fodkl esa f'k{kk dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA D;ksafd;fn f'kf{kr Je miyC/k gksxh rks blls mudh mRiknu {kerk esa o`f) gksxhA vk; ds lzksr]ikfjokfjd vk; rFkk rduhdh fodkl ls fons'kksa ij fuHkZjrk Hkh de gksxhA D;ksafd vYifodflr ns'kksa esa lcls cM+h leL;k ijEijkxr rduhd dk iz;ksx djuk gSA bldk eq[;dkj.k ns'k es iw¡th dh deh tk, rks Hkfo"; eas ;g ns'k ds fy, ojnku lkfcrgksxkA vYifodflr ns'kksa dks viuh ekufldrk cnydj f'k{kk dks lkekftd dY;k.k dhbdkbZ u ekudj bls ,d ,slk m|ksx cukuk gksxk tks ekuo iw¡th dk iw.kZ :i ls iz;ksx djldsA

LLLLLokLF; o fodklokLF; o fodklokLF; o fodklokLF; o fodklokLF; o fodkl(Health and Development)

Jfedksa dh n{krk mudh LokLF; ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA tks Jfed LoLFk ugha gS rFkk vDljchekj jgrs gSaA viuk dk;Z lgh <ax ls ugha dj ikrsA Jfedksa ds LokLF; esa lq/kkj ls viusvki gh jk"Vªh; mRiknu c<+sxkA 1993 dh WDR crkrh gS fd Jfedksa dk LokLF; fuEu :ils mRiknu dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;g Jfedksa dh chekjh ls iSnk gksusokys uqdlku dks dedjrk gSA bles xjhc O;fDr ds fy, vkfFkZd ykHk T;knk gSa D;ksafd og chekjh dh otg lsiw.kZ :i ls ykpkj gks tkrk gSA

;|fi Hkkjr esa lk/kkj.k LokLF; Lrj uhpk gSA ;g dksbZ gSjkuh dh ckr ugha gS fd yksxksa dkLokLF; detksj gS rFkk os vDlj chekj jgrs gSaA Hkkjr es xjhch js[kk ds uhps jgusokyksa dhrknkn yxHkx 40 izfr'kr gSA ;fn yksxksa dh vk;q lhek T;knk gS rks ge ekudj pyrs gSa fdLokLF; lqfo/kkvksa esa lq/kkj gqvk gS xr o"kks± ls vk;q lhek esa Hkh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA ysfdu fQjHkh yksxksa dk LokLF; dkQh detksj gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k&ikSf"Vdrk dh deh] esfMdylqfo/kkvksa dh deh rFkk jgu&lgu dh fLFkfr lkQ&lq/kjh ugha gSA blfy, ns'k esa detksjLokLF; dk eq[; dkj.k xjhch dk QSyko Hkh gSA D;ksafd ;g dkQh ek=kk esa QSyh gqbZ gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj us ns'k esa LokLF; Lrj dks lq/kkjus ds fy, vusd dk;ZØe rS;kj fd, gSaA bldkeq[; mís'; chekjh dk jksduk gSA LokLF; lqfo/kk,¡ bl izdkj gksuh pkfg, fd chekjhfu;a=k.k ds lkFk&lkFk ejht dh ns[kHkky Hkh vko';d gSA bu dk;ZØeksa ds vUrxZr LokLF;foHkkx esa deZpkfj;ksa dks izf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k x;k rkfd xzkeh.k {ks=k esa izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz


[kksys tk,¡A

ik¡poha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr] LokLF; fodkl dk;ZØe pyk, x, rkfd ikfjokfjddY;k.k vkSj ikSf"Vdrk ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk ldsA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Hkh LokLF; lqfo/kkvksadk foLrkj fd;k x;k vke chekfj;ksa rFkk QSyusokyh chekfj;ksa tSls eysfj;k] pspd] ydokvkfn ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;kA

xr o"kks± esa ljdkj us ubZ LokLF; uhfr dh rjQ Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku fn;kA blds vUrxZrvLirky ds fodkl ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;kA blds vUrxZr vLirky ds fodkl ij fo'ks"k/;ku fn;kA ;|fi bu vLirkyksa ds okLrfod ykHk mBkus okys 'kgjh gSA bldk Qk;nkxzkeh.k {ks=kksa rd ugha igq¡p ikrkA blfy, bl ubZ LokLF; uhfr ds rgr xjhc yksxksa ds fy,LokLF; lsok,¡ eqgS;k djkus ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;kA xzkeh.k {ks=k esa vFkok xzkeh.k yksxksads fy, lkeqnkf;d vk/kkfjr LokLF; ns[kHkky dk;ZØe pykuk rFkk xjhcksa dks esfMdyns[kHkky lsok,¡ iznku djuk bldk eq[; mís'; FkkA

;|fi Hkkjrh; lekt esa ges'kk xzkeh.k tula[;k dh vusn[kh gqbZ gSA Hkwfe ij tula[;k dkncko bruk T;knk gS fd dksbZ Hkh Ñf"k esa ekuo mRikndrk dks c<+kus ds ckjs lksp ughaldrkA lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ubZ LokLF; uhfr ykxw dh xbZ ftldk eq[; mís'; lektds fiNM+s yksxksa dks LokLF; lsok,¡ iznku djuk FkkA ;|fi vc Hkh ;kstuk deh'ku dh lkspesa [kkl ifjorZu ugha vk;k gSA ;s vc rd Hkh ;g ekuus dks rS;kj ugha gS fd LokLF; lsokvksaesa [kpZ ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl esa fuos'k gSA ;g fcYdqy lgh gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=k esa LokLF;lqfo/kk,¡ lq/kjus ls Ñf"k esa euq"; dh mRikndrk c<+sxhA

xzkeh.k LokLF; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr Jfedksa dh dqiks"k.k uhfr dk foLrkj djuk pkfg,A ;|fi;g dk;ZØe igys iw.kZ:i ls l{ke ugha jgkA ,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dks Hkh f'kf{kr djus dhvko';drk gS rkfd og bl uhfr;ksa ds ckjs esa iw.kZ:i ls tkudkjh ns ldsA Hkkjr esa dqiks"k.kdh leL;k Hkh dkQh gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k cM+s iSekus ij xjhch dk gksuk gSA vkSlrvk/kkj ij izfrO;fDr izfrfnu 2415 dSyksjh feyuh pkfg,A ysfdu vkSlr dSyksjh ysus dhek=kk dsoy 1500 dSyksjh gSA blds ihNs Hkh vk; dh vlekurk eq[; dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSAHkwfeghu Jfed] NksVs o lhekar fdlku] vlaxfBr {ks=k esa Jfed xjhch dh otg ls ikSf"Vdvkgkj ysus ds ckjs esa Hkh lksp ugha ldrsA

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd bl rjg dh deh ns'k esa Ñf"k rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks=k nksuksa dhmRikndrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA ljdkj dks ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ds fy, f'k{kk rFkkLokLF; ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk gksxk rkfd ns'k esa mRikndrk dk Lrj c<+ ldsA ;fn mRikndrkvf/kd gS rks ge ;g lkspdj pyrs gSa fd yksxksa dk n{krk {kerk Hkh T;knk gksxhA bu lcdkslqpk::i ls pykus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj rFkk jkT;ksa dks LokLF; ctV esa o`f) djuh gksxhAorZeku esa Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud LokLF; lsokvksa ij [kpZ GDP dk 1.3 izfr'kr gSA bldksde&ls&de GDP dk 2 izfr'kr c<+kuk pkfg, rkfd izkFkfed LokLF; lsokvksa dk foLrkjfd;k tk ldssA phu esa ;g [kpZ ¼LokLF; lsokvksa½ GDP dk 2.2 izfr'kr gS tks fd Hkkjr lsdjhc nqxquk gSA mRiknu esa ekuo iw¡th dh vge Hkwfedk gS rFkk LokLF; lsokvksa dk foLrkjekuo iw¡th dk ,d vax gSA


Hkkjrh; tula[;k dh tukafddh fo'ks"krk,¡Hkkjrh; tula[;k dh tukafddh fo'ks"krk,¡Hkkjrh; tula[;k dh tukafddh fo'ks"krk,¡Hkkjrh; tula[;k dh tukafddh fo'ks"krk,¡Hkkjrh; tula[;k dh tukafddh fo'ks"krk,¡(Demographic Features of Indian Population)

tula[;k ds vkdkj esa Hkkjr dk lalkj esa nwljk LFkku gSA Hkkjr esa {ks=k ¼Hkwfe{ks=k½ lalkj dk2.4 izfr'kr gS rFkk tula[;k 16.6 izfr'kr gSA vktknh ds i'pkr~ e`R;qnj eas dkQh deh vkbZgSA bldk eq[; dkj.k esfMdy lqfo/kkvksa esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk vdky] Hkq[kejhrFkk tkuysok chekfj;ksa esa Hkh deh vkbZ gSA bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu gSa&

1. tUenj o e`R;qnj tUenj o e`R;qnj tUenj o e`R;qnj tUenj o e`R;qnj tUenj o e`R;qnj (Birth Rate and Death Rate) & tUenj rFkk e`R;qnj dsvk¡dM+s crkrs gS fd bu nksuksa esa deh vkbZ gSA 1998 esa e`R;qnj 8-9 izfr gtkj Fkhtks igys n'kd esa 42-6 FkhA blh izdkj tUenj blh le; esa 26.4 izfr 1000

Fkh tks igys n'kd esa 49.2 FkhA xr dqN o"kks± esa f'k'kq e`R;qnj esa deh gqbZ gSA1998 esa f'k'kq e`R;qnj 72 izfr 1000 thfor rFkk igys n'kd esa ;g 218 izfr gtkjthfor FkhA ;|fi dqN o"kks± esa blesa fxjkoV vkbZ gS ysfdu fQj Hkh tula[;kfu;a=k.k dk;ZØe yksxksa dh ilan ugha cu ik,A

2. xjhch xjhch xjhch xjhch xjhch (Poverty) & tula[;k dk vf/kd ncko dh otg ls ns'k esa xjhch gSA bldkdkj.k vkfFkZd t:jr tula[;k c<+us dk dkj.k gSA fuEu vk; oxZ ;g lksprsgSa fd vf/kd cPps iSnk gksus ij ifjokj dh vk; esa Hkh vf/kd o`f) gksxhA budkekuuk gS fd ftrus gkFk mruk dkeA Hkkjr esa izfr O;fDr vk; de gS rFkkvf/kdrj yksx yxHkx 40 izfr'kr xjhch js[kk ls uhps gSA ;s Hkh ,d eq[; fo'ks"krkgSA

4. vlk{kjrk vlk{kjrk vlk{kjrk vlk{kjrk vlk{kjrk (Illiteracy) & Hkkjr esa vlk{kjrk dkQh QSyh gqbZ gSA 1991 dhtula[;k ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj tula[;k dk 52.11 izfr'kr lk{kj FksA efgykvksadh lk{kjrk nj dsoy 39.42 izfr'kr rFkk iq#"kksa dh 63.86 izfr'kr FkhA bl izdkjvktknh ds brus o"kks± ds ckn Hkh ns'k esa iw.kZ lk{kjrk ugha gSA bldk eq[; dkj.kvKkurk rFkk yM+ds&yM+dh esa HksnHkko gSA Ldwy Hkstrs le; Hkh yM+ds&yM+dh esavUrj j[kk tkrk gSA Ldwy ls fudyus dh nj yM+fd;ksa dh T;knk gSA

5. csjkstxkjh csjkstxkjh csjkstxkjh csjkstxkjh csjkstxkjh (Unemployment) & vf/kd ek=kk esa efgyk,¡ csjkstxkj gSA xjhch dhvf/kd ek=kk esa Hkh efgykvksa dh la[;k T;knk gSA ysfdu fQj Hkkjr 70 izfr'krtula[;k xk¡o esa jgrh gSA Ñf"k {ks=k esa lhfer volj rFkk vkS|kfxd fodkl dhdeh ls tula[;k c<+us dh vis{kk jkstxkj ds lk/ku de miyC/k gSA vYifodflrns'kksa esa dkS'ky rFkk izf'k{k.k izkIr yksx Hkh jkstxkj izkIr djus esa vleFkZ gSA

6. efgykvksa dk fuEu Lrj efgykvksa dk fuEu Lrj efgykvksa dk fuEu Lrj efgykvksa dk fuEu Lrj efgykvksa dk fuEu Lrj (Low Status of Women) & ;|fi Hkkjr ds lafo/kkuesa efgyk o iq#"k esa dksbZ HksnHkko ugha gSA fQj Hkh mudh lkekftd fLFkfr esa vUrjvFkok HksnHkko rFkk efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh vis{kk vkfFkZd o lkekftd ekeyksaesa uhph utj ls ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gh eq[; dkj.k gS fd efgykvksa esa f'k{kk dkLrj de gSA fiNM+h lksp dh otg ls os vius vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx Hkh ugha djikrhA ;|fi lkekftd o /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk ds vUrxZr yM+ds dks yM+dh dh vis{kkntkZ T;knk fn;k x;k gSA vfUre laLdkj esa Hkh yM+ds dh vko';drk eglwl dhtkrh gSA


7. fyax vuqikr fyax vuqikr fyax vuqikr fyax vuqikr fyax vuqikr (Sex Ratio) & Hkkjr esa lfn;ksa ls fyax vuqikr foijhr jgk gSAvktknh ds 57 lkyksa ds ckn Hkh 1000 iq#"kksa ij 933 efgyk,¡A ;g bl ckr dkizrhd gS fd lekt esa efgykvksa ds izfr HksnHkko dh fLFkfr viukbZ tkrh gSA ;|fi1991 dh tula[;k vk¡dM+s n'kkZrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa fyax vuqikr 927 izfr gtkj iq#"kFkkA ;fn 0-6 o"kZ dh vk;q dh yM+fd;ksa dk fyax vuqikr ns[kk tk, rks ;g 2001

esa 927 Fkk tks fd 1991 esa 945 izfr gtkj FkkA bldk vfHkizk; cpiu ls ysdje`R;q rd efgyk Hksn&Hkko dh fLFkfr esa thfor jgrh gSA tUe ds mijkar gh mllsHksnHkko djuk vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA

8. mPp tula[;k o`f) rFkk mPp fuHkZjrk vuqikr mPp tula[;k o`f) rFkk mPp fuHkZjrk vuqikr mPp tula[;k o`f) rFkk mPp fuHkZjrk vuqikr mPp tula[;k o`f) rFkk mPp fuHkZjrk vuqikr mPp tula[;k o`f) rFkk mPp fuHkZjrk vuqikr (Rapid Population Growthand Higher Dependency Ratio) & xr o"kks± ls Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh tula[;k846 fefy;u Fkh tks 1961 esa 439 fefy;u FkhA vc ;g 100 djksM+ ls Åij gSAxr o"kks± ls e`R;qnj es tks deh vkbZ gSa ysfdu Hkwfe dks c<+kuk vlaHko gSA vkSjncko rHkh de gks ldrk gS tc tula[;k dks fdlh nwljs {ks=k dh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksaesa yxk;k tk,A ysfdu ;g Hkh laHko ugha gS D;ksafd iw¡th iz/kku rduhd m|ksxesa jkstxkj ds volj de gSaA blfy, mPp tula[;k o`f) ls fuHkZjrk nj yxkrkjc<+ jgh gSA

9. ekuo fodkl dk fuEu Lrj ekuo fodkl dk fuEu Lrj ekuo fodkl dk fuEu Lrj ekuo fodkl dk fuEu Lrj ekuo fodkl dk fuEu Lrj (Low Level of Human Development) & ekuofodkl dks HDI }kjk ekik tkrk gS tks UNDP us 1990 esa 'kq: fd;k FkkA bldsvUrxZr rhu igyw fy, x, gS tUe ds le; vk;q lhek] Kku vkSj thou Lrj HDI

fudkyrs le; bu lcdk vkSlr fy;k tkrk gSA bldk ge ekuo fodkllacaf/kr ckrksa esa o.kZu dj pqds gSA thou ds Lrj dks izfrO;fDr okLrfod GDP

}kjk ekik tkrk gS tks $ esa fn[kkbZ xbZ gSaA bl izdkj ge ;fn bu rhuksa igyqvksadks ns[ksa rks Hkkjr dk HDI jSad 132 gSA

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr tkukafddh fo'ks"krk,¡ fodflr ns'kksa ls fHkUu gSa rFkk;fn ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ vFkZO;oLFkk esa ekStwn jgsaxh rks vFkZO;oLFkk dks fodflr djus esa dkQhdfBukb;k¡ mBkuh iM+saxhA

vk/kkjHkwr <k¡pk vkSj fodklvk/kkjHkwr <k¡pk vkSj fodklvk/kkjHkwr <k¡pk vkSj fodklvk/kkjHkwr <k¡pk vkSj fodklvk/kkjHkwr <k¡pk vkSj fodkl(Infrastructure and Development)

vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps ds fodkl dks vkfFkZd fodkl dk uke ugha fn;k tk ldrkA ftl izdkj Ñf"kdk fodkl flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS mlh izdkj m|ksxksa dk fodkl o mUufr'kfDr o fctyh izfØ;k] ;krk;kr] lapkj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps dk fodklu fd;k tk, rks ns'k esa vkfFkZd fodkl laHko ughaA bl v/;k; esa ge vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps dsegÙoiw.kZ vax & ;krk;kr] lapkj o 'kfDr dk o.kZu djsaxsA vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps ls lacaf/kr ljdkjdh uhfr dk ge gfjr ØkfUr rFkk vkS|ksfxd uhfr okys v/;k; esa dj pqds gSa tSls flapkbZuhfr vkfnA

ÅtkZÅtkZÅtkZÅtkZÅtkZ(Energy)

vkfFkZd fodkl esa ÅtkZ egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA ;|fi vYifodflr ns'kksa esa bldh


ek¡x de gSA vFkZO;oLFkk esa lao`f) c<+us ds lkFk bldh ek¡x Hkh c<+rh gSA vf/kdrjvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us vkfFkZd fodkl rFkk ÅtkZ dh ek¡x esa ldkjkRed laca/k fn[kk;k gSA

Hkkjr esa vf/kdrj tula[;k vFkok 40 izfr'kr tula[;k xjhch ls uhps gS] rdjhcu vk/khtula[;k dh O;kikfjd ÅtkZ [kjhnus dh ;ksX;rk ugha gSA ;g oxZ ÅtkZ xSj&O;kikfjdlk/kuksa ls iwjh dh tkrh gSA ckdh O;kikfjd ÅtkZ] rsy] xSl] dks;yk vkfn ls izkIr dh tkrhgSA okf.kT; ÅtkZ vf/kdrj rsy ij fuHkZj gSA

fctyhfctyhfctyhfctyhfctyh(Electricity)

okf.kT; ÅtkZ dk egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku fctyh gSA Hkkjr esa 1996-97 esa Hkkjr esa dqy okf.kT;ÅtkZ dk 17.1 izfr'kr dk miHkksx gqvk ysfdu fQj Hkh ges'kk fctyh dh iwfrZ iw.kZ ugha gksikrhA mRiknu {kerk ds Åij ÅtkZ dh deh dk udkjkRed izHkko ns[krs gq, 'kfDr fodklizfØ;k dks c<+kus dh dksf'k'k dhA lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 22, 245.25 MW

fctyh iSnk djus dk IykaV yxk;k x;kA fctyh fodkl dk Hkkj vf/kdrj jkT;ksa }kjk ogufd;k tkrk FkkA vf/kdrj jkT;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;g iw¡thxr rduhd dkQh eg¡xh gS rFkkos bldk Hkkj mBkus esa vleFkZ gSaA jkT; fctyh fuxe Hkh /ku dh deh ls tw> jgk gSAvf/kdrj jkT; jktuSfrd dkj.kksa ls Hkh bls fodflr ugha dj ikrsA fctyh ij desVh¼jkT;k/;{k desVh½ bu leL;ksa dk fuiVkjk djrh gS vkSj ;g lykg Hkh nh gS fd vf/kdrjfctyh {ks=k dsUnz {ks=k esa fodflr djus pkfg,A uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr t:jr dkvf/kdrj vfrfjDr fgLlk futh {ks=k ls vk pqdk gSA

fctyh ds lk/ku fofHkUu gS & gkbZMy ikoj] FkeZy ikWojA FkeZy ikoj IykaV esa dks;yk] rsyo izkÑfrd xSl }kjk fctyh dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA bldks cM+s iSekus ij fodflrfd;k x;k gSA

dks;ykdks;ykdks;ykdks;ykdks;yk(Coal)

Hkkjr esa dks;ys dks ÅtkZ dk egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku ekuk x;k gSA orZeku t:jrksa dks ns[krs gq,blds HkaMkj iw.kZ gSaA ;g egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blls fctyh] xSl o rsy Hkh curkA bldksfodflr djus ds fy, 1956 esa jk"Vªh; dks;yk fodkl dkWjiksjs'ku dh LFkkiuk dhA 70 dsn'kd esa dks;yk [kkuksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA ;|fi ckdh ÅtkZ dh vis{kk bldh[kir fiNys dqN o"kks± esa de gqbZ gSA ;|fi dks;yk m|ksx dkQh leL;kvksa ls tw> jgk gSAlcls cM+h leL;k foÙk dh gSA ;|fi uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr dks;yk {ks=k esa dkQhrCnhfy;k¡ dh gSaA tSls futh {ks=k dks blesa lg;ksx djus ij lgefr nh xbZ] <k¡pkRedlq/kkj fd, x,] lkoZtfud {ks=k dks;yk daifu;ksa dks T;knk mÙkjnkf;Ùo fn, x,A

rsy vkSj xSlrsy vkSj xSlrsy vkSj xSlrsy vkSj xSlrsy vkSj xSl(Oil and Gas)

Hkkjr esa rsy fjtoZ dkQh de gSA xr o"kks± esa bl ij fuHkZjrk c<+h gSA bl lk/ku ls yxHkx47.7 izfr'kr ek¡x iwjh dh tkrh gSA bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vkW;y ,aM uspqjyxSl deh'ku vkSj vkW;y bafM;k fyfeVsM 1955 rFkk 1959 esa 'kq: fd, rFkk blds ifj.kke


Hkh ldkjkRed jgsA ;|fi oÙkZeku esa Hkkjr esa isVªksy m|ksx 40 izfr'kr ls de dh ek¡x iwjkdj ikrk gSA

blds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr esa ,VkWfed ,uthZ esa Hkh mUufr dh gSA bl rduhdh esa HkkjrvkRe&fuHkZj gSA ;wjsfu;e ;k iksfV;e dk iz;ksx djs bls mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkjck;ksxSl ¼i'kqvksa dh csdkjh dks xSl esa rcnhy djuk½] lksyj ÅtkZ ¼lkSj ÅtkZ½ rFkk gokÅtkZ dk iz;ksx Hkh c<+k gSA

ÅtkZ {ks=k ds vUrxZr ;krk;kr dk Hkh fodkl gqvk gSA ;g vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds fy, cgqrt:jh gSA ;krk;kr ls O;kikfjd {ks=kksa ds chp laca/k jgrk gSA lcls egÙoiw.kZ ;krk;kr dslk/ku jsy] lM+d] ikuh rFkk ok;q ;krk;kr gSA lkFk&lkFk lwpuk izlkj.k rFkk lap; O;oLFkkHkh bldk egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gSA ;s lc lk/ku ns'k ds fodkl es vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

xzkeh.k&'kgjh LFkkukUrj.k 27

1951-91 ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; tula[;k 2.2 izfr'kr dh nj ls izfro"kZ c<+h tcfd mlh le;'kgjh ¼uxjh;½ tula[;k 3.2 izfr'kr] izfro"kZ dh nj ls c<+h vkSj 1.9 izfr'kr izfro"kZ xzkeh.ktula[;k esa c<ksÙkjh gqbZA Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k {ks=k esa tUe nj 'kgjh {ks=k dh vis{kk T;knkFkhA 1991 esa 'kgjh tUe nj 24.3 izfr 1000 la[;k ds fo#) xzkeh.k {ks=k esa 30.9 FkhA blfy,'kgjh {ks=k esa tula[;k o`f) nj xzkeh.k tula[;k dk 'kgjksa esa tkuk FkkA ;g vanktk yxk;kx;k gS fd yxHkx 'kgjh tula[;k dk 45 izfr'kr okf"kZd c<+ksÙkjh LFkkukUrj.k dh otgls gSA

LorU=krk ds i'pkr cM+s 'kgjksa esa foLQksVd o`f) tula[;k ds LFkkukUr.k ls gqbZ gSA mnkgj.kds rkSj ij if'pe caxky dh tula[;k 1971-81 ds nkSjku 75.6 izfr'kr c<+hA gfj;k.kk esaQjhnkckn esa 85.5 izfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZA bl izdkj 'kgjksa esa tula[;k c<+ksÙkjh dk eq[; dkj.kxzkeh.k {ks=k ls tula[;k dk ekbxzslu gSA ysfdu iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd D;ksa xzkeh.k yksx 'kgjh{ks=k esa tkuk ilan djrs gSaA blds eq[; dkj.k gSa tks fuEufyf[kr fn, gq, gSA

iqjkus le; esa xk¡oksa ls 'kgjksa dh rjQ tkus ds ihNs xSj&vkfFkZd dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa tSlslkekftd jhfrfjoktA Hkwrdky esa lkekftd laxBu dkQh iqjkus fopkjksa ds jgs gSa blfy,fdlh dks Hkh xk¡o ds jhfrfjokt rksM+us ij xk¡o NksM+uk iM+rk FkkA blds lkFk ck<+ vdkyvkfn ds izdksi dk izHkko rFkk f'k{kk dh otg ls Hkh 'kgj ls xzkeh.k gLrkarj.k gqvk gSAtoku yksx 'kgjksa esa ukSdjh <w<+us ds fy, ;gk¡ vkrs gSaA

vkt Hkh ;s xSj&vkfFkZd rÙo 'kgjksa esa tula[;k c<+us dk dkj.k gSA ;|fi vc vFkZ'kkL=khrFkk xSj&vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds chp leUo; dh fLFkfr gS vkSj os ekurs gSa fd gLrkarj.k vkerkSjij vkfFkZd rÙoksa ds }kjk gh iuirk gSA tks bl izdkj gS&

1. Ñf"k dh thou&fuokZg izÑfr Ñf"k dh thou&fuokZg izÑfr Ñf"k dh thou&fuokZg izÑfr Ñf"k dh thou&fuokZg izÑfr Ñf"k dh thou&fuokZg izÑfr (Subsistence Nature of Agriculture) & Hkkjr esaÑf"k] etnwj] NksVs o lhekar ds ikl de Hkwfe gS rFkk os bldk iz;ksx thou fuokZgds fy, djrs gSa rFkk Hkwfe ?kj ds toku O;fDr;ksa dks jkstxkj iznku djus dhvoLFkk esa ugha gSaA Ñf"k {ks=k esa Nqih gqbZ csjkstxkjh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA Ñf"k {ks=kes dke dh izÑfr Hkh ekSleh gSA blfy, ;s yksx dke dh ryk'k esa 'kgj esavkS|ksfxdhdj.k rFkk jkstxkj dh otg ls iyk;u dj tkrs gSaA ;|fi vc i'kqikyuMs;jh] eqxhZ ikyu vkfn O;olk; mHkjus yxs gSaA xk¡o laLFkkxr lq/kkj Hkh gq, gSaAblfy, bldk eq[; cM+k dkj.k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh Ñf"k ij fuHkZjrk gSA

2. xzkeh.k&'kgjh etnwjh varj xzkeh.k&'kgjh etnwjh varj xzkeh.k&'kgjh etnwjh varj xzkeh.k&'kgjh etnwjh varj xzkeh.k&'kgjh etnwjh varj (Rural-Urban wage Difference) & ;fn nksuksa izdkj

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-4xzkeh.k&'kgjh LFkkukUrj.kxzkeh.k&'kgjh LFkkukUrj.kxzkeh.k&'kgjh LFkkukUrj.kxzkeh.k&'kgjh LFkkukUrj.kxzkeh.k&'kgjh LFkkukUrj.k(Rural-Urban Migration)


dh rqyuk dh tk, rks 'kgjh etnwjh xzkeh.k etnwjh dh vis{kk T;knk gSA Ñf"k{ks=k dh ctk; vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa etnwjh dh nj T;knk gSA laxfBr {ks=k esa jkstxkjfeyus ij O;kikj ;wfu;u }kjk etnwjksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk Hkh dh tkrh gSAblfy, toku rcdk xzkeh.k {ks=k dh ctk; 'kgjh {ks=k es tkuk ilan djrk gSblfy, ;s {ks=k tula[;k nckc ls ihfM+r jgrs gSaA

3. dbZ ckj xzkeh.k {ks=k dh rjQ okilh dbZ ckj xzkeh.k {ks=k dh rjQ okilh dbZ ckj xzkeh.k {ks=k dh rjQ okilh dbZ ckj xzkeh.k {ks=k dh rjQ okilh dbZ ckj xzkeh.k {ks=k dh rjQ okilh (Sometimes push back toward ruralarea) & ;|fi 'kgjh {ks=k esa jkstxkj ds volj vf/kd gSa ysfdu dbZ ckj tksxzkeh.k {ks=k ls vkrs gSa mu lcdks jkstxkj iznku djuk eqf'dy gSA ;|fi ;kstukds ckn vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] foÙk {ks=k dk QSyko rFkk izcU/kdh; lq/kkj ds ckn 'kgjksaesa jkstxkj ds volj c<+s gSa ysfdu ;s igys gh yksxksa dks vf/kd ek=kk esa jkstxkjiznku dj pqds gSaA blfy, vf/kd la[;k es bu Jfedksa dks 'kgjksa esa dke u feyusls ;s okfil xkoksa dh rjQ Hkh tkus dks etcwj gks tkrs gSaA blh izdkj xzke ls'kgjh LFkkukUrj.k ls vk, yksxksa esa dqN lekfgr gks tkrs gSa rFkk dqN xk¡o okfilpys tkrs gSA

'kgjhdj.k'kgjhdj.k'kgjhdj.k'kgjhdj.k'kgjhdj.k(Ubranisation)

'kgjhdj.k fodkl izfØ;k dk ,d fgLlk gSA fiNM+s lekt esa 'kgjhdj.k dh izfØ;k/khjs gksrh gS D;ksafd 'kgj] ns'k esa jgusokys yksxksa dks jkstxkj volj nsus esa ukdke jgrsgSA

Hkkjr esa 1991 dh lsUll ds tula[;k vk¡dM+s crks gSa fd 'kgjh tula[;k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA1991 esa ns'k dh 'kgjh tula[;k 22.72 Fkh tks 1981 esa dsoy 23.34 izfr'kr FkhA ;|fi'kgjhdj.k izfØ;k /khjs gqbZ gS ysfdu fQj Hkh 'kgjh tula[;k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA

orZeku esa Hkkjr dh 'kgjh tula[;k phu dh ctk; lHkh ns'kksa ls T;knk gSA Hkkjr esa'kgjhdj.k dks ekius ds fy, fofHkUu mik, fd, x,A lcls vklku rjhdk gS 'kgjhtula[;k ds Lrj esa ifjorZu dk fujh{k.k djuk gSA ysfdu 'kgjhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk vyxls ifjHkkf"kr ugha dh xbZA ;|fi 'kgjh o`f) nj de gS ysfdu fQj Hkh 'kgjh tula[;kesa T;knk o`f) gqbZ gS mldk eq[; dkj.k xzkeh.k&'kgjhdj.k LFkkukUrj.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSAysfdu vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk fodsUnzhdj.k gksus ij vFkok blds rgr xzkeh.k {ks=kksa vFkok fiNM+sjkT;ksa vFkok de fodflr {ks=kksa esa Hkh 'kgjh tula[;k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA

ysfdu 'kgjhdj.k vFkok 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa tula[;k dk nckc c<+us ij ikuh] 'kkSpky;] edkuvkfn dh leL;k Hkh fodjky:i ys ysrh gSA ;fn ge xkSj djsa rks 'kgjhdj.k dh buleL;kvksa ds lkFk fQj Hkh yksx xk¡o NksM+ dj 'kgj pys tkrs gSaA bldk lcls cM+k dkj.kgS] m|ksxksa esa lkoZtfud fuos'k ;k Ñf"k esa o`f) dk ifj.kkeA nksuksa gh dkj.kksa ls {ks=kh;vk; esa o`f) ls 'kgjh ¼uxjh;½ oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa esa o`f) gksxhA blls 'kgjh {ks=kksa esaJe dh ek¡x c<+sxhA

bl izdkj ljdkj dks 'kgjhdj.k ls mRiUu gksusokyh leL;kvksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk gksxkA;g lgh ckr gS fd 'kgjhdj.k fodkl dk izrhd gS vFkok ,d fgLlk gS ysfdu ;g rHkh


fodkl dk fgLlk cu ldrk gS tc rd blls mRiUu gksusokyh leL;kvksa dks fu;a=k.k esaj[kk tk ldsA D;ksafd 'kgjksa dk {ks=k Hkh lhfer gSA ;fn bu ij nckc dh fLFkfr c<+sxhrks yksxksa ds fy, vkokl vkfn dh leL;k fodjky :i ys ysxhA

Hkkjr esa xjhchHkkjr esa xjhchHkkjr esa xjhchHkkjr esa xjhchHkkjr esa xjhch(Poverty in India)

vf/kdrj lHkh vFkZ&fodflr ns'kksa esa] tgk¡ izfr O;fDr vk; de] vk; dh vlekurk lscgqr lh cqjkb;k¡ iuirh gS] ftuesa xjhch ,d cgqr xEHkhj leL;k gSA Hkkjr esa fodklgksus ds ckotwn Hkh] fiNys pkj n'kd ls xjhch ekStwn gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx pkyhl izfr'krtula[;k vc Hkh xjhc gS vkSj vf/kdrj le; bl tula[;k dks blls Hkh cqjs nkSj lsxqtjuk iM+rk gSA ;g dksbZ Hkh ugha dg ldrk gS fd vk; dk leku forj.k ds ckotwnizR;sd vehj gksxk] ysfdu bl rF; dks Hkh >qByk;k ugha tk ldrk gS fd izR;sd dks ;klHkh dks U;wure miHkksx Lrj izkIr gksxkA

xjhch dh vo/kkj.kkxjhch dh vo/kkj.kkxjhch dh vo/kkj.kkxjhch dh vo/kkj.kkxjhch dh vo/kkj.kk(The Concept of Poverty)

bl ns'k esa lk/kkj.kr;k bl ckr ij lgefr trkbZ tkrh gS fd ;fn O;fDr fuf'pr U;wuremiHkksx izkIr u dj lds] tks fd vko';d gS mls xjhc dgrs gSaA ysfdu fo'ks"kK ftUgksausxjhch ds iz'u dk fujh{k.k fd;k gS og bl ckr ls lger ugha gS fd ,d fuf'pr vk;dk ,d xzqi ,d fuf'pr le; esa U;wure miHkksx Lrj izkIr dj ldrk gSA 1962 esa fu;kstudeh'ku ¼Hkkjr ljdkj½ }kjk xzqi v/;;u fd;k x;k Fkk fd dSls ;k fdls jk"Vªh; rkSjij miHkksx [kpZ dks fuf'pr fd;k tk,A bl v/;;u xzqi us futh miHkksx [kpZ Lrj 20#i;s (1960-61 dh dher ij) dks izfr eghuk izfrO;fDr fu/kkZfjr fd;k tks fd fcYdqyU;wure gSA xjhch js[kk dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, bl v/;;u xzqi us vk; xjhch rjhdkiz;ksx fd;kA ;|fi ;g lkQ ugha gS fd ns'k ds fy, fdl vk/kkj ij bl U;wure jgu&lguds Lrj dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA vkxs xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh fuokZg yxkr ds chp Hkh vUrj ughafd;kA Hkkjr esa ftlus Hkh xjhch iz'u dk v/;;u fd;k gS] izR;sd us bl vizksp ds Åijiz'u fpg~u yxk;kA 'kgjh {ks=k esa fuokZg ykxrsa T;knk gksrh gSA blfy, ugha fd 'kgjh {ks=kksaesa dhers T;knk gS cfYd 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa 'kgjh ¼uxjh;½ xjhc dks dqN bl izdkj ds [kpsZdjus iM+rs] tks xzkeh.k tula[;k ugha djrhA ;|fi] fu;kstu deh'ku us v/;;u xzqi dksnksuksa 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=k esa xjhch ds fu/kkZj.k ds rÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA O;fDrxr'kks/kdrkZ tSls ch0,l0feagkl vkSj ,0fo|kukFku us vius xzkeh.k xjhch ds v/;;u esa blxjhch js[kk dks iz;ksx fd;k gS] ih0ds0 c)Zu] naMsdj] jFk vkSj ,e0,l0 vkgywokfy;k usxjhch js[kk fu/kkZfjr dh gSA

fu;kstu deh'ku us vc 'Task Force on Projection of Minimum Needs' vkSj EffectiveConsumption Demand ds }kjk nh xbZ xjhch dh ifjHkk"kk dks viuk;k gSA vk; xjhchrjhdk iz;ksx djrs gq,] VkLd Qksjl us xjhch js[kk izfrekg] izfrO;fDr] [kpZ dk e/; fcUnqgS tks xzkeh.k {ks=k esa izfr O;fDr 2400 dSyksjh vkSj 'kgjh {ks=k esa 2100 dSyksjh izkIr djusls gSA bl vk/kkj ij 1973-74 dh dherksa ij xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 49 #i, o 'kgjh {ks=k esa57 #i, vk; dk 'Cut-off' fcUnq fu/kkZfjr gSA ch0vkstyj] th0nÙkk vkSj ,e0 jsosfy;u vkSj,l0Mh0 rsanqydj vkSj ,y0 vkj0 tSu us Hkh bl xjhch js[kk dks iz;ksx fd;k gSA


xjhch ds ?kVdxjhch ds ?kVdxjhch ds ?kVdxjhch ds ?kVdxjhch ds ?kVd(Incidence of Poverty)

Hkkjr esa ;k Hkkjr ds ikl xjhch dh lhek dks ekius ds ckjs es lgh vk¡dMs+s ugha gS] D;kasfdvk; forj.k ds laca/k esa lkaf[;dh; lwpuk izkIr djus ds ckjs esa dksbZ mik; ugha fd;kx;kA ;|fi miHkksx [kpZ ij NSS vk¡dM+s bl rjg dh lwpuk nsrs gSa tks 'kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k{ks=kksa esa xjhch ds Lrj dks ek¡ius esa iz;ksx fd, tk ldrs gSaA Hkkjr esa xjhch dk v/;;udjus ds fy,] vFkZ'kkL=kh bu vk¡dM+ks ij fo'okl djrs gSaA

Hkkjr esa xjhch ds eki ds ckjs esa naMsdj vkSj jFk] feUgkl] c)Zu vkSj vkgyqokfy;k }kjkfn, x, fopkj cgqr iqjkus gSa vkSj xjhch ds ?kVd ds ckjs esa leku :i ls ugha n'kkZrsgSA feagkl ds vuqlkj] 1967-68 esa xzkeh.k {ks=k esa dsoy 37.1 izfr'kr tula[;k xjhch js[kkls uhps gS] blds fo#) mlh o"kZ esa 56.5 izfr'kr dk vkgyqokfy;k dk vUnktk] vkSj c)Zudk 54 izfr'kr gS vkSj 1968-69 ds fy, naMsdj vkSj jFk dk vanktk 40 izfr'kr gSAvkgyqokfy;k] c)Zu vkSj naMsdj vkSj jFk us xjhch js[kk dks] feagkl }kjk yh xbZ xjhchjs[kk ls FkksM+k uhps fy;k gSA bl ckr dh Hkh gSjkuh ugha gksuh pkfg, fd bu vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaus vius v/;;u ds fy, leku vk¡dM+s iz;ksx fd, gSa] ysfdu mudh i)fr (Methodology)

leku ugha gSA tks fo'ks"kK ugha gSa oks Hkh ekurs gSa fd 1960 ds nkSjku ns'k esa xjhcksa dhla[;k T;knk gh ugha Fkh cfYd ns'k dh dqy tula[;k esa mudk ¼xjhc½ fgLlk ¼Hkkx½ HkhT;knk FkkA

fu;kstu deh'ku us l=k ds izFke ls xjhch ls lacaf/kr vk¡dM+s fn, gSaA xzkeh.k tula[;kds fy, 49 :i;s (1973-74 dh dherksa ij½ izfr O;fDr izfrekg ij xjhch js[kk fu/kkZfjrdjrs gq, ik;k fd 1972-73 esa tks 54.09 izfr'kr Fkh mldh vis{kk 1977-78 esa xzkeh.ktula[;k dk 51.2 izfr'kr Hkkx xjhc FkkA fu;kstu deh'ku ds iSekus ds vuqlkj] ;g ik;kx;k fd 1972-73 esa 42.22 izfr'kr ds fo#) 1977-78 esaa 'kgjh tula[;k 38.2 izfr'kr xjhcFkhA ;fn 'kgjh rFkk xzkeh.kksa xjhcksa ds vuqikr dks bdëk fd;k tk, rks ;g dqy tula[;kdk 1977-78 esa 48.3 izfr'kr FkkA lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa xzkeh.k xjhch 40.4 izfr'kr]'kgjh xjhch 28.1 izfr'kr vkSj ;fn bu nksuksa dks bdëk fy;k tk, rks ;g 1983-84 esa37.4 izfr'kr FkhA ;g vk¡dM+s NSS }kjk fd, x, losZ{k.k ij vk/kkfjr gS lkroha iapo"khZ;;kstuk ds isij ds rgr 40.4 izfr'kr yksx xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgrs gSa tks xzkeh.k tula[;kdk fgLlk gSA 1987-88 ds vk¡dM+s crkrs gSa fd xjhch esa deh vkbZ gS tks 1983-84 esa xzkeh.k{ks=k esa 40.4 izfr'kr ls ?kVdj 1987-88 esa xzkeh.k {ks=k esa 33.3 izfr'kr vkSj 'kgjh {ks=k esa28.1 izfr'kr ls ?kVdj 20.1 izfr'kr jg xbZA bdës rkSj ij ns[kk tk, rks mlh le; esa37.7 izfr'kr ls ?kVdj dqy xjhch 29.9 izfr'kr jg xbZA ;g nkok fu;kstu deh'ku esais'k fd;k FkkA fu;kstu deh'ku dk eq[; nkok dsoy vkfFkZd lao`f) nj gksus ls gSA bldkeq[; dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f) vkSj lkFk&lkFk bafVxjsfVt :jy MsoyiesaVizksxzke (IRDP)] us'kuy :jy vEiyk;esaV xkjaVh izksxzke (NERP) ds rgr xzkeh.k {ks=k esajkstxkj iznku djus ls HkhA ;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fodflr dk;Z tSls f'k{kk] LokLF;]vkèkkjHkwr lqfo/kk,¡ iznku djuk tyiwfrZ dk;Z rFkk nwljs dk;ZØe tSls efgykvksa] cPpksavkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd rkSj ij fiNM+k oxZ ds fy, dk;Z ls xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgusokyhtula[;k ds Hkkx esa deh vkbZ gSA ;|fi dqN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us fu;kstd deh'ku }kjk izLrqr


vk¡dM+ksa ij 'kksd tkfgj fd;k gSA

oh0,e0 naMsdj ds vuqlkj ̂ ^fu;kstu deh'ku us 1973-74 ls ns'k esa vf/kd ek=kk es xjhchesa deh gksus dks xyr rjhdk iz;ksx djuk crk;k gSA blesa us'kuy lSEiy losZ (AISS) rFkkus'kuy vdkmafVax LVSfVfLVDl (NAS) ds }kjk fn, x, miHkksx [kpZ dh rqyuk dh xbZ gStcfd NAS ds vankts NSS dh ctk; de gSaA tks fd NSS dk miHkksx [kpZ forj.k oNAS dk miHkksx [kpZ forj.k ds vuqlkj 1987-88 esa 'kgjh o xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa 19.7 o 32.7

izfr'kr tula[;k xjhch js[kk ls uhps gSA izks0 feagkl] tSu o rsanqydj us Bhd i)fr dkvuqlj.k fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj xjhch rjhdksa dks dher ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gS] ftl o"kZesa NSS ds [kpZ ds vk¡dMsa miyC/k gSA ;fn dherksa ds ckjs esa lgh vanktk u yxk;k tk,rks miHkksx [kpZ dks fudkyuk ;k mldk ewY;kadu djuk eqf'dy gS rFkk blls vk¡dM+s HkhizHkkfor gksaxsA

muds vanktksa ds vuqlkj ;g lkQrkSj ij n'kkZrk gS fd 1977-78 vkSj 1987-88 ds chpxjhch dk de gksuk tks fu;kstu deh'ku }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gS] egt ,d bÙkQkd gS ufd iw.kZ:i ls xjhch esa deh vkukA

xjhch dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, fu;kstu deh'ku us tks i)fr iz;ksx dh gS] mldh vkykspukdjrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd xjhch vanktksa ds lHkh igyqvksa dk nqckjk fujh{k.k djus dhvko';drk gSA ;|fi fu;kstu deh'ku blds iwoZ fujh{k.k ds fy, fo'ks"kK desVh xfBrdh gS tks xjhcksa dh la[;k ;k Hkkx ds ckjs esa lgh irk yxk ldsA fo'ks"kK xzqi us ^VkLdQkslZ* }kjk fu/kkZfjr xjhch js[kk dk gh vuqlj.k fd;k gSA blus lykg nh gS fd dherifjorZu ls fiNys lkyksa dh xjhch js[kk dks nq#Lr fd;k tk ldrk gSA izks0 feUgkl] rsanqydjvkSj tSu dh rjg] fo'ks"kK xzqi us Hkh jkT; dher rÙoksa dks fy;k gS tks xjhch js[kk dslkFk jgusokys yksxksa ds miHkksx [kpZ esa gksusokys ifjorZu dh lgh tkudkjh ns ldsA blusxjhch ds fy, iw.kZ rkSj ij NSS }kjk fn, x, miHkksx [kpZ vk¡dM+ks ij Hkjkslk trk;kgSA ;g ,d jkspd igyw gS fd fo'ks"kK xzqi us 1983-84 vkSj 1987-88 ¼xzkeh.k 46.6 'kgj42.2 bdëk 44.8 izfr'kr½( ¼xzkeh.k 39.1, 'kgjh 40.1, bdëk 39.3 izfr'kr½ esa tks xjhchfn[kkbZ xbZ og izks0 feagkl] tSu o rsanqydj }kjk fn, x, vk¡dM+ksa ls dkQh de gS] gkyk¡fdnksuksa ¼fu;kstu deh'ku] izks0 feagkl] tSu o rsanqydj½ us ,d tSlh i)fr iz;ksx dh gSA

Hkkjr esa vHkh&vHkh xjhch ds vanktsa] oYMZ cSad ds ikoVhZ o áweu fjlkslZ fMfotu us Hkhbdëk fd;k gS] vFkok lekfgr fd, gSA blesa Hkh NSS ds vk¡dM+s iz;ksx esa yk, x, gSaA;g lk/ku 1951 ls vc rd dh yach drkj iznku djrk gSA blds vuqlkj 1950-51 ls1973-74 ds yack varj ugha gSA mlds ckn 1989-90 rd xjhch esa rsth ls fxjkoV vkbZgSA bu vanktksa ds vuqlkj 1993-94 esa xzkeh.k tula[;k dk 38.7 izfr'kr rFkk 'kgjhtula[;k dk 30.3 izfr'kr xjhch js[kk ls uhps FkkA

xjhch dks ekius ds fy, fofHkUu&fofHkUu fof/k;k¡ iz;ksx es ykbZ xbZ gSa ftrus Hkh Åij fyf[krxjhch ds ckjs esa vankt ^^gSM dkWÅaV uksu&fMLdojhehusVjh vizksp**^^gSM dkWÅaV uksu&fMLdojhehusVjh vizksp**^^gSM dkWÅaV uksu&fMLdojhehusVjh vizksp**^^gSM dkWÅaV uksu&fMLdojhehusVjh vizksp**^^gSM dkWÅaV uksu&fMLdojhehusVjh vizksp** ds rgr fd, x, gSaysfdu fQj Hkh blesa dkQh dfe;k¡ ;k bldh lhek,¡ gSaA ftl izdkj xjhch js[kk tks ,dckj fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gS] ¼pkgs dksbZ Hkh rjhdk viuk;k gks½ xjhc tks fofHkUu Lrjksa ls xqtjrsgaS mlds ckjs esa o.kZu ugha djrhA tSls mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij 1979-80 dh dherksa ij xzkeh.ktula[;k ds fy, 77 #i, izfrekg ij xjhch js[kk [khaph xbZ gSA ;g xjhch js[kk iw.kZ :i


ls vizR;kflr gS fd D;k ,d vkneh dks 76 #i, ;k 25 #i, fey jgs gSaA ysfdu ;fnml euq"; dks nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa j[kdj ns[kk tk, rks mldh fLFkfr leku ugha gSA;g lkQrkSj ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd ;fn xjhch js[kk dks fy;k tk, nksuksa xjhch js[kk lsuhps gS ysfdu 25 #i, ysusokys O;fDr dh rdyhQ 76 :i;s izfrekg ysusokys ls T;knkgksxhA

izks0 veR;Z lsu us dgk gS ̂ ^xjhc ,d vkfFkZd oxZ ugha gSS] u gh lkekftd o vkfFkZd gypydks oxhZÑr djus dh ,d lqfo/kktud izdkj (Category) gSA

xjhch vkfFkZd gkykrksa ls fudyus dk ,d tfj;k gS vkSj xjhch dks gVkus ;k mlls lacafèkruhfr xjhch ds Concept ls ijs gksuh pkfg,A HksnHkko djus dh vge vko';drk gSA xjhchds oxhZdj.k dks nks Hkkxksa esa lapkfyr djuk pkfg,A igys Lrj esa ;g irk yxkuk pkfg,fdls fdruk izkIr gks jgk gS vkSj fQj izfr O;fDr vk; dk dqN fgLlk iz;ksx dj xjhcdh igpku djuh pkfg,A nwljs Loj esa] gesa dksf'k'k djuh pkfg, fd okLro esa fLFkfr fdruhcqjh gS] vkSj D;k ,d fLFkfr nwljh fLFkfr ls cqjh gSA bl lanHkZ esa veR;Z lsu dgrs gSadsoy ;gh tkuuk t:jh ugha gS fd fdrus yksx xjhc gSa cfYd ;g vko';d gS fd osfdruh xjhch esa gSA

Hkkjr esa xjhch dks ekius ds fy, xzqi ds vkdkj dks xjhc dk vkdkj fn;k x;k gS] ysfdu;g ugha crk;k x;k vFkok ;g ugha n'kkZrk fd xjhch js[kk ls xjhcksa dh vk; fdruh degSA blls vkxs xjhcksa esa forj.k dh deh ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dk vHkko gSA izks0 lsu dsvuqlkj lgh ek;us esa xjhch dh leL;k dks gy djus esa ;g lwpuk vge~ ;ksxnku djrhgSA orZeku esa izks0 vkstyj] nÙk vkSj jsosfy;u us fo'o cSad ds fy, vius v/;;u es ikoVhZxSi jslks o Ldw;sjM ikoVhZ xsi jslks 1951-94 le; ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k gSA ;s eki xjhchds ?kVd ds lkFk&lkFk] xjhch dh xgjkbZ rFkk xjhch dks Hkh ekirs gSaA

nwljk eki ikoVhZ xSi baMSDl fy;k x;k gS ftlds rgr ikoVhZ xSi lwpdkad ¼baMSDl½ dksxjhch js[kk ls uhps vkSlr Qklyk dks ml js[kk ds vuqikr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kgS ¼tgk¡ vkSlr (mean) dks iwjh tula[;k ds Åij cuk;k gS] xSj&xjhcksa dh la[;k djusds fy, muds izkWiVhZ xSi dks 'kwU; fn[kk;k gS½ ;g xjhch vUrj (gap) ml gLrkarj.k dksekirk gS tks izR;sd xjhch O;fDr dh vk; dks xjhch js[kk rd ykrh gS rkfd xjhch [kRedh tk ldsA bl rjg ls xjhch varj xjhch dh xgjkbZ dks n'kkZrk gS vkSj lkFk&lkFkxjhch ds ?kVd dks HkhA ;|fi xjhch xSi xjhcksa ds chp dh vlekurk dh lhek ds ckjsesa ugh crkrkA ;fn vk; xjhc vkneh ls fdlh nwljs vkneh ls gLrkarfjr dj nh tk,rks dkSu xjhc gS] xjhch varj lwpdkad esa ifjorZu ugha gksxkA ;g lhek ;fn T;ksa fd R;ksajgs rks rc Hkh xjhch xSi (Poverty gap) eki lk/kkj.k gSM dkmaV baMSDl ls vPNk vkSj ;ghdkj.k gS gSM dkmaV baMSDl dks vke iz;ksx esa gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

izks0 vkstyj] nÙk vkSj jsosfy;u us bu vanktksa ¼ekiksa½ dks fo'o cSad ds áweu fjlkslZ fMohturFkk xjhch ds fy, bdëk fd;k gSA bu vanktksa ds vk/kkj ij 1950-51 ls 1973-74 lsftlesa le; dk T;knk varj ugha gS] xjhch xSi lwpdkad 1989-90 rd yxkrkj ?kV jgkgSA uCcs ds igys ;g Lrj mYVk Fkk rFkk 1993-94 esa xjhch xSi lwpdkad xzkeh.k tula[;kds fy, 9.1 rFkk 'kgjh tula[;k ds fy, 7.62 FkkA

rhljk xjhch dks ̂ ^Ldw;sjM ikoVhZ xSi baMSDl* }kjk ekik x;k gSA Ldw;sjM ikoVhZ xSi baMSDl


dk vfHkizk; gSA Ldw;sjM ijksiksjLusV ikoVhZ xSi dk vkSlr (Mean) ysuk½A ;g eki xjhchdh n'kk dks izHkkfor djrk gS D;ksafd ;g xjhcksa ds chp vlekurk dks n'kkZrk gSA blij 'kd ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd ;g vk; xjhch dks ekius dks vf/kd mi;qDr gSA

Ldw;sjM ikoVhZ xSi dk vkadyu izks0 vkstyj }kjk fn;k x;k gS] izks0 nÙk o jsosfy;u crkrsgSa fd 1973-74 rd 1950-51 ls xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh tula[;k dk Ldw;sjM ikoVhZ xSi baMSDlesa deh vkbZ gSA 1993-94 esa xzkeh.k tula[;k ds fy, 3.27 Ldw;sjM ikoVhZ xSi baMSDl Fkktks 1973-74 esa 7.13 FkkA blh rjg xzkeh.k tula[;k ds fy, Ldw;sjM ikoVhZ xSi baMSDl1973-74 esa 5.22 Fkk tks 1993-94 esa ?kVdj 2.76 jg x;kA

xjhc dk oxZ vk/kkjxjhc dk oxZ vk/kkjxjhc dk oxZ vk/kkjxjhc dk oxZ vk/kkjxjhc dk oxZ vk/kkj(Class Base of Poor)

Ñ"kd lekt esa xjhch dks gVkus ds fy, mPp izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA ysfdu fdlh Hkh ljdkjdks uhfr fu/kkZj.k ls igys] bls xjhcksa dks igpkuuk ;k ifjHkkf"kr djuk pkfg,A nqHkkZX;o'k]Hkkjr esas bl lanHkZ esa ljdkj }kjk dksbZ fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA NSS vk¡dM+ksa dks iz;ksxdjrs gq, izks0 feagkl] c)Zu] naMsdj o jFk us xjhcksa dks igpkuus ¼ifjHkkf"kr½ djus esa dqNmik; fd, gSaA muds ifj.kkeksa ls vf/kdrj xjhc blls lacaf/kr gSa%

1. cxSj Hkwfe ds Ñ"kd Jfed ?kj tks yxHkx Jfed ?kj ¼ifjokj½ dk 60 izfr'krgSA

2. Ñ"kd Je ifjokj ftuds ikl NksVs tksr gSa Ñ"kd Je ifjokj dk 40 izfr'kr gSA

3. xSj Ñf"k xzkeh.k etnwj ifjokj ftuds ikl tksr ugha gS&dkjhxj tks /khjs&/khjsijEijkxr jkstxkj ls [kRe gks jgs gSaA

4. NksVs Hkwfenkj] tks Hkwfe ugha tksrrs rFkk 2 ,dM+ ;k vkerkSj ij ,d ,dM+ ls detehuokys gSaA 'kgjh xjhc ds ckjs esa izks0 naMsdj vkSj jFk dgrs gSa ^^'kgjh xjhcdsoy xzkeh.k xjhch dk T;knk Hkkx gS] tks 'kgj esa pys tkrs gSa ;k jgrs gSaA iw.kZ:i ls os Hkh xzkeh.k xjhc dh rjg gh gSa ;|fi os uxjh; xjhch esa jgrs gSa] mudhviuh fo'ks"krk gSA c<+rs 'kgjhdj.k esa mudh Je o thou ds ckjs esa de tkudkjhgSA**

ekuo xjhchekuo xjhchekuo xjhchekuo xjhchekuo xjhch(Human Poverty)

xr o"kks± esa fodflr vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us cgl dh gS fd ;|fi vk; xjhch ds vge igyqvksadks n'kkZrh gS] ;g dsoy ekuo thou ds ckjs esa vk¡f'kd rLohj is'k djrh gSA ekuo fodklfjiksVZ] 1997 esa crk;k x;k gS fd dksbZ vPNk LokLF; dk vkuan ys ldrk gS] vPNh rjgjg ldrk gS] ysfdu og vf'kf{kr vkSj lekt ds ckdh fgLlksa ls dVk gqvk gSA nwljh rjQ]nwljk O;fDr f'kf{kr o iw.kZ:i ls Kkuh ysfdu izkÑfrd dkj.kksa ls le; ls igys e`R;qgks xbZ gSA ;|fi rhljk jkLrk mldks vge fu.kZ;ksa esa Hkwfedk vnk djus ls jksduk tksmlds thou dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;g lkQ gS fd bl rjg dk HksnHkko] dsoy vk; dsLrj ds }kjk ukik ugha tk ldrkA bl rjg ds xjhch ds fopkj dks iw.kZ djus ds fy,]bldk vk; ds laca/k esa v/;;u gh ugha] cfYd yksxkssa ds izfr HksnHkko ds ckjs esa Hkh tkuuk


vko';d gSA blh dks ekuo xjhch dgk x;k gSA bldk vfHkizk; yksxksa dks volj o pqukols oafpr j[kuk tks ekuo thou ds fy, vko';d gSA tSls yack] LoLFk] jpukRed thouvkSj vPNk thou Lrj] vktknh] vkRe o nwljksa dh bTtr djukA

ekuo xjhch lwpdkadekuo xjhch lwpdkadekuo xjhch lwpdkadekuo xjhch lwpdkadekuo xjhch lwpdkad(Human Poverty Index)

ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ] 1997 esa ekuo xjhch lwpdkad dk izfriknu fd;k gS tks fofHkUu xjhchdks rFkk ekuo dks izHkkfor djusokys rÙoksa dk lwpdkad gSA fjiksVZ crkrh gS fd ekuo xjhchlwpdkad dh vis{kk ekuo xjhch T;knk foLr`r gSA ;g cgqr ls thou dks izHkkfor djusokys igyw&tSls&vktknh dh deh] QSlyksa esa 'kkfey gksus dh v;ksX;rk] vkRe lqj{kk dhdeh bR;kfn gS ftldks ekik ugha tk ldrkA ;|fi fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa xjhch esa Hkw[k]vui<+rk] LokLF; lsokvksa dh deh] egkekjh] lkQ ikuh dh deh dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrkgSaA ysfdu ekuo xjhch lwpdkad esa fuEu ckrksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tSls nh?kZ vk;q]Kku] Bhd thou Lrj vkSj cPpksa dk LokLF;A

1. bl lwpdkad dks fudkyus ds fy, 40 o"kZ dh vk;q ls igys e`R;q gksusokys O;fDr;ksadk izfr'krA

2. nwljk Kku&fd'kksjksa dk izfr'kr tks fd vui<+ gSaA

3. thou dk jgu&lgu blesa rhu phtsa yh xbZ gSa& yksxksa dk izfr'kr tks cxSj lkQikuh ds gS] vFkok lkQ ikuh miyC/k ugha] LokLF; lsokvksa dh miyC/krk ugha vkSjmudk izfr'kr tks laMkl lsokvksa ls oafpr gSA

4. ik¡p lky dh vk;q ls de cPpksa dk otu de gksA

ekuo xjhch lwpdkad pkjksa pjksa dk lk/kkj.k vkSlr ysdj fudkyk tkrk gSA

ekuo xjhch lwpdkad rkfydkekuo xjhch lwpdkad rkfydkekuo xjhch lwpdkad rkfydkekuo xjhch lwpdkad rkfydkekuo xjhch lwpdkad rkfydk

fiNM+kiufiNM+kiufiNM+kiufiNM+kiufiNM+kiu ewY;ewY;ewY;ewY;ewY;

1. mu yksxksa dk izfr'kr ftudh 40 o"kZ dhvk;q ls igys e`R;q gqbZ 1997 16.1

2. fd'kksj fuj{kjrk izfr'kr 1997 46.5

3. (i) lkQ ikuh lqfo/kk ugha 1990-97 19

(ii) LokLF; lsokvksa dh deh 1981-92 25

(iii) laMkl dh deh 71 38.3

4. ik¡p o"kZ dh vk;q ls de cPpksa ds otu esa deh 53.0

ekuo xjhch lwpdkad ewY;ekuo xjhch lwpdkad ewY;ekuo xjhch lwpdkad ewY;ekuo xjhch lwpdkad ewY;ekuo xjhch lwpdkad ewY; 35.9

lk/ku % ;w0,u0Mh0ih0] ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ] 1999 rkfydk crkrh gS fd Hkkjr esa ekuoxjhch dkQh T;knk gSA lcls vge igyw thou dk NksVk gksukA Hkkjr esa 40 o"kZ dh vk;qigys tula[;k ds 1/5 Hkkx dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA ;|fi phu] eysf'k;k] Jh yadk] vts±fVuko D;wck esa yksxksa dk 8% la[;k tks 40 o"kZ dh vk;q ls igys ej tkrh gS tks Hkkjr esa


16 izfr'kr gSA ckdh vk¡dMs Hkh vf/kd ek=kk dks n'kkZrs gSaA Hkkjr esa fd'kksj vui<+rk 46.5

izfr'kr tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa 28.4 izfr'kr gSA 1997 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa iq#"kvlk{kjrk 33.6 izfr'kr o efgyk vlk{kjrk 33.6 izfr'kr o efgyk vlk{kjrk 60.4 izfr'krFkhA

ekuo xjhch lwpdkad fjiksVZ] 1999 us 99 ns'kksa esa ekuo xjhch lwpdkad fudkyk ftlesa Hkkjrdk LFkku 59 gS tks cgqr uhps gSA ;g lkQrkSj ij ns'k ls ekuo xjhch gVkus esa ns'k dhvlQyrk dks n'kkZrk gSA

xzkeh.k xjhchxzkeh.k xjhchxzkeh.k xjhchxzkeh.k xjhchxzkeh.k xjhch(Rural Poverty)

vf/kdrj yksx izks0 naMsdj o jFk ds fopkjksa ls lger gksaxs fd Hkkjr esa uxjh; xjhch]xzkeh.k xjhch dk vf/kd okyk fgLlk gSA ;s yksx xzkeh.k {ks=k ls gLrkarfjr gksdj xjhchjs[kk dks yk¡?krs gSa] tks vkS|ksfxd fodkl] dh otg ls xzkeh.k {ks=k ls 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa pystkrs gSaA ysfdu ;g Hkh vius vki lEiw.kZ ugha gS] dqN uxjh; xjhc yEcs le; ls 'kgjksaesa jgrs gSa rFkk budh fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh vyx gSaA ;|fi Hkkjr esa xjhch dk <k¡pk lkekftdrFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;gh gS fd vf/kdrj uhfr;k¡ xzkeh.k xjhchdks gVkus ds fy, cukbZ tkrh gSaA

Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k etnwjh vf/kdrj Ñf"k esa mRiknu ds lkFk lkearokn dk laca/k gksus dhotg ls mHkjdj vkrh gSA Hkwfe lq/kkj tks LorU=krk izkfIr ds ckn 'kq: gq, Fks Ñ"kdkRedlaca/k esa T;knk varj ugha n'kkZrh gSA ;|fi vf/kdrj lHkh Ñf"k Jfed] NksVs o lhekar fdlkuvkSj Hkwfeghu xSj Ñf"k xzkeh.k etnwj lHkh xjhc gSaA xzkeh.k xjhc tula[;k esa rhoz xfrls Hkwfe ij izHkko Mkyrh gS ftlls Jfed dh okLrfod izfr O;fDr vk; de gks tkrhgS ftlls Je mRikndrk rFkk jkstxkj esa fxjkoV rFkk [kkus dh oLrqvksa dh dhersa Hkh c<+tkrh gSaA ;g rdZ Hkkjr ds lanHkZ eas lgh gSA ;|fi Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd <k¡ps dh otgls tks lgh ugha gS] u rks tula[;k o`f) nj esa deh vkbZ gS u gh jkstxkj esa o`f) gqbZgSA bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Ñf"k rduhdh ifjorZu ls mRikndrk esa o`f) gqbZgS rFkk [kk| oLrqvksa dh dherksa es Hkh ifjorZu gqvk gSA tks orZeku le; esa xzkeh.k xjhchdks izHkkfor djrs gSaA izks0 dSFk xzhQhu us dgk gS fd vk¡dM+s n'kkZrs gSa fd vleku /ku dhmiyfO/k ubZ Ñf"k rduhd tSls u, [kkn] cht rFkk tksrksa ds vkdkj dh otg ls vk;dh vlekurk c<+h gS tks yksxksa esa xjhch dh lhek dks vkSj c<+krh gSA

izks0 tkWu MCyw0 eSyj ds fopkj esa ubZ rduhd us [kk| mRiknu dh ykxrksa dks de fd;kgS vkSj blls [kk|kUu dherksa esa deh dh otg ls Je dh ek¡x esa c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA D;ksafdHkkstu Jfedksa ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ miHkksx oLrq gS ftl ij os vk; dk vf/kdrj fgLlk [kpZdjrs gSaA muds vuqlkj ubZ rduhd dk iz;ksx muds i{k esa tkrk gSA izks0 /kheu ukjk;.kus Hkh ;gh dgk gS fd Hkkjr esa vk¡dM+s n'kkZrs gSa fd Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f) ls [kk|kUu oLrqvksadh dher esa deh vkbZ gS ftlls xjhch esa deh vkbZ gSA

,slh fLFkfr esa bl ckr dks Hkh ugha >qByk;k tk ldrk fd ubZ rduhd ds vkjEHk ls xjhchesa deh vkbZ gS ysfdu lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh dguk vko';d gS fd ;g mUgha {ks=kksa es ykxwgS tgk¡ tula[;k rhoz xfr ls ugha c<+h gSA ,sls {ks=k tgk¡ xSj Ñf"k jkstxkj rsth ls ugha


c<+k gS] tula[;k o`f) us rduhd ds izHkko dks de dj fn;k gSA tks Jfedksa ds i{k esaugha tkrkA izks0 eSyj ds vuqlkj ,slh voLFkk esas rsth ls ifjorZu dh vko';drk gSA tkstula[;k o`f) ds izHkko dks lkekU; dj ldsA ,slh fLFkfr esa] Hkkjr esa gj {ks=k esa Ñf"kfodkl laHko ugha gS blfy, Ñf"k dh fn'kk dks eksM+uk gksxkA tSls i'kqikyu] ou&okfudkvkfn lacaf/kr {ks=kksa dks fodflr djuk gksxkA xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dks Hkh 'kgjh m|ksxksa dh rjgmPp izkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg, tks fd ge Hkwrdky esa u dj ldsA

xzkeh.k {ks=k esa xjhch rFkk mlesa prqjrk ls dehxzkeh.k {ks=k esa xjhch rFkk mlesa prqjrk ls dehxzkeh.k {ks=k esa xjhch rFkk mlesa prqjrk ls dehxzkeh.k {ks=k esa xjhch rFkk mlesa prqjrk ls dehxzkeh.k {ks=k esa xjhch rFkk mlesa prqjrk ls deh(Poverty and Trickle down in the Rural Sector)

blds vUrxZr izfrO;fDr vk; dh rsth ls o`f) nj ds lkFk xjhch esa deh gksus dks tksM+ktkrk gSA Hkkjr esa Ñf"k fodkl ds lanHkZ esa ^fVªdy MkÅu fl)kUr* eas crk;k x;k gS fdÑf"k mRiknu esa o`f) og Hkh laLFkkxr lq/kkj ds fcuk] xjhch ds ?kVd dks de djrh gSAizks0 eksVsd ,l0 vkgyqokfy;k us Hkh bl lanHkZ esa fopkj izLrqr fd, gSa fd Ñf"k mRiknuc<+us ds lkFk Jfed vk; esa Hkh o`f) gksrh ftlls xjhch esa deh vkrh gSA ;g bl ckrdks Hkh n'kkZrk gS fd le; ds lkFk vk; dk forj.k fLFkj gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh foijhr O;kikjdh 'krZ Ñf"k dks izHkkfor ugha djrhA izks0 vkgyqokfy;k ds bl lanHkZ esa vyx fopkj gSaAmudk dguk gS fd ;g lgh gS fd lao`f) mruh rst ugha gS ftlls bPNkRed rkSj ijxjhch esa deh dh tk ldsA okLrfod Ñf"k vk; tks dqy ldy mRikn (NDP) ds lanHkZesa ekih tkrh gS 1956-57 ls 1977-78 rd dsoy 2 izfr'kr c<+h tks tula[;k o`f) ls FkksM+hlh T;knk gSA bldk ;g ifj.kke gS fd xzkeh.k tula[;k esa izfrO;fDr Ñf"k ldy mRiknuds dksbZ varj ugah vk;k gSA bu fopkjksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, izks0 Vh0 ,u0 Jhfuokluus dgk gS fd ^fVªdy MkÅu izHkko* ds fy, ;g o`f) dkQh ugha gS tks xjhch ds ?kVdij izHkko Mky ldsA ;g izHkko rHkh laHko gS tc Ñf"k mRiknu esa tula[;k o`f) dh vis{kkvf/kd o`f) gksA

bl u, fVªdy MkÅu izHkko dks Hkh cgqr ls vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us pqukSrh nh gSA izks0 iz.ko ds0c)Zu us ;g o.kZu djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd dSls Hkkjr es Ñf"k dh ubZ rduhd blrjg ls izHkko Mkyrh gS fd ftlls NksVs o lhekar fdlku rFkk Ñf"k Jfedksa dh vk; esao`f) gksA mudk ;g Hkh fopkj gS fd ubZ rduhd us dqN ekinaM crk, ftlls l=k dse/; esa fVªdy MkÅu dk vlj gqvkA

1. Je dks de djusokyh rduhd ds iz;ksx es dehA

2. cM+s fdlkuksa }kjk Lo;a [ksrh djus ls muds ykHk esa o`f) ftlls NksVs dk'rdkjckgj gks tkrs gSaA

3. Ñf"k dk bUiqV [kjhnus ij fuHkZj jguk flapkbZ izca/k NksVs fdlkuksa ds lk/kughucuk nsrk gSA dqN le; ds ckn ;gh fdlku Ñf"k etnwj dh Js.kh es vk tkrsgSaA

4. gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn vehj fdlkuksa dh tekr iSnk gqbZ gS tks xzkeh.k dkLrdkjksals lk/ku ugha ysrs ftlls os csdkj gks tkrs gSaA

5. dqN fgLlksa esa Ñf"k fodkl gksus ls Ñf"k Jfed fiNM+s {ks=kksa ls nwljs {ks=kksa esa pys


tkrs gSaA

6. vehj fdlkuksa }kjk iEi lSV ds iz;ksx djus ls ikuh dk Lrj uhps pyk x;k gSvkSj ifj.kkeLo:i xjhc fdlku ijEijkxr flapkbZ rduhd dk gh iz;ksx dj jgsgSa tks fd de izHkkfor gSA cM+s fdlku ijEijkxr flapkbZ lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx esa #fpugha j[krs vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa ds ikl ubZ i)fr ds fy, /ku dk vHkko gSA

7. ubZ rduhd ds iz;ksx ls efgykvksa ds jkstxkj esa deh vkbZ gS ftlls xjhc ifjokjizHkkfor gq, gSA

8. vehj fdlkuksa dh jktuSfrd eksy&Hkko 'kfDr c<+us ls [kk|kUu dherks esa rks o`f)gqbZ gS ysfdu bldh vis{kk etnwjh esa o`f) ugha gqbZA

izks0 c)Zu lger gSa fd Åijfyf[kr dkj.k ges'kk fo|eku ugha jgrs gaSA mudk ekuuk gSfd cxSj laLFkkxr lq/kkj ds ubZ rduhd ds iz;ksx ls xjhcksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ugha gksxkA

izks0 c)Zu bl ckr ls Hkh lger gSa fd dqN jkT;ksa tSls gfj;k.kk] iatkc esa d`f"k esa izfr O;fDrokfLrod vk; esa o`f) gqbZ gSa ysfdu bu jkT;ksa esa xjhch ds ?kVdksa esa T;knk deh ugha vkbZgSA ;g lcwr] mudh jk; esa fVªdy MkÅu izHkko ls foijhr gSA xjhch ds ?kVdksa esa deh rHkhlaHko gS tc xjhch dks de djus ds fy, izHkkoh:i ls xjhch gVkvks rFkk xzkeh.k dk;ZØefØ;kRed :i ls ykxw fd, tk,¡A ;g rHkh laHko gS tc ljdkj bl vksj /kukRed :i lsigy djasA

ljdkj us xjhch dks de djus ds fy, fofHkUu dne mBk, gaS tSls Leky QkjelZ MsoyiesaV,tsalh] ekjftuy QkjelZ MsoyiesaV ,tsalh] MVksV ijksu ,fj;k izksxzke] Øsl Ldhe QkWj :jy,Eiyk;esaV izksxzke] QqM Qksj oDlZ izksxzke ysfdu bues ls dksbZ Hkh dk;ZØe iwjs ns'k dks dojugha dj ik;kA dqN dk;ZØe vyx&vyx :i ls ykxw gq, ftldk mns'; flQZ ,d gh FkkAbu lc lhekvksa ds ckotwn ;s dk;ZØe flQZ vuqnku nsusokys dk;ZØe cudj jg x,A ;sxjhcksa dks dke djus ;k xjhcksa dh vk; c<+kus esa lkFkZd fl) ugha gq,A blfy, t:jreglwl gqbZ fd ogh dk;ZØe 'kq: djus pkfg, tks xjhch dks [kRe dj ldsaA blfy, ljdkjus vyx rjg ds dk;ZØe 'kq: fd, ftudk mís'; flQZ xjhch [kRe djuk FkkA

bafVxzsfVM :jy MsoyiesaV izksxzke (IRDP)] us'kuy :jy ,Eiyk;esaV xkjaVh izksxzke (NREP)

xjhch [kRe djus ds fy, 'kq: fd, x,A budk mís'; 1983 rd vf/kd&ls&vf/kd jkstxkjiznku djuk Fkk blfy, bu nksuksa dk;ZØeksa dks feykdj ,d dj fn;k x;kA blls ;s vkSjHkh vf/kd izHkkoh gks ldsA dqN vkSj vf/kd dk;ZØe tks efgykvksa dks viuk VkjxsV cukldsa] 'kq: fd, x,A NVh&iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr rduhdh Kku iznku djus ds fy,;qokvksa ds fy, Vªsfuax vkQ ;wFk QkWj lsYQ ,Eiyk;esaV ¼Vªkblse½ 'kq: fd;k x;kA bldk;ZØe esa fjtoZ cSad] ukckMZ dss rgr /ku eqgS;k djk;k x;kA dqN v/;;uksa esa ik;k x;kfd bu dk;ZØeksa ds rgr 55 ls 90 izfr'kr dh la[;k Qk;nk ysus okyksa dh FkhA bafVxzsfVMizksxzke Qkj :jy MsoyiesaV T;knk lQy dk;ZØe ugha jgkA ;g dk;ZØe xjhch gVkus dsfy, Hkh lkFkZd ugha gks ik;kA blfy, bldk <k¡pk nksckjk rS;kj djds] bls u;k uke^Lof.kZe xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk* fn;kA blds vUnj Vªkblse dks Hkh feyk fn;k x;kA

blds ckn fiNM+s oxZ dks mBkus ds fy, Hkh fofHkUu dk;ZØe pyk, tSls tokgj xzke lao`f);kstuk] ,Eiyk;esaV ba';ksjsal Ldhe] usg: jkstxkj ;kstuk uxjh; xjhc dks ykHk igq¡pkus ds


fy, vkSj vkf[kjh ;s Hkh dk;ZØe Lo.kZ t;Urh 'kgjh ;kstuk esa 1997-98 esa feyk fn, x,A

;fn fQj Hkh xjhch gVkvksa dk;ZØeksa dk voyksdu fd;k tk, rks bu lHkh us xjhcksa dks ,dgh xzqi ekukA muds chp dksbZ Hkh varj ugha fd;kA ;kstukdkjksa us mudh vke fo'ks"krkvksarFkk t:jrksa dh rjQ dksbZ Hkh /;ku ugha fn;kA

izks0 bafnjk gkjos ds vuqlkj xjhcksa dh nks lwph cukuh pkfg,A ,d og tks dqN dq'ky(Skill) j[krs gS rFkk Lo;a jkstxkj 'kq: dj ldrs gaSA nwljh tks etnwjh laca/kh jkstxkj izkIrdj ldrs gSaA nksuksa dks vyx&vyx rjg ls ysuk pkfg, u fd ,d gh oxZ cukdj mudsÅij leku:i ls ,d gh dk;ZØe lkSai fn;k tk,A bafnjk gkjos ds vuqlkj xjhch gVkrsle; Lo;a jkstxkj dk;ZØeksa ;k Lo;a jkstxkj dh vuns[kh ugha djuh pkfg,A blfy, lghfn'kk ;gh gS fd Lo;a jkstxkj rFkk etnwjh jkstxkj dk;ZØeksa dks lkFk&lkFk pykuk pkfg,rkfd gj xzqi bldk Qk;nk mBk ldsA ,slh voLFkk esa ge eglwl dj ldrs gSa fd xjhchdh nj esa fuf'pr rkSj ij deh vk,xhA orZeku le; ,slh fLFkfr de fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa Hkh xjhch gVkvksa izeq[k eqík FkkA ;kstukdkjksa dk ekuuk gS fdjkstxkj laca/kh lao`f) ykxw djus ls Hkh xjhch de gks ldrh gSA uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dsvUrxZr xjhch gVkus ds fy, vkfFkZd lao`f) ds ckjs esa lkspk x;kA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZrxjhch gVkus okys dk;ZØeksa dks T;knk igpku ugha fey ikbZA orZeku le; esa xjhch gVkvksdk;ZØeksa ds Åij dksbZ fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr jkstxkj nsusds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd lao`f) dks Hkh ekuk x;k gSA

vkfFkZd fu;kstu 39

lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ fons'kh tula[;k dk yxHkx ,d&pkSFkkbZ fgLlk doj djrh gSa tksiw.kZ :i ls fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk gSA ;g lp gS fd iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fu;kstu ekStwnugha gS cfYd ;g lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ekStwn gSA bl ckr ls Hkh udkjk ugha tk ldrkfd vc fodflr ns'kksa esa Hkh jkT; vkfFkZd dk;ks± dks lapkyu djus ds fy, dqN eq[; mís';ksa;k igys ls ifjHkkf"kr mís';ksa dks eglwl djrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd D;ksa dqN if'pevFkZ'kkL=kh tksj nsrs gSa fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa fdlh&u&fdlh izdkj dk vkfFkZd fu;kstuvko';d gSA dqN vFkZ'kkL=kh vyx rjg dk eglwl djrs gSaA mudh jk; esa jkT; ds vf/kdkj ds fcuk vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA bl v/;k; esa ge Hkkjr esa okLroesa vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk D;k vfHkizk; gS] ds ckjs esa o.kZu djsaxs D;k bldk dksbZ vkSfpR;gS] fu;kstu fdl izdkj dk;Z djrk gS vkSj bldh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA

vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk vFkZvkfFkZd fu;kstu dk vFkZvkfFkZd fu;kstu dk vFkZvkfFkZd fu;kstu dk vFkZvkfFkZd fu;kstu dk vFkZ(Meaning of Economic Planning)

gj ,d ns'k esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu vyx&vyx gSa] vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds rÙo ij vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksads chp de lgefr gSA fiNys fjdkMZ ls irk pyrk gS fd fiNys dqN n'kdksa eas vkfFkZdfu;kstu dks pkj igyqvksa ls ns[kk x;k gSA

vkfFkZd fu;kstu esa ml vkfFkZd i)fr dh O;k[;k dh xbZ ftlesa og mUghalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gS tks mls iznku fd, x, gSa vkSj dsfUnz; vFkksfjVh dsfunsZ'kkuqlkj og vius mRiknu dks forfjr ;k [kRe djrh gSA vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk ;geryc ladqfpr gS rFkk ;g dsoy ogh doj djrh gS ftls izk;% lkewfgd vkfFkZd fu;kstudk uke fn;k x;k gS tks lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa viuk;k x;k gSA nwljh lwjr esa vkfFkZdfu;kstu dk eryc gS dsoy ljdkjh o futh baVjizkbZftax dk VkjxsV ysuk gSA bl rjgdh uhfr;k¡ dbZ ckj iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkT;vFkZO;oLFkk dk iw.kZ:i ls voyksdu ugha dj ikrh blfy, bl izdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dksvkaf'kd fu;kstu dgk tkrk gSA rhljs] fu;kstu] lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, VkjxsV fuf'prdjrh gS vkSj ns'k ds lk/kuksa dks vFkZO;oLFkk dh fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dks iznku djrh gSA Hkkjrbl rjg ds fu;kstu dks viukrk gSA prqFkZ Js.kh esa ljdkj futh laLFkkuksa ij fuf'prVkjxsV iwjk djus ij nckc Mkyrh gS tks muds fy, fu/kkZfjr fd, x, gSaA

Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu rFkk fodflr ;kstuk cukus ds fy, fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dks /;kuesa j[kk x;k gSA fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa futh rFkk ljdkjh nksuksa {ks=kksa dks fy;k tkrk gSA

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-5vkfFkZd fu;kstuvkfFkZd fu;kstuvkfFkZd fu;kstuvkfFkZd fu;kstuvkfFkZd fu;kstu(Economic Planning)


futh {ks=k esa fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrqvkssa dks fy;k x;k gSA

1. thou fuokZg [ksrh o gLrf'kYidkj

2. NksVs iSekus rFkk ifjokj }kjk viuk, x, okf.kT; m|ksx

3. e/;e vkdkj ds vkS|ksfxd {ks=k tSls ;krk;kr] O;kikj vkSj Ñf"kA

4. cM+s O;kolkf;d m|ksx tSls&[kku] ikS/kkjksi.k bR;kfnA

Åijfyf[kr fu;kstu dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr es vkfFkZd fu;kstu cktkj dksiw.kZ:i ls cny ugha ldhA okLro esa cktkj rFkk vkfFkZd fu;kstu ,d nwljs ds ifjiw.kZ gSaA

fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls vkfFkZd fu;kstu dks] Hkkjr esa] fodkl ;a=k ds rkSj ij ns[kk x;k gSAbu lcesa dqN egÙoiw.kZ gSaA tks bl izdkj gS%&

1. cktkj izfØ;k dh lhek,¡ cktkj izfØ;k dh lhek,¡ cktkj izfØ;k dh lhek,¡ cktkj izfØ;k dh lhek,¡ cktkj izfØ;k dh lhek,¡ (Limitations of Market Mechanism) & cktkj dhlhekvksa dks ns[krs gq, vkfFkZd fu;kstu dh vko';drk dks eglwl fd;k x;kAlektokfn;ks esa ;g /kkj.kk gS fd cktkj izfØ;k dkeoxZ ds izfr HksnHkko dh Hkkoukj[krh gSA blfy, tc os jkT; 'kfDr dks dkcw esa dj ysrs gSa rks os mRiknu dslk/kuksa ds futh ekfydkuk gd dks [kRe djds fu;kstu ds fy, cktkj dks bldklgk;d cukrh gS vFkok uhps j[krh gSA cktkjh vFkZO;oLFkk nksuksa fodflr rFkkfodkl'khy ns'kksa & fu;kstu dk cktkj dh lhekvksa ij dkcw djus ds fy, iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA fodflr iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa] ;g dksbZ Hkh fo'okl ugha djldrk fd cktkj izfØ;k iw.kZ jkstxkj ij vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ;k bdkbZ nsus ds fy,ck/; djsA bu ns'kksa esa izHkkoh ek¡x dh deh dh otg ls dqN gn rd eanh dhvoLFkk iSnk djrh gSA ;g dsoy jkT; ds gLr{ksi ;k rks futh {ks=k esa fuos'k djds;k ljdkjh {ks=k vius vki dqN fuf'pr izkstsDV ys] rHkh bl eanh dks [kRe fd;ktk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu dh vko';drk lk/kkj.kr;k vkfFkZdfiNM+siu dh otg ls gqbZ gSA

2. lkekftd U;k; dh t:jr lkekftd U;k; dh t:jr lkekftd U;k; dh t:jr lkekftd U;k; dh t:jr lkekftd U;k; dh t:jr (Need for Social Justice) & nwljs ns'kksa dh rjgHkkjr us Hkh lkspk fd vkfFkZd o`f) vius vki xjhch dh leL;k dks nwj dj nsxhAfiNys pkj n'kdksa ds vk¡dM+s crkrs gaS fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa vkfFkZd o`f) ls gksusokysykHk Hkh bls uhps ugha yk ldsA okLro esa cktk: rkdrsa bl izdkj ls dke djrhgSa fd ;g vkfFkZd 'kfDr;ksa ij dsfUnzr gksdj] o`f) mu yksxksa dks ,d rjQ NksM+djvkxs fudy tkrk gS ftldh mudks cgqr vko';drk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ns'kesa xjhch gVkvks dk;ZØeksa dh vko';drk eglwl gqbZA Hkkjr ;fn cktkjh rkdrksaij fuHkZj djsxk rks csjkstxkjh dks [kRe djus es cgqr eqf'dy gksxhA bl ns'k esaJe cktkj cgqr&lh viw.kZrk ls izHkkfor gSaA vkxs ekSleh jkstxkj] c<+rh tula[;k]Hkwfe ij tula[;k dk ncko] bl izdkj ds rÙo csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dks nwjdjus esa dkQh dfBukbZ iSnk djrs gSaA ;fn ekuo lalk/kuksa dks iz;ksx djuk ykHkdkjhgS rks ljdkj dks oSKkfud ekuo fu;kstu viukuk pkfg,A

3. lk/ku izsfjr vkSj lEiw.kZ fodflr mUufr ds fy, mudk c¡Vokjk lk/ku izsfjr vkSj lEiw.kZ fodflr mUufr ds fy, mudk c¡Vokjk lk/ku izsfjr vkSj lEiw.kZ fodflr mUufr ds fy, mudk c¡Vokjk lk/ku izsfjr vkSj lEiw.kZ fodflr mUufr ds fy, mudk c¡Vokjk lk/ku izsfjr vkSj lEiw.kZ fodflr mUufr ds fy, mudk c¡Vokjk (ResourceMobilization and allocation in the context of overall developmentprogramme)& Hkkjr esa lk/kuksa dh dkQh deh gSA blfy, lk/kuksa dk lgh iz;ksx

vkfFkZd fu;kstu 41

djuk vko';d gSA bl ns'k es futh ykHk ds vk/kkj ij izkstsDV dk pquko ughadjuk pkfg,A vf/kd fuos'k lkekftd fuEu izkFkfed {ks=kksa esa djuh pkfg,] tSls&vehjksa ds fy, miHkksx oLrqA ,slk lekt tgk¡ vk; dk forj.k vleku gS] izfr;ksxhcktkj fuos'k djus ds rjhds ds ckjs funsZ'k nasxs] tks ns'k ds nh?kZdkyhu mís';ksadks iwjk djus ds fy, leFkZ ugha gkasxsA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa izkstsDV dk pqukolkekftd ykHk ds fy,] u fd futh ykHk ds fy, gksuk pkfg,A blfy, lkekftdykHk ds fy, lk/kuksa dks iz;ksx esa ykus ds fy, jkT; dks gLr{ksi djuk pkfg,A;|fi lk/kuksa dks fØ;k'khy cukus esa futh laLFkkuksa dh ctk; jkT; T;knk izHkkohgSA blfy, bl ns'k esa fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk viukuk etcwrfLFkfr gSA blh ckr ij 1965 esa fu;kstu ij ;w0 ,u0 dkWÝsal us tksj fn;k Fkkfd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa leku eqn~nksa ij vk/kkfjr vkfFkZd fu;kstu viukuk pkfg,A

fu;kstu dh izfØ;kfu;kstu dh izfØ;kfu;kstu dh izfØ;kfu;kstu dh izfØ;kfu;kstu dh izfØ;k(Process of Planning)

Hkkjr esa cktkj izfØ;k dh ctk; vkfFkZd fu;kstu dks T;knk egÙoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gSA ;gns'k esa fu;kstu izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k djus ds fy, vko';d gSA ;gk¡ ge bl ckr dk o.kZudjsaxs fd D;ksa vkfFkZd fu;kstu egÙoiw.kZ gS rFkk bldh D;k izfØ;k gSA

1. fu;kstu vkdkj fu;kstu vkdkj fu;kstu vkdkj fu;kstu vkdkj fu;kstu vkdkj (Planning Body) & lcls igyh 'krZ gS fd ljdkj fu;kstudk vkdkj r; djsA Hkkjr esa fu;kstu vkdkj dks fu;kstu deh'ku dgk tkrkgSA bldk eq[; mís'; lk/kuksa dk oxhZdj.k dj] mís'; fu/kkZfjr dj] izkFkfed rS;kjdj] mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, <k¡pk rS;kj djuk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk fofHkUudk;ZØeksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, Hkh lk/kuksa dks izsfjr djuk gSA

2. lk/kuksa dk oxhZdj.k vkSj vko';d vk¡dM+s bdëk djuk lk/kuksa dk oxhZdj.k vkSj vko';d vk¡dM+s bdëk djuk lk/kuksa dk oxhZdj.k vkSj vko';d vk¡dM+s bdëk djuk lk/kuksa dk oxhZdj.k vkSj vko';d vk¡dM+s bdëk djuk lk/kuksa dk oxhZdj.k vkSj vko';d vk¡dM+s bdëk djuk (Survey of Resoutcesand Collection of Necessary data) & vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds fy, lk/kuksa dk losZ{k.krFkk vk¡dM+ksa dh miyC/krk] nks egÙoiw.kZ igyw gSA ;kstuk dk vkdkj lk/kuksa dhmiyC/krk dh otg ls lhfer jgrk gSA blfy, fu;kstu vkdkj dks ekuo vkSjiw¡th lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk ds ckjs esa igys tkudkjh gksuk vko';d gSA fodflrns'kksa esa lk/kuksa dk losZ{k.k rFkk vk¡dM+ksa dh miyC/krk o lkFkZdrk lgh gksrh gStcfd Hkkjr tSls ns'k ls ;g ckr dkslksa nwj gSA tgk¡ vk¡dM+s miyC/k gSa ogk¡ mldhfo'oluh;rk ij iz'u fpg~u gSA blfy, ljdkj us bl leL;k ls futkr ikusds fy, dsUnzh; lk¡f[;dh laxBu LFkkfir fd;k gSA

3. fu;kstu mns'; fu;kstu mns'; fu;kstu mns'; fu;kstu mns'; fu;kstu mns'; (Planning Obectives) & vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds fuf'pr mís'; gksrsgSaA bu mís';ksa dks lkQrkSj ij ifjHkkf"kr djds budks iwjk djus ds funsZ'k fn,tkrs gSaA ;fn fu;kstu esa jk"Vªh; mís'; ugha gS rks ;g csdkj gSA vf/kdrjfodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fu;kstu mís'; rFkk mlds ykxw djus ds chp varj ns[kus dksfeyrk gSA 'kkld bu mís';ksa ls gVdj dk;Z djuk pkgrs gSaA ysfdu ;fn mís';ksadh iwfrZ u gks rks fu;kstu csdkj gSA

4. izkFkfedrk izkFkfedrk izkFkfedrk izkFkfedrk izkFkfedrk (Priorities) & fu;kstu esa ljdkjh fuos'k dk;ZØe ds fy, izkFkfedrkvko';d gSA fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fofHkUu fuos'k izfØ;k dksbZ Hkh ns'k iwjk ugha dj ldrk


gSA ge lHkh tkurs gS fd c<+rh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa bUÝkLVªDpj fodflr gksuk cgqrvko';d gS] lkFk&lkFk] LokLF;] Ñf"k mRiknu rkfd [kk| oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ gks]e'khu fufeZr m|ksx Hkh fodflr djus dh vko';drk gS ftlls fodkl dh izxfrrst gks] Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa /ku dh deh ls izkFkfedrk ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh gS rkfdiwjs ns'k esa bu lk/kuksa dk leku:i ls vlj iM+s vkSj lao`f) izfØ;k u #dsA

5. fodflr <k¡pk fodflr <k¡pk fodflr <k¡pk fodflr <k¡pk fodflr <k¡pk (Development Structure) & vkfFkZd fu;kstu cM+s mís'; izkIrdjus ds fy, uhfr fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA Hkkjr us fodkl ds Lrj dks c<+kus ds fy,;g QSlyk fd;k gS fd ;g nh?kZdkyhu fodkl dks rc rd dk;e j[k ldrhgS tc miHkksx m|ksx rFkk iw¡th m|ksx nksuksa esa lkFk&lkFk fodkl gksA vc ;gLFkkfir gS fd o`f) nj fu;kZr izksRlkgu ;k vk;kr izfrLFkkiu ds }kjk izkIr dhtk,A

6. fu;kstu esa lekurk fu;kstu esa lekurk fu;kstu esa lekurk fu;kstu esa lekurk fu;kstu esa lekurk (Balancing in the Planning) & Hkkjrh; ;kstukdkj blckr dk /;ku j[krs gSa fd cpr rFkk fuos'k esa lekurk] oLrqvksa dh ek¡x o iwfrZ]ekuo lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk rFkk vko';drk] vk; vkSj fons'kh fofue; dhmiyCèkrk dks cuk;k j[kk tk,A ;kstukdkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd leUo; ds ckn HkhmRiknd lk/kuksa dh deh rFkk vkf/kD; gks ldrk gSA igys ge cpr o fuos'k dsleUo; ds ckjs esa o.kZu djrs gSaA vf/kdrj cpr mUgha yksxksa }kjk dh tkrh gStks fuos'k essa ;ksxnku ugha djrsA blfy, fuos'k rFkk cpr esa vleUo; gks ldrkgSA bldks jksdus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk bu nksuksa ds chp leUo; j[kuk vko';dgSA D;ksafd ;fn [kir {kerk dh vis{kk cpr T;knk gS rks blls eanh dh leL;kmRiUu gksxhA oLrqvksa dh ek¡x o iwfrZ ds chp varj vFkok vleUo; dks jksdukvko';d gSA Je oLrqvksa dh deh ls mudh dherks esa o`f) gksxh tks vFkZO;oLFkkdss fy, ?kkrd Hkh gks ldrh gSA vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;fn xjhch rFkkvk; dh vlekurk dh leL;k dks jksduk gS rks csjkstxkjh nwj djuk vko';dgS D;ksafd ekuo lalk/kuks dh ek¡x rFkk iwfrZ esa varj ls csjkstxkjh c<+rh gSA

Hkkjrh; fu;kstd bl rjg ls ;kstuk esa leUo; cukdj j[krs gaSA igyk gS ekSfnzd;k foÙkh; leUo; tks ;kstuk ds [kpZ dks mBkrk gSA ;fn blds chp esa leUo;u gks rks LQhfr rFk Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k mRiUu gksrh gSA

7. lk/ku izsfjr rFkk izcU/kdh; n{krk lk/ku izsfjr rFkk izcU/kdh; n{krk lk/ku izsfjr rFkk izcU/kdh; n{krk lk/ku izsfjr rFkk izcU/kdh; n{krk lk/ku izsfjr rFkk izcU/kdh; n{krk (Resource Mobilisation and AdministrativeEfficiency) & Hkkjrh; ;kstuk nksuksa lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k esa fuos'k y{; dksiwjk djus dh dksf'k'k j[krh gSA futh {ks=kksa dh iwjh ftEesnkjh futh da/kks ij jgrhgSA ;s laLFkku viuh iw¡th {kerk dks c<+kus ;k cSad o nwljh laLFkkvksa ls _.k ysrsgSaA ;gk¡ ij jkT; dh Hkwfedk xkS.k jgrh gS] D;ksafd ;g dsoy cpr o fuos'k dksc<+kus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, ljdkj ckgjh o ?kjsyw {ks=kksals /ku tqVkrh gSA dj] lkoZtfud m/kkj] cktkj bR;kfn ls lk/ku tqVk, tkrs gSaAorZeku esa fodflr ns'kksa rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls Hkh /ku miyCèk djk;ktkrk gSA

nwljh ;kstuk,¡ ljdkjh e'khujh }kjk ykxw dh tkrh gS blfy, izca/kdh; n{krk vko';d

vkfFkZd fu;kstu 43

gSA Hkkjr esa izca/ku esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj vn{krk nksuksa ekStwn gSA dHkh&dHkh ;g fu;kstu dsmís'; iwjs djus esa #dkoV Mkyrs gSaA blfy, fu;kstu izfØ;k ds fy, vko';d gS ns'k esan{k izca/ku o Hkz"Vkpkj dk u gksukA

vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds mís';vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds mís';vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds mís';vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds mís';vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds mís';(Objectives of Economic Planning)

ns'k esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds nh?kZdkyhu mís'; gj Iyku isij esa fn, x, gSaA foLr`r rkSjij mís'; gS tSls vkfFkZd o`f) ¼yxHkx dqy jk"Vªh; mRiknu esa izfro"kZ 5 izfr'kr dh o`f)½Abl izdkj fofHkUu mís'; fn, x, gSaA ysfdu 1991 esa ljdkj us bu mís';ksa dks jksddj]viuk /;ku foÙkh; lalk/kuks }kjk foLrkj ls vkfFkZd fLFkjrk dk dk;ZØe ykxw djus dhrjQ fd;kA vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds nh?kZdkyhu mís'; bl izdkj gSaA

1. vkfFkZd lao`f) vkfFkZd lao`f) vkfFkZd lao`f) vkfFkZd lao`f) vkfFkZd lao`f) (Economic Growth) & Hkkjrh; iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk izeq[kmís'; vkfFkZd lao`f) izkIr djuk jgk gSA ;g ekuk x;k gS fd vkfFkZd lao`f)ls xjhch rFkk vlekurk esa deh vk,xhA blds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd o`f) vkSj;kstuk ds nwljs mís';ksa esa leUo; LFkkfir ugha gksrkA vf/kdrj ns'kksa esa vkfFkZdlao`f) dk Qk;nk dsoy vehj oxZ dks izkIr gksrk gSA ysfdu Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lao`f)cgqr t:jh gS D;ksafd Hkwrdky esa dkQh fujUrjrk jgh gSA

(A) igyk iM+ko igyk iM+ko igyk iM+ko igyk iM+ko igyk iM+ko 1951-80 (The Earlier Phase 1951 to 1980) & Hkkjrh;;kstukvksa dk l=k 1951 ls 'kq: gqvkA igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1951 ls 1956

rd vkSj bldk y{; 2.1 izfr'kr izfro"kZ jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f) djuk FkkAbl ;kstuk dh miyfC/k vPNh jgh rFkk jk"Vªh; vk; esa 3.6 izfr'kr izfro"kZc<+ksÙkjh ntZ dh xbZA gkykafd tula[;k esa Hkh 1.9 izfr'kr izfro"kZ dh c<+ksÙkjhgqbZA izfrO;fDr vk; Hkh 1.7 izfr'kr izfro"kZ c<+hA nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dky{; 4.5 izfr'kr izfro"kZ jk"Vªh; vk; esa c<+ksÙkjh djuk FkkA gkykafd igyhiapo"kZhZ; rFkk nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds mís';ksa esa varj FkkA bldk <k¡pkegkyksuksfcl ds ekWMy ij vk/kkfjr Fkk ftlus Hkkjh m|ksxksa dks mPpizkFkfedrk nhA bl uhfr dks ykxw djus dk eryc lkoZtfud {ks=k dks'kfDr'kkyh cukuk FkkA ;|fi okLrfod o`f) nj okLrfod y{; ls FkksM+h deFkhA jk"Vªh; vk; esa 3.9 izfr'kr izfro"kZ dh nj ls o`f) rFkk izfr O;fDr vk;esa izfro"kZ dsoy 1.9 izfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZA

r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk y{; 5.6 izfr'kr izfro"kZ jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f)djuk FkkA ;kstukdkjksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd fuos'k dk Lrj ckdh ;kstukvksadh rjg o`f) dks mPp izkFkfedrk nh xbZA lEiw.kZ fodkl dh rtZ ij nwljh;kstuk dh rjg bLikr o`f)] e'khuh ;a=k vkSj Hkkjh e'khuh m|ksxksa dks HkhegÙkk nh xbZA bl ;kstuk esa fodkl dk rjhdk Hkh nwljh ;kstuk ds vUrxZrjk"Vªh; vk; dsoy 2.3 izfr'kr izfro"kZ gh c<+h vkSj izfrO;fDr vk; esa dsoy1.1 izfr'kr izfro"kZ dh o`f) gqbZA vkfFkZd o`f) dh n'kk esa ;g vlQy jghvkSj vFkZO;oLFkk xgjs ikuh esa tkdj [kM+h gks xb±A dsoy 'kfDr'kkyh fu;kstugh ns'k dks cpk ldrk FkkA ;|fi] le; dh t:jr dks ns[krs gq,]nh?kZdkyhu ;kstuk dks rhu lky ds fy, vkxs c<+kuk iM+k vkSj prqFkZ iapo"khZ;


;kstuk 1966 dh ctk; 1969 esa 'kq: gks ikbZA

prqFkZ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh izkFkfedrk ns'k dks fLFkjrk iznku djuk FkkAHkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa nks egÙoiw.kZ igyw Ñf"k mRiknu esa mrkj&p<ko ofons'kh lgk;rk ds ckjs eas vfuf'prrk ls vfLFkjrkA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZrÑf"k mRiknu c<+kus ds fy, fofHkUu dk;ZØe pyk, x,] lkFk&lkFk [kk|kUuiwfrZ ds fy, cQj LVkWd cuk, x,A fu;kstu deh'ku us dher fLFkjrk ijHkh tksj fn;kA ;kstuk ds fy, lk/ku tqVkus ds ckjs esa fons'kh fuHkZjrk dksde fd;k x;kA bu ckrksa ds lkFk ;kstukdkjksa us bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr5-7 izfr'kr izfro"kZ jk"Vªh; ;kstuk es o`f) dk y{; j[kkA ysfdu okLro esafodkl nj 3.3% izfro"kZ ij vVd dj jg xbZA lcls egÙoiw.kZ ÅtkZ rFkk;krk;kr dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZ ftlls o`f) nj c<+us esa #dkoV vkbZA

ik¡poha&iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk Mªk¶V] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 5.5% izfro"kZ dho`f) djuk FkkA vfUre nkSj esa bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 4.4% izfro"kZ dh ldy?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f) dk y{; j[kk tcfd ;g igys 5.5% FkkA mís';ksa dksiwjk djus ds fy, mRikndrk Lrj c<+kus ds lkFk&lkFk fuos'k c<+kus ij Hkhtksj fn;k x;kA bl ;kstuk (1974-79) ds nkSjku ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 4.8%

izfro"kZ dh o`f) gqbZ tks Bhd Fkh vFkok ftl ij larq"V gqvk tk ldrk FkkA;kstuk dh ckdh ;kstukvksa ls rqyuk dh tk, rks ;|fi ;g ;kstuk mís';ksads vuqlkj T;knk lQy ugha gqbZ vkSj 1979-80 es vFkZO;oLFkk dks Hkkjh/kDdk yxk vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn fxjdj 5.2 izfr'kr ij vk x;kA

;fn fiNys pkj n'kdksa dk voyksdu fd;k tk, rks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa3.4 izfr'kr izfro"kZ dh nj ls o`f) gqbZ gSA

(B) ckn dk iM+ko ckn dk iM+ko ckn dk iM+ko ckn dk iM+ko ckn dk iM+ko 1981 ls ls ls ls ls 1999 (The Later Phase : 1981 to 1999) & vfUreiM+ko esa rhu ;kstuk,¡ iwjh gqbZ vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) 5.5 izfr'krtks 3.4 izfr'kr o`f) ls T;knk FkkA

NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk mís'; 5.2 izfr'kr izfro"kZ GDP esa o`f) djuk FkkAbl ;kstuk esa fofHkUu igyqvksa ij [kklrkSj ls /;ku fn;kA (i) orZeku iw¡thdh n{krk Lrj esa lq/kkj] (ii) fuos'k nj esa o`f)] (iii) fuos'k nj es ifjorZu](iv) foÙkh; ?kkVk fuf'pr ek=kk rd j[kuk rkfd fons'kh fofue; ladV dksjksdk tk ldsA bl ;kstuk ds o`f) y{; dks Hkh izkIr fd;k x;kA ;g dsoyÑf"k {ks=k esa vPNh ijQkWjesal rFkk lsok {ks=k esa lq/kkj ls laHko gqvkA bl;kstuk ds varxZr Ñf"k mRiknu esa 4.3% izfro"kZ dh o`f) gqbZ tcfd y{;dsoy 5.8% izfr o"kZ FkkA gkyk¡fd cpr dk Lrj viuk y{; izkIr ugh djldkA

lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk mís'; GDP esa 5.0% izfr o"kZ o`f) djuk FkkAfiNys n'kd ls ;g o`f) nj T;knk FkhA bl ;kstuk ds izFke rhu o"kksZ esaGDP 3.8% izfr o"kZ dh nj ls c<+kA ;|fi 1988-89 vkSj 1989-90 ds nkSjkuQly vPNh gksus ls lao`f) nj ,dne c<+dj 5.8% izfro"kZ gks xbZ tcfdy{; dsoy 5.0% izfr o"kZ FkkA ;fn bl ;kstuk dh o`f) nj vyx&vyx

vkfFkZd fu;kstu 45

ns[kh tk, rks ;g fn[kkbZ ;k eglwl ugha gksrk fd o`f) nj c<+h gSA D;ksafdlkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds izFke o"kZ esa lao`f) nj 4.1 izfr'kr FkhA gkykafdnks o"kZ lw[kk&ihfM+r jgs ftlls o`f) nj dks /kDdk yxkA ;kstuk ds prqFkZo"kZ esa vPNh Ñf"k ls vanktk Fkk fd GDP esa 10.5 izfr'kr dh o`f) gksxhAblh o"kZ Ñf"k esa vf/kd mRiknu ls GDP esa fjdkMZ rksM+ o`f) gqbZ tks 21.0

izfr'kr FkhA ;g flQZ vPNh ekulwu dk gh urhtk FkkA

1980 esa o`f) izfØ;k dk] GDP esa o`f) gksus ds ckn Hkh vkykspuk dh xbZAlcls vge dkj.k Fkk foÙkh; ?kkVk dk c<+uk rFkk nwljk lk/kuksa dk lgh:i esa iz;ksx u djukA

1990-91 o"kZ dh o`f) nj ds fglkc ls cqjk ugha Fkk ysfdu bl o"kZ esa vkfFkZdladV mHkjus 'kq: gks x, rFkk 1991-92 esa ;g xgjkrs pys x,A vkjEHk esa1990-91 esa GDP esa o`f) nj 5.4 izfr'kr fjdkMZ dh xbZ ysfdu 1991-92 esa;g vkfFkZd ladV ds dkj.k fLFkj ugha jghA bl o"kZ GDP esa dsoy 0.8

izfr'kr vkSj Ñf"k rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks=k _.kkRed o`f) nj 2.8 o 0.1 izfr'krntZ dh xbZA vkBoh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr GDP esa izfro"kZ 5.6 izfr'krdk y{; FkkA blds foijhr GDP esa bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr o"kZ 6.8 izfr'krdh o`f) ntZ gqbZA ;|fi ;g o`f) nj uoha&iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds izFke nkso"kksZ esa dk;e ugha jg ldhA 1997-98 esa GDP esa fxjkoV 5.0 izfr'kr ntZdh xbZ tks 1996-97 esa 7.5 izfr'kr FkkA vFkZO;oLFkk us 1998-99 esa vk¡dyuds fglkc ls 6.8 izfr'kr dh o`f) okfil izkIr dhA

2. vkRe fuHkZjrk vkRe fuHkZjrk vkRe fuHkZjrk vkRe fuHkZjrk vkRe fuHkZjrk (Self -Reliance) & yxHkx ik¡p n'kd igys] igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstukds vUrxZr Hkkjr fons'kksa ij fuHkZj FkkA dkj.k Fkk Ñf"k iz/kku ns'k gksrs gq, HkhÑf"k {ks=k [kk|kUu oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ ugha dj ik;kA urhtk ;g gqvk fd [kk|kUuds fy, vejhdk vkfn ns'kksa ij fuHkZj gksuk iM+kA vk/kkjHkwr m|ksxksa dk u gksuk];krk;kr] e'khuh vkStkj] fctyh] IykaV vkfn u gksus ij Hkh nwljs ns'kksa ij fuHkZjgksuk iM+kA fodflr ns'k] fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds lkFk t:jr dh oLrqvksa dh iwfrZdjrs le; viuh eksyHkko 'kkfDr dk iw.kZ iz;ksx djds viuh oLrqvksa dh vf/kddher ysrs gSaA izk;% vko';d oLrqvksa dh vf/kd dher ysrs gSaA izk;% vko';doLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djus ds fy, ;s ns'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks CySdesy djus dsfy, jktuSfrd gfFk;kj dh rjg iz;ksx djrs gSaA blfy, ;fn xjhc ns'k viusvkidks nwljs ns'kksa ds jktuSfrd nckc ls cpuk pkgrs gSa rks mUgsa [kk|kUu o iw¡thlk/kuksa esa vkRefuHkZj gksus ds flok; dksbZ pkjk ugh gSA nwljs ns'kksa vkSj nwljs laLFkkutSls IMF vkSj fo'o cSad ds Åij viuh fuHkZjrk de djuh iM+sxhA

blfy, Hkkjr esa fu;kstu ds vUrxZr vkRefuHkZj gksus dk mís'; viuk;k x;kAigyh nks iapo"khZ; ;kstuvksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk ds Åij dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;kAlcls igys rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa vkRefuHkZjrk dks vge LFkku fn;k x;kA;|fi vkRefuHkZjrk dk vFkZ ladqfpr rkSj ij fy;k x;k eryc vkRefuHkZjrk lsvfHkizk; dsoy ckgjh lgk;rk ds Åij dkcw ikuk gh fy;k x;kA ljdkj us fons'khlgk;rk dh fuHkZjrk dks de gh ugha fd;k] cfYd de nj ij PL 480 ds rgrvejhdk ls [kk|kUu dks vk;kr djus dk Hkh fu.kZ; fy;kA ;|fi ;kstuvksa ds


vUrxZr o`f) nj c<+h gS ysfdu fQj Hkh Hkqxrku larqyu dh fLFkfr dkQh [kjkcgqbZ gSA ;|fi ik¡poha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k esadqN lq/kkj gqvkA bldk eq[; dkj.k fu;kZr izksRlkgu o vk;kr izfrLFkkiu FkkA1980 esa fons'kh {ks=k esa mnkjhdj.k ls Hkqxrku larqyu xM+cM+k x;k vkSj fons'kh eqnzkHkaMkj $2.236 fefy;u rd de gq,A ljdkj us vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dks nksckj u, fljsls 'kq: djds vFkZO;oLFkk dks iVjh ij ykus dh dksf'k'k dhA

vc ge nks ckrksa ij lger gks ldrs gSa & ns'k [kk|kUu esa vkRefuHkZj gSA ykSgo bLikr es o`f)] e'khuh vkStkj] Hkkjh m|ksx vkfn us ns'k dks iw¡th lk/kuksa esvkRefuHkZj gksus ds fy, Hkh dne c<+k;k gSA ;|fi isVªksy dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; dherT;knk gksus ij Hkh Hkkjr esa Hkqxrku dh leL;k iSnk djrh gSA

3. csjkstxkjh dks [kRe djuk csjkstxkjh dks [kRe djuk csjkstxkjh dks [kRe djuk csjkstxkjh dks [kRe djuk csjkstxkjh dks [kRe djuk (Removal of Unemployment) & xjhch dks [kRe djusds fy, ,d gh mik; gS csjkstxkjh leL;k ij dkcw djukA ;g eglwl fd;kx;k gS fd csjkstxkjh c<+us ls xjhch Hkh c<+rh gSaA blfy, iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dsvUrxZr csjkstxkjh [kRe djuk ,d eq[; mís'; j[kk x;k vkSj bls izkFkfedrk nhxbZA ysfdu izks0 v'kksd #nz dk dguk gS fd ljdkj us ,d gh jkstxkj uhfrugha cukbZA ljdkj us ;g Hkh y{; fuf'pr ugha fd;k fd dc ;fn dksbZ O;fDrbZekunkjh ls dke djuk pkgrk gS rks mls vo'; dke feysA blh otg ls bruslkyksa esa Hkh csjkstxkjh esa deh ugha vkbZA ;|fi fu;kstu deh'ku vc eglwl djrkgS fd csjkstxkjh fdlh Hkh uhfr dk lh/kk y{; gksuk pkfg,A

fu;kstu deh'ku dh i)fr esa vc rd fuos'k dk;ZØeksa dks csjkstxkjh ds iz'u dksvyx ls eglwl ugha fd;kA vc rd ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd fuos'k c<+us lsjkstxkj esa o`f) gksrh gSA ysfdu fuos'k c<+us ls vius vki jkstxkj esa o`f) ughagqbZA jkstxkj esa o`f) ls fuos'k esa o`f) djus ds lkFk] rduhd dk pquko Hkhvko';d gSA lc t:jrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fofHkUu {ks=k] izns'k vkSj vkfFkZdoxZ ds fy, vyx ls jkstxkj ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djuk vko';d gSA

(1) iw.kZ la[;k esa u, dk;ks± dk iSnk djuk iw.kZ la[;k esa u, dk;ks± dk iSnk djuk iw.kZ la[;k esa u, dk;ks± dk iSnk djuk iw.kZ la[;k esa u, dk;ks± dk iSnk djuk iw.kZ la[;k esa u, dk;ks± dk iSnk djuk (Creation of Fresh Jobs in anAdequate Number) & vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk igyk iM+ko n'kkZrk gS fdljdkj us u, dkeksa dh la[;k ugha c<+kbZA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij NBha iapo"khZ;;kstuk ds vUrxZr 12 fefy;u yksx csjkstxkj Fks (NSS dk 32ok¡ pØ½ lkrohaiapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ;g la[;k 13.9 fefy;u FkhA ;|fi ;g la[;k de gksusdh ctk; c<+rh xbZ vkSj vizSy 1994 esa ;g csjkstxkjh dk vuqikr 2.03

izfr'kr o v/kZcsjkstxkjh 8.43 izfr'kr FkkA

(2) jkstxkj vkSj mRiknu ds chp leUo;rk dh deh jkstxkj vkSj mRiknu ds chp leUo;rk dh deh jkstxkj vkSj mRiknu ds chp leUo;rk dh deh jkstxkj vkSj mRiknu ds chp leUo;rk dh deh jkstxkj vkSj mRiknu ds chp leUo;rk dh deh (Lack of Capabilitybetween employement and output) & igys Hkh crk;k tk pqdk gS fd;kstukvksa dk y{; mRiknu c<+kuk FkkA csjkstxkjh dh leL;k] lk/kkj.kr;koSls gh uke ds rkSj ij of.kZr dh xbZA jkstxkj dk dsoy ;gh mís'; Fkkfd ns'k esa o`f) gksus ds lkFk&lkFk jkstxkj esa vius vki o`f) gksxhA ysfdu,slk dqN Hkh ugha gqvkA ns'kksa esa lkyksa ls csjkstxkjh o`f) gksuk ljdkj dhi)fr esa deh dks n'kkZrk gSA izks0 v#.k ?kks"k us dgk gS fd izfro"kZ 3 izfr'kr

vkfFkZd fu;kstu 47

dh nj ls jkstxkj miyC/k gksuk pkfg,A ;g fuos'k ds Lrj ij <k¡ps dksnksckjk cukuk vkSj fuf'pr {ks=kksa esa mRiknu c<+kuk rkfd mRiknu izfØ;k dslkFk jkstxkj {kerk Hkh c<+sA

(4) vk; vlekurk esa deh vk; vlekurk esa deh vk; vlekurk esa deh vk; vlekurk esa deh vk; vlekurk esa deh (Reduction in Income Inequalities) & Hkkjrh; vkfFkZdfu;kstu dk mís'; vk; dh vlekurk dks de djuk Hkh jgk gSA ;|fi] bldksde izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA ;g blh ckr ls vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd fu;kstudeh'ku ds fdlh Hkh izdk'ku esa vk; o /ku ds forj.k dh vlekurk ds ckjs esavk¡dyu ugha fd;k x;kA bldk Hkh eq[; dkj.k ;gh gS fd jkstxkj c<+us rFkkvkfFkZd o`f) ls vius vki vk; dh vlekurk de gksxhA NBha iapo"khZ; ;kstukds vUrxZr xjhch dks gVkus dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;k] ysfdu vk; dhvlekurk de djus ij dksbZ fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA ;kstuk izi=k ;g ekudj pyrs gSa fd foÙkh; uhfr] vkS|ksfxd ykblsal] ,dkf/kdkj fu;a=k.k ds eki vkfnls vius vki vk; dk vleku forj.k de gksxkA lkroha ;kstuk dh rjg vkBoha;kstuk esa Hkh vk; dh vlekurk dks de djus dk dksbZ mís'; ugha j[kkA

(5) vk; forj.k ij vlQy vk; forj.k ij vlQy vk; forj.k ij vlQy vk; forj.k ij vlQy vk; forj.k ij vlQy (Failure on Income Distribution) & vk; dhvlekurk dk igyw vk; ds forj.k ls lh/kk laca/k j[krk gSA NSS ¼26oka pØ½ds vuqlkj 1971-72 esa 5.44 izfr'kr Ñ"kd ifjokjksa ds ikl yxHkx 39.43 izfr'krÑf"k Hkwfe Fkh] blds foijhr yxHkx 40 izfr'kr yksxksa ds ikl 1.58 izfr'kr HkwfeFkhA vk; esa vlekurk dk eq[; dkj.k Hkwfe vFkok nwljs vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa dh laifÙkdk vleku c¡Vokjk gSA Ñf"k etwnjksa ds ikl dksbZ Hkwfe ugha gS blfy, og uhpsrcds ls lacaf/kr gSA NksVs fdlku FkksM+h Hkwfe dh otg ls dsoy mruh gh iSnkokjdj ikrs gSa tks dsoy mudk xqtj&clj dj ldsA

'kgjksa esa ,dkf/kdkj [kRe djus ds fy, MRTP Act cuk;k x;kA ysfdu ;g HkhvizHkkoh lkfcr gqvkA nÙk desVh us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk gS fd jkT; dh m/kkjuhfr NksVs vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds izfr HksnHkko j[krh gS vkSj ,dkf/kdkj dks c<+koknsrh gSA

(6) xjhch [kRe djuk xjhch [kRe djuk xjhch [kRe djuk xjhch [kRe djuk xjhch [kRe djuk (Elimination of Poverty) & vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds mís'; esaxjhch mUewyu dks vge LFkku fn;k x;k gSA fu;kstu dh vf/kd vof/k esa yxHkxvk/kh tula[;k xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgh gS ftldks U;wure thou fuokZg dk ukefn;k x;k gSA ;|fi 1970 rd ;kstukdkj ;gh ekurs Fks fd o`f) dk ̂ fVªdy MkÅuizHkko* vkusokys ns'kksa esa xjhch dk mUewyu djsxkA NBha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds varxZreglwl fd;k x;k fd xjhch vc Hkh vf/kd ek=kk esa gSA 1977-78 esa 48.8 yksxxjhch js[kk ls uhps Fkh tks ?kVdj 1987-88 esa 29.9 izfr'kr jg x,A dbZvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us bl ij iz'ufpg~u yxk, gSa fd xjhch js[kk dk eki lgh ugha Fkkftls ge Hkkjr esa xjhch ds v/;k; esa of.kZr dj pqds gSaA vk¡dM+ksa bR;kfn dhtkudkjh ge ogk¡ ls izkIr dj ldrs gSaA fo'ks"kK xzqi i)fr dks viukrs gq,fu;kstu deh'ku us xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgusokyksa dh la[;k 1992-93 esa 40.7

izfr'kr vkSj 1993-94 esa 36.0 izfr'kr dk vk¡dyu fd;k gSA

(7) vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k (Modernisation) & Hkkjrh; ;kstukdkjksa us ges'kk ns'k ds fodkl


esa foKku o rduhd dh Hkwfedk dks eglwl fd;k gSA foKku o rduhd iz;ksxdjus ls mRiknu eas o`f) ls vkfFkZd lao`f) dks c<+kok feyrk gSA LorU=krk ds le;ns'k esa rduhdh Kku dh deh FkhA mRiknu rduhdsa Hkh iqjkuh FkhA ns'k dksvk;kfrr rduhd ij fuHkZj jguk iM+k ;|fi NBha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk rd fdlh;kstuk esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dk dksbZ uke ugha FkkA

igyh ckj NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vk/kqfudhdj.k ds mís'; dks fy;kx;kA ;|fi vk/kqfudhdj.k dk eryc dkQh foLr`r fn;k x;k gS tks bl izdkjgS laLFkkxr vkfo"dkj o izxfr] rduhdh mUufr bR;kfnA xr o"kks± esa jk"Vªh; vk;dh cukoV esa dkQh varj vk;k gSA fufeZr oLrqvksa] [kku vkfn dk Hkkx jk"Vªh;vk; esa 20 izfr'kr ls 30 izfr'kr gks x;k gSA vkt ds lanHkZ esa ns'k esa rduhdhKku dh dkQh {kerk gS tks 1950 esa ugha FkhA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij Ñf"k o m|ksx{ks=k ds fy, fodflr cSad LFkkfir fd, gSa] {ks=kh; cSadksa dk vkfo"dkj vkSj lgdkjhlfefr;ksa dk QSyko tgk¡ budh miyC/krk ugha Fkh] blls ns'k esa laLFkkxr lk[kesa dkQh ifjorZu gqvk gSA

lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds varxZr vk/kqfudhdj.k ds vFkZ dks ladqfpr dj fn;kAvc ;kstukdkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vfHkizk; rduhdh fodkl gSAÑf"k {ks=k esa u, [kkn o cht] flapkbZ ds fy, flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa esa c<+ksÙkjh] ikuhizca/ku esa lq/kkj vkSj e'khuhdj.k es o`f) gqbZ gSA vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa Hkh rduhdhc<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gS & (1) dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx c<+uk] (2) u, lk/kuksa dk iz;ksxA ysfdublds ckotwn vk/kqfudhdj.k HksnHkko dk [krjk gSA ,d Je iz/kku ns'k esa tgk¡Je dh miyC/krk T;knk gSA vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk T;knk e'khuhdj.k gkssus ls Jfedksadks viuh ukSdjh tkus dk [krjk jgsxkA blh rjg Ñf"k {ks=k esa Hkh vk/kqfudhdj.kJfedksa ds fy, jkstxkj ds lk/ku ¼volj½ ladqfpr gksus dk Hkh [krjk gSA ,slhvoLFkk esa fu;kstudÙkkZ bl ckr dks ekuus ls euk djrs gSa fd D;k okLro:iesa Hkkjr vk/kqfudhdj.k dk y{; izkIr djsxk ;k xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh [kRe djusdsA bl ckrksa ds chp vleatl fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gSA

blfy, mís'; izkfIr ls vFkok mís'; fu/kkZj.k ls igys ;kstukdkjksa dks muls gksusokys izHkkoksads ckjs es rRij jguk gksxkA lgh ek;us esa mudk fuokj.k dk mik; Hkh /;ku eas j[kuk gksxkAHkkjr esa uhfr;k¡ izHkkoh:i ls ykxw dh tkrh gS ysfdu ns'k ds fodkl esa iw¡th dh deh cM+h#dkoV gSA

fodkl ds fy, iapk;r vkSj ,u0th0vks0 dh Hkwfedk 49

;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr Hkkjr ljdkj us fupys Lrj ¼xk¡o½ dk fodkl djus ds fy, iapk;rksads vf/kdkjksa esa c<+ksÙkjh dh gSA iapk;r jkt laLFkku dk eq[; mís'; fiNM+s oxZ ds yksxksa rFkkdetksj oxZ dks 'kfDr iznku djuk Fkk rkfd og Hkh QSlyksa esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh dj ldssaAblls lacaf/kr lafo/kku esa cnyko djus ls igys cyoar jk; esgrk desVh us xk¡oksa esa iapk;rksads xBu ij tksj fn;k Fkk rkfd xk¡o ls lacaf/kr >xM+s ;k leL;k xk¡o Lrj ij gh fuiVkbZtk ldsA ysfdu 1992 esa lafo/kku dk iquxZBu djds iapk;rh jkt baLVhV~;w'kulZ dh LFkkiukFkhA bldks lafo/kku dh 73oha o 74oha la'kks/ku Hkh dgrs gSaA blfy, xk¡o Lrj ijlajpukRed <k¡ps esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, iapk;rksa dks vf/kd lqfo/kk,¡ eqgS;k djkbZ xbZAblds vUrxZr l'kfDrdj.k ij Hkh tksj fn;k x;kA l'kfDrdj.k dks ge rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡VrsgSa& lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd l'kfDrdj.kA PRIs dk mís'; eq[;:i ls jktuSfrdl'kfDrdj.k Fkk ysfdu blds lkFk&lkFk ljdkj us iapk;rksa ds vkfFkZd vf/kdkjksa esa Hkh o`f)dhA fodkl dh bl lh<+h dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk & (1) xk¡o Lrj] (2) CykWd Lrj] (3) ftykLrjA ;|fi PRIs dk xBu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ,d vge ?kVuk gSA ;g blfy, D;ksafdfupys Lrj ij ;g lHkh txg efgykvksa dks lhVksa dk 1/3 Hkkx ij fgLlsnkjh feysxhA blcnyko us efgyk ds l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, la?k"kZ esa ,d u;k v/;k; tksM+ fn;k gSA bldsrgr vc xk¡o esa fodkl ds fy, [kpZ dh ftEesnkjh ljiap ¼xk¡o ds eqf[k;k½ ij fuHkZj gSAblds fy, iapk;r dks ljdkj ls /ku eqgS;k djk;k tkrk gSSA blfy, xk¡o] CykWd rFkk ftykLrj ij leUo; LFkkfir djus ds fy, ljdkj us 'kfDr dk fodsfUnz;dj.k dj fn;k rkfdxk¡o Lrj ij gh yksx viuh leL;kvksa dk fuiVkjk dj ldsaA

iapk;rhjkt ds rgr QaM ds iz;ksx dh ftEesnkjh Hkh iapk;r ij gSA ;|fi iapk;r eglwldjrh gS fd tks QaM xk¡o dks fn, tkrs gSa os dkQh ugha gSaA bu laLFkkvksa ds vUrxZr n{krkc<+kus ds fy, iapk;r lnL;ksa dks izf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA fofHkUu xzkeh.k dk;ZØeksa lslacaf/kr tkudkjh Hkh iapk;r dks eqgS;k djkbZ tkrh gSA xzkeh.k fodkl rFkk f'k{kk dks lqpk::i ls QSykus ds fy, Ldwyksa ds izca/ku laca/kh vf/kdkj Hkh vc iapk;rksa ds ikl gSA ;|fiblds lkeus yksxksa dh lk{kjrk nj de gksuk ,d fodV leL;k gSA dbZ jkT;ksa esa rks ljdkjus pquko yM+us ds fy, nsoukxjh fyfi dks vfuok;Z fd;k gSA

;|fi vkfFkZd fodkl c<+kus ds fy, ljdkj us iapk;rksa ds vf/kdkjksa esa o`f) dh gS ysfdufQj Hkh ykyQhrk'kkgh] Hkz"Vkpkj izca/kdh; dfe;ksa dk cksy&ckyk vc Hkh gSA lk{kjrk dhdeh ls bu iapk;rksa dks QaMksa dh tkudkjh dh Hkh deh jgrh gSA ;|fi buds izf'k{k.k dsfy, lsfeukj rFkk izf'k{k.k dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA tksfd xk¡o] CykWd o ftyk Lrj ij varj

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-6fodkl ds fy, iapk;r vkSj ,u0th0vks0 dh Hkwfedkfodkl ds fy, iapk;r vkSj ,u0th0vks0 dh Hkwfedkfodkl ds fy, iapk;r vkSj ,u0th0vks0 dh Hkwfedkfodkl ds fy, iapk;r vkSj ,u0th0vks0 dh Hkwfedkfodkl ds fy, iapk;r vkSj ,u0th0vks0 dh Hkwfedk(Role of Panchayats and NGOs for Development)


vFkok leUo; dh deh ls buds chp lapkyu dh O;oLFkk dh deh gSA ;fn ljdkj budhHkwfedk dks fodkl ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ cukuk pkgrh gS rks mls budh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk iw.kZ lsvoyksdu djuk gksxkA ;g Hkh ns[kus dh vko';drk gS fd tks QaM bUgsa iznku fd, x, gSD;k mudk xk¡o ds fodkl ds fy, iz;ksx ;k lnqi;ksx fd;k gSA xk¡o ds vUnj Hkh vcHkz"Vkpkj viuh tM+sa QSyk pqdk gS blfy, bldks [kRe djus ds fy, iapk;rksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyhesa lq/kkj djuk gksxkA

;|fi 1992 esa lafo/kku eas ifjorZu ,d vge dne gSA ysfdu ;g dne Hkfo"; esa rHkhQynk;h gksxk tc iapk;r dk ;ksxnku vFkok bldh Hkkxhnkjh fodklkRed dk;ks± esa c<+sxhAxk¡o ds Lrj ij gh leL;kvksa dk fuiVkjk] Å¡p&uhp dk HksnHkko rFkk ljiap dks izcU/kdÙkkZdh rjg dke djuk gksxkA rHkh iapk;rsa fodkl esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk ik,¡xhA NGOs ¼ukWuxouZesaV vkWjxsukbts'ku½ vFkok xSj ljdkjh laxBuA ;s laxBu LorU=k:i ls dk;Z djrs gSarFkk bu ij ljdkj dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA ;|fi ljdkj budh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij utjj[krh gSA budk eq[; mís'; lkekftd dY;k.k rFkk fiNM+s {ks=kksa dks Åij mBkuk gSA ;sizkstsDV ds rgr xk¡o esa dsUnz LFkkfir djds Lo;a jkstxkj ds fy, yksxksa dks izksRlkfgr djrsgSaA NGOs lkekftd dY;k.k rFkk vkfFkZd dY;k.k ij fo'ks"k tksj nsrs gSaA lkekftddY;k.k esa & cPpksa] efgykvksa dh ikSf"Vdrk ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA ;s NGOs

efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ij Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku nsrs gSaA yksxksa dks LokoyEch cukus ds fy, ;s flykbZ]d<+kbZ vkfn izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djrs gSaA budh LFkkiuk dk eq[; dkj.k Fkk fd ;kstukvksads vUrxZr lHkh oxks± dh leL;kvksa dk fuokj.k ugha gks ik;kA gkykafd ;kstuk ds vUrxZrxzkeh.k fodkl rFkk fiNM+s oxZ ds yksxksa dks Åij mBkus ds fy, y{; j[kk x;kA ysfdu c<+rhtula[;k] xjhch] csdkjh rFkk vdky tSlh leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, ljdkj iwjh rjgls budh ¼xjhcksa½ leL;kvksa dks de ugha dj ikbZA bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj ;geglwl fd;k x;k fd ,d ,slh la[;k dh LFkkiuk dh tk, tks LorU=k :i ls vFkok fdlhds ncko esa u dke djds lkekftd dY;k.k dh rjQ fo'ks"k:i ls /;ku nsA ;s bl rjgdh laLFkk,¡ vehj] xjhc rFkk fiNMs oxZ ds chp HksnHkko dh fLFkfr ugha j[krhA ;fn NGOs

dh miyfC/k;k¡ ns[ksa rks fiNM+s {ks=kksa] vdky xzflr izns'kksa rFkk Lo;a jkstxkj iz.kkyh ds fy,bUgksaus dkQh dke fd;k gSA

Hkwfe lq/kkj 51

LorU=krk ls igys Ñf"k dh n'kk vPNh ugha FkhA LorU=krk ds le; rhu rjg dk HkwfeizcU/k rjhdk FkkA tehankjh izFkk] egyokjh izFkk rFkk jks;Vokjh izFkkA tehankjh izFkk dsvUrxZr tehankj }kjk fdlkuksa ls Hkwfe dj bdëk fd;k tkrk FkkA blfy, tehankj fdlkuksavkSj jkT; ds chp e/;LFk dk dke djrs FksA ljdkj dk dqy vk; esa fgLlk] tks tehankjksa}kjk bdëk fd;k tkrk Fkk mldk 10/11ok¡ fgLlk ljdkj ds ikl rFkk ckdh tehankj dksfn;k tkrk Fkk ftlls og viuk xqtj&clj djrk FkkA LorU=krk ds le; ;g oSLV caxky]fcgkj] mÙkj izns'k] vka/kz izns'k o e/; izns'k esa ykxw FkkA

bl tehankjh izFkk ls fdlkuksa dk cgqr 'kks"k.k gqvk] D;ksafd tehankjksa dks vlhfer vf/kdkjns fn, x, FksA xSj&rjhds }kjk Hkwfe dj dk bdëk djuk Hkh ,d dkj.k FkkA Hkokuh lsuds vuqlkj yxHkx mRiknu dk 25 izfr'kr fgLlk Hkwfe dj ds :i esa bdëk fd;k tkrk FkkA

egyokjh ds vUrxZr lEiw.kZ xk¡o dks ,d ;wfuV esa j[kk x;k rFkk dj bdëk djuk xk¡o dseqf[k;k dh ftEesnkjh FkhA jsrokjh ds vUrxZr dksbZ e/;LFk ugha FkkA dj nsuk izR;sd dhviuh ftEesnkjh Fkh ;g vf/kdkj tehankjh izFkk ds vUrxZr ugha FkkA

Hkwfe lq/kkj ds mís';Hkwfe lq/kkj ds mís';Hkwfe lq/kkj ds mís';Hkwfe lq/kkj ds mís';Hkwfe lq/kkj ds mís';(Objectives of Land Reforms)

tSlk Åij dgk x;k gS tehankjh izFkk ds rgr fdlkuksa dk 'kks"k.k gqvk gSA bldh otg ls,d u;k oxZ tehankj iui x;kA LorU=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ Hkwfe lq/kkj ykxw djus ds fy,vko';d Fkk fd Hkwfe dh rFkk Ñ"kd dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj fd;k tk,] rFkk fdlkuksa ds 'kks"k.kdks jksdk tk,A blfy, Hkwfe lq/kkj izfØ;k ykxw dh xbZ ftldk mís'; fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1. tehankjh izFkk [kRe djukA

2. dk'rdkj lq/kkjA

3. Ñf"k dk nksckjk laxfBr djukA

dk'rdkj lq/kkj esa&

1. yxku dks fu;fer djukA

2. dk'rdkj dh lqj{kkA

3. dk'rdkj dks ekfydkuk gdA

bdkbZ&bdkbZ&bdkbZ&bdkbZ&bdkbZ&2

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-7Hkwfe lq/kkjHkwfe lq/kkjHkwfe lq/kkjHkwfe lq/kkjHkwfe lq/kkj(Land Reforms)


blds lkFk Ñf"k dks lqlaxfBr djus ds fy, fofHkUu rjhds viuk, x,&

i. Hkwfe dk f}forj.kA

ii. Hkwfe vFkok tksrksa dh pdcUnhA

iii. lgdkjh [ksrhA

e/;LFkksa dks [kRe djuke/;LFkksa dks [kRe djuke/;LFkksa dks [kRe djuke/;LFkksa dks [kRe djuke/;LFkksa dks [kRe djuk(Abolition of Intermediaries)

;|fi Lora=krk ls igys Hkh ;g eglwl fd;k x;k Fkk fd Ñf"k esa lrr~rk dk eq[; dkj.kÑ"kdksa dk 'kks"k.k gksus ls laca/k j[krk gSA lcls eq[; dkj.k tehankjh izFkk dk gksuk Fkkblfy, eglwl fd;k x;k fd Hkwfe lq/kkj uhfr dks ykxw fd;k tk,A

yxHkx Hkwfe dk 57 izfr'kr fgLlk tehankjh izFkk ds vUrxZr FkkA dqN jkT;ksa esa 1951 esa ghbl rjhds dks [kRe djus ds fy, dkuwu cuk fn;k x;kA dqN jkT;ksa tSls fcgkj] e/;izns'k]mÙkj izns'k bR;kfn esa laHko Fkk D;ksafd Hkwfe dk fjdkMZ miyC/k Fkk ysfdu ;gk¡ Hkwfe fjdkMZmiyC/k ugha FkkA dkj.k ;g Fkk fd e/;LFkksa dh igpku dSls dh tk,A blfy, igyhiapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ns'k ds NksVs fgLls dks ysdj bl izFkk dks [kRe djus dh igy dhA ;gHkh vanktk yxk;k x;k fd 173 ,dM+ Hkwfe e/;LFkksa ls okfil yh tk,xh rFkk yxHkx 2 djksM+dk'rdkjksa dk jkT; ds lkFk lh/kk laca/k LFkkfir fd;k tk,xkA

vkf[kjdkj dkQh tíkstgn ds ckn rFkk yacs fopkj&foe'kZ ds lkFk tehankjh izFkk dks [kRedjus laca/kh fcy ikl fd;k x;kA rFkk dkuwu dks ikl djus esa yxHkx lk<+s pkj lky yxsAljdkj us igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk [kRe gksus ls igys cgqr ls jkT;ksa us bl izFkk dks [kRedjus ds fy, ,DV cuk fy;kA ,d ckj tc lafo/kku dh LVst iwjh gqbZ rks tehankjksa us bldkuwu ds izfr vkokt mBkuh 'kq: dj nh D;ksafd mUgsa vius vf/kdkj fNuus dk Mj Fkkftldh otg ls mUgksaus fdlkuksa dk 'kks"k.k djds vikj Hkwfe vftZr dj yh FkhA bldh otgls ljdkj rFkk tehankjksa ds chp ;q) 'kq: gks x;kA tc tehankjksa us ns[kk fd os bl ;q)esa gkj jgs gSa rks mUgkssaus Hkwfe ls lacaf/kr fjdkWMZ o dkxtkr nsus esa nsjh djuh vkjEHk dj nhA

bl nsjh ds lkFk&lkFk tehankjh dkuwu esa Hkh cgqr dfe;k¡ FkhA 'kk;n lcls cM+h deh FkhLo;a tksr ds fy, Hkwfe ysus dh vuqefrA bl mís'; dks iwjk djus ds fy, tehankjksa usdk'rdkjksa dks tehu ls ckgj djuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA Lo;a tksr Hkwfe dk vfHkizk; rFkkvius rFkk vius ifjokj ds ikl tehu j[kus dh vuqefr ;fn os Lo;a [ksrh djrs gSaA igyhiapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa tehankjh dkuwu ds izfr ;g uhfr cukb± xbZ Fkh fd os lhek ls fu/kkZfjrvFkok tehu j[kus dh tks lhek Fkh mruh tehu vius ikl j[k ldrs gSaA blfy, nwljhiapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa lHkh jkT;ksa esa ,d tSlh izfØ;k ykxw djus ds fy, Lo;a tksr dh ifjHkk"kkesa cnyko yk;k x;kA blds vUrxZr rhu phtsa 'kkfey dh xbZ&(i) tksr dk [krjk] (ii) Lo;ans[kHkky rFkk (iii) JeA

ljdkjh fjdkWMZ crkrk gS fd tehankjh izFkk dks iw.kZ:i ls [kRe dj fn;k gSA ysfdu bldkflQZ Lo:i cnyk gSA igys tehankj Je dks fdjk, ij ysdj [ksrh djrs Fks vkSj vf/kdrjfgLlk vius iz;ksx ds fy, j[krs FksA ysfdu vc os cM+s Hkwfenkj cu x, gSa vkSj bldslkFk&lkFk vehj fdlkuksa ds lkFk ,d ubZ Dykl ¼oxZ½ mHkjdj vk;k gS ftlls xzkeh.kiw¡thokn dk uke fn;k x;k gSA dqN jkT;ksa esa Hkwfe lhek bruh vf/kd gS fd tehankjh izFkk

Hkwfe lq/kkj 53

vFkok tehankj mldh igq¡p ls ckgj gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij Msfu;y Fkksjuj us ik;k fdfcgkj esa Hkwfe lq/kkj ds ckn Hkh 500, 700 rFkk 1000 ,dM+ dh ,LVsV gSaA

bu lcds ckotwn Hkh] ;g Hkh ugha udkjk tk ldrk fd dk'rdkjksa ds 'kks"k.k esa deh vkbZgS rFkk xzkeh.k tehankj oxZ esa deh vkbZ gSA vf/kdrj Qly cVkbZ (Share Cropper) dkstehu [kjhnus dk vf/kdkj feyk gSA tehankjksa dk 10 ,dM+ ls vf/kd Lo;a ds tksr ds fy,Hkwfe j[kus ij eukgh dh xbZ gSA lhek ls vf/kd Hkwfe dks ysdj fdlkuksa ds chp ck¡Vk x;kgSA Hkwfe ds fy, vFkok ml ij dke djusokys Qly cVkbZ yksxksa ds fy, viuh Hkwfe dkslqjf{kr j[kus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA

dk'rdkjh lq/kkjdk'rdkjh lq/kkjdk'rdkjh lq/kkjdk'rdkjh lq/kkjdk'rdkjh lq/kkj(Tenancy Reforms)

dk'rdkjksa dks fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA (i) O;olkf;d dk'rdkj] (ii) LosPNk dk'rdkj](iii) lc&dk'rdkjA O;olkf;d dk'rdkj Hkwfe ds fy, ekfydkuk gd dk vf/kdkj j[krsgSa rFkk mUgsa viuh Hkwfe dks [kkyh nsrs gSaA ;|fi LosPNk dk'rdkj rFkk lc&dk'rdkj Hkwfeds fy, ekfydkuk gd dk vf/kdkj j[krs gSa rFkk mUgsa viuh Hkwfe dks [kkyh djus dk dksbZ[krjk ugha gS vkSj os le; ij yxku ¼dj½ nsrs gSaA ;|fi LosPNk dk'rdkj rFkk lc&dk'rdkjdh fLFkfr vyx gSA os tehankjks ;k Hkwfenkjksa dh n;k dk ik=k jgrs gSa blls mudk 'kks"k.kHkh gksrk gSA blh izdkj bu yksxksa ¼dk'rdkjksa½ ds 'kks"k.k dks jksdus ds fy, dkuwu cuk;kx;kA NSS }kjk ¼vkBok¡ pØ½ fd, x, vk¡dM+ksa esa ik;k x;k fd 1953-54 esa yxHkx 20

izfr'kr Hkwfe bl izFkk ds rgr FkhA

e/;izns'k esa 6.7 izfr'kr] ls 27 izfr'kr iatkc esa izks0 ds0,u0 jkt ds rgr yxHkx 50 izfr'krHkwfe fdlh&u&fdlh dk'rdkj rjhds ds vUrxZr vkrh gSA

dk'rdkjh lq/kkj ds vUrxZr rhu rjg ds eki fy, x, & (i) dj fu;fer djuk](ii) dk'rdkjksa dh lqj{kk] (iii) dk'rdkjksa dks ekfydkuk gdA

dj fu;er djukdj fu;er djukdj fu;er djukdj fu;er djukdj fu;er djuk(Regulation for Rent)

Lora=krk ls igys dksbZ [kkldj lhek ugha FkhA tehankj eupkgs :i ls dj bdëk djrs FksAfczfV'k ljdkj vius fgLls esa gh :ph j[krh Fkh vkSj mUgksaus tehankjksa dks vikj gd iznkufd, FksA izks0 c`t ukjk;u ds vkadyu ds vuqlkj mRikn dk 80 izfr'kr ls Hkhvf/kd Hkkx dj ds :i esa tehankjksa }kjk bdëk fd;k tkrk FkkA cEcbZ esa 40 ls 60 izfr'krds chp FkkA

bl Å¡ps 'kks"k.k us dk'rdkjksa dh fLFkfr dks n;uh; cuk fn;k vkSj os viuh t:jrksa Hkh iwjhugha dj ikrs FksA blfy, 1947 ds ckn dj dh lhek fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, rFkk dk'rdkjksadk Hkkj de djus ds fy, dkuwu cuk;k x;kA igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fn;k x;k fd djmRikn dk 1/4 ;k 1/5 fgLls ls T;knk ugha gksxk vkSj ;g lHkh jkT;ksa es ykxw gksxkA blesagfj;k.kk] iatkc] tEew&d'ehj] rfeyukMq] vka/kz izns'k dk vka/kz {ks=k 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;kAgfj;k.kk rFkk iatkc es mRikn dk 1/3 fgLlk dj ds :i esa] rfeyukMq] ldy mRikn dk40 izfr'kr flapkbZokyh Hkwfe ds fy,] 35 izfr'kr tgk¡ fy¶V flapkbZokyh Hkwfe ds fy,] 30

izfr'kr vkSj tgk¡ flapkbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS ogk¡ mRikn dk 25 izfr'kr Hkkx dj ds :i esa


fuf'pr fd;k x;kA ;|fi U;wure lhek fu/kkZj.k ds fy, cuk, x, dkuwuksa dk mYya?kugqvkA D;ksafd lkekftd&vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd fLFkfr vPNh gksus dh otg ls ;s Hkwfe&ekfydfdlkuksa ls vf/kd ek=kk esa dj ysrs Fks mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij fcgkj esa vf/kdre lhek dqymRikn dk 25 izfr'kr gS cfYd c¡VkbZ ij yxHkx 50 izfr'kr Hkkx dk'rdkjksa ls fy;k tkrkgSA blh rjg ds mnkgj.k nwljh txg ¼jkT;ksa½ esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

dk'rdkj dh lqj{kkdk'rdkj dh lqj{kkdk'rdkj dh lqj{kkdk'rdkj dh lqj{kkdk'rdkj dh lqj{kk(Security of Tenure)

Hkwfe ls csn[ky rFkk dk'rdkjksa dks fu;fer ekfydkuk gd iznku djus ds fy,] vf/kdrjjkT;ksa esa dkuwu cuk;k x;kA ftlds vUrxZr cgqr vf/kdkj iznku fd, x,A (i) flQZ Lo;a[ksrh ds fy, gh dk'rdkj ls Hkwfe yh tk ldrh gS] (iii) tehu okfil ysus dh lwjr esa dqNfgLlk dk'rdkj ds ikl NksM+k tk,xkA

;|fi bu lcds ckotwn ;g eqf'dy Fkk fd dk'rdkj dks fdl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;ktk,A Hkwfe fjdkWMks± dh D;k fLFkfr gS] Lo;a tksr ds fy, Hkwfe j[kus dh D;k ifjHkk"kk gSAbl rjg ds loky mHkjdj vkus yxsA

lHkh dk'rdkjh fu;eksa ds vUrxZr ;fn fdlku fdlh dh Hkwfe dks c¡VkbZ ;k udn nsdj mldscnys Hkwfe dk iz;ksx djrk gS rks mls dk'rdkj dgrs gSaA ;|fi dqN jkT;ksa tSls mÙkj izns'kAosLV caxky esa c¡VkbZ ij tehu tksrusokyksa dks dk'rdkj dh Js.kh esa ugha j[kk x;kA blhizdkj Lo;a tksr dh fLFkfr Hkh dqN jkT;ksa esa vyx gSA

bu lc dfe;ksa ds ckotwn Hkh nwljh lcls cM+h leL;k Hkwfe ekfydksa us tcjnLrh dk'rdkjksadks vius&vki tehu okfil djus dh ncko Mkyuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA ,slh fLFkfr esa dksbZHkh dkuwu dk'rdkjksa dh enn ugha dj ldrkA blfy, prqFkZ&iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZrvius&vki tehu okfil djusokyk dkuwu lHkh jkT;ksa }kjk ykxw djuk pkfg, rHkh blfLFkfr esa dk'rdkjksa dks tehu okfil djus ij cpk;k tk ldrk gSA vf/kdrj txg HkwfefjdkWMks± dk miyC/k u gksuk Hkh eq[; dkj.k Fkk fd ;g dkuwu iw.kZ :i ls dk'rdkjksa dksQk;nk ugha igq¡pk ik;kA

dk'rdkjksa dh lqj{kk ls lacaf/kr dkuwu rHkh izHkkoh gks ldrs gSaA ;fn Hkwfe fjdkWMks± dk iw.kZ:i ls gksuk gksA ,d vkneh rHkh dk'rdkj gksus dk nkok dj ldrk gS tc fjdkWMZ esa mldkuke dk'rdkj ds :i esa ntZ gksA ;|fi vf/kdrj jkT;ksa tSls gfj;k.kk] xqtjkr] e/; izns'k]mÙkj izns'k esa gj lky fjdkWMZ dks nq#Lr fd;k tkrk gS fQj Hkh dk'rdkj viuk uke ntZdjokus esa #fp ugha j[krsA lkroha&iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr Hkh fjdkWMZ dks nq#Lr ;k lgh:i ls j[kus ds fy, ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gSA

dk'rdkjksa dk ekfydkuk gddk'rdkjksa dk ekfydkuk gddk'rdkjksa dk ekfydkuk gddk'rdkjksa dk ekfydkuk gddk'rdkjksa dk ekfydkuk gd(Owership Rights of Tenants)

;g Hkh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr fy;k x;k gS fd dk'rdkjksa dks ekfydkuk gd iznku fd, tk,aAblds vUrxZr tks dk'rdkj Hkwfe tksrrs gSa mudks ekfydkuk gd iznku gksA blds vUrxZrdqN jkT;ksa us ekfydkuk gd ds fy, dkuwu Hkh cuk, gSaA gkykafd dqN jkT; bl dkuwu dksugha ekurs gSaA dsjy esa 24 yk[k dk'rdkjksa dh ekfydkuk gd ds fy, fuosnu Lohdkj fd,tk pqds gSaA NBha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr lHkh jkT;ksa esa dk'rdkjksa ds ekfydkuk gd

Hkwfe lq/kkj 55

ds fy, dkuuw cuk, x, gSaA

blds ckotwn cgqr ls dk'rdkj tehu [kjhnus ds fy, iSls dk izca/k ugha dj ldrs tkstehu [kjhnus ds fy, bPNqd ugha gksrsA tehu [kjhnus ds dk'rdkjksa dh vfuPNk ds ihNsHkh Hkwfe&ekfydksa dk ncko utj vkrk gSA vf/kdrj ekeyksa esa Hkwfe&ekfyd dk'rdkjksa dkstehu u [kjhnus ds fy, vfuPNk tkfgj djus ij ncko Mkyrs gSaA

vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr ljdkj }kjk bl rjg dh leL;k dk funku djus dsfy, budk iqufuZjh{k.k fd;k x;kA ysfdu fQj Hkh vius vki dk'rdkjksa }kjk tehu okfildjus dh izfØ;k pkyw gSA

Ñf"k tksrksa dh lhekÑf"k tksrksa dh lhekÑf"k tksrksa dh lhekÑf"k tksrksa dh lhekÑf"k tksrksa dh lhek(Ceilings of Agriculatural Tholding)

tksrksa dh lhek dk vfHkizk; gS Hkwfe dh ek=kk dks fuf'pr djukA 1972 ds vUrxZr lHkheq[;eaf=k;ksa dk lEesyu gqvk ftlesa bl rjg ds eqn~nksa ij fopkj gqvkA blds vUrxZr ubZuhfr cukbZ xbZ&

i. flapkbZokyh Hkwfe dh lhek 18 ,dM+ rFkk cxSj flapkbZ dh 54 ,dM+A

ii. ifjokj ds dsoy ik¡p lnL;ksa rd dks ifjokj dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA

iii. dqN dks blls eqDr fd;k x;kA

iv. csukeh tehu dks v;ksX; ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, vFkok [kRe djus ds fy, dkuwucukukA

bu lcds ckotwn xksÅ vkSj mÙkj&if'pe dk fgLlk NksM+dj lHkh jkT;ksa esa ;g uhfr ykxwdh xbZA flrEcj 1998 rd 304 fefy;u gsDVs;j Hkwfe ljIyl ?kksf"kr dh xbZ rFkk bldk2.15 fefy;u gsDVs;j 5.54 fefy;u yksxksa esa ck¡Vk x;kA yssfdu ;s tks tehu ck¡Vh xbZ gSblesa vf/kdrj Hkwfe catj gS rFkk bldh mi;ksfxrk Hkh de gSA blds fy, ftudks ;g nhxbZ gS] vf/kd ek=kk esa lq/kkj ds fy,] fuos'k dh vko';drk gS rHkh ;g tksrus yk;d gksldrh gSA ;|fi budks ljdkj }kjk lgk;rk nh xbZ gS fQj Hkh bUgsa dkQh leL;kvksa dklkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr bl lanHkZ esa ubZ leL;k mHkjdj vkbZ gSA mnkjhdj.k dsnkSj esa ljdkj us dkj[kkuksa bR;kfn ds fy,] ljdkj ls vuqefr ysus ds ckn] lhek fu/kkZj.kesa fdlkuksa dks NwV ns nh gSA ;g dqN jkT;ksa esa fd;k gS tSls dukZVdk izeq[k gSA blrjg dk dne fuf'pr rkSj ij xjhcksa ds fo#) tk,xk ftudks tehu dh vge~ vko';drkgSA

lhek ds fy, rdZlhek ds fy, rdZlhek ds fy, rdZlhek ds fy, rdZlhek ds fy, rdZ(The Case of Ceilings)

1. lkekftd lanHkZ lkekftd lanHkZ lkekftd lanHkZ lkekftd lanHkZ lkekftd lanHkZ (The Social Rationale) & lhek fu/kkZj.k djrs le; ;g lokyHkh mHkjdj vkrk gS fd detksj vFkZO;oLFkk esa tgk¡ Hkwfe dh iwfrZ lhfer gS ,slhvoLFkk tehu dk cM+k fgLlk ;fn NksVs fdlkuksa ds gkFk esa ns fn;k tk, vkSjbu gkFkksa dh la[;k cgqr T;knk gS] ,slh voLFkk esa lHkh dks tehu nsuk laHko


ugha gSA ;fn dqN gh yksxksa dks tehu feys rks ckfd yksx tks Ñf"k etnwj vFkokxSj&Ñf"k etnwj gSa mudks Hkwfe u feyus ij vU;k; gksxkA vf/kdrj yksx ,sls Hkwfeekfyd gSa tks vius vki u tksrdj nwljs yksxksa tSls Hkwfeghu rFkk NksVs fdlkuksadks Hkwfe tksrus ds fy, nsrs gSaA blfy, lkekftd vlekurk rFkk 'kks"k.k dks rcrd Hkh [kRe ugha fd;k tk ldrk tc rd cM+s fdlkuksa ls tehu ysdj NksVsfdlkuksa ds gkFk esa u nh tk,A D;ksafd vk/kkjHkwr mís'; ;gh Fkk fd vf/kd ek=kkesa tks Hkwfe tehankjksa ds ikl gS mls okfil fy;k tk,A

2. xjhcksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj xjhcksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj xjhcksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj xjhcksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj xjhcksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj (Improving the Position of Poor) & forj.k ds le;xjhcksa dks Hkwfe feyus ls mudh vk; esa o`f) gksxh rFkk os xjhch js[kk ls ÅijmBsaxsA izks0 vkj0 flUgk dk v/;;u crkrk gS fd forj.k ds ckn xzkeh.k xjhcdh vk; esa deh gqbZ gSA ;g bl ckr dk izrhd gS fd Hkwfe forj.k ls xzkeh.kdh fLFkfr esa oS/kkfud lq/kkj gqvk gSA

3. lgdkfjrk dh 'kfDr lgdkfjrk dh 'kfDr lgdkfjrk dh 'kfDr lgdkfjrk dh 'kfDr lgdkfjrk dh 'kfDr (The Spirit of Co-operation) & vf/kd Hkwfe dk vf/kxzg.kdjus ds ckn ;fn Hkwfeghuksa esa ckaVk tk, rks os Hkwfe izca/ku rFkk lgdkfjrk dsfy, izsfjr gksaxsA ;g vH;kl mUgsa bdëk [ksrh djus dh Hkkouk iSnk djsxk vkSjubZ rduhdksa dks lh[kus rFkk cM+h [ksrh ds fy, Hkh izsfjr djsxkA

4. lhek ds fo:) rdZ lhek ds fo:) rdZ lhek ds fo:) rdZ lhek ds fo:) rdZ lhek ds fo:) rdZ (Case Aginst Ceilings) & lhek fu/kkZj.k ds lanHkZ esa tksrdZ fn, x, gSa mlds fo#) rdZ dsoy euksoSKkfud n`f"V n'kkZrs gSa ;s okLrfodrkls fcYdqy nwj gSaA budk dguk gS fd Hkwfe forj.k ls cM+s [ksr NksVs [ksrksa es rcnhygks tk,axs ftlls [ksrksa dh vkfFkZd ;ksX;rk izHkkfor gksxhA mRikn o`f) o jkstxkj/khjs gks ldrs gSa ftlls nh?kZdky cpr o fuos'k esa deh D;ksafd cM+s fdlkuksa dhvis{kk NksVs fdlku viuh vk; dk vf/kd Hkkx miHkksx djrs gSaA ysfdu izks0 guqearkjko dk ekuuk gS fd Hkwfe forj.k ls ;g Hkh laHko gS fd xjhc oxZ dk fgLlkc<s+ tks Hkwfe forj.k ls igys ugha FkkA blls mudk miHkksx c<+us ls dq'kyrk c<+svkSj blls iw¡th mRikn vuqikr esa Hkh o`f) gks ldrh gSA blfy, cpr dh dehiw¡th mRikn vuqikr esa lq/kkj ls iwjh dh tk ldrh gSA blfy, mRiknu esa rsthls o`f) gks ldrh gSA bl izfØ;k ls yxrk gS fd fodkl dk Qy xjhc dks Hkhfeyus dh laHkkouk gSA

tksrksa dh pdcUnhtksrksa dh pdcUnhtksrksa dh pdcUnhtksrksa dh pdcUnhtksrksa dh pdcUnh(Consoledation of Holding)

bl i)fr ds }kjk tksrksa ds NksVs vkdkj dh leL;k dk fuokj.k djuk FkkA pdcUnh dkvfHkizk;% fdlkuksa esa fc[kjh gqbZ tehu dks ,d txg bdëk djuk FkkA igys ;g dk;ZØeyksxksa }kjk vius vki gh viuk;k x;k ysfdu bldh xfr /kheh FkhA Hkwfe dk dsoy 60.2

fefy;u gSDVs;j gh blds vUrxZr vk;kA gfj;k.kk] iatkc rFkk egkjk"Vª tSls jkT;ksa esapdcUnh dh j¶rkj rst FkhA igys dsoy 15 jkT;ksa es gh pdcUnh dk dkuwu ykxw fd;k x;kArfeyukMq] ikafMpsjh rFkk vka/kz izns'k ds dqN fgLls ls bl dkuuw dks ykxw ugha fd;k x;kA

;|fi Hkwfe ds tksrksa ds vkdkj dks NksVk gksus ls jksdus ds fy, ;g ,d izHkkoh dne gSAysfdu bldks jksd ikuk rHkh laHko gS tc blds fy, dM+s dkuwu cuk, tk,a rFkk Hkfo";

Hkwfe lq/kkj 57

esa NksVs gksrs gq, tksrksa ds vkdkj dks jksdk tk,A blds fy, ljdkj us dkuwu ikl fd;kgS ftlds rgr~ U;wure lhek fu/kkZfjr djds Hkwfe ds vkdkj dks dqN fofHkUu Lrj ij bdëkfd;k tk ldsA

ysfdu blds ckotwn Hkh pdcUnh ns'k ds dqN Hkkxksa esa gh laiUu gks ikbZ xbZ gS tks dqy {ks=kdk dsoy 1/3 Hkkx gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k &

(i) feêh dh xq.koÙkk dk vyx&vyx txg vyx&vyx gksukA

(ii) nwljk fdlku ekuoh; rSkj ij tehu ls tqM+s gq, gSa blfy, pdcUnh vf/kdkjhls lg;ksx ugha djrsA

(iii) vf/kdrj jkT;ks esa igys gh Hkwfe&lq/kkj dk;ZØe pyk, x, gSa blfy, pdcUnhij foLFkkfir djuk muds fy, eqf'dy gSA

(iv) cgqr ls jkT;ksa esa lEiw.kZ Hkwfe fjdkWMZ miyC/k ugha gSA

(v) dkQh jkT;ksa esa bl dk;ZØe ds fy, fo'ks"kK deZpkjh miyC/k ugha gSA

bu lc dkj.kksa ds ckotwn xk¡o esa ;g f'kdk;r lquus dks vkrh gS fd izHkko'kkyh o vehjO;fDr vPNh iSnkokj Hkwfe dks ysus ds fy, vius lk/kuksa dk bLrseky djrs gSa cfYd xjhco detksj fdlkuksa ds c¡Vokjs esa [kjkc fdLe dh Hkwfe c¡Vokjs esa vkrh gSA

lgdkjh [ksrhlgdkjh [ksrhlgdkjh [ksrhlgdkjh [ksrhlgdkjh [ksrh(Co-operative Farming)

lgdkjh [ksrh lq/kkj dk;ZØe Hkh tksrksa ds NksVs gksrs gq, vkdkj dh leL;k dks jksdus ds fy,iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA fopkj ;g Fkk fd NksVs&NksVs fdlku ,d&nwljs ls gkFk feykdj viuhHkwfe dks bdëk djds mldk iz;ksx tksrus ds fy, djsa] NksVs tksrksa ij [ksrh djus dksykHknk;d ugha ekuk tkrk gSA ;s dsoy fdlkuksa dks thou&fuokZg gh iznku djrh gSA ;fn,sls NksVs o lhekar fdlku vius lk/ku] Hkwfe rFkk vkStkjksa dks bdëk djds [ksrh bdëh djsrks os Hkh cM+s&iSekus ij dh xbZ [ksrh ij ykHk dek ldrs gSaA

lgdkjh [ksrh ds }kjk nwljk ykHk ;g Hkh gS fd fdlku [kk|kUu dh ek=kk dks bdëk djdscktkj ds vUnj vklkuh ls igq¡pk ldrs gSaA cM+h lgdkjh [ksrksa ls vkadM+s bdëk djuk Hkhvklku gSA

bu lcds ckotwn lgdkjh&[ksrh vkilh HkkbZpkjs rFkk esy&tksy dks Hkh c<+kok nsrh gSAblds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd] jktuSfrd rFkk xk¡o ds dk;ks± esa Hkh lgdkjh [ksrh djus lsiztkrU=k fodflr gksxkA

ysfdu bl lc Qk;nksa ds ckotwn Hkh ;g dk;ZÎØe lQy ugha gks ik;kA vkilh Hksn&HkkorFkk erHksn dh otg ls Hkh ;s lgdkjh lfefr iui ugha ikbZA 1969 ds var rd ns'k esa dsoy8160 lfefr;k¡ Fkh ftuesa 220,047 lnL; rFkk dqy {ks=k 420,0783 gsDVs;j Fkk tks [ksrh Hkwfedk 0.38 izfr'kr FkkA

lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa Hkh dqN dfe;k¡ FkhA blds izca/ku esa dq'ky O;fDr;ksadk u gksuk] Hkz"Vkpkj lafyIr gksuk vkfn dh otg ls ;s lfefr;k¡ fc[kj xbZ vkSj okilO;fDrxr [ksrh ij vk xbZA


Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dk ewY;kaduHkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dk ewY;kaduHkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dk ewY;kaduHkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dk ewY;kaduHkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dk ewY;kadu(Evaluation of Land Reforms in India)

ge igys gh Hkkjr esa fd, x, lq/kkjksa ds ckjs esa crk pqds gSaA igys Hkh Hkwfe lq/kkj dh [kkfe;ksadk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS ysfdu ge ;gk¡ budks bdëk djds crk jgs gSa tks bl izdkj gS&(i) dkuwu esa [kkfe;k¡ (Snags in legislation), (ii) jktuSfrd bPNk dh deh (Lack of poltical

will), (iii) vQlj'kkgh dh ekj (Adathy of Beauracy)A

dkuwu esa [kkfe;k¡dkuwu esa [kkfe;k¡dkuwu esa [kkfe;k¡dkuwu esa [kkfe;k¡dkuwu esa [kkfe;k¡(Snags in Legislation)

1. Lo;a [ksrh djus dh ifjHkk"kk Lo;a [ksrh djus dh ifjHkk"kk Lo;a [ksrh djus dh ifjHkk"kk Lo;a [ksrh djus dh ifjHkk"kk Lo;a [ksrh djus dh ifjHkk"kk (Defination of Personal Cultivation) & tehankjh[kRe djusokys dkuwu esa Lo;a [ksrh djus dh ifjHkk"kk esa dkQh dfe;k¡ gSaA Lo;atksr dk vfHkizk; Lo;a Je ls gSA vFkok D;k og okLro esa [ksrh djrk gSAvf/kdrj jkT;ksa esa Lo;a tksr dk vfHkizk; dsoy ns[kHkky ls gS ;|fi bllsHkwfe&ekfyd dh Hkh ns[kHkky Hkh vko';d ugha gSA cfYd xk¡o esa Hkwfe&ekfyd dhmifLFkfr Hkh t:jh ugha gSA bl rjg dh dfe;ksa ls dk'rdkjksa dh mifLFkfr Hkht:jh ugha gSA bl rjg dh dfe;ksa ls dk'rdkjksa dks tehu ls csn[ky gksuk iM+kvkSj os dkuwu gksrs gq, Hkh mlds ekfyd ugha cu ik,A

2. Lo;a tksr ds fy, Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k dh lhek Lo;a tksr ds fy, Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k dh lhek Lo;a tksr ds fy, Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k dh lhek Lo;a tksr ds fy, Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k dh lhek Lo;a tksr ds fy, Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k dh lhek (Limit for Retention of Land forPersonal Cultiration) & Lo;a tksr dh ifjHkk"kk esa deh gh ugha] cfYd e/;LFkksadks dqN Hkkx vius tksr ds fy, j[kus dh vuqefr Hkh FkhA blls tehankj dkQhek=kk esa fgLlk vius ikl j[k ikr FksA blls tehankjh izFkk ls dsoy uke dkgh ifjorZu gqvk gSA igys mUgsa tehankj dgk tkrk Fkk vc mUgsa ̂ vclsUVh ySaMyksjM*dk uke fn;k x;k gSA

3. ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks Hkwfe dk gLrka=k.k ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks Hkwfe dk gLrka=k.k ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks Hkwfe dk gLrka=k.k ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks Hkwfe dk gLrka=k.k ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks Hkwfe dk gLrka=k.k (Transfer of Land to FamilyMember)& Hkwfe lhek fu/kkZj.k ls cpus ds fy, tehankjksa us dkQh ek=kk esa Hkwfeviuh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks gLrkfU=kr dj nhA dkQh le; rd] jkT;ksa esa bllaca/k esa dksbZ dkuwu ugha FkkA ftu jkT;ksa esa dkuwu cus gq, FksA ogk¡ Lo;a [ksrhdjus ds ckjs esa vFkok Lo;a [ksrh iz;ksx ls tehankjksa dks dkQh Qk;nk gqvkA

4. dk'rdkj dh ifjHkk"kk v/kwjh dk'rdkj dh ifjHkk"kk v/kwjh dk'rdkj dh ifjHkk"kk v/kwjh dk'rdkj dh ifjHkk"kk v/kwjh dk'rdkj dh ifjHkk"kk v/kwjh (Definition of Tenant Inadequate) & dqN jkT;ksaesa Qly c¡VkbZ dh otg ls dk'rdkjksa dks dk'rdkj dk ntkZ izkIr ugha gqvk ;|fios Hkwfe dk dqN Hkkx ij [ksrh djrs FksA blfy, dk'rdkj laca/kh dkuwu bldsvf/kdkjksa ds guu dks jksd ugha ik;kA ;g Hkh ik;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa vf/kdrjdk'rdkjksa dk dksbZ Hkh fjdkWMZ miyC/k ugha gSA bl rjg ds dk'rdkj tks [ksrhdjrs mudks lkfcr djuk fd os dk'rdkj gSa eqf'dy gSA fjdkWMZ okLrfod Hkwfeekfyd ds gh uke ntZ gSA

5. lhek fu/kkZfjr dkuwuksa dk iw.kZ :i miyC/k u gksuk lhek fu/kkZfjr dkuwuksa dk iw.kZ :i miyC/k u gksuk lhek fu/kkZfjr dkuwuksa dk iw.kZ :i miyC/k u gksuk lhek fu/kkZfjr dkuwuksa dk iw.kZ :i miyC/k u gksuk lhek fu/kkZfjr dkuwuksa dk iw.kZ :i miyC/k u gksuk (Inadquacies of CalingLaws) & tSls igys Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd lhek fu/kkZfjr dkuwu gj ,d jkT;esa vyx&vyx gSaA ;|fi ,d gh jkT; ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa Hkh vyx&vyx dkuwugSaA ,slh voLFkk es >xM+s gksuk vke ckr gS rFkk ;g fdlkuksa ds fy, ijs'kkuh dk

Hkwfe lq/kkj 59

dkj.k gSA ljdkj us 1972 esa lHkh jkT;ksa ds eq[;eaf=k;ksa dh cSBd esa lHkh jkT;ksaesa ,d leku dkuwu cukus ij tksj fn;k x;k rkfd bl lq/kkj dks iw.kZ :i lsykxw fd;k tk,A

jktuSfrd bPNk dh dehjktuSfrd bPNk dh dehjktuSfrd bPNk dh dehjktuSfrd bPNk dh dehjktuSfrd bPNk dh deh(Lack of Political will)

izHkkoh rkSj ij fdlh dkuwu dks ykxw djus ds fy, jktuSfrd bPNk gksuk Hkh vko';d gSAvk¡dM+s n'kkZrs gSa fd ljdkj Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dh izfØ;k dks ykxw djus esa de #fp j[krh FkhAjktuSfrd bPNk dh deh dh otg ls lkQ fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd ljdkj bldks ykxw djusdh ctk; dsoy lkekftd o jktuSfrd tkek igukuk pkgrh gSA lcls eq[; dkj.k Hkwfelq/kkj dk;ZØeksa ls dsoy vehj rFkk cM+s fdlkuksa dks gh Qk;nk gqvk gSA blfy, lHkh Hkwfelq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dks ;fn ns[kk tk, rks bldh lQyrk de gh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

vQlj'kkgh dh ekjvQlj'kkgh dh ekjvQlj'kkgh dh ekjvQlj'kkgh dh ekjvQlj'kkgh dh ekj(Adathy of Beauracy)

jktuSfrd bPNk dh deh ds lkFk&lkFk vQlj'kkgh Hkh Hkwfe lq/kkjksa ij Hkkjh iM+h gSA ;gbl ckr ls vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd izcU/kdh; rkSj ij Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØe detksjjgs gSaS D;ksafd jktuSfrd bPNk dh deh dh otg ls ;fn dksbZ vQlj Hkwfe lq/kkj dks ykxwdjus dh ps"Vk Hkh djrk Fkk rks mls ,d txg ls cnydj nwljh txg Hkst fn;k tkrk FkkAegkizca/kdksa us Hkh viuh lq[k lqfo/kk o ,d txg ls nwljh txg cnyus ls cspSu ds fy,jktuhfrKksa ls gkFk feyk fy;kA lkFk&lkFk tks Hkwfe ljIyl dh xbZ Fkh mls gM+ius ds fy,bUgksaus jktuhfrKksa dk lkFk fn;kA

;|fi fu;kstu deh'ku ds vuqlkj Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dks cgqr egÙo fn;k x;k vkSj bldk nksckjk<k¡pk rS;kj djus ds ckjs esa Hkh iz;Ru fd, x,A uoha&iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr Hkh ;gizko/kku Fkk fd jkT; Ñf"k mRiknu rFkk jkstxkj c<+kus esa fo'ks"k /;ku nsaA bl ;kstuk dsvUrxZr fofHkUu igyqvksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;k & (i) dk'rdkjh izFkk esa lq/kkj] (ii) ljIylHkwfe dk irk yxkuk rFkk mls ck¡Vuk vFkok forj.k djuk] (iii) tksrksa dh pdcanh] (iv) VªkbcyHkwfe dks [kRe gksus ls jksduk] (v) Hkwfe forj.k ds vUrxZr efgykvksa dks izkFkfedrk iznkudjuk] (vi) Hkwfe fjdkWMks± dks nq#Lr djuk] (vii) csdkj iM+h Hkwfe dk iz;ksx djukA uohaiapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr bl ckr ij Hkh ncko Mkyk x;k fd Hkwfe fjdkWMks± dks ijEijkxrrFkk dEI;wVj rjhdksa }kjk nq#Lr fd;k tk, rFkkk bldh izfr ek¡xus ij Qhl tek djokusds ckn O;fDr dks nh tk,¡A


;gk¡ ge vius fopkj Ñf"k vkxr ls 'kq: djsaxs & flapkbZ] [kkn] ubZ fdLe ds cht] vkSjdhVuk'kdA blds ckn ge gfjr ØkfUr ds ckjs esa o.kZu djsaxs ftlus bu Ñf"k vkxrksa dkiz;ksx fd;kA

flapkbZflapkbZflapkbZflapkbZflapkbZ(Irrigation)

Ñf"k mRiknu rFkk mRikndrk ikuh dh miyC/krk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA blfy, flapkbZ dhegÙkk gSA ;|fi Hkkjr esa flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dh dkQh deh gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij 1950-

51 esa ldy flapkbZ {ks=k tks ldy fctkbZ {ks=k dk 17 izfr'kr FkkA flapkbZ izkstsDV esavf/kd ek=kk esa fuos'k djus ds ckn Hkh 1995-96 eas fctkbZ {ks=k 38.3 izfr'kr FkkA vc Hkh60 izfr'kr fctkbZ {ks=k o"kkZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blfy, Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dks ekulwu esa tqvkdgrs gSaA

flapkbZ dh egÙkkflapkbZ dh egÙkkflapkbZ dh egÙkkflapkbZ dh egÙkkflapkbZ dh egÙkk(Importance of Irrigation)

fuEufyf[kr dkj.k flapkbZ dh egÙkk dks crkrs gSa&

1. vi;kZIr] vfuf'pr vkSj vfu;fer o"kkZ vi;kZIr] vfuf'pr vkSj vfu;fer o"kkZ vi;kZIr] vfuf'pr vkSj vfu;fer o"kkZ vi;kZIr] vfuf'pr vkSj vfu;fer o"kkZ vi;kZIr] vfuf'pr vkSj vfu;fer o"kkZ (Insufficient, Uncertain and IrregulationRains) & o"kkZ dk le; o"kZ esa dsoy 4 eghus jgrk gS] og gS twu ls flrEcjtc ekulwu igq¡prk gSA ckdh vkB eghus lw[kk jgrk gSA gkyk¡fd ns'k ds dqN fgLlksaesa fnlEcj o tuojh esa o"kkZ gksrh gSA dbZ ckj ekulwu nsjh ls vkrk gS rFkk dbZckj ;g igys gh [kRe gks tkrk gSA bl otg ls cM+k Hkkx lw[kkxzLr gks tkrkgSA lgh rjhds ls flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk fodkl ns'k esa vfu;fer] vfuf'pr vkSjvi;kZIr o"kkZ ls gksus okyh leL;k dks lqy>k ldrk gSA flapkbZ dh lgk;rk lslw[kk rFkk vdky dh fLFkfr dks fu;fU=kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2. Hkwfe ij mPp mRikndrk Hkwfe ij mPp mRikndrk Hkwfe ij mPp mRikndrk Hkwfe ij mPp mRikndrk Hkwfe ij mPp mRikndrk (Higher Productivity on Land) & flapkbZ Hkwfe ijxSj&flapkbZ Hkwfe ij mRikndrk vf/kd gksrh gSA jk"Vªh; fu;kstu us vkadyu fd;kgS fd flapkbZ Hkwfe ij mRikndrk xSj&flapkbZ Hkwfe dh vis{kk nksxquh gSA izks0 ch0Mh0/kou dk dguk gS fd xSj flapkbZ {ks=k ¼9 fDoaVy½ dh vis{kk flapkbZ {ks=k ¼22 fDoaVy½izfr gsDVs;j 1983-84 esa mRiknu izkIr gqvkA blfy, ;g fn[kkrk gS fd Ñf"k esamRiknu rFkk mRikndrk flapkbZ lqfo/kk,¡ c<+kdj gh c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-8Ñf"k vkxr vkSj gfjr ØkfUrÑf"k vkxr vkSj gfjr ØkfUrÑf"k vkxr vkSj gfjr ØkfUrÑf"k vkxr vkSj gfjr ØkfUrÑf"k vkxr vkSj gfjr ØkfUr(Agricultural Inputs and Green Revolution)

Ñf"k vkxr vkSj gfjr ÑkfUr 61

3. ,d ls vf/kd Qly laHko ,d ls vf/kd Qly laHko ,d ls vf/kd Qly laHko ,d ls vf/kd Qly laHko ,d ls vf/kd Qly laHko (Multiple Cropping Possible) & Hkkjr esa vf/kdrjo"kkZ dk le; 4 eghus gS blfy, ,d ls vf/kd Qly mxkuk lk/kkj.kr;k laHkoughaA flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dh miyfC/k iwjs ns'k esa ,d ls vf/kd Qly mxkus ;k o"kZesa nks ;k rhu Qly mxkuk laHko gSA blls Ñf"k mRiknu rFkk mRikndrk esa o`f)gksxhA

4. ubZ Ñf"k fopkj esa Hkwfedk ubZ Ñf"k fopkj esa Hkwfedk ubZ Ñf"k fopkj esa Hkwfedk ubZ Ñf"k fopkj esa Hkwfedk ubZ Ñf"k fopkj esa Hkwfedk (Role in New Agricultural Strategy) & Å¡ps mRiknunsus okys dk;ZØe rHkh lQy gks ldrs gSa tc le; ij ikuh dh iwfrZ miyC/kgksA bl rjg ds dk;ZØe ds fy, fu;fer ikuh dh iwfrZ vko';d gSA ;gh dkj.kgS mPp mRiknu dk;ZØe flapkbZ {ks=k rd gh lhfer jgrs gSA blfy, ubZ rduhddk Qk;nk rHkh laHko gS tc flapkbZ O;oLFkk iwjs ns'k esa iznku dh tk,A

5. tksr ds vUrxZr vf/kd Hkwfe tksr ds vUrxZr vf/kd Hkwfe tksr ds vUrxZr vf/kd Hkwfe tksr ds vUrxZr vf/kd Hkwfe tksr ds vUrxZr vf/kd Hkwfe (Bringing more Land under Cultivation) &vk¡dM+s crkrs gSa fd 1993-94 esa dqy ¼fctkbZ½ tksr {ks=k 304.86 fefy;u gsDVs;jFkkA blesa ls 18.97 fefy;u gsDVs;j Hkwfe catj] 9.7 fefy;u [kkyh Hkwfe tks ,dlky ls [kkyh iM+h gSA ;|fi bl Hkwfe ij [ksrh djus ds fy, fuos'k dh vko';drkgS rkfd ;g [ksrh djus ds fy, fQV gks ldsA ysfdu bl ckr ls Hkh udkjk ughatk ldrk fd ;fn flapkbZ dh miyC/;rk gks rks bl Hkwfe dk dqN Hkkx tksrusds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6. mRiknu Lrj esa vfLFkjrk esa deh mRiknu Lrj esa vfLFkjrk esa deh mRiknu Lrj esa vfLFkjrk esa deh mRiknu Lrj esa vfLFkjrk esa deh mRiknu Lrj esa vfLFkjrk esa deh (Reduces Instability in Output Levels)&11 jkT;ksa dk v/;;u crkrk gS fd 1971 ls 1984 ds vkWdM+s crkrs gSa fd flapkbZls mRiknu Lrj esa fLFkjrk vkbZ gS eryc dHkh de dHkh T;knk dh fLFkfr degqbZ gSA ;gh ugha flapkbZ lw[kk ds le; dop dk dke djrh gSA nksuksa jkstxkjrFkk vk; mRiknu ls lacaf/kr gSA lq[kk ds nkSjku mRiknu dh fxjkoV dks jksdukvk; rFkk jkstxkj esa fLFkjrk izkIr djus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA flapkbZ lsvf/kdrj jkT;ksa dks lw[kk vkaf'kd cpko djus ds ;ksX; cuk;k gSA mnkgj.k dsrkSj ij 1979-80 o"kZ es a lq[ks ds nkSjku flapkbZ {ks=k es a mRiknulk/kkj.k Lrj ls 6 izfr'kr fxjk Fkk tcfd lw[kk ¼xSj&flapkbZ½ {ks=k esa 22 izfr'krdh fxjkoV ns[kus dks feyhA

7. flapkbZ ds vizR;{k ykHk flapkbZ ds vizR;{k ykHk flapkbZ ds vizR;{k ykHk flapkbZ ds vizR;{k ykHk flapkbZ ds vizR;{k ykHk (Indirect Benefit of Irrigation) & flapkbZ Ñf"k c<+kdjvizR;{k ykHk Hkh nsrh gSA flapkbZ Hkwfe ij jkstxkj {kerk esa o`f)] c<+s mRiknu lslgk;d dk;ks± ¼bdkb;ksa½ esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gS tSls ty ;krk;kr ds lk/ku esalq/kkj rFkk Ñf"k ls ljdkj dh vk; esa o`f) vkfnA fu;fer ikuh iwfrZ ls fdlkuksadh vk; c<+sxh ftlls muesa lq[kk rFkk Ñf"k esa fLFkjrk vk,xhA

flapkbZ fodkl ds fy, ljdkjh uhfrflapkbZ fodkl ds fy, ljdkjh uhfrflapkbZ fodkl ds fy, ljdkjh uhfrflapkbZ fodkl ds fy, ljdkjh uhfrflapkbZ fodkl ds fy, ljdkjh uhfr(Government Policy for Development of Irrigation)

Hkkjr esa 1950-51 esa ;kstuk ds vkjEHk ls gh Ñf"k Ldhe dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk & cM+s ftldhykxr izR;sd dh ykxr 5 djksM+( e/;e ftldh izR;sd dh ykxr 10 yk[k #i;s vkSj 5 djksM+#i;s ds chp vkSj NksVs ftldh izR;sd dh ykxr 10 yk[k #i;s ls deA 1978 esa u;koxhZdj.k fd;k x;k cM+h Ldhe dsoy ogk¡ ij gksxh tgk¡ dypjyscy dekWM ,fj;k (CCA)

10,000 gsDVs;j ds chp rFkk NksVh Ldhe tgk¡ CCA 2,000 gsDVs;j ls de gksA


flapkbZ O;oLFkk c<+kus ds fy, vf/kd ek=kk esa fuos'k fd;k x;kA igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa455 djksM+ :i;s tks c<+dj lkaroh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa 19,676 djksM+ :i;s gks x;kA vkBohaiapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds rgr flapkbZ rFkk ck<+ fu;a=k.k ds fy, 36,649 djksM+ #i;s [kpZ fd;sAblfy, cM+s unh ?kkVh izkstsDV tSls Hkk[kMk ukxy izkstsDV ¼iatkc½ cht izkstsDV ¼iatkc ogfj;k.kk½] fgjkdqaM MSe izkstsDV ¼mM+hlk½] Mkeksnkj osyh dkjiksjs'ku ¼fcgkj vkSj if'pecaxky½ ukxkvtqZulkxj izkstsDV ¼vka/kz izns'k vkSj dukZVd½ vkfnA

ubZ Ñf"k rduhd vkSj mPp fdLe mRikndrk dk;ZØeksa ds fy, flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dhvko';drk gSA bl izdkj flapkbZ O;oLFkk c<+kus ds fy, ljdkj us :jy ba¶jkLVªD;jMoyieSaV QaM (RIDF) esa 2000 djksM+ dh ykxr ls 1995-96 esa 'kq: fd;kA 1999-2000 esaRIDF-V, 3500 djksM+ dh ykxr ls 'kq: fd;k rFkk 2000-01 esa RIDF VI dh ykxr c<+kdj4500 djksM+ dh xbZA blds fy, ljdkj us jkT;ksa dks _.k lqfo/kk Hkh iznku dh rkfd QaMdh deh ls izkstsDV dk iwjk djus esa fnDdr u gksA bl izdkj ljdkj us flapkbZ dh O;oLFkkds fy, bl rjg dh uhfr;k¡ rFkk dk;ZØe fu/kkZjr fd,A

flapkbZ ls lacaf/kr dqN leL;k,¡flapkbZ ls lacaf/kr dqN leL;k,¡flapkbZ ls lacaf/kr dqN leL;k,¡flapkbZ ls lacaf/kr dqN leL;k,¡flapkbZ ls lacaf/kr dqN leL;k,¡(Some problems related to Irrigation)

Å¡ps iSekus ij fuos'k rFkk flapkbZ lqfo/kk,¡ foLrkj ds ckotwn Hkh dqy Qly {ks=k dk 64

izfr'kr vkt Hkh o"kkZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blfy, flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dks cM+s iSekus ijizkFkfedrk nsus dh vko';drk gSA ;|fi Ñf"k ls lacaf/kr dkQh leL;k,¡ gSa tc rd mudklek/kku ugha gksrk rc rd bl fn'kk esa T;knk vk'kk ugha dh tk ldrhA vkvks ns[ksa os D;kleL;k,¡ gSA

1. {kerk ds iz;ksx rFkk iwjk djus esa nsjh {kerk ds iz;ksx rFkk iwjk djus esa nsjh {kerk ds iz;ksx rFkk iwjk djus esa nsjh {kerk ds iz;ksx rFkk iwjk djus esa nsjh {kerk ds iz;ksx rFkk iwjk djus esa nsjh (Delay in completion and utilizationpotential) & lcls cM+h leL;k gS izkstsDV dks iwjk gksus esa nsjhA ;fn vk¡dM+ksa dkvk¡dyu djsa rks vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds varxZr VkxsZV 80 cM+s vkSj 253 e/;flapkbZ izkstsDV Fks ftuesa ls dsoy 44 cM+s] 100 e/;e vkdkj ds izkstsDV gh iwjsgks ldsA blh izdkj uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr jghA vf/kdrj izkstsDVesa fQYM pSuy vkSj okVj pSuy cukus esa nsjh gksrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa le; c<+usij ykxr o`f) Hkh gksrh gS ftlls ljdkj dks ,d gh izdkj ds dk;Z ds fy,vf/kd [kpZ djuk iM+rk gSA

2. varj&jkT; ikuh >xM+s varj&jkT; ikuh >xM+s varj&jkT; ikuh >xM+s varj&jkT; ikuh >xM+s varj&jkT; ikuh >xM+s (Inter-State water dispute) & Hkkjr esa flapkbZ jkT; dkfo"k; gSA blfy, viuh t:jrksa vkSj vko';drkvksa dks ns[krs gq, jkT; ;kstukcukrk gSA ;|fi lHkh ufn;k¡ ,d nwljs jkT; ls tqM+h gSa blfy, LVkWd izkFkfedrk]fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds chp ikuh dk iz;ksx vkfn ls >xM+s jgrs gSaA blfy, mi;ksxhle; bl izdkj ds >xM+ksa esa u"V gksus ls jk"Vª dk uqdlku gSA

3. flapkbZ fodkl esa {ks=kh; vlekurk flapkbZ fodkl esa {ks=kh; vlekurk flapkbZ fodkl esa {ks=kh; vlekurk flapkbZ fodkl esa {ks=kh; vlekurk flapkbZ fodkl esa {ks=kh; vlekurk (Regional disparties in irrigation devel-opment) & uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk Mªk¶V crkrk gS fd mÙkj if'pe {ks=k esa NksVh]e/;e rFkk cM+h Ldhe dk Lrj dsoy 28.6 izfr'kr gS tcfd mÙkj {ks=k esa ;g yxHkx95.3 izfr'kr gSA blfy, flapkbZ lqfo/kk fodkl esa {ks=kh; vlekurk jgrh gSA nwljs{ks=k iwoZ] nf{k.k rFkk if'pe esa Lrj 53.2 izfr'kr] 54.6 izfr'kr vkSj 40 izfr'krgSA jk"Vªh; vkSlr 64 izfr'kr gSA


4. ikuh bdëk rFkk [kkjkiu ikuh bdëk rFkk [kkjkiu ikuh bdëk rFkk [kkjkiu ikuh bdëk rFkk [kkjkiu ikuh bdëk rFkk [kkjkiu (Waterlogging and Salirity) & dqN jkT;ksa esa flapkbZlqfo/kk ls ikuh ds bdëk rFkk [kkjkiu dh leL;k mRiUu gks xbZ gSA 1991 dsvkadyu esa 24.6 fefy;u gsDVs;j tehu ij ikuh [kM+k gksus dh leL;k FkhA ofd±xxzqi dk vkadyu gS fd 3.30 fefy;u gsDVs;j Hkwfe [kkjkiu (jsgh) vkfn ls izHkkforgSA ;g leL;k mu jkT;ksa esa T;knk gS tgk¡ ikuh dh ijr Hkwfe esa Åijh lrgij gSA

5. flapkbZ dh ykxr esa c<+ksÙkjh flapkbZ dh ykxr esa c<+ksÙkjh flapkbZ dh ykxr esa c<+ksÙkjh flapkbZ dh ykxr esa c<+ksÙkjh flapkbZ dh ykxr esa c<+ksÙkjh (Increasing Costs of Irrigation) & flapkbZ iznkudjus dh ykxr yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ;g ykxr c<+dj2500 djksM+ #i;s gks xbZ tks igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa dsoy 75 djksM+ #i;s bldkizkstsDV iwjk djus esa nsjh rFkk ,d lkFk cgqr vf/kd izkstsDV dk vkjaHk djuk HkhgSA ;g Hkh ns[kus dks feyk gS fd lgh losZ{k.k dh deh Hkh bldh ykxr esa o`f)djrh gSA

blds lkFk&lkFk tks izkstsDV pyk, tkrs gSa mudh ns[kHkky esa Hkh ykxr T;knkvkrh gS rFkk bldh izkfIr de gS D;ksafd vf/kdrj jkT; fdlkuksa dks flapkbZO;oLFkk ij lfClMh vkfn iznku fd, gq, gSaA

;fn bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tk, rc Hkh d`f"k {ks=k esa mRiknu flapkbZ O;oLFkkij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds varxZr blds lq/kkj ds fy, ubZ,D'ku Iyku cukbZ gS tks flapkbZ {kerk dk iw.kZ iz;ksx djsxhA

[kkn[kkn[kkn[kkn[kkn(Fertilizers)

Hkkjrh; fdlku [kkn dk 1/10 fgLlk iz;ksx djrs gSa tks Hkwfe moZjrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy,dkQh gSA Bhd iz;ksx ls feêh dh mRikndrk c<+rh gSA Hkkjrh; feêh esa ukbVªkstu rFkkQklQksjl dh deh gS tks [kkn ds iz;ksx ls iwjh dh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa [ksrh c<+kus dh leL;kgS D;ksafd og Hkwfe iz;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ gSA blfy, d`f"k oLrqvksa dh ek¡x dks iwjk djus ds fy,vf/kd ek=kk esa [kkn dk iz;ksx djds gh mRikndrk c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA

Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa [kkn dk mRiknu cgqr rsth ls c<+k gSA Hkkjrh; d`f"k esa [kkndk iz;ksx 1966 esa mPp mRiknu izkIr djus ds dk;ZØe ls 'kq: gqvkA ;g ,d iSdst izksxzkeFkk ftlds varxZr [kkn dk iz;ksx djus ij cy fn;kA vc [kkn ds iz;ksx ds ckn gh ,dls vf/kd Qlysa mxkuk laHko gSA 1966 esa gkbZ byfMax oSjkbVh izksxzke (HYVP) 'kq: djusls blds miHkksx esa rsth vkbZA 1970-71 esa bldk miHkksx 21.8 yk[k Vu Fkk tks 1998-99

esa 168 yk[k Vu gks x;kA bl izdkj mRiknu esa Hkh rsth ls o`f) gqbZ gSA 1955-56 esaukbVªkstu [kkn dk mRiknu 80 gtkj Vu Fkk tks 1998-99 esa c<+dj 10,480 gtkj Vu gksx;kA ;|fi mRiknu esa o`f) ds ckotwn Hkkjr us 1995-96 esa 3,995 yk[k Vu [kkn dk vk;krfd;k tks 1997-98 esa Hkh 3,145 gtkj Vu FkkA

;kstuk deh'ku us uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds varxZr 20 yk[k Vu dk y{; j[kk FkkA bl;kstuk ds rgr~ 234 fefy;u Vu ds [kk|kUu dk y{; izkIr djus ds fy, fdlkuksa dks ck;ksQfVZykbtj rFkk dSfedy QfVZykbtj dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA


mUur fdLe ds chtmUur fdLe ds chtmUur fdLe ds chtmUur fdLe ds chtmUur fdLe ds cht(High-Yielding Varieties of Seeds)

ubZ Ñf"k uhfr ds vUrxZr] gkbZ bfYMax oSjkbVh vkWQ lhM~l (HYV) dks iz;ksx djus ij cyfn;kA ;|fi ljdkj us chtksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, /;ku fn;k gSA ysfdu bldk Js;ubZ Ñf"k uhfr dks tkrk gSA eSf{kdks esa] izks0 uksjeu cksjysx rFkk mlds lkfFk;ksa us xsgwa dhubZ fdLe fodflr dh tks igys id tkrh gS] mPp mRikndrk rFkk ftlesa fcekjh ls yM+usdh {kerk gSA 1960 esa Hkkjr us bl fdLe dk vk;kr fd;k rFkk ns'k ds dqN {ks=kksa esa iz;ksxfd;kA ,d gh lky esa Qly esa 25 izfr'kr ls 100 izfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZA 1966-67 esa Qlyesa bl ubZ fdLe ds uhps Ñf"k {ks=k 1.89 fefy;u gsDVs;j Fkk tks 1971-72 esa c<+dj 18.17

gsDVs;j gks x;kA 1997-98 esa ;g c<+dj 76 fefy;u gsDVs;j gks x;kA

;|fi HYV Seeds dk iz;ksx c<+k gS ysfdu ;g [kkn] mi;qDr ikuh iwfrZ] dhVuk'kd vkfndh miyC/krk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blfy, bls iSdst izksxzke ds rgr~ 'kq: fd;k x;kA 1997-

98 esa dqy {ks=k 23.0 fefy;u gsDVs;j Fkk ftlesa ubZ fdLe ds cht dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

Hkkjrh; cht dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr dsanz rFkk jkT; ljdkj nksuksa 'kkfey jgrh gSA blds lkFkjkT; Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;] lkoZtfud {ks=k] lgdkjh {ks=k vkSj futh {ks=k laLFkku Hkh 'kkfeygSaA Hkkjr esa cht {ks=k nks rjg ls dk;Z djrk gSA us'kuy lhM dkWikZsjs'ku (NSC) vkSj LVsVQkje dkWiksZjs'ku vkWQ bafM;k (SFCI), 13 LVsV lhM dkiksZjs'ku (SSCs) vkSj yxHkx 100 cM+sfuth {ks=k cht daiuh gSaA xq.koÙkk fu;a=k.k rFkk izek.ki=k ds fy, 20 LVsV lhM lfVZfQdsV,tsalht+ (SSCAs) vkSj 96 LVsV lhM VsfLVax yscksjsVjh (SSTLs) gSA ubZ cht uhfr (1998)

ds ykxw djus ds ckn futh {ks=kksa us Hkh vge Hkwfedk fuHkkuh vkjaHk dh gSA ;|fi [kk| Qlyo vukt ds fy, laxfBr cht {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k }kjk izHkkfor gSA

dhVuk'kddhVuk'kddhVuk'kddhVuk'kddhVuk'kd(Pesticides)

;g Hkh vkadyu fd;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa Ñf"k esa ekSfnzd gkfu fcekjh] dhM+s&edksM+s vkSjif{k;ksa vkfn ls izfr o"kZ yxHkx 6000 djksM+ dk uqdlku gksrk gSA ;g cgqr cM+h gkfu gSftls laj{k.k eki }kjk jksdk tk ldrk gSA ubZ Ñf"k uhfr ds viukus ls tksrus dh ykxrc<+h gS blfy, Ñ"kd bl uqdlku dks lgu ugha dj ldrkA

igys dhVuk'kd dh [kir T;knk ugha FkhA igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vkjaHk esa dhVuk'kddk miHkksx 100 Vu Fkk tks 1995-96 esa c<+dj 73,650 Vu gks x;kA ;g n'kkZrk gS fddhVuk'kd dk iz;ksx c<+k gSA

ysfdu izks0 vy?k us dgk gS fd dhVuk'kd ds iz;ksx ls dkQh leL;k,¡ gSaA igyh dhVuk'kdvius vki esa tgjhyh gSA blds vuqlkj ;g cxSj y{; tho dks Hkh ekjrh gS tSls vknehAblds lkFk dhVuk'kd ds iz;ksx ds fy, oSKkfud i)fr Hkh gksuk vko';d gS tks gekjsfdlkuksa esa bldh deh gSA

dhVuk'kd iz;ksx ds fy, rhu dk;Z viuk, x, gSaA dhM+s o chekjh fu;a=k.k tks bafVxzsfVMiSLV eSustesaV (IPM) Ldhe] nwljk IPM dh Vªsfuax o izf'k{k.k] rhljk ck;ks&iSLVhlkbM dkiz;ksxA IPM ds iz;ksx ds ckn (lCth] pkoy] dikl) dhVuk'kd dh [kir esa deh vkbZ gS


tks 1990-91 esa 82,000 Vu Fkh 1995-96 esa ?kVdj 73,650 Vu jg xbZA

gfjr Økafrgfjr Økafrgfjr Økafrgfjr Økafrgfjr Økafr(Green Revolution)

Hkkjr ljdkj us 1960 ds e/; esa Ñf"k mRiknu rFkk mRikndrk c<+kus ds fy, QksMZ QkWmaMs'ku}kjk ukfer fo'ks"kKksa dh Vhe dks vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;g vko';drk blfy, eglwl gqbZ D;ksafd,d rjQ rks [kk|kUu dh ek¡x c<+ jgh Fkh rFkk nwljh rjQ mRiknu dh ek=kk de gks jghFkhA vizSy 1959 esa bl Vhe us viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr dhA bl fjiksVZ us lykg nh fd ;g ns'kds p;fur {ks=kksa esa gh 'kq: fd;k tk,¡ 1960 esa bl dk;ZØe (QwM Økbfll ,aM LVSIl Vw ehVbV) dk uke cnydj bUVSaflo ,fj;k MoyiesaV izksxzke (IADP) j[kk x;kA IADP ds vUrxZrp;fur ftys esa ikuh dh O;oLFkk Hkh gksuk vko';d Fkk rkfd u, cht] [kkn vkfn dk iz;ksxfd;k tk ldsA bl izdkj 1965 IADP ds rgr 114 ftys p;fur fd, x,A

Ñf"k ds fglkc ls e/; 1960 cgqr egRoiw.kZ FkkA eSfDldks u, xsgw¡ cht dk vfo"dkj gqvkftlds ckjs esa ge igys crk pqds gSaA Hkkjr eas 1966 esa HYVP dk;ZØe 'kq: gqvkA ;g ,diSdst izksxzke Fkk tks flapkbZ] u, [kkn] cht o dhVuk'kd ij vk/kkfjr FkkA

gfjr Økafr dk izHkkogfjr Økafr dk izHkkogfjr Økafr dk izHkkogfjr Økafr dk izHkkogfjr Økafr dk izHkko(Impact of Green Revolution)

1966 ds ckn [kk|kUu mRiknu [kkldj xsgw¡ esa dkQh o`f) gqbZA HYVP i;kZIr flapkbZlqfo/kk,¡ vkSj fofHkUu vkxr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blfy, ;g rHkh Lohdk;Z gS tc ml {ks=kesa ;s lc lqfo/kk,¡ tSls flapkbZ vkSj dsoy ogh fdlku bldks viuk ldrs Fks ftuesa Ñf"kvkxr [kjhnus dh {kerk gSA blfy, ubZ Ñf"k i)fr ls vUrjkZT; rFkk vUrZO;fDrxrvlekurk c<+hA

1. mRiknu rFkk mRikndksa esa o`f) mRiknu rFkk mRikndksa esa o`f) mRiknu rFkk mRikndksa esa o`f) mRiknu rFkk mRikndksa esa o`f) mRiknu rFkk mRikndksa esa o`f) (Increase in Production and Productivity)&ubZ Ñf"k i)fr ds ifj.kkeLo:i [kk|kUu mRikn esa 810 fefy;u Vu (r`rh;iapo"khZ; ;kstuk) ls 118.1 fefy;u Vu (ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk), 155 fefy;u Vu¼lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk½] 187 fefy;u Vu (vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk) o`f) gqbZA1998-99 ds vUrxZr [kk|kUu ds mRiknu esa 203 fefy;u fjdkMZ rksM+ o`f) gqbZA

HYVP dsoy dqN Qlyksa ds fy, lhfer Fkk& xsgw¡] pkoy] Tokj] cktjk vkSj eDdkAblfy, xSj [kk|kUu oLrq bl ubZ i)fr ls ckgj FkhA ckdh [kk|kUuksa dh vis{kkxsgwa esa 11.1 fefy;u Vu (r`rh; ;kstuk) ls 29.8 fefy;u Vu (ikapoha ;kstuk), 48.3

fefy;u Vu (lkroha ;kstuk) ls 62.9 fefy;u Vu (vkBoha ;kstuk) esa o`f) gqbZA1998-99 esa xsgwa ds mRikn esa 70.8 fefy;u Vu dh fjdkMZ rksM+ o`f) gqbZA

blh izdkj pkoy esa o`f) xsgwa dh vis{kk de gqbZ ysfdu ckn es ;g Hkh /khjs&/khjs c<+rh xbZA rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa pkoy dk vkSlr mRiknu 35.1 fefy;uVu Fkk tks ?kVh ;kstuk esa 54.5 fefy;u Vu] lkroha ;kstuk esa 65.1 fefy;u VuvkSj vkBohsa ;kstuk 78.7 fefy;u Vu FkkA 1998-99 esa ;g c<+dj 86.0 fefy;uVu gks x;kA ysfdu Tokj] cktjk rFkk eDdk dk mRiknu fLFkj jgkA

blh izdkj rsy okys cht dk dqy mRiknu vkSlr 8.3 fefy;u Vu (pkSFkh ;kstuk)


vkSj vkSlr 11.4 fefy;u Vu (NBh ;kstuk) jgkA rsy cht esa vkRe fuHkZj cuusds fy, ljdkj us us'kuy vkW;y lhM MoyiesaV izkstsDV (NODP) 1985-86 esa 'kq:fd;kA 1986 esa VsDuksykWth fe'ku vkWu vkW;ylhM (TMO) 'kq: fd;k vkSj 1987-

88 esa vkW;ylhMl izksMD'ku FkjLV izkstsDV (OPTP) 'kq: fd;kA 1989-90 esa ljdkjus rsy dh Fkksd dher fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, ^izkbl cSaM* 'kq: fd;kA bl uhfrds rgr vk;y dk mRiknu c<+dj 1987-88 esa 12.7 fefy;u Vu ls 1988-89 esa18 fefy;u Vu gks x;kA 1998-98 esa blds mRiknu esa o`f) gqbZ tks c<+dj 25.2

fefy;u Vu gks x;kA blfy, gfjr Økafr ds ckn Ñf"k mRiknu rFkk mRikndrkesa dkQh o`f) gqbZA

2. {ks=kh; vlekurk rFkk gfjr Økafr {ks=kh; vlekurk rFkk gfjr Økafr {ks=kh; vlekurk rFkk gfjr Økafr {ks=kh; vlekurk rFkk gfjr Økafr {ks=kh; vlekurk rFkk gfjr Økafr (Regional Inequalities and GreenRevolution) & tSls igys Hkh crk;k x;k gS HYVP 1966-67 esa dsoy 1.89 fefy;u{ks=k ij gh vkjaHk gqvkA 1997-98 esa blus 76 fefy;u gsDVs;j Hkwfe gh doj dhAblh izdkj gfjr Økafr dk Qk;nk dsoy dqN gh {ks=k dks feykA bldk eq[; dkj.kFkk fd ;g ,d ^iSdst izksxzke* Fkk ftlds vUrxZr flapkbZ lqfo/kk ds lkFk Ñf"kvkxr u;s [kkn] cht o dhVuk'kd dh vko';drk Fkh rFkk ;g dsoy mUgha {ks=kksaesa ykxw fd;k x;k tgk¡ fdlkuksa esa bu [kkn] cht dks [kjhnus dh {kerk FkhA bldkrktk mnkgj.k gfj;k.kk rFkk iatkc gS tgk¡ dkQh jkT;ksa dh vis{kk Ñf"k mRiknuesa vf/kd rsth ls o`f) gqbZA;fn gfjr Økafr dks nks Qstksa (Lrjksa) ds chp j[kdj [kk|kUu dh miyfC/k ns[khtk, rks] nf{k.k rFkk if'peh {ks=kksa esa mRiknu esa deh rFkk iwohZ {ks=k esa mRiknuesa mPp ldkjkRed o`f) ns[kus dks feyhA

3. varj&O;fDrxr vlekurk varj&O;fDrxr vlekurk varj&O;fDrxr vlekurk varj&O;fDrxr vlekurk varj&O;fDrxr vlekurk (Inter-personal Inequalities) & ;fn varj&O;fDrxrvlekurk dks ns[kk tk, tks ;s dsoy ubZ Ñf"k rduhd viukus ls ugha gqbZA ;gHkh gks ldrk gS fd fofHkUu vuqla/kkudrkZvksa us vius 'kks/k esa le; vyx&vyxfy;k gksA ysfdu ;g rks ekuus ;ksX; gS fd bl ubZ i)fr ls NksVs rFkk lhekarfdlkuksa dh ctk; cM+s fdlkuksa dks T;knk Qk;nk gqvk gSA D;ksafd ubZ Ñf"k i)frds vUrxZr iSdst izksxzke Fkk ftlds rgr dsoy vehj fdlku gh flapkbZ] u, [kkno cht dh O;oLFkk dj ldrs FksA blfy, Ñf"k dh mPp mRikndrk cM+s fdlkuksads gd esa xbZA ;fn th0 ,l0 HkYyk rFkk th0 ds0 pM~<k dk v/;;u crkrk gSA,d gfjr Økafr ls iatkc esa le`f) vkbZ gS ysfdu lkFk esa lhekar fdlkuksa dk,d frgkbZ fgLlk xjhch js[kk ls uhps gSa mRlk iVuk;d us Hkh gfj;k.kk esa vè;;ufd 262 dk lSEiy ysdj vkSj ik;k fd vf/kdrj Lo;a jkstxkj ifjokj ;k tksHkwfe iês ij ysrs gSa] Jfed vkfn Hkh xjhch ds vk; Lrj rd igqapus esa vlQyjgsA ;|fi Ñf"k etnwjksa dh etnwjh c<+h gS ysfdu okLrfod etnwjh esa T;knkvarj ugha vk;kA mRlk iVuk;d us okLrfod etnwjh dk Lrj ns[kus ds fy, 1970-

71 ls 1984-85 ds le; esa dbZ rRo iz;ksx fd,A ;g v/;;u fn[kkrk gS fd bl15 o"kZ ds le; esa dqN okLrfod etnwjh esa dsoy 14.1% dh o`f) gqbZ tcfd1978-79 ls 1984-85 dks fy;k x;k rks blesa 7.9% dh deh gqbZA blfy, lHkhphtksa dk vkadyu djus ds ckn dg ldrs gS fd gfjr ØkfUr dk Qk;nk dsoyvehj fdlkuksa dks T;knk gqvk gSA

3. Je [kir dk iz'u Je [kir dk iz'u Je [kir dk iz'u Je [kir dk iz'u Je [kir dk iz'u (The Question of Labour Absorption) & ;|fi fofHkUu


vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds {ks=kh; vlekurk] vUrj&O;fDr vlekurk ds fy, vyx&vyxfopkj gSa ysfdu Je dh [kir ds fy, lHkh dk ,d er gS fd gfjr ØkfUr dsckn Ñf"k {ks=k esa Je dh [kir esa deh vkbZ gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k Ñf"k {ks=kesa vleku {ks=kh; o`f) ls Je dh [kri esa deh vkbZ gSA vf/kdrj jkT;ksa esa Jfeddh vf/kdrk gS rFkk mRiknu o`f) de gS ftlls jkstxkj miyfC/k de gS rFkkdqN jkT;ksa esa tgk¡ Je de gS etnwjh T;knk gS ,slh volFkk esa ,d txg lsnwljh txg Jfedksa dk LFkkukUrj.k vFkok fiNM+s {ks=k ls fodflr {ks=k esa Jfedksadk LFkkukUrj.kA nwljs vf/kdrj fdlkuksa us Ñf"k dk e'khuhdj.k fd;k gS rkfdykHk vftZr fd;k tk ldsA ,slh voLFkk esa gfj;k.kk] iatkc rFkk if'peh mÙkjizns'k ds fdlkuksa us Je&cpr e'khujh dk iz;ksx djuk vkjEHk fd;k ftlls fdJe dh [kir esa deh gqbZ gSA

4. vuSfPNd lkekftd izHkko vuSfPNd lkekftd izHkko vuSfPNd lkekftd izHkko vuSfPNd lkekftd izHkko vuSfPNd lkekftd izHkko (Undersirable Social Consequences) & dqN gfjrØkfUr {ks=k dh lkekftd vkfFkZd v/;;u crkrs gSa fd bl i)fr ls vuSfPNdlkekftd vkfFkZd izHkko iM+s gSaA vf/kdrj cM+s fdlkuksa us viuh Hkwfe dks dk'rdkjksals ysdj [kqn tksruk vkjEHk dj fn;k gS D;ksafd os [kqn Hkwfe tksrdj T;knk ykHkvftZr djrs gsaA bldh otg ls vf/kd la[;k esa dk'rdkj rFkk caVkbZ ij Qlymxkus okys fdlkuksa us viuh teh [kksdj] tcjnLrh Ñf"k Jfed cuuk iM+kAblfy, gfjr ØkfUr ls yksxksa ds oxZ&fHkUurk iuih gSA

blds lkFk&lkFk gfjr ØkfUr ls LokLF; laca/kh ijs'kkuh Hkh iuih gSA D;ksafd [ksrrduhd ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ls nq/kZVuk esa o`f) gqbZ gSa 1978 esa iatkc esa 500 nq/kZVuk,¡gqbZ vkSj 1985 esa ;g c<+dj 5000 gks xbZA bu nq/kZVukvksa ds izfr ljdkj dk joS;kHkh ldkjkRed ugha gSA bl rjg dh nq?kZVukvksa esa cgqr de eqvkotk feyrk gSAljdk us bldks jksdus ds fy, dksbZ izHkkoh dne ugha mBk, gSaA e'khuksa dslkFk&lkFk ikS/kksa ij dhVuk'kd dk fNM+dko Hkh tgj ds ekfQd gSA gfjr ØkfUrds vUrxZr vkus okys Hyv seeds tYnh chekjh idM+rs gSa ftlls buds fy,dhVuk'kd vR;ar vko';d gS blfy, bl rjg dk fNM+dko LokLF; rFkk izÑfrds fy, cgqr gkfudkjd gSA

5. LoHkko esa ifjorZu LoHkko esa ifjorZu LoHkko esa ifjorZu LoHkko esa ifjorZu LoHkko esa ifjorZu (Change in Attitude) & gfjr ØkfUr dk vPNk igyw ;ggS fd fdlkuksa dh lksp esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA bu {ks=kksa esa mRikndrk c<+us ls Ñf'kdk Lrj tks thou&fuokZg Fkk c<+dj iSlk dekus okyh bdkbZ cu x;k gSA Hkkjrh;fdlku ubZ rduhd dks viukus esa viuh bPNk O;Dr dh gS vkSj yEcs le; lspyh vk jgh vksykspu fd og fiNM+k] ijEijkxr vkSj dher rFkk mRikndrk dsizfr lskp ugha j[krk dks csdkj lkfcr dj fn;k gSA blfy, ;gh lp gS fd ;fnubZ rduhd miyC/k gks rks dksbZ Hkh fdlku mls badkj ugha djrk vFkok mldhmis{kk ugha djrkA blfy, Ñf"k ds fy, Hkfo"; ldkjkRed gSA bu vkadM+ksa dksge igys gh crk pqds gSa fd gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn [kkn dk miHkksx] Ñf"k dk iz;ksx]flapkbZ O;oLFkk rFkk Hyv cht ds iz;ksx esa o`f) gqbZ gSA


;kstuk ds vUrxZr Ñf"k oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa yxkrkj de ;k T;knk o`f) gqbZ gSA dsoyigyh iapo"kh;Z ;kstuk esa gh dherksa esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA 1951-52 dks vk/kkj o"kZ ekursgq, ;s dherssa 1950-51 esa 110 ls c<+dj 1960-61 esa 123.8 gks xbZA ;|fi 1951-52 esa 110

ls ?kVdj 1955-56 esa ;g 88 jg xbZ FkhA ysfdu nwljh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr buesa ,dnersth vk xbZ vkSj yxkrkj 1961-62 rd c<+h 1962-63 ls 1998-99 rd yxkrkj Ñf"k oLrqdherksa esa c<+ksrjh jghA ;fn 1961-62 dh rqyuk dh tk, rks 1970-71 esa nksxquh rFkk 1981-

82 esa 1970-71 ls nksxquh FkhA 1998-99 esa] ;s 1982-83 dh vis{kk pkj xquk T;knk FkhA

Ñf"k oLrq dher dh vko';drkÑf"k oLrq dher dh vko';drkÑf"k oLrq dher dh vko';drkÑf"k oLrq dher dh vko';drkÑf"k oLrq dher dh vko';drk(Need for Agriculautal Price Policy)

Ñf"k oLrqvksa dh dher esa mrkj&p<+ko ls dkQh uqdlku jgrk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ijdher esa vf/kd deh ls Qly mxkus okyksa dks Hkkjh uqdlku lgu djuk iM+rk gSA bllsmudh vk; rks de gksxh gh lkFk esa vxys o"kZ og ml Qly dks mxkus ds fy, Hkh drjk,¡xsA;fn ;gh fLFkfr jgh rks [kk|kUu oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ ek¡x dh vis{kk de gksxh rFkk dherksaesa o`f) gksxhA bl rjg dh fLFkfr miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, gkfudkjd gSA

blfy, bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] ;g vko';d gS fd dherksa esa mrkj&p<+kodks jksdus ds fy, izHkkoh dher uhfr cukbZ tk, rkfd mRiknd rFkk miHkksDrk dks gksusokys uqdlku ls mudks cpk;k tk ldsA ftl o"kZ esa vkf/kD; (Surplus) gS] mlds fy,ljdkj dks U;wure dher fuf'pr djuh pkfg, rkfd mRiknudrkZ dks T;knk mxkus¼iSnkokj½ djus ij mls uqdlku u gksA ljdkj }kjk fuf'pr U;wure dher dks bl rjgfuf'pr djuk pkfg, ftlesa fdlkuksa dh ykxr ds lkFk mudks dqN Qk;nk (return) HkhizkIr gksA deh dh voLFkk esa ljdkj dks cQj LVkWd nsuk pkfg, rkfd miHkksDrkvksa dksijs'kkuh u gksa vkSj os lk/kkj.k dher ij viuh miHkksx vko';drk iwjh dj ldsA blfy,Ñf"k dher uhfr nks mís';ksa dks iwjk djrh gSA fuf'pr dher Lrj ls dherksa dks ?kVusrFkk c<+us dh vuqefr iznku ugha djrhA blfy, ljdkj dks ,slh voLFkk esa cQj LVkWdHkh cukus pkfg, vkSj lkFk [kk|kUu oLrqvksa dks LVkWd djus ds fy, Hkh O;oLFkk djuhpkfg,A blds fy, lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh (PDS) dh Hkh vko';drk gS tks miHkksDrvkskadks lgh dher ij Ñf"k oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ dj ldsA ̂ U;wure leFkZu ewY;* rFkk ̂ olwyh dher*bl rjg ls fuf'pr djuh pkfg, tks mRikndksa dks T;knk mxkus ds fy, izsfjr djsaAvYifodflr ns'kksa esa ;g cgqr vko';d D;ksafd dsoy ;g dher vkSj vk; fLFkjrk ds

v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;-9Ñf"k dher uhfrÑf"k dher uhfrÑf"k dher uhfrÑf"k dher uhfrÑf"k dher uhfr(Agricultural Price Policy)

Ñf"k dher uhfr 69

fy, vko'oklu gh ugha gS cfYd Ñf"k {ks=k dh lgk;rk ls ;g lao`f) dk igyw Hkh gSAÑf"k dher uhfr ds vuqlkj ,d vYifodflr ns'k esa blds fuEu mís'; gksus pkfg,A

(i) o f̀) y{; ds vuqlkj fofHkUu Qlyksa dk mRiknu c<+kukA

(ii) ubZ rduhd tSls mPp fdLe ds [kk|] cht] ikuh izca/ku rduhd dh lgk;rk lsmRiknu esa o`f)

(iii) mRikndksa dks U;wure dher iz.kkyh ds rgr muds vf/kdkj lqjf{kr djuk ftllsmuds mRiknu dh dher fxjus dk [krjk u gksA

(iv) fdlkuksa dks vf/kd mRiknu djus ds fy, mRlkfgr djuk rkfd cktkj vkf/kD;miyC/k gksaA

(v) vf/kd dher c<+us ds ,ot esa miHkksDrkvksa dks lqjf{kr djukA

Hkkjr esa Ñf"k dher uhfrHkkjr esa Ñf"k dher uhfrHkkjr esa Ñf"k dher uhfrHkkjr esa Ñf"k dher uhfrHkkjr esa Ñf"k dher uhfr(Agricultural Price Policy in India)

LorU=krk ds le; Ñf"k dher uhfr esa dkQh dfe;k¡ Fkha ysfdu nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstukds vUrxZr budks fu;fU=kr fd;k x;kA blds vUrxZr ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; ls vkus&tkusds Åij fu;a=k.k fd;k x;k] mRikndksa vkSj feyksa ij tcjnLrh ncko Mkydj [kk|kUucpk dj j[kuk vkSj lHkh jkT;ksa esa leUo; cuk;k x;kA [kk|kUu dher uhfr desVh] 1947

dh lykgksa dks ekudj dqN izfrca/k <hys fd, x, vFkok muesa NwV dh xbZA ;|fi 1948

esa [kk|kUu dk ladV iSnk gksus ls dherksa esa dkQh o`f) gqbZA blds vuqlkj fu;a=k.k dksfcYdqy [kRe dj fn;kA 1955 ds e/; esa fQj dhersa c<+uh 'kq: gks xbZ vkSj bl ij vkaf'kdizfrca/k yxk, x,A

[kk|kUu tk¡p desVh 1957 dh lykg ij [kk|kUu Fkksd O;kikj fu;a=k.k dj] 1958 esa jk"Vªh;fodkl dkmafly cukbZ xbZA 1959 esa ljdkj us jkT;ksa ds lkFk [kk|kUu esa O;kikj dk vuqHkofy;kA blds rgr nks oLrq,a&xsgwa o pkoy esa jkT;ksa ds chp O;kikj 'kq: gqvkA ysfdu xsgwadh ijksD;wjesaV dher dkQh de j[kh ftlls cktkj esa [kk|kUuksa dk igq¡puk fuEu FkkAdqN jkT;ksa esa Fkksd O;kikfj;ksa ij Hkkjh dj yxk fn, ftlls ;s O;kikjh fu#Rlkfgr gq,vkSj lkFk&lkFk Hkz"Vkpkj Hkh iuiuk 'kq: gks x;kA D;ksafd Fkksd O;kikfj;ksa ij dj yxusds ckn mUgksaus xyr rjhds viukuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA

1. [kk|kUu tksu dk laxBu [kk|kUu tksu dk laxBu [kk|kUu tksu dk laxBu [kk|kUu tksu dk laxBu [kk|kUu tksu dk laxBu (To Organise of Food Zone): Ñf"k dher esa fLFkjrkdk ,d rÙo vkjEHk djus ds fy, ekpZ 1964 esa [kk|kUu tksu cuk, x,A iwjs ns'kdks vkB xsgw¡ tksu esa ck¡Vk x;k nf{k.k Hkkjr esa pkoy tksu cuk;k x;kA bl rjgdk vH;kl Qsy gksus ij] gj ,d jkT; us viuk ,d vyx tksu cuk;kA tksuds vUnj [kk|kUu ds vkus&tkus ij dksbZ izfrca/k ugha Fkk ysfdu ,d tksu ls nwljstksu ls [kk|kUu Hkstus ij izfrca/k FkkA ljdkj [kk|kUu dh iwfrZ c<+kus ds fy,ftu jkT;ksa ds ikl vf/kd Fkk muls ysdj ftu jkT;ksa ds ikl [kk|kUu dh dehFkh Hkstuk vkjEHk fd;kA ;g dk;Z PDS ds }kjk fd;k x;kA

2. ljdkj }kjk U;wure leFkZu dher vkSj olwyh dher fuf'pr djuk ljdkj }kjk U;wure leFkZu dher vkSj olwyh dher fuf'pr djuk ljdkj }kjk U;wure leFkZu dher vkSj olwyh dher fuf'pr djuk ljdkj }kjk U;wure leFkZu dher vkSj olwyh dher fuf'pr djuk ljdkj }kjk U;wure leFkZu dher vkSj olwyh dher fuf'pr djuk (Fixationof minimum support price and procurement price by the government):[kk|kUu dher desVh us 1964 esa Ñf"k dher deh'ku LFkkfir djus dh lykg nhA


1965 esa bl deh'ku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA 1985 esa bldk uke cnydj Ñf"k ykxrrFkk dherksa ds fy, deh'ku ¼vk;ksx½ j[kk] bldh LFkkiuk gksrs gh bl vk;ksxus U;wure lgk;d dher] olwyh dher vkSj b';w dher fuf'pr dhA blds lkFkdherksa esa U;wure dher ls fxjus u fn;k tk,A bl vk'oklu ds fy,] ljdkjus ?kksf"kr U;wure dher ij cM+s iSekus ij [kk|kUu dh [kjhn vkjEHk dhA izksD;wjesaVdher dks U;wure lgk;d dher ls Åij j[kk x;k vkSj ljdkj }kjk bldk iz;ksx[kk|kUu ds fy, fd;k x;k ftldk lkoZtfud forj.k ds fy, [kjhndj HkaMkjdjuk FkkA b';w dher og gS ftl ij ljdkj jk'ku fMiks o nqdkuksa ds rgr[kk|kUu dh iwfrZ djrh gSA

1964-65 esa xsgwa dh U;wure lgk;d dher 37.50 #0 izfr fDoaVy FkhA 1968-69

esa bls 57 #0 50 iSls c<+k fn;k x;kA mlds ckn ljdkj us U;wure lgk;d dheru viukdj ,slh uhfr viukbZ dh lHkh izdkj dk xsgwa olwyh dher ij [kjhnfy;k tk, tks miyC/k gksA 1965-66 esa ;g dher 56 #i;s izfr fDoaVy Fkh vkSjyxkrkj blesa c<+ksrjh gqbZA 1977-78 esa iSMh ds fy, ;g dher 77 #i;s izfr fDoaVyFkhA 1998-99 esa ;g dher 440 #i;s izfr fDoaVy Fkh tks 1999-2000 esa c<+dj45 #i;s izfr fDoaVy gks xbZA

3. lgh dher nqdku ls jk'ku o fcØh lgh dher nqdku ls jk'ku o fcØh lgh dher nqdku ls jk'ku o fcØh lgh dher nqdku ls jk'ku o fcØh lgh dher nqdku ls jk'ku o fcØh (Rationing and Sale through fiar priceshops): gekjs ns'k esa PDS jk'ku ;k lgh dher nqdkuksa ds }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSAlgh dher nqdkusa lekt ds fiNM+s o xjhc yksxksa dh U;wure t:jrksa dks iwjkdjrh gSA ns'k esa yxHkx 1979 esa 2.39 yk[k nqdkusa Fkh tks c<+dj 1999 esa 4.52

yk[k gks xbZA

bu lcds ckotwn PDS ds }kjk [kk|kUu dh t:jrsa iwjh ugha gksrhA ,d xjhc dks izfro"kZizfr O;fDr 100 fdyksxzke vukt nsus ds fy, ljdkj ij 20 fefy;u Vu dk vfrfjDrHkkj iM+rk gSA 186 fdyksxzke izR;sd O;fDr dks izfr o"kZ nsus ij vfrfjDr Hkkj 52 fefy;uVu dk iM+k gSA

ljdkj dh Ñf"k&dher uhfr dk ewY;kaduljdkj dh Ñf"k&dher uhfr dk ewY;kaduljdkj dh Ñf"k&dher uhfr dk ewY;kaduljdkj dh Ñf"k&dher uhfr dk ewY;kaduljdkj dh Ñf"k&dher uhfr dk ewY;kadu(Evaluation of Government’s Agricultural Policy)

tSlk igys crk;k x;k gS fd Ñf"k dher uhfr dk mís'; fdlkuksa esa fuf'pr iSnkokj dsfy, fo'okl fnykuk rFkk muesa fuf'prrk vkSj fo'okl iSnk djukA ;|fi Hkkjr esa Ñf"kdher uhfr dqN gn rd vius mís'; iwjk djus esa lQy jgh gSA blus vFkZO;oLFkk esafLQfr ds Lrj dks c<+k;k gS rFkk dqN foijhr izHkko Hkh Mkys gSa tks bl izdkj gSa&

1. fuf'prrk rFkk fo'okl ds rÙo dk iuiuk fuf'prrk rFkk fo'okl ds rÙo dk iuiuk fuf'prrk rFkk fo'okl ds rÙo dk iuiuk fuf'prrk rFkk fo'okl ds rÙo dk iuiuk fuf'prrk rFkk fo'okl ds rÙo dk iuiuk (Injecting an element of certaintyand confidence): Ñf"k dher deh'ku cukus ls igys dherksa esa dkQh mrkj&p<+koFksA ;|fi Ñf"k dher deh'ku cukus ds ckn fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA bl deh'kuus dkQh v/;;u djus ds ckn nks izdkj dh dhersa ?kksf"kr dh U;wure leFkZu dhervkSj olwyh dher vfUre dher og gS ftl ij ljdkj PDS dh t:jrksa dks iwjkdjus ds fy, [kk|kUu [kjhnrh gSA igyh leFkZu dher og ftl ij ljdkjftruk Hkh [kk|kUu fdlkuksa }kjk cspk tkrk gS mls [kjhnus ds fy, ck/; gSA

Ñf"k dher uhfr 71

izkÑfrd rkSj ij leFkZu dher fdlkuksa dks fo'okl fnykrh gS fd bl Lrj lsuhps dherksa esa deh ugha vk,xhA

2. fLFkjrk dk iz'u fLFkjrk dk iz'u fLFkjrk dk iz'u fLFkjrk dk iz'u fLFkjrk dk iz'u (The question of stability): ;|fi U;wure leFkZu dher rFkkolwyh dher dh ?kks"k.kk djus ds ckn fdlkuksa esa fo'okl rFkk fuf'prrk dk HkkoiSnk gksrk gSA fQj Hkh vk;kr dh vfuf'prrk rFkk dherksa dh fMxzh esa rcnhyhls vFkok mrkj&p<+ko ls] fdlkuksa esa vfuf'prrk dh Hkkouk iSnk djrh gSA ,slhvoLFkk esa mek fyfy us dgk gS] vk'kkrhr dher ¼cktkj vkf/kD; ij vk/kkfjrtks ljdkj dks cspk tkrk gS½ vkSj okLrfod Hkkjh vkSlr dher ¼tks [kqys cktkjij fuHkZj djrh gS½ ds chp varj rsth ls c<+rk gSA ;g varj ogk¡ ij cktkjvkfèkD; ls foijhr rkSj ij izHkkfor djrk gS tgk¡ okLrfod dher vk'kkrhr dherls de gksrh gSA vizHkkoh fu;a=k.k ds fcuk dherksa esa yxkrkj mrkj&p<+ko jgrkgSA

3. mRikndksa ij izHkko mRikndksa ij izHkko mRikndksa ij izHkko mRikndksa ij izHkko mRikndksa ij izHkko (Impact on Producers): dqN o"kks± ls U;wure leFkZu dherrFkk olwyh dher esa o`f) gksus ls blus mRikndksa dks viuk mRiknu c<+kus dsfy, rksgQs dk dke fd;k gSA ;|fi bldk vf/kdj ykHk cM+s fdlkuksa dks gksrkgS D;ksafd os ubZ Ñf"k rduhd] 'kk[k rFkk vkxr vklkuh ls iz;ksx dj ysrs gSaA;|fi ljdkj dh [kqys cktkj fØ;kvksa dk NksVs fdlkuksa dks Hkh Qk;nk gksrk gSA;|fi] bldk mís'; iwjk ugha gks ikrk D;ksafd os futh deh'ku ,tsaVksa ij fuHkZjjgdj viuk vkf/kD; xk¡o esa gh csp nsrs gSaA NksVs fdlku udnh dh vf/kd t:jrdh otg ls viuk mRikn cM+s fdlkuksa dks csp nsrs gSa ftldh dher cM+s fdlkuksadks feyusokyh dher ls de gksrh gSA

4. lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh esa nks"k lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh esa nks"k lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh esa nks"k lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh esa nks"k lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh esa nks"k (Flaws in public distribution system): bldsckjs esa ge Hkkstu&lqj{kk Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh v/;k; esa iw.kZ :ils O;k[;ku dj pqds gSaA blesa fuEu nks"k gSa&(i) blds vUrxZr dsoy xsgw¡ o pkoydks fy;k x;k gS] tcfd xjhc O;fDr ds }kjk ?kfV;k fdLe ds [kk|kUu dk vfèkdiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA (ii) ;kstuk ds dkQh le; rd PDS dsoy 'kgjh {ks=k rdlhfer jgk vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=k dk fgLlk T;knk doj ugha gqvk] (iii) PDS dh iwfrZ]tgk¡ vf/kd ek=kk esa tula[;k xjhch ls uhps gS] vi;kZIr gSA (iv) PDS vc Hkheg¡xk gS D;ksafd tks ykxr PDS ls ns'k dks lgu djuh iM+rh gS og yEcs le;esa ?kkrd fl) gks ldrh gSA

5. LQhfr Lrj esa ;ksxnku LQhfr Lrj esa ;ksxnku LQhfr Lrj esa ;ksxnku LQhfr Lrj esa ;ksxnku LQhfr Lrj esa ;ksxnku (Contribution to inflationary trend): ÍÑf"k ykxr odher ds fy, deh'ku us Hkh lky nj lky olwyh dher esa o`f) dh gSA blrjg ds ladsr ls nwljs O;kikjh viuk eky LVkWd dj ysrs gSaA D;ksafd T;ks&T;ksadher c<+sxh] LVkWd dh {kerk Hkh T;knk gksxhA blfy, ,slh voLFkk esa dherksa esavkSj vf/kd o`f) gksxhA ;s dher c<+us dk tks rjhdk gS bldk mRiknu ykxrls dksbZ laaca/k ugha gSA ;fn olwyh dher ds vk¡dM+s ns[ks tk,¡ rks 1984-85 vkSj1992-93 esa ;g lwpdkad 100 ls c<+dj 190.9 gks x;kA

6. xzkeh.k xjhc ij izHkko xzkeh.k xjhc ij izHkko xzkeh.k xjhc ij izHkko xzkeh.k xjhc ij izHkko xzkeh.k xjhc ij izHkko (Impact on rural poor): izks0 v'kksd fe=kk dk dgukgS fd dherksa esa o`f) ls lcls foijhr izHkko xzkeh.k xjhc ij iM+rk gSA buesa


lcls T;knk la[;k Hkwfeghu Jfed rFkk NksVs fdlkuksa dh gS tks tula[;k dkvfèkdrj fgLlk gSA ysfdu c<+h dher dk Qk;nk mUgsa ugha fey ikrk D;ksafd ;scktkj esa mRiknu dk fgLlk dk ;ksxnku de dj ikrs gSa rFkk vf/kdrj HkkxmiHkksx ds fy, [kpZ djrs gSaA NSS ¼18ok¡ pØ½ ds vk¡dM+s n'kkZrs gSa fd HkwfeghuJfed dh la[;k vukt ds fy, cktkj ij fuHkZj jgus dh 99 izfr'kr vka/kzizns'kesa] 98 izfr'kr egkjk"Vª vkSj 74 izfr'kr jktLFkku esa gSA NksVs fdlku ftudh Hkwfe2.5 ,dM+ gS vukt ds fy, cktkj ij fuHkZjrk vkU/kz izns'k esa 81 izfr'kr] egkjk"Vªesa 82 izfr'kr rFkk jktLFkku esa 87 izfr'kr gSA dherksa esa o`f) gksrh gS] D;ksafd olwyhdher yxkrkj c<+rh jgh gS bldk lcls foijhr izHkko bl la[;k ij gksxkA

7. vehj jkT;ksa ds i{k esa vehj jkT;ksa ds i{k esa vehj jkT;ksa ds i{k esa vehj jkT;ksa ds i{k esa vehj jkT;ksa ds i{k esa (Bias in favour of rich states): Ñf"k dher o ykxrds fy, deh'ku dh orZeku fLFkfr iwjs ns'k esa ,d tSlh dher dks fuf'pr djukgS ysfdu bldk Q;knk vehj jkT;ksa dsk T;knk jgrk gS D;ksafd mudh mRiknuykxr de rFkk mRikndrk Hkh T;knk gSA 1978-79 esa iatkc esa iSMh dh mRiknuykxr 67.49 #i;s fDoaVy] vka/kzizns'k esa 88.36 #i;s FkhA tcfd vkSlr mRiknuykxr 1975-76 esa xsgw¡ dh 99.48 #i;s iatkc esa] 114 #i;s osLV caxky esa FkhA blhizdkj Hkwfe fdjk;k esa Hkh vUrj gksrk gSA

8. izsfjr dher ,oa foÙkh; ncko izsfjr dher ,oa foÙkh; ncko izsfjr dher ,oa foÙkh; ncko izsfjr dher ,oa foÙkh; ncko izsfjr dher ,oa foÙkh; ncko (Price incentives and fiscal sqeeze)% % % % % tc dher,d fuf'pr ij igqap tkrh gS mlds ckn ml {ks=k esa lkoZtfud fuos'k de gksrkgS D;ksafd foÙk voLFkk BaMh iM+ tkrh gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k Ñf"k {ks=k esa c<+hdher dks vuqnku }kjk csvlj fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs ;fn xzkeh.k] 'kgjh etnwjrFkk NksVs fdlkuksa dh Ø; 'kfDr de gkssus ij izHkkoh ek¡x gksxh rFkk xSj&Ñf"k{ks=kksa esa mRiknu ds Hkkjh uqdlku ls ljdkj dh vk; Hkh de gksxhA

fu"d"kZ ds :i esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd Ñf"k {ks=k esa olwyh dher dh ?kks"k.kk djuk ,d;a=k cu x;k gS cfYd nwljs vge eqn~ns tSls Ñf"k esa iw¡th fuekZ.k esa deh] Hkwfe tksr Lrjesa cnyko bR;kfn dks vuns[kk fd;k gSA vf/kdrj] Ñf"k uhfr eksVs rkSj ij olwyh dherij fuHkZj djrh gS tks viokn gSa] ;g [kk|kUu esa vkf/kD; ;k vf/kd Hkwfeokys fdlkuksa dsgd esa gSA Hkkjr esa vf/kdrj fdlku ds ikl FkksM+h tehu vkSj de cktkj vkf/kD; gS]blfy, mudks blls T;knk ykHk izkIr ugha gksrkA

Hkkjr esa Ñf"k foÙk 73

Ñf"k ,d vlaxfBr {ks=k gS vFkok O;olk; gSA bldh lQyrk rFkk vlQyrk ekSle rÙoksaij fuHkZj jgrh gSA blh otg ls fdlkuksa ds fy, mRiknd rFkk vuqRiknd _.k ds chpvarj djuk eqf'dy gS vkSj bUgha dkj.kksa dh otg ls cSad nh?kZdky ds fy, Ñf"k dks _.knsus esa #fp ugha j[krs vkSj mUgsa m/kkj nsusokys rFkk egktuksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSAbl otg ls Ñf"k foÙk dh vko';drk gSA

fdlkuksa ds fy, lk[k lqfo/kkvksa dks nks rjg ls tk¡p ldrs gSa& (i) le; ds vuqlkj(ii) mís'; ds vuqlkj ;fn le; ds fglkc ls o.kZu djsa rks fdlku rhu voLFkkvksa esa _.kysrk gS&(i) FkksM+s le; ds fy,] (ii) e/;e dky ¼e/;e le; ds fy,½] (iii) nh?kZdkyA y?kqLrj ds _.k cht] [kkn] nokbZ] i'kqvksa ds fy, pkjk] Ñf"k mRikn dk cktkjhdj.k] Jefdjk;k ds fy, etnwjh] eqdn~nesckth bR;kfn ds fy, miyC/k gSA budk le; 15 eghusls de jgrk gSA eq[;:i ls ;g lgdkjh lfefr;ksa rFkk iSls m/kkj nsusokyksa }kjk fn;ktkrk gSA nh?kZ dky ds _.k V~;wcsy [kjhnus] [ksrh esa fu;fer lq/kkj] cM+s Ñf"k ;a=k [kjhnustSls VSªDVj] Fkzslj] iqjkus _.k dk Hkqxrku vkfn ds fy, fy, tkrs gSaA bldh le; vofèk5 lky ls T;knk gSA e/;e&dky ds _.k i'kq [kjhnus] NksVs Ñf"k ;a=k [kjhnus] dqvksa dhejEer vkfn ds fy, fn, tkrs gSaA budh le;kof/k 15 eghus ls 5 o"kZ gksrh gSA

Hkkjrh; fdlku Ñf"k lk[k dk iz;ksx fofHkUu mís';ksa ds fy, djrs gSaA (i) mRiknu](ii) miHkksx vko';drk] (iii) vuqRikndA mRiknd vko';drkvksa ds fy, fy;k x;k _.klh/ks rkSj ij Ñf"k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA tSls cht] [kkn] Ñf"k ;a=k] i'kq [kjhnuk vkfnAbudh vnk;xh esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha gS D;ksafd fdlku bls mRiknu ds fy, iz;ksx djrsgSaA blds lkFk fdlku miHkksx ds fy, Hkh _.k ysrs gSaA Ñf"k oLrq ds cktkj rFkk vxyhQly dh dVkbZ ds chp dkQh varj jgrk gS blfy, os viuh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus dsfy, _.k ysrs gSaA lw[kk vkfn ds le; Hkh bl rjg dk _.k ysuk iM+rk gSA laLFkkxrlk[k laLFkk,a bl rjg dk _.k iznku ugha djrh blfy, fdlkuksa dks viuh t:jrsa iwjhdjus ds fy, tcju egktu rFkk m/kkj nsusokyksa ds ikl tkuk iM+rk gSA blds lkFk&lkFkfdlku vuqRiknd fØ;kvksa ds fy, Hkh _.k ysrs gSa tSls eqdn~nes] 'kknh] /kkfeZd fØ;k,¡]ifjokj ds lnL; ds tUe rFkk e`R;q ij dk;ZØe] R;kSgkj vkfnA dksbZ Hkh laLFkkxr lk[klfefr bl rjg dk _.k iznku ugha djrh rFkk tcju fdlkuksa dks cfu;ksa rFkk egktuksaij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA bu _.kksa dks okfil djuk Hkh dkQh eqf'dy gS D;ksafd bulsdksbZ Hkh mRiknu fØ;k ugha dh tkrh rFkk ;s mRiknu esa dqN Hkh ;ksxnku ugha djrsA

v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;-10Hkkjr esa Ñf"k foÙkHkkjr esa Ñf"k foÙkHkkjr esa Ñf"k foÙkHkkjr esa Ñf"k foÙkHkkjr esa Ñf"k foÙk(Agricultural Finance in India)


Ñf"k foÙk ds lk/kuÑf"k foÙk ds lk/kuÑf"k foÙk ds lk/kuÑf"k foÙk ds lk/kuÑf"k foÙk ds lk/ku(Sources of Agricultural Finance)

Ñf"k foÙk ds lk/kuksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS&1. laLFkkxr] 2. xSj laLFkkxr lkèkuAxSj laLFkkxr lk/ku esa laca/kh] O;kikjh] deh'ku ,tsaV] tehankj rFkk egktu gSA laLFkkxrlk/kuksa ds vUrxZr lgdkfjrk,¡] vuqlwfpr O;kikfjd cSad vkSj {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad (RRBs)

gSA jkT; ljdkj fdlkuksa dks Hkh rdoh _.k iznku djrh gS vkSj lkFk esa foÙkh; lgk;rkHkh iznku djrh gS ftuesa izeq[k gS LVsV dks&vkWijsfVo cSad (SCBs) vkSj ySaM MsoyiesaV cSadLDB)A lgdkfjrk ds {ks=k esa izkbejh ,xzhdYpjy ØsfMV lkslkbVht (PACSs) y?kq rFkke/;e dky ds fy, _.k vkSj LDB nh?kZdky ds fy, _.k iznku djrh gSA dkWef'kZ;ycSad esa RRBs nksuksa y?kq rFkk e/;e ,DV dky ds fy, Ñf"k rFkk mldh lgk;d fØ;kvksads fy, iznku djrk gSA uS'kuy cSad QkWj ,xzhdYpjy ,.M :jy MsoyieSaV (NABARD)

jk"Vª Lrj ij dke djrk gS rFkk Åij crk, xbZ ,tsafl;ksa dks _.k iznku djrk gSA fjtoZcSad vkWQ bafM;k ns'k dk dsUnzh; cSad gS ;g NABARD dks mlds dk;Z ds fy, fn'kk funsZ'krFkk foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA

vktknh ds le; Ñf"k lk[k dk egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku tehankj] cfu;k rFkk egktu FksA 71.6%

xzkeh.k lk[k bUgha }kjk iznku dh tkrh Fkh ;s yksx Å¡ph C;kt ij ysrs Fks rFkk [kkrk Hkhcny nsrs FksA fdlkuksa dks /kks[kk/kM+h ls cpkus ds fy, ljdkj us dbZ dkuwu ikl fd, tSlsbudks jftLVªs'ku rFkk ykblsal vko';d dj fn;k x;k] [kkrk nq#Lr djuk vFkok [kkrksadk fjdkMZ j[kuk vkfnA

ljdkj us lcls egÙoiw.kZ dne foÙk ds laLFkkxr lk/kuksa dh LFkkiuk dh] blls egktuksadh egÙkk de gks xbZ vkSj lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ rFkk cSadksa dk xzkeh.k lk[k fgLlk c<+rk x;kAxzkeh.k lk[k esa egktuksa dk fgLlk 1951 esa 71.6% jg x;kA blh dkj.k 1969 esa cM+s cSadksadk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA dkWef'kZ;y cSadksa dk fgLlk tks 1971 esa 2.2% Fkk 1981 esa c<+dj28.6 izfr'kr gks x;kA 1991-92 esa Ñf"k dh laLFkkxr lk[k 11,202 djksM+ #i;s Fkh] 1994-

95 esa 18,744 djksM+ rFkk 1998-99 esa 38,504 djksM+ #i;s FkhA cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k yxkrkjc<+rk x;k rFkk 1980 esa 6 cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;k tks 1969 esa dsoy 14 FksA vcbudh dqy la[;k 20 gks xbZA 1975 esa RRBs dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rFkk 1982 esa NABARD dhLFkkiuk gqbZA

ysfdu ;g dgkuh dk ,d gh igyw gSA ØsfMV fjO;w desVh (ACRC) us dgk gS fd egktuksa(Moneylenders) dks fcYdqy [kRe ugha fd;k x;kA xSj&foÙkh; laLFkku vkt Hkh ns'k esaekStwn gSa vkSj ;s fdlkuksa ls Å¡ph C;kt nj ysrs gSa D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh cSad vuqRiknd rFkkmiHkksx _.k iznku ugha djrk blds ckjs esa ge blh v/;k; esa igys gh crk pqds gSaAcSad dsoy mRiknd fØ;kvksa ds fy, gh _.k iznku djrk gS blfy, etcwju fdlkuksa dksbUgha ds ikl tkuk iM+rk gSA

lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;k¡lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;k¡lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;k¡lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;k¡lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;k¡(Co-operative Credit Societies)

Hkkjr esa lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;ksa dk bfrgkl dkQh iqjkuk gSA lcls T;knk lgdkjhvkanksyu 1904 esa lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;ksa ls fd;k x;kA ;g lfefr;k¡ fdlkuksa rFkk xzkeh.kyksxksa dks _.k ls eqDr djus ds fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA


Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k lk[k lfefr;ksa dh cukoV ¼<k¡pk½ dks vYidky rFkk nh?kZdky ds fy, fd;kx;kA y?kq Lrj ij ;s lfefr;k¡ rhu izdkj dh gSa&fupys Lrj ij izkbejh ,xzhdYpjylkslkbfVt (PACS) gSaA budks xk¡o Lrj ij laxfBr fd;kA nwljs Lrj ij MhLVªhDV lsaVªydks&vkWijsfVo cSad gSa (DCCBs), ftudks ftys Lrj ij laxfBr fd;k x;kA rhljs Lrj ijLVsV dks&vkWijsfVo cSad gSa (SCBs) tks jkT; Lrj ij gSaA xk¡o Lrj ij PACs dks nl ;knl ls vf/kd O;fDr fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSaA ;s flQZ mRiknu ds fy, _.k iznku djrhgSA DCBs nks rjg dh gSa&dks&vkWijsfVo cSafdax ;wfu;u vkSj feDlM lsaVªy dks&vkWijsfVocSadA nwljs dk dk;Z PACSs dks t:jr ds le; _.k iznku djuk gS rkfd os fdlkuksadh t:jr iwjh dj ldsaA SCBs Hkh DCCBs dks _.k iznku djrh gS tks PACSs dh t:jriwjh djrh gSA ;g DCCBs dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks fu;af=kr rFkk laxfBr djrh gSA ;g ,drjQ fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k rFkk eqnzk cktkjksa ds chp dh dM+h vkSj nwljh rjQ uhpslgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds chp dh dM+h dk dke djrh gSA

vYidky lk[k t:jrksa ds lkFk&lkFk fdlkuksa dks nh?kZdkyhu _.kksa dh Hkh t:jr jgrhgSA tSls Ñf"k ;a=k [kjhnus ds fy, Hkwfe esa fu;fer lq/kkj] iqjkus _.k dh vnk;xhA but:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, nh?kZdkyhu lk[k lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;s ,djkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa vyx&vyx gSaA

;|fi xzkeh.k lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;k¡ iwjs ns'k esa QSyh gqbZ gSaA y?kqdky lgdkjh lk[klfefr;ksa dh la[;k dsjy esa ,d] vklke esa 34, blh izdkj iatkc esa 235 gSaA

lgdkfjrk ds lk/kulgdkfjrk ds lk/kulgdkfjrk ds lk/kulgdkfjrk ds lk/kulgdkfjrk ds lk/ku(Resources of Co-operatives)

xzkeh.k lgdkfjrk dk eq[; lk/ku [kqn ds QaM] tek rFkk m/kkj gSA dqN lkyksa ls bulaLFkkvkssa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh c<+h gSA PACs ds QaM 1950-51 esa 41 djksM+ Fks tks 1994-95 esac<+dj 13,672 djksM+ #i, gks x,A DCCBs dh fØ;k'khy iw¡th 1950-51 esa 55 djksM+ Fkhtks 1997-98 esa c<+dj 53,488 djksM+ gks xbZA blh izdkj SCBs dk Hkh 34 djksM+ #i;sls c<+dj 33,752 gks x;kA ysfdu QaM vftZr djus esa PACSs dh fLFkfr T;knk vPNh ughagS D;ksfd fØ;k'khy iwath esa bldk fgLlk ?kVdj 1950-51 esa tks 42.1 izfr'kr Fkk] 1994-

45 esa 20.5 izfr'kr jg x;kA

xzkeh.k lk[k esa lgdkfjrk dh Hkwfedkxzkeh.k lk[k esa lgdkfjrk dh Hkwfedkxzkeh.k lk[k esa lgdkfjrk dh Hkwfedkxzkeh.k lk[k esa lgdkfjrk dh Hkwfedkxzkeh.k lk[k esa lgdkfjrk dh Hkwfedk(Role of Co-operatives in Rural Credit)

;|fi lgdkfjrk vkanksyu 1904 esa 'kq: gqvk] ysfdu LorU=krk ls igys bldk ;ksxnku ux.;FkkA 1951-52 esa dqy xzkeh.k lk[k dk 3.1 izfr'kr iznku fd;k] 1961-62 esa 15.5 izfr'kr]1970-71 esa 22.7 izfr'kr FkkA bldk vfHkizk; xzkeh.k lk[k esa budk ;ksxnku rsth ls gqvkA

vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr (1992-93), izFke o"kZ esa ;g 15,169 djksM+ FkkA blesalgdkfjrk dk fgLlk 9,378 djksM+ #i;s FkkA ;|fi vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds var rd(1996-97) esa ;g fxjdj 45.2 izfr'kr (26,411 djksM+ #i;s esa ls 11,944 djksM+) jg x;kA;fn lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dk voyksdu fd;k tk, rks bldh lk[k esa v/fkd o`f) ugha gksldhA D;ksafd xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa cM+s fdlkuksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh gksusij bu lfefr;ksa ij bUgha dk fu;a=k.k jgk rFkk lcls T;knk Qk;nk bUgha dks gqvkA blds


lkFk ,d {ks=k ls nwljs {ks=k ds chp lk[k ds forj.k esa Hkh vlekurk jghA

N% jkT;ksa ¼vka/kzizns'k] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] dsjy] iatkc vkSj rfeyukMq½ dks 1995-96 esa 80%

_.k PACSs }kjk fn;k x;kA

lgdkjh&lfefr;ksa dh ykHk 'kfDr Hkh ,d fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA buesa ls vf/kdrj dks ?kkVkgqvk gS tks budh lk[k dks [kRe dj nsrk gSA y?kq rFkk nh?kZdky lgdkfjrk dks 1997-

98 esa 2427 djksM+ dk uqdlku gqvk tks igys dsoy 927 djksM+ FkkA

okf.kT; cSad vkSj xzkeh.k lk[kokf.kT; cSad vkSj xzkeh.k lk[kokf.kT; cSad vkSj xzkeh.k lk[kokf.kT; cSad vkSj xzkeh.k lk[kokf.kT; cSad vkSj xzkeh.k lk[k(Commercial Banks and Rural Credit)

yEcs le; ls okf.kT; cSadksa dk xzkeh.k lk[k esa fgLlk de gqvk gSA 1951-52 esa ;g 0.9%

Fkk tks 1961-62 esa 0.7% jg x;kA bldk eq[; dkj.k Ñf"k dh izÑfr] thou fuokZg] [ksrh]vlaxfBr vkSj O;fDrxr dk;Z ls gSA vf/kdrj Ñf"k ekulwu ij fuHkZj jgrh gS tks fd[krjukd gSA blds foijhr vkS|ksfxd {ks=k T;knk laxfBr rFkk izÑfr ij de fuHkZj gSAblh otg ls okf.kT; cSad vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ij /;ku nsrs gSa vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=k ls] vkS|ksfxd{ks=k dh ek¡x iwjk djus ds fy, QaM gLrkUrfjr djrs gSaA

1969 esa 14 okf.kT; cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k Fkk tks 1980 esa vkSj c<+kdj mlesa 6 cSadvkSj tksM+ fn,A jk"Vªh;dj.k ds ckn cSasdksa us xzkeh.k {ks=k esa dkQh 'kk[kk,¡ [kksyh gSa rFkkjk"Vªh;dj.k ds ckn bu caSdksa us xzkeh.k lk[k iznku djus ds fy, vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZAbu cSadksa us fdlku dks Ñf"k vkxr [kjhnus rFkk ubZ rduhd dks viukus esa enn dhA bldslkFk xzkeh.k {ks=k vkSj Ñf"k esa Hkh fØ;kvksa dk foLrkj gqvk vkSj Ñf"k esa futh fuos'k esaHkh o`f) gqbZA

ysfdu bu lQyrkvksa vFkok izkfIr;ksa ds ckn Hkh okf.kT; cSadksa dh ijQkWjesUl dh vkykspukgqbZ tks bl izdkj gS&

1. xzkeh.k {ks=k lk[k esa o`f) ds ncko ls budh tks Ldhe Fkh] [kklrkSj ij xjhchmUewyu dk;ZØe bR;kfn ls bldh xq.koÙkk esa fxjkoV gqbZA bl izdkj fnu izfrfnudke dk ncko c<+rk x;k] tcfd LVkWQ dks c<+k;k ugha x;kA

2. xzkeh.k {ks=k esa ;s cSad NksVs&NksVs _.k nsrs gSa tcfd bldh ykxr rFkk LVkWQ esadksbZ vUrj ugha gS] blfy, xzkeh.k _.k ds ns[k&js[k dks vuns[kk fd;kA lkFkesa LVkWQ ds ikl Hkh vk/kqfud lqfo/kk rFkk vkfo"dkjksa dh deh ,d dkj.k FkkA

3. xk¡o esa cM+s iSekus ij 'kk[kk,¡ [kksyuk] tcfd ogk¡ O;olk; iw.kZ ek=kk esa ugha gSAblls Hkh izcU/kdh; ykxr esa o`f) gqbZA

4. bu cSadksa esa _.k okilh dh fLFkfr dkQh [kjkc gSA 1990 esa dkQh ek=kk esa _.kckdh FksA cSad [kksyus ls igys iwjh rjg losZ{k.k ugha fd;k x;kA tgk¡ T;knk'kk[kkvksa dh t:jr Fkh ogk¡ de FkhA cfYd dbZ txg ,d gh {ks=k esa nks 'kk[kk,¡[kksyh xbZA

5. lk[k c¡Vokjs esa vlekurk dk ,d dkj.k gSA nf{k.k {ks=k dk fgLlk 46.7% rFkkiwohZ {ks=k esa 12.5% FkkA

6. okf.kT; cSad rFkk lgdkjh lfefr;ksa esa leUo; dh dehA


;|fi bu cSadksa esa xzkeh.k lk[k esa dkQh ;ksxnku fd;k ysfdu tks lQyrk feyuhpkfg, Fkh og fey ugha ikbZA lcls eq[; dkj.k Hkkjr ,d Ñf"k iz/kku ns'k gSA yxHkx70% tula[;k xk¡o esa jgrh gSA ftudh _.k {kerk rFkk _.k okfil djus dh {kerkHkh detksj gSA blfy, budh 'kk[kk,¡ c<+kus ls igys budk iwoZ :i ls losZ{k.k vko';dFkkA

{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad(Regional Rural Banks)

nh ofd±x xzqi vkWu :jy cSaDl (1975) us {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa dks okf.kT; cSad rFkk lgdkjh{ks=k }kjk detksj oxks± ¼xzkeh.k {ks=k½] NksVs o lhekar fdlku] Hkwfeghu etnwj] dk'rdkj vkfndks lk[k lqfo/kk iznku djus ds fy, budks LFkkfir djus dh izLrkouk dhA u, cSadksa dksLFkkfir djus dh le> ds ihNs xzkeh.k {ks=k esa lk[k dk foLrkj ftls xzkeh.k Lrj ij eglwlfd;k tk, tSls lgdkjh laLFkk,¡] rFkk nwljh rjQ lk[k esa vk/kqfudrk iznku djuk tksokf.kT; cSad iwjk djrs gSa&bl fopkj ls fd bls xzkeh.k {ks=k esa c<+k;k tk,A ofd±x xzqius ;g vPNh rjg ls le> fy;k fd xzkeh.k {ks=k dks de ykxr dh vko';drk rFkk LVkWQHkh iM+kSlh {ks=k ls fy;k x;k rkfd Hkk"kk le;] xzkeh.k leL;k vkfn dh iwjh le> gks vkSjxzkeh.k yksxksa dh t:jrksa dks le>k tk,A

ofd±x xzqi ds ukfer djus ds ckn 1975 esa 5 xzkeh.k {ks=kh; cSad [kksys x,A ckn esa budhla[;k 196 gks xbZA 1975 ls 1999 rd budh 'kk[kkvksa esa 17 ls 14,454 vkSj ftyksa dh la[;ktks budks doj djrh Fkh c<+dj 12 ls 427 gks xbZA xzkeh.k {ks=kh; cSadksa us 25.38 #i;sÑf"k {ks=k dks _.k iznku fd;kA ysfdu bu lcds ckotwn Hkh bu cSadksa dh dqN leL;k,¡g S a &

1. laxBukRed leL;k,¡ laxBukRed leL;k,¡ laxBukRed leL;k,¡ laxBukRed leL;k,¡ laxBukRed leL;k,¡ (Organiation problems): gj ,d xzkeh.k {ks=kh; cSad(RRBs) okf.kT; cSad }kjk LikWUlj fd;k tkrk gSA dsUnzh; rFkk jkT; ljdkj Hkhiw¡th dk ;ksxnku djrh gSaA blfy, bu cSadksa (RRBsa) ij nksgjk fu;a=k.k gksrkgSA bl dkj.k u rks jkT; ljdkj ls iw.kZ rkSj ij lgk;rk feyrh gS vkSj ugh okf.kT; cSad bUgsa iwjh rjg Liksalj dj ikrs gSaA LVkWQ dk lgh rkSj ijVªsfuax u feyuk Hkh ,d dkj.k gSA xzkeh.k {ks=kh; cSadksa ds laLFkkvksa ds chp dhleUo; dh deh ds dkj.k Hkh cSadksa dh 'kk[kkvksa ds izlkj esa Hkh leL;kjgrh gSA

2. mxkgh dh leL;k,¡ mxkgh dh leL;k,¡ mxkgh dh leL;k,¡ mxkgh dh leL;k,¡ mxkgh dh leL;k,¡ (Problem of recovery): RRBs dh mxkgh dh leL;k dkQh[kjkc gSA 1944-1995 ls 1997-98 ds nkSjku mxkgh 15% ls 61% ds chp FkhA;|fi nsunkjh 39 ls 49% ds chp Fkh bldk eq[; dkj.k _.k uhfr esa deh vFkok[kkfe;k¡ rFkk izcU/kdh; <k¡pk detksj gSA ckgjh rkSj ij jktuSfrd gLr{ksi]tku&cw>dj xyrh vkSj jkT; ljdkj ls mxkgh ds ekeys esa lg;ksx dhdeh bR;kfnA

3. uqdlku ls mi;ksfxrk esa deh uqdlku ls mi;ksfxrk esa deh uqdlku ls mi;ksfxrk esa deh uqdlku ls mi;ksfxrk esa deh uqdlku ls mi;ksfxrk esa deh (Mounting of Losses Leeading to Non-viability): 1994-95 ds ctV esa foÙk ea=kh us dgk Fkk fiNys ik¡p lkyksa esa 196

RRBs esa ls 150 ?kkVk fn[kk jgh gSA vf/kdrj la[;k us viuh tekiw¡th dks ghiz;ksx djuk vkjEHk dj fn;k gSA blds dbZ dkj.k fn[kkbZ izrhr gksrs gSaA detksj


oxZ dks cSad i)fr ls Hkh de ij _.k nsuk] yxkrkj RRBs dh 'kk[kkvksa dks [kksyusij [kps± esa o`f)] izcU/kdh; [kpsZ vkfn dh otg Hkh buds eq[; dkj.k gSaA bldslkFk&lkFk RRBs dk vkfFkZd Lrj vFkok okrkoj.k Hkh lgh ugha gSA

4. izcU/kdh; leL;k izcU/kdh; leL;k izcU/kdh; leL;k izcU/kdh; leL;k izcU/kdh; leL;k (Management Problem): RRBs ftyk Lrj ij NksVs laLFkkugSa] tks cSad LikWUlj djrs gSa os e/;e oxZ ds LVkWQ dks fu;qDr djrs gSa ftuls izcUèkudetksj jgrk gSA bl rjg ds okrkoj.k esa LVkWQ LorU=k QSlys djus esa ijs'kkuheglwl djrs gSaA blds lkFk RRBs ds cksMZ ds Mk;jsDVj dh ehfVax Hkh fu;ferugha gksrh vkSj vf/kd la[;k esa xSj&ljdkjh deZpkjh bu cSadksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa#fp ugha ysrsA blfy, RRBs dks dbZ ,tsalh ds fu;a=k.k ls leL;k jgrh gS vkSjRRBs dh dk;Ziz.kkyh lHkh jkT;ksa@ftyksa esa ,d tSlh ugha jgrhA

bu lc dfe;ksa dks ns[krs gq, lykg nh tkrh gS fd bu cSadksa dks Liksalj cSadksa ds lkFkfeyk nsuk pkfg,A desVh ds vuqlkj ;g feyku u dsoy dk;Ziz.kkyh dks etcwr djsxkcfYd blls mudh tek Hkh c<+sxhA lcls egÙoiw.kZ gS izcU/kdh; [kpks± esa deh ls buds?kkVs esa Hkh deh vk,xhA ysfdu ,e0,y0 narokyk dk dguk gS fd bu cSadksa dks LiksaljcSadksa ds lkFk feyku ls ?kkVs esa dksbZ deh ugha gksxh D;ksafd detksj oxZ ls _.k dh C;ktnj esa dksbZ varj ugha gS blfy, bu cSadksa esa ?kkVk yxkrkj jgsxkA uqdlku rHkh de gksldrk gS tc detksj oxZ dh C;kt dh nj Hkh c<+kbZ tk, ysfdu bl ckr ij desVhlger ugha gSA

okLro esa ;g vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gS fd RRBs xzkeh.k {ks=k esa vge Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSa vkSj;s vk; forj.k dk egÙoiw.kZ igyw gSA ;s dsoy xzkeh.k lk[k ,tsalh gh ugha gS cfYd xzkeh.klao`f) esa o`f) dk Hkh ;a=k gSA

bl lanHkZ esa ftlls bu cSadksa dh uqdlku dh ek=kk de gks ljdkj us dbZ dne mBk,gSaA 1007 dh ekSfnzd uhfr ds vUrxZr bUgsa izkFkfed {ks=k esa 40% lk[k c<+kus dh vuqefrfeyh gS ftlls 2000-01 esa 158 RRBs us ykHk vftZr fd;k gS rFkk 48 RRBs vius uqdlkudks de djus ds utnhd igq¡ps gSaA bldk eq[; dkj.k ;gh gS fd lk[k esa o`f) djus lsokf.kT; cSadksa ds lkFk igq¡ps gSaA

Ñf"k o xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, jk"Vªh; cSad ¼ukckMZ½Ñf"k o xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, jk"Vªh; cSad ¼ukckMZ½Ñf"k o xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, jk"Vªh; cSad ¼ukckMZ½Ñf"k o xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, jk"Vªh; cSad ¼ukckMZ½Ñf"k o xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, jk"Vªh; cSad ¼ukckMZ½(National Bank for Agriculture and

Rural Development (NABARD)

xzkeh.k {ks=k lcls egÙoiw.kZ lk[k lk/ku dks c<+kus ds fy, ukckMZ (1982) dh LFkkiuk ,degÙoiw.kZ dne gSA ;g fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k ds rgr dke djrk gSA fn ,xzhdYpjyfjQkbusal ,aM MsoyiesaV dkWjiksjs'ku (ARDC) tks 1963 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk xzkeh.k{ks=k esa nh?kZdkyhu lk[k vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk Fkk] vc bls ukckMZ ds lkFk feykfn;k x;k gSA 1998-99 esa ukckMZ dh iznku iw¡th 2000 djksM+ #i;s FkhA

ukckMZ ds dk;ZukckMZ ds dk;ZukckMZ ds dk;ZukckMZ ds dk;ZukckMZ ds dk;Z(Functions of NABARD)

1. ;g xzkeh.k {ks=k dh lk[k t:jrksa dks ns[kus dh vge ;a=k gSA


2. bls Ñf"k lk[k foHkkx ls lgdkjh {ks=k dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks ns[kus dk Hkh vfèkdkjgSA

3. ;g jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa dks vYidky ¼18 eghus½ ds fy, Qly _.k] Qlyksa dkcktkjhdj.k] [kkn dh [kjhn o forj.k ds fy, _.k iznku djrk gSA

4. ;g e/;&dky Lrj lk[k ¼18 eghus ls lkr lky½ ds fy, jkT; lgdkjh cSad vkSjRRBs dks Ñf"k mís';] izkÑfrd vkink ds fy, _.k iznku djrk gSA

5. ;g e/;e rFkk nh?kZdky ds fy, ¼tks 25 lky ls T;knk ugha½ Ñf"k {ks=k esa lqèkkjrFkk fuos'k ds fy, jkT; lgdkjh cSad] Hkwfe fodkl cSad rFkk RRBs o okf.kT;cSad dks _.k iznku djrk gSA

6. ;g Ñf"k {ks=k esa 'kks/k vkSj fodkl ds fy, Hkh izca/k djrk gS ftlls fofHkUu {ks=kksaesa fofHkUu izkstsDV LFkkfir fd, tk,aA

ukckMZ o xzkeh.k lk[kukckMZ o xzkeh.k lk[kukckMZ o xzkeh.k lk[kukckMZ o xzkeh.k lk[kukckMZ o xzkeh.k lk[k(NABARD and Rural Credit)

tSls Åij dgk x;k gS ;g xzkeh.k lk[k {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ igyw gSA blfy, ;g fdlkuksavkSj xzkeh.k yksxksa ls lh/kk laca/k ugha j[krkA ;g mUgsa lgdkjh cSad] okf.kT; cSad] RRBs

bR;kfn ds rgr lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa NABARD bl izdkj lgk;rk djrkg S %&

1. ukckMZ dk vYidky lk[k ds fy, vf/kdrj Hkkx ekSleh Ñf"k fØ;kvksa dks iwjkdjus ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA ;g lhek ukckMZ }kjk fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA blfØ;k ds fy, 1996-97 ¼fu/kkZfjr 5185 djksM+½ dh ctk; 1997-98 esa 5169 djksM+fn;k x;kA

2. ukckMZ us e/;dky&lk[k lhek Ñf"k {ks=k ds fy, ,d djksM+ dh gSA tks dsoyÑf"k ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA ;g ck<+] lw[kk] izkÑfrd

3. ukckMZ us nh?kZ&dky lk[k lhek 150 djksM+ fu/kkZfjr dh gSA ;g jkT; dksiznku dh tkrh gS rkfd os lgdkjh lfefr laLFkkvksa esa viuk ;ksxnku c<+kldsaA

4. ukckMZ IRDP ds rgr Hkh lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA blds vUrxZr Ñf"k rFkk bldhlgk;d lsokvksa ds fy, _.k fn;k tkrk gSA

5. ukckMZ mu jkT;ksa esa Hkh Ñf"k fuos'k c<+kus ij tksj nsrk gS tks fiNM+s gSa rFkk defodflr gSaA

6. NABARD Ñf"k {ks=k ds lkFk&lkFk xSj&Ñf"k {ks=k dks Hkh _.k iznku djrk gSrkfd xzkeh.k fodkl esa o`f) gks rFkk bl {ks=k esa le`f) gksA NksVs m|ksx] xzkeh.k{ks=k] gFkdj?kk m|ksx] vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks Hkh _.k iznku fd;ktkrk gSA

7. ukckMZ us RRBs, lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ vkfn dks lgk;rk iznku djus ds fy, 'kksèkvkSj fodkl foHkkx LFkkfir fd;k gSA ;g foHkkx bu cSadksa rFkk lfefr;ksa ds


rduhdh dk;Z dk ewY;kadu djsxkA bu dk;ks± ds fy, ukckMZ bUgsa lgk;rk Hkhiznku djsxk rkfd lsfeukj] xks"Bh vkfn dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldsA

8. ukckMZ ds rhu egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSa&nks ckj foÙk iznku djuk] laLFkkxr fodkl rFkklkFkh cSadksa dk fujh{k.kA ysfdu bu lcds ckotwn ukckMZ jkT;&lgdkjh lfefr;ksadh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks lq/kkj ugha ik;k D;ksafd ;s jkT; ds fu;a=k.k esa dk;Z djrhgSaA

fuEufyf[kr fopkj&foe'kZ ls lkQ irk pyrk gS fd ukckMZ ls Ñf"k {ks=k esa laLFkkxr lk[kdk foLrkj gqvk gSA ;g rsth 1969 esa cSadksa ds jk"Vªh;dj.k ds ckn vkbZ gSA lkFk&lkFk1975 esa RRBs dh LFkkiuk 1982 esa ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk ls blesa e/; ;ksxnku gqvk gSA ;|fivc Hkh lk[k dh ek¡x o iwfrZ esa varj gS vkSj ;s varj yxkrkj c<+sxk ;fn ukckMZ bldksjksdus ds fy, vge dne ugha mBk,xkA ;|fi ukckMZ us blds lq/kkj ds fy, dkQh dnemBk, gSa ftldk ge igys gh o.kZu dj pqds gSaA

Hkkjr esa Ñf"k cktkj 81

nh?kZdky ls Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dks thou ^fuokZg [ksrh* ds rkSj ij ns[kk x;k gSA fdlku viuht:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, _.k] fdjk;k o Hkqxrku djus ds fy, vius mRiknu dkFkksM+k fgLlk csprs FksA bl izdkj dh fcØh dVkbZ ds rqjUr ckn dh tkrh Fkh D;ksafd LVkWdj[kus ds fy, dksbZ lqfo/kk ugha FkhA vius mRikn dk fgLlk fdlku xzkeh.k O;kikjh ;kiSlk m/kkj nsusokyksa dks csprs FksA bu fdlkuksa dks dher cktkj dher ls de feyrh FkhAtks fdlku vius mRikn dks cktkj ys tkrs Fks mUgsa dkQh dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djukiM+rk FkkA eaMh esa O;kikj dk dke nyky] vk<+rh] Fkksd O;kikjh vkfn }kjk fd;k tkrkFkkA okLro esa e/;LFkksa dh ,d yEch drkj Fkh ftls xzkeh.k O;kikjh] dPpk vk<+rh] iDdkvk<+rh] nyky vkfn uke fn, x, gSaA ifjek.k ;g gqvk fd Ñf"k mRikn dh dher esa fdlkuksadk fgLlk de gksrk x;kA izks0 Mh0,l0 fla/kw dk v/;;u crkrk gS fd fdlkuksa dks dqydher dk dsoy 53%, 31% e/;LFk dks rFkk 16% cktkj dh ykxr FkhA vk<+rh vkSj nykyfdlku dh vufHkKrk vkSj vui<+rk dk iwjk Qk;nk mBkrs FksA fdlkuksa ds vk<+fr;ksa dksvk<+r] mRikn dk Hkkj djus ds fy, rqykbZ vkSj cSyxkM+h ls mrkjus ds fy, iYysnkjh nhtkrh FkhA otu de djus dh f'kdk;r Hkh cktkj esa vke FkhA

Hkkjr esa Ñf"k cktkj esa Åij dgh xbZ dfe;ksa dh otg ls fdlkuksa dks vius mRikn dhdher dk dqN gh fgLlk fey ikrk FkkA blds lkFk&lkFk xk¡o esa LVkWd djus dh lqfoèkkugha FkhA fdlku viuk mRikn dPps LVksj ?kj] xM~<s bR;kfn esa j[krs Fks ftlls vf/kdek=kk esa mRikn u"V gks tkrk FkkA vf/kdrj mRikn esa dhM+s yxus ls og iz;ksx djus dsyk;d Hkh ugha FkkA bl le; fdlku dh Qly dk ,d frgkbZ fgLlk blh otg ls u"Vgksrk FkkA cktkj esa dksbZ xzsfMax dk rjhdk ugha FkkA blfy, vPNs cht dk iz;ksx djusds fy, dksbZ izksRlkgu ugha Fkk rFkk ;krk;kr lqfo/kk,¡ Hkh miyC/k ugha FkhA vf/kdrj;krk;kr ds fy, cSyxkM+h dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks nwj txgksa ij mRikn ys tkus esaleFkZ ugha FkhA fdlkuksa dks utnhd ds cktkj esa gh viuk lkeku iVduk iM+rk Fkk tgk¡de dher fey ikrh FkhA vf/kdrj fdlkuksa dk nwljh eafM;ksa ls dksbZ laidZ ugha Fkk ugh dherksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr gks ikrh FkhA viuh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus rFkkLVkWd lqfoèkk u gksus ij mUgsa dVkbZ ds ,dne ckn viuk mRikn cspuk iM+rk FkkA lk[kdh miyfCèk gksus ij fdlku dqN le; ds fy, vius mRikn dks vPNh dher ysus ls jksdldrs gSa ysfdu lk[k ds fy, laLFkkxr dh fcYdqy deh Fkh vkSj fdlku vkerkSj ij iSlkm/kkj nsus okyksa ij fuHkZj djrs Fks ftldk eq[; mís'; fdlku dk 'kks"k.k djuk FkkA okLro

v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;-11Hkkjr esa Ñf"k cktkjHkkjr esa Ñf"k cktkjHkkjr esa Ñf"k cktkjHkkjr esa Ñf"k cktkjHkkjr esa Ñf"k cktkj(Agricultural Marketing in India)


esa iSlk m/kkj nsusokys fdlku dks cktkj dher ls de dher ij vius mRikn dks cspusds fy, ncko Mkyrs Fks vkSj blds cnys mUgsa _.k fn;k tkrk FkkA

Ñf"k cktkj dks lq/kkjus esa ljdkj }kjk mik;Ñf"k cktkj dks lq/kkjus esa ljdkj }kjk mik;Ñf"k cktkj dks lq/kkjus esa ljdkj }kjk mik;Ñf"k cktkj dks lq/kkjus esa ljdkj }kjk mik;Ñf"k cktkj dks lq/kkjus esa ljdkj }kjk mik;(Government Measures to Improve the

System of Agricultural Marketing)vktknh ds i'pkr~ Ñf"k cktkj dks lq/kkjus ds fy, dkQh mik; viuk, x,A tks bl izdkjfn, x, gSa&

1. fu;fer cktkj dk laxBu fu;fer cktkj dk laxBu fu;fer cktkj dk laxBu fu;fer cktkj dk laxBu fu;fer cktkj dk laxBu (Organisation of Regulated Market): fu;fercktkj fdlkuksa] fcØh Øsrk rFkk nykyksa dh /kks[kk/kM+h ls cpkus ds fy, laxfBrfd,A bl rjg ds cktkj dk izca/ku cktkj desVh }kjk fd;k x;k ftlesa ljdkj]vk<+rh] nyky] fdlku vkfn ds uqekbans FksA ljdkj }kjk ;g desVh fuf'pr le;ds fy, cukbZ tkrh gSA bl desVh }kjk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd, tkrs gSa&(i) Hkkj] nykyhvkfn ds fy, Qhl fuf'pr djuk] (ii) vk<+fr;ksa }kjk voS/kkfud dVkSrh vkSj xyrrjhds jksduk] (iii) lgh ¼izekf.kr½ otu dk iz;ksx djus ij ncko] (iv) fdlkuksadks lgh rFkk iwjs vk¡dM+s iznku djuk] (v) cktkj ls mRiUu gksusokys >xM+s fuiVkukA

tSlk fd Åij crk;k x;k gS laxfBr cktkj ls vfu;fer cktkjksa dh vf/kdrjdfe;k¡ nwj gqbZ gSaA bl rjg ds cktkjksa esa vk<+fr;ksa] nykyksa dks dke djus dsfy, ykblsal fn, x,A ;fn ;s xyr rjhds viukrs gSa rks blds ykblsal jn~n fd,tk ldrs gSaA ;g vk'kk dh xbZ fd fdlku viuh Qly dk mfpr ewY; izkIrdj ldsaxsA

bu cktkjksa dks fu;fer djus dk dke cjkj esa 1897 esa 'kq: gqvk FkkA ysfduljdkj dh de #fp dh otg ls budh xfr /kheh Fkh tks 1950-51 esa budh la[;k265 FkhA vHkh budh la[;k 7062 gSA ysfdu vc Hkh budks lgh :i nsus ds fy,cksMZ ds ikl vko';d e'khujh ugha gSA

2. xzsfMax vkSj izkekf.kdrk xzsfMax vkSj izkekf.kdrk xzsfMax vkSj izkekf.kdrk xzsfMax vkSj izkekf.kdrk xzsfMax vkSj izkekf.kdrk (Grading and Standardisation): Ñf"k cktkj esa lq/kkjrc rd laHko ugha tc rd Ñf"k mRikn dh xzsfMax o tk¡prk dh lgh dksf'k'ku dh tk,A ljdkj us bldh egÙkk dks tYnh gh Hkk¡i fy;k rFkk 1937 esa ljdkjhmRikn ¼xzsfMax vkSj cktkj½ ,DV ikl fd;k x;k rFkk 159 Ñf"k oLrqvksa dh xzsfMaxvkjEHk dh xbZA ljdkj us dkuiqj esa lsaVªy DokfyVh daVªksy yscksjsVªh dh Hkh LFkkiukdhA egÙoiw.kZ mRikn ds uewus cktkj ls ysdj mudh yscksVªsjh mudh fQftdyo dSfedy xq.k dh tk¡p dh tkrh FkhA blh ds vk/kkj ij xzsM vkfn dk ukensdj mls AGMARK lhy iznku dh xbZA egÙoiw.kZ Qly tSls dkWVu] ?kh] Øhe]cVj] vaMk] pkoy] xsgw¡] nkysa] 'kgn] elkys bR;kfn dks AGMARK uke fn;k x;kA

3. lgh eki ¼otu½ dk iz;ksxlgh eki ¼otu½ dk iz;ksxlgh eki ¼otu½ dk iz;ksxlgh eki ¼otu½ dk iz;ksxlgh eki ¼otu½ dk iz;ksx (Use of Standard Weight): fdlkuksa dks /kks[kk nsusds fy, vk<+rh xSj&izekf.kr otu dk iz;ksx djrs FksA bldks jksdus ds fy, ljdkjus dbZ dne mBk,A 1939 esa izekf.kr ,DV ikl fd;k x;kA ;g ,DV jkT; ljdkjds fy, ekWMy ds :i esa dsUnz ljdkj }kjk ikl fd;k x;k rkfd bl fcukg ijjkT; ljdkj viuk dkuwu cuk ldsA dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk] fo/kkulHkk esa ikl gksus


ds ckn 1958 esa eSfVªd flLVe viuk;k x;kA bl i)fr us iqjkus rjhds dks vFkokiqjkuh i)fr dks cnydj lkjs ns'k esa ,d rjg dk Hkkj ykxw fd;kA ysfdu vcHkh dbZ jkT;ksa esa iqjkuh i)fr ikbZ tkrh gSA

4. xksnke o LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ xksnke o LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ xksnke o LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ xksnke o LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ xksnke o LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ (Godowns and Storage Facilities): ;g Hkh vko';dgS fd lkjs ns'k esa xksnke lqfo/kk,a iznku dh tk,a rkfd fdlkuksa dks Qly dVkbZds ,dne ckn Qly cspuh u iM+sA blls fdlkuksa esa eksyHkko dh 'kfDr c<+sxhrFkk muesa viuh Qly dks cspus dk ncko Hkh ugha gksxkA xksMkmu esa mRikn dsLVkWd dh jlhn ds vk/kkj ij ;k blds fo#) os okf.kT; cSad rFkk lgdkjh lk[klfefr;ksa ls _.k ys ldsaxsA blls #dus dh 'kfDr c<+sxh rFkk fdlku vPNh dherfeyus rd viuh Qly cspus dk bartkj dj ldrs gSaA

bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, xzkeh.k lk[k losZ{k.k desVh 1954 us rhu izdkjdh LVkWd i)fr dh flQkfj'k dh gS&(i) jk"Vª Lrj ij] (ii) xk¡o vkSj xzkeh.k Lrjij] (iii) jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrj ijA bu ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij 1957 esa lsaVªyos;jgkmflax dkWjiksjs'ku LFkkfir fd;k vkSj vf/kdrj jkT;ksa esa LVsV os;jgkmflaxdkWjiksjs'ku cukus esa bldk vuqlj.k fd;k x;kA jk"Vª Lrj ij QwM dkWjiksjs'kuvkWQ bafM;k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr [kklrkSj ij NksVsrFkk lhekar fdlkuksa ds fy, ;g lqfo/kk eqgS;k djkbZ xbZA

4. cktkj lwpuk dk izlkj.k cktkj lwpuk dk izlkj.k cktkj lwpuk dk izlkj.k cktkj lwpuk dk izlkj.k cktkj lwpuk dk izlkj.k (Dissemination of Market Information): fofHkUucktkjksa esa izpfyr dher ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ds fy, ljdkj us cgqr dne mBk,Amnkgj.k ds rkSj ij jkstkuk jsfM;ks ls dherksa ds Lrj ds ckjs esa crk;k tkrk FkkvkSj blds lanHkZ essa lkIrkfgd dk;ZØe Hkh izlkfjr fd, tkrs FksA nwjn'kZu ij Hkhcktkj lacaf/kr tkudkjh izlkfjr dh tkrh FkhA v[kckjksa ds }kjk Hkh dherksa dsckjs esa izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA

5. cktkjhdj.k vkSj fujh{k.k ds fy, funs'kky; cktkjhdj.k vkSj fujh{k.k ds fy, funs'kky; cktkjhdj.k vkSj fujh{k.k ds fy, funs'kky; cktkjhdj.k vkSj fujh{k.k ds fy, funs'kky; cktkjhdj.k vkSj fujh{k.k ds fy, funs'kky; (Directorate of Marketing andInspection): Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu Lrj ij Ñf"k cktkj fØ;kvksa esa leUo;LFkkfir djus ds fy, funs'kky; dh LFkkiuk dhA futh LVkWd rFkk dksYM LVksjstcukus ds fy, futh fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ljdkj us 1997 esa vkns'k iklfd,A

blesa Hkh 159 Ñf"k oLrqvksa ds xzsM ls lacaf/kr O;oLFkk dhA 44 Ñf"k oLrqvksa dhrjg fu;kZr ls igys lHkh oLrqvksa ds fy, DokfyVh daVªksy dk izko/kku vko';dgSA funs'kky; us 1980 esa dksYM LVksjst dh LFkkiuk dh tks fcgkj] gfj;k.kk]jktLFkku] iatkc] mÙkj izns'k vkSj osLV caxky dks NksM+dj iwjs ns'k ij ykxw gksxkAblus ¼funs'kky;½ dqN fu;fer cktkjksa esa lqfo/kkvksa ds fy, dsUnzh; lgk;rk dsfy, Ldhe Hkh cukbZA

6. ljdkjh [kjhn o lefFkZr dher dk fu/kkZj.k ljdkjh [kjhn o lefFkZr dher dk fu/kkZj.k ljdkjh [kjhn o lefFkZr dher dk fu/kkZj.k ljdkjh [kjhn o lefFkZr dher dk fu/kkZj.k ljdkjh [kjhn o lefFkZr dher dk fu/kkZj.k (Government Purchases andFixation of Support Price): ljdkj us le;≤ ij fofHkUu Ñf"k oLrqvksa dsfy, le;≤ ij U;wure lefFkZr dher rFkk olwyh dher fuf'pr dh rkfdfdlkuksa dks viuh Qly dk lgh ewY; fey ldsA ;s dhersa Ñf"k dherksa vkSjykxrksa ds deh'ku ds funsZ'k ij fuf'pr dh xbZA ljdkjh ,tsalh tSls FCI Ñf"k


oLrqvksa ds lgh dher ij fdlkuksa ls [kjhnrh gSa vkSj blds cnys ljdkj PDS

ds }kjk Bhd dher ij csprh gSA blls nks Qk;ns gSa&(i) ml dher ij bu oLrqvksadks [kjhnuk ftlls mRikndksa dks dqN ykHk Hkh feys] (ii) miHkksDrkvksa dks de dherij eky dh iwfrZA

7. Ñf"k cktkj ds fy, jk"Vªh; laLFkku Ñf"k cktkj ds fy, jk"Vªh; laLFkku Ñf"k cktkj ds fy, jk"Vªh; laLFkku Ñf"k cktkj ds fy, jk"Vªh; laLFkku Ñf"k cktkj ds fy, jk"Vªh; laLFkku (National Institute of AgriculturalMarketing): 1988 esa Ñf"k cktkj ds fy, jk"Vªh; laLFkku (NIAM) dh LFkkiukdh ftls Ñf"k cktkj dk dsUnz dgk tkrk FkkA blds eq[; mís'; bl izdkj Fks&'kksèkdh O;oLFkk djuk rFkk Vªsfuax dh O;oLFkk Hkh djuk rkfd Ñf"k cktkj laca/khleL;kvksa ls fuiVk tk ldsA blds lkFk&lkFk Ñf"k cktkj esa lqfo/kk,¡ c<+kus dsfy, 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe Hkh fn, x,A

8. Qy o lCth cktkj Qy o lCth cktkj Qy o lCth cktkj Qy o lCth cktkj Qy o lCth cktkj (Fruit and Vegetable Marketing): Hkkjr esa cktkj lqèkkjvf/kdrj [kk|kUu oLrqvksa ds O;kikj ds fy, gh fd, x, gSa vkSj Qy rFkk lCthds cktkj dhs vksj de /;ku fn;k x;kA lCth o Qy cktkj esa e/;LFkksa dh la[;kdkQh ek=kk esa gS vkSj mRikn dher rFkk miHkksx dher esa cgqr vf/kd varj gSA1981 ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj 102 Qy o lCth ds cktkj ik, x,A ftlesa dsoy54 gh fu;fer FksA 1988-89 ds vkfFkZd losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj Qy lCth dh dhermRiknu dher ls ugha cfYd cktkj dh ek¡x o iwfrZ ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;gh,d ,slk {ks=k gS tgk¡ ljdkj dks vf/kd /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA

;|fi cktkj izfØ;k esa fd, x, lq/kkjksa ls cktkj dh fLFkfr esa dkQh lq/kkj vk;k gSAysfdu bu lcdk Qk;nk cM+s fdlkuksa dks T;knk feyk gSA ;|fi NksVs o lhekar fdlkulk[k vko';drk,a iwjk djus ds fy, viuh Qly egktuksa dks csp nsrs gSaA blds cnysmUgsa cktkj dher dh vis{kk vius mRikn dh de dher feyrh gSA bl leL;k ls futkrikus ds fy, ljdkj us cktkj dh LFkkiuk dh rkfd lgdkjh cktkjksa dh lgk;rk ls mUgsavius mRikn dh lgh dher fey ldsA blh izdkj lgdkjh cktkjlgdkjh cktkjlgdkjh cktkjlgdkjh cktkjlgdkjh cktkj ls gksusokys Qk;ns blizdkj fn, x, gSa&

1. fdlkuksa dh eksy&Hkko 'kfDr esa lq/kkj fdlkuksa dh eksy&Hkko 'kfDr esa lq/kkj fdlkuksa dh eksy&Hkko 'kfDr esa lq/kkj fdlkuksa dh eksy&Hkko 'kfDr esa lq/kkj fdlkuksa dh eksy&Hkko 'kfDr esa lq/kkj (Increases bargaining strength of thefarmers): orZeku Ñf"k cktkj esa dkQh [kkfe;k¡ gSa ftlls prqj e/;LFk rFkk nykyfdlkuksa dh vufHkKrk rFkk lk{kjrk dk ykHk mBkrs gSaA ;fn fdlku gkFk feykysa vkSj lgdkfjrk dh LFkkiuk djsa rks os bl rjg dh /kks[kk/kM+h ls cp ldrsgSaA vyx&vyx cktkj esa viuk mRikn cspus dh ctk; mUgsa bdV~Bk djds ,d,tsalh dks cspuk pkfg, blls mudh eksy&Hkko dh 'kfDr c<+sxhA

2. [kjhnusokys ls lh/kk laca/k [kjhnusokys ls lh/kk laca/k [kjhnusokys ls lh/kk laca/k [kjhnusokys ls lh/kk laca/k [kjhnusokys ls lh/kk laca/k (Direct dealing wigh direct Byers): dqN fuf'prtxg] lgdkfjrk e/;LFkksa dks NksM+dj [kjhnnkj ls lh/kk laca/k LFkkfir dj ldrhgS ftlls muds 'kks"k.k esa deh vk,xh rFkk vPNh dher feysxhA

3. lk[k dh O;oLFkk lk[k dh O;oLFkk lk[k dh O;oLFkk lk[k dh O;oLFkk lk[k dh O;oLFkk (Provision of Credit): cktkj lgdkfjrk fdlkuksa dkslk[k lqfo/kk,¡ Hkh eqgS;k djkrh gS rkfd fdlkuksa dks dVkbZ ds rqjUn cknviuh Qly dks cspus ds fy, ck/; u gksuk iM+sA blls fdlkuksa dks vPNh dherfeysxhA


4. vklku o lLrk ;krk;kr vklku o lLrk ;krk;kr vklku o lLrk ;krk;kr vklku o lLrk ;krk;kr vklku o lLrk ;krk;kr (Easier and Cheaper Transport): bu laLFkkvksa ls tks;krk;kr fnyok;k tkrk gS og lLrk gksrk gSA cgqr ckj bu laLFkkvksa ds iklviuk ;krk;kr dk lk/ku gksrk gSA blls Hkh cktkj esa eky igq¡pkus dh ykxresa deh vk,xhA

5. LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ (Storage Facilities): vkerkSj ij lgdkjh cktkj laLFkkvksa ds iklLVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k jgrh gSa fdlku vPNh dher ds fy, bartkj dj ldrsgSa D;ksafd mudks o"kkZ] dhM+s edkSM+ksa ls Qly [kjkc gksus dk [krjk ugha jgrkA

6. cktkj dh lwpuk,¡ cktkj dh lwpuk,¡ cktkj dh lwpuk,¡ cktkj dh lwpuk,¡ cktkj dh lwpuk,¡ (Market Intelligence): ljdkjh cktkj dher] ek¡x o iwfrZrFkk Ñf"k ls lacaf/kr nwljh tkudkjh Hkh bdV~Bk djrh gSa vkSj blds vuqlkj ghviuh ;kstuk cukrh gSA

7. cktkj dherksa ij izHkko cktkj dherksa ij izHkko cktkj dherksa ij izHkko cktkj dherksa ij izHkko cktkj dherksa ij izHkko (Influencing Market Prices): igys cktkj dhersaeè;LFkksa] O;kikfj;ksa }kjk r; dh tkrh Fkh rFkk ykpkj fdlku dks ogh dherLohdkj djuh iM+rh Fkh ftldh mUgksaus ?kks"k.kk dh gSA lgdkfjrk us bl lkjsiSekus dks cny fn;k gSA 'kfDr'kkyh Li"Vdkfjrk eksy&Hkko djds vius mRikndh vPNh dher izkIr dj pqdh gSA

8. miHkksx oLrqvksa rFkk vkxr dk izca/k miHkksx oLrqvksa rFkk vkxr dk izca/k miHkksx oLrqvksa rFkk vkxr dk izca/k miHkksx oLrqvksa rFkk vkxr dk izca/k miHkksx oLrqvksa rFkk vkxr dk izca/k (Provision of input and consumer goods):lgdkfjrk,¡ vklkuh ls Ñf"k vkxr tSls cht] [kkn] nokb;k¡ bR;kfn dk vkSjmiHkksx oLrqvksa dk vklkuh ls izca/k dj ldrh gSA bldks os de dher ij izkIrdj vius lnL;ksa dks ck¡Vrs gSaA

blds ckotwn Hkh lgdkfjrk fdlkuksa esa fo'okl dh Hkkouk rFkk lkFk dke djus dh HkkoukiSnk djrh gSA blls Ñf"k mRikn ds cktkj vkf/kD; esa o`f) gksxh vkSj fdlku lgh fu;kstuds rgr Qly ds rjhds dks Hkh izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA

bu lc ckrksa ds vFkok ykHkksa ds ckotwn Hkh lgdkjh cktkj laLFkkvksa dh la[;k lgh ughagSA orZeku esa dsoy 2633 dh la[;k miyC/k gSA lgdkjh cktkj laLFkkvksa }kjk 1500 djksM+#i;s dk mRiknu dk ysu&nsu gS tks 1980-81 esa 1,950 djksM+ #i;s dk FkkA ;fn bldhl{kerk dks ns[kk tk, rks larqf"V ls ijs gS vkSj dkQh ek=kk esa budks uqdlku mBkuk iM+jgk gSA

bldk eq[; dkj.k vf/kdrj lgdkfjrkvksa dk fu;U=k.k cM+s fdlkuksa ds gkFk esa gSA xzkeh.k{ks=k ij cM+s fdlkuksa dk iwjk fu;a=k.k gSA bl otg ls NksVs rFkk lhekar fdlkuksa dks bldkiwjk Qk;nk ugha feyk ftuds fy, ;s cukbZ xbZ FkhA LVkWd lqfo/kk,¡ Hkh Hkjiwj ek=kk esamiyC/k ugha gS u gh ;krk;kr ds lk/ku rFkk mRiknu ds xzsfMax dh iwjh O;oLFkk gSA

;s lgdkfjrk,¡ rHkh dke;kc gks ldrh gSa ;fn ljdkj budks lq/kkjus ds fy, izHkkoh dnemBk, rFkk LVkWd lqfo/kk] ;krk;kr lqfo/kk vkfn tqVkus ds fy, /ku eqgS;k djk,A


Hkkjr esa xjhch okys v/;k; esa ge igys gh crk pqds gSa fd dkQh la[;k esa yksx xjhchjs[kk ls uhps jgrs gSaA bldk eq[; ,d dkj.k [kk| leL;k Hkh gSA Hkkjr esa yacs le;ls [kk| dh deh jgh gSA vdky] lw[kk rFkk ;q) ls ;s leL;k vkSj Hkh c<+h gS vkSj ljdkjus blls mHkjus ds fy, le;≤ ij dne mBk, gSaA blds fy, ljdkj us [kk| tksucuk, rkfd deh okys tksu ds ikl vf/kd [kk| okys tksu ls [kk| iwfrZ dh tk ldsAblds lkFk dqN 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa jklfuax O;oLFkk Hkh dh xbZA 1960 esa ljdkj us bl fn'kkesa dne c<+krs gq, QwM dkjiksjs'ku vkWQ bf.M;k (FCI) vkSj ,xzhdYpjy izkbl deh'kudks bdV~Bk djds bldk uke cnydj deh'ku QkWj ,xzhdYpjy dksLV ,aM izkbZl LFkkfirfd;kA

ih Mh ,l dk mís'; o foLrkj ih Mh ,l dk mís'; o foLrkj ih Mh ,l dk mís'; o foLrkj ih Mh ,l dk mís'; o foLrkj ih Mh ,l dk mís'; o foLrkj (Objectives and Expansion of PDS): Hkkjr esa PDS

dk eq[; mís'; miHkksDrkvksa dks lLrh o de dherksa ij miHkksDrk oLrq iznku djuk Fkkrkfd mudks c<+rh gqbZ dh dherksa ls cpk;k tk ldsA bl i)fr dks pkyw j[kus ds fy,ljdkj us O;kikfj;ksa o mRikndksa ls cktkj vkf/kD; dks [kjhnuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA ;gdher U;wure lgkjk dher o [kqys cktkj dher ds chp gksrh Fkh ftls izksD;wjesaV dherdgk tkrk FkkA vUu ¼pkoy o xssgw¡½ dks jk'ku nqdkuksa ds rgr miHkksDrkvksa dks forfjrfd;k tkrk gSA blds lkFk ¼[kk|kUu ds lkFk½ PDS dks phuh] rsy] feV~Vh dk rsy] diM+k]dks;yk vkfn ds fy, Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lcls egÙoiw.kZ oLrq tks PDS ds rgrforfjr dh tkrh gS og phuh] pkoy] feV~Vh dk rsy o xsgw¡ gSA ;s pkjksa oLrq,¡ yxHkx PDS

dk 86 izfr'kr gSA Tokj] cktjk vkfn blds varxZr de gSa rFkk bldh fcØh dsoy ,dizfr'kr gSA nkysa Hkh PDS dk dsoy 0.2 izfr'kr gSA Hkkjr esa PDS lkjh tula[;k dks lsokiznku djrk gSA bldk rjhdk gS mu ?kjksa dks jk'ku dkMZ forfjr fd, tkrs gSa ftlds?kj dk lgh irk gksA mfpr nj nqdkuksa dh la[;k 1960 esa 0.47 yk[k ls c<+dj 1984

esa 3.12 yk[k rFkk 1999 esa 4.52 yk[k FkhA vkSlr :i ls 2000 yksxksa ds fy, ,d nqdkugksrh gSA

1963 rd PDS ds vUrxZr oLrq iwfrZ 5 fefy;u Vu Fkh] 1965 rd 14 fefy;u rFkk 1980

rd yxHkx 16 fefy;u Vu FkhA 1991-92 esa 11.4 fefy;u Vu pkoy ds fu/kkZj.k ds lkFk

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-12[kk| ¼Hkkstu½ lqj{kk% Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.k[kk| ¼Hkkstu½ lqj{kk% Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.k[kk| ¼Hkkstu½ lqj{kk% Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.k[kk| ¼Hkkstu½ lqj{kk% Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.k[kk| ¼Hkkstu½ lqj{kk% Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.kiz.kkyhiz.kkyhiz.kkyhiz.kkyhiz.kkyh(Food Security: Public Distribution System(PDS) in India)

[kk| ¼Hkkstu½ lqj{kk % Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh 87

vkWQVsd 10.2 fefy;u Vu Fkk ;g fu/kkZj.k dk 90 izfr'kr FkkA blh izdkj xsgw¡ dk fuèkkZj.k10.4 fefy;u Vu Fkk vkSj vkWQVsd 8.8 fefy;u Vu Fkk tks fu/kkZj.k dk 85 izfr'kr FkkAblh izdkj ;g fLFkfr vkxs Hkh mlh izdkj jghA

PDS esa fu/kkZj.k rFkk vkWQVsd dk varj dk eq[; dkj.k xsgw¡ rFkk pkoy dh ̂ fuxZeu dher*¼bL;w izkbl½ c<+h gSA ftlls cktkj dher rFkk PDS ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr dher ds chp T;knkvarj ugha jgkA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij 1990 o 1994 ds chp pkoy rFkk xsgw¡ dh ^fuxZeudher* dks pkj ckj nksgjk;k x;k] bldk ifj.kke 1989 dh dherksa dh ctk; 1994 esa ;gnksxquh FkhA

blds lkFk&lkFk tks PDS dks [kk|kUu iznku djrh gS bl eq[; ,tsalh dk uke FCI gSatks 1965 esa LFkkfir dh xbZA bl laxBu dh eq[; Hkwfedk [kjhnuk] LVkWd ;krk;kr] forj.kvkSj [kk|kUu dh fcØh djuk gSA ,d rjQ ;g fdlkuksa dks og dher iznku djrh gStks olwyh dher ¼izksD;wjesaV dher½ ls de u gks rFkk nwljh rjQ miHkksDrkvksa dks ,dfuxZeu dher ¼bL;w dher½ ij [kk|kUu iznku djus dk vk'oklu nsrh gS tks Hkkjr ljdkj}kjk fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gSA ;g dkjiksjs'ku ljdkj ds uke ij cQj LVkWd dks Hkh ¼[kk|kUu½dk Hkh izca/k djrh gSA pkoy rFkk xsgw¡ dk mRiknu c<+us ls rFkk PDS ij ek¡x esa o`f)gksus ij] FCI dh Hkwfedk c<+h gSA bl izdkj FCI dherksa ds fu;a=k.k esa vge Hkwfedk vnkdjrk gSA ;g dsoy ns'k dk cQj LVkWd cukus esa gh l{ke ugha cukrk cfYd LVkWd ijgksusokys uqdlku dks de djus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA

[kk| lqj{kk i)fr esa dfe;k¡ [kk| lqj{kk i)fr esa dfe;k¡ [kk| lqj{kk i)fr esa dfe;k¡ [kk| lqj{kk i)fr esa dfe;k¡ [kk| lqj{kk i)fr esa dfe;k¡ (Flaws in Food Security System)%%%%% PDS dh Hkkjr esa fofHkUuigyqvksa ij vkykspuk dh xbZ gS tks bl izdkj gS&

1. PDS ls xjhcksa dks lhfer ykHk ls xjhcksa dks lhfer ykHk ls xjhcksa dks lhfer ykHk ls xjhcksa dks lhfer ykHk ls xjhcksa dks lhfer ykHk (Limited Benefit to Poor from PDS)%%%%% 1986-

87 ds NSS vk¡dM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr fofHkUu v/;;u fn[kkrs gSa fd xjhcksa dks PDS

ls vf/kd Qk;nk ugha gqvkA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa xjhcksa dk PDS ij fuHkZj jgusokysflQZ 16 izfr'kr gSaA bldk vfHkizk;% [kqys cktkj fØ;kvksa ij xjhcksa dh fuHkZjrkT;knk gSA blh izdkj uxjh; xjhc Hkh [kqys cktkj dh fØ;kvksa ij T;knk vkfJrgSa ¼fuHkZj gSa½A izks0 dhfrZ ,l- ikfj[k ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd PDS lsxjhcksa dks cgqr de ykHk igq¡prk gSA lHkh jkT;ksa esa flok; ¼xksvk] neu o nho½dks NksM+dj ;fn xjhcksa ds Åij ,d #i;k [kpZ fd;k tkrk gS rks bldk dsoy22 iSlk gh xjhcksa rd igq¡prk gS rFkk nwljs esa ;g 28 iSlk gSA

PDS ds rgr miHkksDrk oLrq,¡ iznku djus ds ckn Hkh xjhcksa dh vk; esa o`f) ughagqbZ gSA ;g ek=k dsoy 2.01 #i;s izfrekg gS vFkok xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa izfr O;fDr[kpZ dk 2.7 izfr'kr gSA blds fo#) xzkeh.k xjhcksa dk Qk;nk 2.01 #i;s izfrekgvk; ykHk rFkk xSj&xjhcksa dks ;g 2.47 #i;s izfrekg FkkA blh izdkj 'kgjh xjhcksadh vk; esa 3.40 #i;s izfrekg Qk;nk rFkk xSj&xjhcksa dks 3.86 #i;s izfrekgQk;nk gqvkA

2. PDS Qk;nksa esa {ks=kh; vlekurk Qk;nksa esa {ks=kh; vlekurk Qk;nksa esa {ks=kh; vlekurk Qk;nksa esa {ks=kh; vlekurk Qk;nksa esa {ks=kh; vlekurk (Regional Desparities in PDS Benefits)%%%%%{ks=kh; vlekurk Hkh ,d eq[; leL;k gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k jktuSfrd gLr{ksigSA vf/kdrj jkT;ksa esa tgk¡ dsUnz dh ljdkj gS os jkT; PDS dk Qk;nk T;knkmBkrs gSaA 1995 esa vka/kz izns'k] dukZVd] dsjy vkSj rfeyukMq us yxHkx dqy dk


vk/kk ¼48.7 izfr'kr½ dk fgLlk fy;k tcfd ckdh Hkkx esa vk/ks ls FkksM+k lk T;knkFkk forfjr fd;k x;kA blds fo#) dqN jkT; tSls fcgkj] e/;izns'k] jktLFkkuvkSj mÙkj izns'k tgk¡ vf/kdrj tula[;k xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgrh gS mudks 1995

esa dsoy PDS dk [kk|kUu 10.4 izfr'kr izkIr gqvkA

;|fi fiNys dqN o"kks± esa bu jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr esa ¼PDS ds ;ksxnku½ o`f) gqbZgSA fcgkj esa izfrO;fDr [kk|kUu dh ek=kk tks 1995 esa 2.3 fdyks Fkh] 1998 esac<+kdj 9.5 fdyks dh xbZ] mÙkj izns'k esa 1995 esa 2.9 fdyks ls 1998 esa 8.7 fdyksrFkk e/;izns'k esa 1995 esa 4.6 fdyks ls 1998 esa 8.0 fdyks dh xbZA

3. 'kgjh i{kikr dk iz'u 'kgjh i{kikr dk iz'u 'kgjh i{kikr dk iz'u 'kgjh i{kikr dk iz'u 'kgjh i{kikr dk iz'u (The Question of Urban Bias)%%%%% vf/kdrj vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaus dgk gS fd PDS flQZ 'kgj rd lhfer jgk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=k esa PDS dk vkdkjlhfer jgk gSA ysfdu ;g ckr dsoy 1960 rFkk 1970 rd ns[kus dks feyrh gSfd ;g dsoy cM+s 'kgjksa rd lhfer jgk gSA ;|fi xzkeh.k {ks=k esa QSyko ds ckn;g lhferrk de gqbZ gS rFkk bl ij iz'ufpg~u Hkh de gqvk gSA ysfdu xzkeh.k{ks=k esa flQZ c<+kok nsus ls gh ckr ugha curh cfYd ;g ns[kuk vko';d gS fd;g fdruk izHkkoh gSA ;|fi 1991 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us fjiksVZ izLrqr dh Fkh fdyxHkx 75 izfr'kr jk'ku nqdkusa xzkeh.k {ks=k esa gSa ysfdu ;fn blds izHkko dks ns[kktk, rks bl ij iz'ufpg~u yxrk gSA

4. [kk|kUu lfClMh dk Hkkj [kk|kUu lfClMh dk Hkkj [kk|kUu lfClMh dk Hkkj [kk|kUu lfClMh dk Hkkj [kk|kUu lfClMh dk Hkkj (The Burden of Food Subsidy)%%%%% Hkkjr esa PDS esalfClMh cgqr T;knk gS ftlls ljdkj ij foÙk Hkkj jgrk gSA PDS esa lfClMhdk eq[; dkj.k FCI dh vkfFkZd ykxr rFkk b';w izkbl ds chp varj gSA [kk|kUulfClMh ds vk¡dM+s ns[ks tk,¡ rks 1972-73 esa 117 djksM+] 1980-81 esa 662 djksM+]1991-92 esa 2850 djksM+ vkSj 1998-99 esa 8700 djksM+ #i;s Fkh rFkk 1999-2000

esa 9200 djksM+ #i;s FkhA FCI dh vkfFkZd ykxr vf/kd gksus dk eq[; dkj.k olwyhdher ¼izksD;wjesaV dher½ esa o`f)] LVkWd izca/ku dk [kpZ vkfn gS rFkk miHkksDrkvksadks de dher ij [kk|kUu oLrq,¡ iznku djus ls nksuksa ds chp varj yxkrkj c<+rkjgrk gSA blh dkj.k lfClMh ds }kjk gh bu nksuksa ds chp ds varj dks de fd;kgSA vkSj bldk Hkkj ljdkj dks lgu djuk iM+rk gSA

5. FCI ds lapkyu esa vlqpk:iu ds lapkyu esa vlqpk:iu ds lapkyu esa vlqpk:iu ds lapkyu esa vlqpk:iu ds lapkyu esa vlqpk:iu (Inefficient in Operation of FCI)%%%%% Hkkjr esa FCI

ds lapkyu esa dkQh dfe;k¡ gSaA FCI dh vkfFkZd ykxr izksD;wjesaV dher rFkkforj.k O;oLFkk dh otg ls c<+rh gSA bl izdkj dk izko/kku dqN gh jkT;ksa rdlhfer gSA D;ksafd dqN gh jkT;ksa esa d`f"k vkf/kD; dh miyC/krk gSA bu jkT;ksaesa yxHkx U;wure dher iwjk o"kZ ,d tSlh jgrh gS blfy, fdlku dVkbZ ds le;gh viuh Qly dks cspus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA ;|fi ;s iwjs jkT;ksa esa forfjrfd;k tkrk gS tgk¡ [kk|kUu dh deh gSA bl izdkj vf/kd ek=kk esa FCI dk LVkWdcgqr ckj [kjkc gks tkrk gS D;ksafd bu nksuksa ds chp le; dk dkQh varj jgrkgSA blds lkFk eky [kjkc gksus ij bldh ykxr esa o`f) dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA

6. PDS ls dherksa esa o`f) ls dherksa esa o`f) ls dherksa esa o`f) ls dherksa esa o`f) ls dherksa esa o`f) (PDS results in price increase)%%%%% vf/kd ek=kk esa LVkWddjus ls [kqys cktkj esa eky dh miyC/krk de jgrh gS ftlls dherksa esa o`f)gks tkrh gSA D;ksafd ek¡x dh vis{kk [kk|kUu dh iwfrZ de gSA cktkj esa de iwfrZ


dk Qk;nk mBkrs gq, O;kikjh [kqys cktkj esa dherksa dks c<+kus dh gksM+ esa yxtkrs gSa vkSj blls dhersa yxkrkj c<+rh jgrh gSaA ;g nksgjh cktkj i)fr&[kqyscktkj rFkk PDS ls xjhcksa dk uqdlku jgrk gSA tSls geus igys gh crk;k gSfd PDS xjhcksa dh dqN gh t:jrksa dks iwjk djrs gSaA blfy, os cktkj ls [kjhnusds fy, etcwj gksrs gSa tgk¡ dhersa T;knk gSaA ;|fi PDS xjhch dh t:jrsa Hkhiwjh ugha dj ikrk rFkk lkFk esa mudks [kqyh cktkj dherksa dh rjQ /kdsydjmuds fo#) dke djrk gSA vf/kdrj Jfed PDS dk Qk;nk Hkh ugha mBk ikrsD;ksafd muds ikl lgh vkokl lqfo/kk miyC/k ugha gksrh gS tks jk'ku dkMZ cuokusds fy, vko';d gSA

[kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk iquxZBu rFkk xjhcksa ds fy, lqj{kk tky[kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk iquxZBu rFkk xjhcksa ds fy, lqj{kk tky[kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk iquxZBu rFkk xjhcksa ds fy, lqj{kk tky[kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk iquxZBu rFkk xjhcksa ds fy, lqj{kk tky[kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk iquxZBu rFkk xjhcksa ds fy, lqj{kk tky(Reorganisation of Food Security System and Safety Net for Poor)

PDS esa Åij dgh xbZ dfe;k¡ rFkk detksfj;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjr esa [kk|kUu lqj{kki)fr dk iquxZBu fd;k x;kA bldh eq[; lykg bl izdkj gS&

1. xjhcksa dks xjhcksa dks xjhcksa dks xjhcksa dks xjhcksa dks PDS dk y{; cukuk dk y{; cukuk dk y{; cukuk dk y{; cukuk dk y{; cukuk (Targeting the PDS to the Poor)%%%%% tSlk Åijdgk x;k gS fiNys lkyksa ls ljdkj ds Åij lfClMh dk Hkkj yxkrkj c<+ jgkgSA blfy, blds vUrxZr dsoy xjhc o fiNM+s oxks± dks gh fy;k tkuk pkfg,A;g nks igyqvksa ds rgr gksuk pkfg,& (i) og O;fDr ftls [kk|kUu lfClMh dhvko';drk gS mudks blds rgr ysus ds fy, igpku djuh pkfg, (ii) tks xzqiÅij dfFkr ls lacaf/kr ugha gSa mUgsa blls ckgj djuk pkfg,A ;|fi ;g iwjs ns'kesa ykxw gS blfy, tks xzqi ls ckgj fd, x, gSa mUgsa jk'ku dkMZ okfil djus dsfy, dguk pfkg,A ;|fi xSj&VkjxsV xqzi oks gS tks xjhc ugha gS tSls vk;djnsusokys] osruHkksxh] nqdkunkj] ftuds ikl VsfyQksu O;oLFkk gS] ftudh viuh dkj]vPNh dkyksfu;ksa esa ?kj vkfnA bl izdkj budh igpku dsoy losZ{k.k }kjk ghlaHko gSA

nwljs oLrqvksa ds iz;ksx ¼miHkksx½ ij vk/kkfjr igpku] ;g rHkh laHko gS tcmiHkksDrk dk miHkksx Lrj ns[kk tk, fd og fdl rjg dh oLrqvksa dk miHkksxdjrk gSA og mPp Js.kh ¼pkoy] xsgw¡½ ;k ?kfV;k fdLe ¼Tokj] cktjk½ vkfn dkiz;ksx djrk gSA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd e/; vkSj mPp vk; oxZ ds yksx flQZphuh [kjhnus ds fy, dkMZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

bl laca/k esa ;gh rdZ fn;k x;k gS fd ;g u dsoy [kk|kUu lqj{kk iznku djsxkcfYd blls [kk|kUu lfClMh esa deh vk,xh vkSj dsUnzh; ljdkj dk ctV ?kkVkHkh de gksxkA ;|fi ;g Hkh izko/kku gks fd ge xSj t:jreanksa dks gh ckgj djsau fd t:jreanksa dksA

blds vUrxZr Hkh dkQh dfBukb;k¡ gSa D;ksafd lfClMh ysus ds fy, yksx xyr lwpuknsrs gSaA bu yksxksa dks ckgj djus ds fy, ;fn lqj{kk izca/k fd, tk,¡ rks gks ldrkgS t:jrean O;fDr blls oafpr gksaA blfy, ;gh Bhd gS fd t:jrean O;fDr;ksads lkFk xSj t:jrean dks 'kkfey djus dh xyrh gh Bhd gSA

;|fi nwljk oLrqvksa ds miHkksx ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dks lQyrk feyh gS ysfdu


blesa Hkh dkQh leL;k gSA D;ksafd ?kfV;k fdLe ds mRikn lw[kk {ks=kksa esa gh mxk,tkrs gSa ftldk mRiknu vfLFkj gS budk cktkj vkf/kD; Hkh de gS blfy, budsfy, igys gh leL;k jgrh gSA ;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd xjhc O;fDr gh bldkvf/kdrj mi;ksx djrs gSaA ysfdu ;g lgh ugha gS D;ksafd fiNys dqN o"kks± esa xjhcksads miHkksx Lrj esa ifjorZu vk;k gSA xjhcksa fdlkuksa us Hkh bldk ¼Tokj] cktjkvkfn½ mRiknu de fd;k gS D;ksafd budh vis{kk xsgw¡ o pkoy dh cktkj dherT;knk gSA blfy, bl ckr ls lgh vanktk ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA

2. PDS, lkoZtfud dk;Z dk;ZØe vkSj lqj{kk tky lkoZtfud dk;Z dk;ZØe vkSj lqj{kk tky lkoZtfud dk;Z dk;ZØe vkSj lqj{kk tky lkoZtfud dk;Z dk;ZØe vkSj lqj{kk tky lkoZtfud dk;Z dk;ZØe vkSj lqj{kk tky (PDS, Public Works Programmesand Safety Net)%%%%% PDS dk eq[; mís'; xjhcksa dks lgh dher ij [kk|kUu dhiwjh ek=kk iznkudj lqj{kk tky dh rjg dk;Z djuk gSA ;|fi xjhch rFkkcsjkstxkjh esa] PDS gh dsoy lqj{kk dop ;k xjhch [kRe djusokyk dk;ZØe ughagSA :jy oDlZ izksxzkEl (RWPs)- tSls ,Eiyk;esaV xkjaVh Ldhe (EGS) egkjk"Vªesa] tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk (JRY) vkSj ,Eiyk;esaV ,lksjsal Ldhe (EAS) tks xjhcksadks jkstxkj iznku djrh gS Hkh lqj{kk dop dk dke djrh gSA ysfdu jkstxkjdk;ZØe vk; vftZr djus okys dk;ZØe gSa vkSj budk mís'; yksxksa dh Ø; 'kfDriznku djuk gS rkfd ;s viuh t:jr iwjh dj ldsaA PDS rks dsoy ogh dk;Zdjrk gS tgk¡ yksxksa ds gkFk esa igys gh Ø; 'kfDr gksA jkstxkj iznku djusokysdk;ZØe dk lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;Z ;gh gS fd ;s ftu yksxksa ds gkFk esa jkstxkjugha gS mUgsa jkstxkj iznku djrs gSa rFkk mUgha dks dk;Z feyrk gS tks vdq'ky JfedgSaA

;|fi vkykspd dgrs gSa fd vdsys RWP gh xjhch dks gVkus ¼[kRe½ djus dk ekiugha gSA vk¡dM+s n'kkZrs gSa fd ;fn RWP ij Jfed us 300 fnu dke fd;k gS fQjHkh og xjhch js[kk dks ikj ugha dj ik;k D;ksafd etnwjh nj de gSA vdsys RWPs

bu mís';ksa dks iwjk ugha dj ldrkA vf/kdrj vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd PDS

rFkk jkstxkj iznku djusokys dk;ZØe lkFk&lkFk pyus pkfg,A blds vUrxZrxjhch Lo;a jkstxkj ifjokj tks lkoZtfud dk;ks± ds fy, dke ij ugha vk ldrsrFkk cw<+s] ykpkj] viax vkfn dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A ;s Hkh RWPs ds varxZrdke djus esa leFkZ ugha gSaA blfy, vdsys RWPs gh lqj{kk dop dk dke ughadj ldrkA ;g rHkh laHko gS tc PDS rFkk RWPs lkFk&lkFk dke djsaA

3. [kk|kUu iz/kku ¼fVdV½ dk;ZØeksa dks viukuk [kk|kUu iz/kku ¼fVdV½ dk;ZØeksa dks viukuk [kk|kUu iz/kku ¼fVdV½ dk;ZØeksa dks viukuk [kk|kUu iz/kku ¼fVdV½ dk;ZØeksa dks viukuk [kk|kUu iz/kku ¼fVdV½ dk;ZØeksa dks viukuk (Adoption of a Food StampsProgrammes)%%%%% nwljk rjhdk ;g Hkh gS fd [kk|kUu iz/kku dk;ZØe ykxw djukA;g Hkh lykg nh Fkh fd PDS rFkk FCI dks [kRe djds yksxksa dks [kk|kUu fVdViznku djuk tgk¡ yksx viuh Ø; dk dqN fgLlk cktkj ls bu fVdVksa dks fn[kkdj[kjhn ysaA bu fVdVksa ds vUrxZr miHkksDrk cktkj ls vukt 50 izfr'kr dh NwVij [kjhn ldrs gSaA blds vUrxZr vk; dks c<+kus dh fLFkfr esa [kk|kUu fVdVksadks EGS rFkk JRY ds lkFk tksM+uk vko';d gSA rkfd etnwjh ds lkFk&lkFkJfedksa dks [kk|kUu fVdVsa Hkh iznku dh tk,aA

4. [kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk fodsUnzhdj.k [kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk fodsUnzhdj.k [kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk fodsUnzhdj.k [kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk fodsUnzhdj.k [kk|kUu lqj{kk i)fr dk fodsUnzhdj.k (Decentralisation of the food securitysystem)%%%%% vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj PDS dh dfe;ksa rFkk detksfj;ksa dk dkj.k bldk


fodsUnzh;dj.k Hkh gSA bldks ykxw djus esa eq[; laxBu ;fn iapk;r ;k xkao Lrjij laxBu gksaxs rks bldh mi;ksfxrk c<+sxh D;ksafd ;s laxBu yksxksa rd vklkuhls [kk|kUu igq¡pk ldsaxsA ;s xjhcksa dh igpku] mudh fLFkfr dk voyksdu vkSjjkstxkj rFkk [kk|kUu vko';drkvksa ds fy, dk;ZØeksa dk vklkuh ls voyksdu;k ykxw dj ldsaxsA nwljs ;g jkT; Lrj ij gksuk pkfg, rkfd xjhcksa rFkkt:jreanksa ds fy, jkT; Lrj ij uhfr;k¡ cukbZ tk ldsaA blds vUrxZr jk"Vªh;Lrj ij dherksa dk fu/kkZj.k djus esa lgk;rk feysxh vkSj mu txgksa ij vkf/kD;dks vklkuh ls Hkstk tk ldsxkA lk/kkj.k O;kikj dM+h detksj gS ;k dke ughadj ik jgh gSa D;ksafd jk"Vªh; Lrj ij dherksa ds fu/kkZj.k ls dherksa dh vfLFkjrkdks jksdk tk ldsxkA

blds lkFk&lkFk PDS ds vUrxZr] ysusokys xzqi dks 1995 esa LFkkfir jk"Vªh; fu;kstulkoZtfud forj.k i)fr ij vk/kkfjr jk"Vªh; uhfr dks dk;Zdkjh xqzi }kjk Lohdkjfd;k x;kA bldh fjiksVZ 1996 esa izdkf'kr dh xbZA dk;Zdkjh xzqi us lykg nhfd [kk|kUu dks dsUnz ls jkT; Lrj ij ck¡Vus ds fy, nks rjg dh dher ykxwdjuh pkfg,& (i) ,d xjhcksa dks dher esa lfClMh nsdj (ii) xSj&xjhcksa dks [kqyscktkj esa dherksa esa lfClMh iznkudj dk;Zdkfj.kh xqzi us dgk fd dsUnz ljdkjdks 15 fefy;u Vu okf"kZd iznku djus dk izca/k djuk pkfg, ftlesa ls 12 fefy;uVu jkT;@;wfu;u VSfjVjh dks tula[;k ds forj.k ds fy, tks xjhch js[kk ls uhpsgSA xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgusokyh tula[;k 250 fefy;u vk¡dh xbZA bldkvfHkizk;% 12 fefy;u Vu 250 fefy;u tula[;k esa ck¡Vus ds fy, izR;sd ifjokjdks izfrekg 20 fdyks [kk|kUu izkIr gksxkA

dk;Zdkfj.kh xzqi dh lykg ij ljdkj us 1997 ls VkjxsfVM ifCyd fMLVªhC;wlu flLVe(TPDS) ykxw fd;kA blds vUrxZr jkT; ljdkj dks mu yksxksa dh igpku djuh pkfg,]tks xjhch js[kk ls uhps vFkok fcyks ikoVhZ ykbu (BPL) gSA BPL ds varxZr tula[;k dkvf/kdrj vk; Lrj 15000 :i, izfro"kZ j[kk x;kA ;|fi TPDS ds varxZr ljdkj dk 20

fdyks [kk|kUu izfr ifjokj izfr eghuk dks tks y{; Fkk mlesa dsoy 10 fdyks [kk|kUu izfrifjokj izfr eghuk gh fn;k x;kA bldk eq[; dkj.k BPL ds varxZr vkusokys ifjokjksa dhla[;k c<+rh x;h vkSj lkFk esa [kqys cktkj dh dherksa ds chp rFkk PDS ds vUrxZr dherds chp Hkh T;knk varj jgk ftldk Qk;nk xSj&xjhc oxZ mBkrs FksA blh dkj.k izfr ifjokj[kk|kUu ds caVokjs esa deh gqbZA

;fn fcyks ikoVhZ ykbZu (BPL) rFkk vckso ikoVhZ ykbZu (APL) dh b';w izkbl dks ns[kk tk,rks buds chp dkQh varj gSA 1994-95 ls 1996-97 esa xsgw¡ dh b';w izkbZl (IP) 402 izfrfDoaVy Fkh rFkk pkoy dh 537 izfr fDoaVy FkhA TPDS viukus ds ckn 1997-98 esa xsgw¡ dhIP dkVdj 402 izfr fDoaVy ls ?kVkdj 250 #i, fDoaVy dh xbZ] ;s flQZ BPL ifjokjksa dsfy, Fkh APL ifjokjksa ds fy, IP c<+kdj 402 :i, izfr fDoaVy dh ctk; 450 :i, izfrfDoaVy xsgwa ds fy, rFkk pkoy ds fy, BPL ds fy, 537 :i, ls ?kVkdj 350 :i, izfrfDoaVy rFkk APL ds fy, IP 537 :i, izfr fDoaVy ls c<+kdj 700 :i, izfr fDoaVy dhx;hA ;|fi xsgwa o pkoy dh vkfFkZd ykxr 808 :i, rFkk 1076 :i, izfr fDoaVy Fkhblfy, APL xzqi ds fy, lfClMh dkQh de FkhA blfy, ljdkj ij APL dks iznku djusokyh lfClMh ds Hkkj esa deh vkbZA blds lkFk 1998-99 esa BPL dks nsusokyh lfClMh esa dksbZ


ifjorZu ugha fd;kA

lfClMh dk vf/kd Hkkj gksrs gq, Hkh TPDS dh dkQh vkykspuk gqbZ D;ksafd blds varxZrjk'ku iSekuk tks 10 fdyks izfrekg izfr BPL ifjokj dks fn;k x;k og de Fkk D;ksafd ,difjokj dh vkSlr t:jr yxHkx 30 fdyks izfrekg gSA

bl vkykspuk ds ckotwn TPDS ds vUrxZr Qk;nk mBkusokys ifjokjksa dh igpku Hkh lghugha gSA ;g irk yxkuk fd ;g ifjokj BPL ls uhps gS dkQh eqf'dy gS D;ksafd yksx bldsvUrxZr Qk;nk ysus ds fy, xyr lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA ;fn vk; ds vk/kkj ij budhigpku dh tk, rc Hkh dkQh eqf'dy gS D;ksafd ifjokj dh vk; lhfer lk/kuksa ls u gksdjvlhfer lk/kuksa ls gS tSls d`f"k {ks=k esa ekSleh O;olk; ¼dk;Z½A vf/kdrj ifjokj Lo;ajkstxkj ls vk; vftZr djrs gSa tks le;≤ vFkok fnu&izfrfnu ifjofrZr gksrh jgrhgSA

TPDS ds vUrxZr Hkz"Vkpkj dks Hkh c<+kok feyk gS tks ifjokj APL ls Åij gS os xyr lwpukiznku dj BPL ds varxZr vkusokyh oLrqvksa dks Hkz"Vkpkj ls [kqys cktkj esa vf/kd dherksa ijcsprs gSaA

TPDS ds i{k esa ,d gh ckr tkrh gS fd ;g ljdkj dk lfClMh dk Hkkj de djus esalgk;rk djsxh D;ksafd ;fn Qk;nk mBkus okyksa dh la[;k de gksxh rks vius vki gh lfClMhesa deh vk,xhA

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 93

Introduction

Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k ds fy, vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk fo'ks"k egÙo gS D;ksafd vkS|ksfxdfodkl o Lo:i fdlh ns'k dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA Hkkjr tSls ns'k tgk¡fo'kky izkd`frd lalk/ku miyC/k gksrs gq, Hkh fodkl dh xfr dkQh /kheh jgh gS] bldkegÙo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA

vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk vFkZvkS|ksfxd uhfr dk vFkZvkS|ksfxd uhfr dk vFkZvkS|ksfxd uhfr dk vFkZvkS|ksfxd uhfr dk vFkZ(Meaning of Industrial Policy)

fdlh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds eq[; :i ls nks vax gksrs gSaA

(1) fdlh lekt dh fparuh; fopkj/kkjk tks vkS|ksfxd lao`f) dk Lo:i fuf'pr djrhgSA

(2) bls dk;kZfUor djusokys fu;e rFkk midj.k] tks bl uhfr ds ihNs fufgrfopkjèkkjk dks O;ogkfjd :i iznku djrs gSaA

vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy, ,d lVhd o izxfr'khy vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vko';drk gSAvkS|ksfxd uhfr ls vfHkizk; mu fofHkUu fl)k¡rksa ,oa fØ;kvksa ls gS tks ns'k esa vkS|ksxhdj.kdh lgk;rk ds fy, cukbZ rFkk viukbZ tkrh gSaA

blds varxZr dj iz.kkyh] laj{k.k uhfr] Je o iw¡th] y?kq o dqVhj m|ksx] fons'kh iw¡th rFkkmlls lacaf/kr lHkh ckrksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA la{ksi esa vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,d ,slkmidj.k gS ftldh lgk;rk ls ljdkj fodkl izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysrh gSA

Lora=krk ls iwoZ vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk dk;Z futh {ks=k ij fuHkZj Fkk rFkk ljdkj dh uhfrm|ksxksa esa gLr{ksi u djus dh uhfr FkhA fiNys 42 o"kks± ls ljdkj vkS|ksfxd fodkl dksiw.kZ :i ls fu;af=kr dj jgh gSA

vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk egÙovkS|ksfxd uhfr dk egÙovkS|ksfxd uhfr dk egÙovkS|ksfxd uhfr dk egÙovkS|ksfxd uhfr dk egÙo(Importance of Industrial Policy)

vYifodflr ns'kksa ds leqfpr fodkl ds fy, ljdkjh gLr{ksi o lg;ksx vFkok mfprljdkjh vkS|ksfxd uhfr vfuok;Z gSA vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk egÙo fuEu rF;ksa ls Li"V gksrkg S &

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-13vkS|ksfxd uhfrvkS|ksfxd uhfrvkS|ksfxd uhfrvkS|ksfxd uhfrvkS|ksfxd uhfr(Industrial Policy)


(1) futh {ks=k dk fofu;eu futh {ks=k dk fofu;eu futh {ks=k dk fofu;eu futh {ks=k dk fofu;eu futh {ks=k dk fofu;eu (Regulation of Private Sector) – vYifodflr ns'kksaesa lalkèku lhfer gksrs gSa rFkk fodkl&dk;ZØe vk;kstu }kjk dk;kZfUor fd;k tkjgk gks] ogk¡ ;kstukvksa dh izkFkfedrk ds vuqlkj lalk/kuksa dk iw.kZ nksgu djukvko';d gksrk gS rks ljdkj dk futh {ks=k ij fu;a=k.k djuk vko';d gks tkrkgSA futh {ks=k dks ;kstukvksa esa fu/kkZfjr izkFkfedrkvksa ds vuqlkj gh mRiknu djukgksrk gSA rkfd futh {ks=k dk vk;kstu esa fu/kkZfjr fn'kk dh vkSj gh vuqxeu djs]futh {ks=k dk fofu;eu djuk vko';d gksrk gSA

(2) futh {ks=k dh lhfer {kerk futh {ks=k dh lhfer {kerk futh {ks=k dh lhfer {kerk futh {ks=k dh lhfer {kerk futh {ks=k dh lhfer {kerk (Limited Capacity of Private Sector) – futh {ks=kHkkjr tSls cM+s ns'k esa vkS|ksxhdj.k ds fo'kky dk;Z ds fy, i;kZIr ek=kk esa lkèkutqVk o yxk ugha ldrk vkSj u gh tksf[ke mBk ldrk gS D;ksafd futh {ks=k dslk/ku lhfer gksrs gSaA vr% ljdkjh lgHkkfxrk dh cM+s iSekus ij vko';drk gSAljdkj }kjk vf/kd iw¡th o tksf[ke okys lkoZtfud fgr ds m|ksxksa dh Lo;aLFkkiuk djuh iM+rh gSA ljdkj lM+dksa] fctyh?kjksa] jsy] f'k{kk o LokLF; rFkkbLikr tSls Hkkjh rFkk vk/kkjHkwr m|ksxksa vkfn dk fodkl djrh gSA blls futh{ks=k dks Hkh izksRlkgu izkIr gksrk gSA lkoZtfud {ks=k ds lgk;d ds :i esa futh{ks=k miHkksDrk oLrq m|ksxksa dk fodkl djrs gSaA bu m|ksxksa ls tYnh ykHk izkIrgksrk gSA dqN vU; ifj;kstukvksa esa ljdkj o futh m|eh feydj dk;Z dj ldrsgSaA

(3) fons'kh {ks=k fons'kh {ks=k fons'kh {ks=k fons'kh {ks=k fons'kh {ks=k (Foreign Sector) – vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fdlh dk;ZØe ds fy, fo'ks"krkSj ij vkjfEHkd voLFkk esa] fons'k O;kikj] fons'kh lgk;rk] laj{k.k vkfn ds lacaèkesa fdlh u fdlh izdkj dh vkfFkZd uhfr ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA ?kjsyw vkfFkZddk;Zdykiksa ij bu uhfr;ksa dk cgqr xgjk izHkko iM+rk gSA vr% bl O;oLFkk dsfy, fd ;g nksuksa {ks=k ¼?kjsyw rFkk fons'kh½ fodkl&dk;ZØeksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr <axls dke djsa] ,d O;kid vkS|ksfxd uhfr {ks=k vkSj fons'kh {ks=k ds dk;Zdykiksa dschp LoLFk laca/k o rkyesy iSnk fd;k tk ldsA

Lora=k Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfrLora=k Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfrLora=k Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfrLora=k Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfrLora=k Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr(The Industrial Policy in Free India)

Hkkjr ljdkj us 1948 ls 1991 rd N% vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS ftlesa igyhvkS|ksfxd uhfr 6 vizSy 1948, nwljh uhfr 1956, rhljh fnlacj 1977, pkSFkh tqykbZ 1980,

ik¡poh uhfr ebZ 1990 rFkk NBh uhfr 24 tqykbZ 1991 esa ykxw gqbZA

Lora=krk ls iwoZLora=krk ls iwoZLora=krk ls iwoZLora=krk ls iwoZLora=krk ls iwoZ

Lora=krk ls iwoZ vaxzstksa us ,slh uhfr viuk j[kh Fkh ftlls Hkkjr esa m|ksxksa dk fodkl #dx;k vkSj igys ls ekStwn dqN miHkksx oLrqvksa ls lacaf/kr m|ksxksa dk fodkl gqvk o Hkkjh rFkkvk/kkjHkwr m|ksxksa ds fodkl dk lw=kikr Hkh ugha gks ldk] oLrqr% bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds ihNs,d ,slh pky Fkh tks fczVsu ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds vuqdwy o Hkkjr ds izfrdwy FkhA 1947

esa tks vkS|ksfxd <k¡pk gesa lkSaik x;k ml ij izxfr fojks/kh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh Li"V NkiFkhA tc Hkkjr vktkn gqvk Fkk ml le; ns'k esa dqN miHkksx oLrq m|ksxksa dh iz/kkurk FkhAjk"Vªh; vk; esa m|ksxksa dk ;ksxnku cgqr de FkkA

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 95

1948 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr(Industrial Policy of 1948)

6 vizSy] 1948 dks m|ksx ea=kh Mk0 ';kek izlkn eq[kthZ us laln esa igyh vkS|ksfxd uhfrdh ?kks"k.kk dhA mUgksaus vFkZO;oLFkk ds bl <k¡ps ds fy, fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk o vk;kstuiz.kkyh dks Bhd le>kA blds vUrxZr ljdkjh vFkok lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k dkfoHkktu fd;k x;k o nksuksa {ks=kksa ds fy, vyx&vyx m|ksxksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;kA futh{ks=k ds fu;a=k.k rFkk fofu;eu dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbZ Fkh ftlls fd mldk ifjpkyu ns'kds fgr ds vuqdwy ljdkj dh bPNk ds vuq:i laHko gks ldsA

1948 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡(Main Features of Industrial Policy of 1948)

(1) m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Industries) – bl ifj;kstu ds fy,m|ksxksa dks pkj eq[; Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k o muds laca/k esa lkoZtfudo futh {ks=k ds dk;ZHkkx dks fuf'pr fd;k x;kA ;s pkj Hkkx gSaA

(i) lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k (Public Sector) – buesa gfFk;kjksa rFkk xksyk&ck:n dsfuekZ.k] ijek.kq 'kfDr ds mRiknu o fu;a=k.k rFkk jsy ifjogu ds LokfeÙovkSj izca/k laca/kh m|ksx 'kkfey fd, x,A ;gk¡ ;g Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;kfd ljdkj fdlh Hkh ,sls m|ksx dks vius gkFk esa ys ldrh gS] tks jk"Vªdh lqj{kk ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ gkasA

(ii) fu;af=kr futh {ks=k fu;af=kr futh {ks=k fu;af=kr futh {ks=k fu;af=kr futh {ks=k fu;af=kr futh {ks=k (Controlled Private Sector) – bl Js.kh esa dqNvkèkkjewyd m|ksxksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA bu m|ksxksa dh la[;k 18 FkhAbuesa ued] eksVjxkfM+;k¡] VªSDVj] fo|qr] bathfu;jh] Hkkjh e'khusa] e'khuhvkStkj] Hkkjh jlk;u] moZjd] fo|qr jlk;u] vykSg /kkrq m|ksx] jcjfufeZr eky] lwrh rFkk Åuh diM+k] lhesUV] phuh dkxt rFkk v[kckjhdkxt] ok;q;ku rFkk leqnzh ifjogu] [kfut rFkk lqj{kk ls lEc) m|ksxvkfn vkrs gSaA

(iii) lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k (Public and Private Sector) – bl Js.kh esayksgk rFkk dks;yk] bLikr] ok;q;ku fofuekZ.k] ty;ku&fuekZ.k] jsfM;ks lsVksavkfn dks NksM+dj VsyhxzkQ rFkk csrkj ds ;a=kksa dk fuekZ.k o [kfut rsyvkfn 'kkfey FksA bu m|ksxksa esa ubZ bdkbZ;k¡ yxkus dk vf/kdkj ljdkjdks fn;k x;k o igys ls yxh bdkbZ;ksa dk izca/k o foLrkj 10 o"kks± rdfuth {ks=k dks lkSaik x;kA muds jk"Vªh;dj.k djus ds iz'u ij 10 o"kZckn fopkj fd;k tk,xk o jk"Vªh;dj.k djus dh fLFkfr esa mudks eqvkotkfn;k tk,xkA

(iv) futh rFkk lgdkjh {ks=k futh rFkk lgdkjh {ks=k futh rFkk lgdkjh {ks=k futh rFkk lgdkjh {ks=k futh rFkk lgdkjh {ks=k (Private and Co-operative Sector) – bl oxZesa 'ks"k os lHkh m|ksx j[ks x, ftUgsa futh LokfeÙo vFkok lgdkjh vkèkkjij pyk;k tk,xkA ;g Hkh fu'p; fd;k x;k fd vxj dksbZ m|ksxlarks"ktud dk;Z u djs rks mlds dk;Z esa ljdkj dks gLr{ksi djus dkvf/kdkj gksxkA


(2) y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx (Small Scale and Cottage Industries) – bl uhfr esabu m|ksxksa dks vf/kd egÙo fn;k x;k D;ksafd ;s O;fDrxr] xzkeh.k rFkk ljdkjhm|eksa ds fodkl ds fy, {ks=k iznku djrs gSa vkSj LFkkfir yksxksa ds fy, iquokZldk tfj;k eqgS;k djokrs gSaA LFkkuh; lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx] miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dsmRiknu esa dk;Zdq'kyrk izkIr djus rFkk vf/kd jkstxkj mRiUu djus ds fy,m|ksxksa dh rhoz mUufr ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA bl uhfr esa bu m|ksxksa ds fodklds fy, ljdkjh lgk;rk nsus ds fy, fo'ks"k laLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k ij tksj fn;kx;k D;ksafd Hkkjr esa bu m|kksxksa dks dPps eky] iw¡th] 'kfDr] dq'ky Je] foi.kuvkfn ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk nh?kZdky ls lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA vr%;g vko';d gks x;k fd dsUnzh; ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj ds lg;ksx ls mudk lek/kku djsA

(3) Je o iw¡th ds laca/k Je o iw¡th ds laca/k Je o iw¡th ds laca/k Je o iw¡th ds laca/k Je o iw¡th ds laca/k (Relation of labour and Capital) – bl uhfr ds mfprfodkl ds fy, Je o iw¡th ds lg;ksx ij tksj fn;k x;kA bu nksuksa ds chpvPNk laca/k LFkkfir djus ds fy, ,sls okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djuk vko';d Fkktgk¡ etnwjksa dks mfpr etnwjh] ljdkjh lqj{kk o vU; lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh tk,aAvr% ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd Jfedksa ds izca/kdh; dk;ks± esa Hkkx ysus rFkkvkS|ksfxd le`f) esa mfpr fgLlk nsus ds fy, vko';d dne mBk, tk,aA

(4) fons'kh /ka/kksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.kfons'kh /ka/kksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.kfons'kh /ka/kksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.kfons'kh /ka/kksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.kfons'kh /ka/kksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.k – ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd ns'k dks fons'kh iw¡thrFkk m|fe;ksa] eq[;r% vkS|ksfxd rduhd o tkudkjh dh vko';drk Fkh ijarqjk"Vªh; fgrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fons'kh iw¡th ij Hkkjrh; fu;a=k.k Hkh vko';dekuk x;kA blds fy, mu lHkh m|ksxksa esa] ftuesa fons'kh iw¡th dk fuos'k gksuk Fkk]muds LokfeÙo vkSj izcU/k esa Hkkjrh;ksa dk cgqer j[kus dk lq>ko fn;k x;k vkSj;g Hkh vko';d Fkk fd bu lHkh ekeyksa esa ;ksX; Hkkjrh; deZpkfj;ksa dks izf'k{k.knsus ij tksj fn;k x;kA

(5) VSfjQ uhfr esa ifjorZu VSfjQ uhfr esa ifjorZu VSfjQ uhfr esa ifjorZu VSfjQ uhfr esa ifjorZu VSfjQ uhfr esa ifjorZu (Change in Teriff Policy) – ;g uhfr bl izdkj j[khtkus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd vuqfpr izfr;ksfxrk dks jksdk tk lds vkSj Å¡ps djksals miHkksDrkvksa ij Hkkj u Mkyk tk, o lkFk gh jk"Vª ds L=kksrksa rFkk lk/kuksa dktgk¡ rd laHko gks iwjk&iwjk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA ljdkj us cpr o fuos'kdks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, rFkk /ku ds fodsUnzh;dj.k ds ckjs esa dj iz.kkyh esaifjorZu ykus dk fu'p; fd;kA

(6) lkekftd Åijh ykxr lkekftd Åijh ykxr lkekftd Åijh ykxr lkekftd Åijh ykxr lkekftd Åijh ykxr (Social Overhead Cost) – ifjogu lqfo/kk,¡] flapkbZ] iw¡thinkFkks±] fctyh] vk;kr o dPps eky dh iwfrZ esa vko';d lq/kkj ykus dh vko';drkij tksj fn;k tk,A

(7) ;kstuk vk;ksx ds fuekZ.k ij cy;kstuk vk;ksx ds fuekZ.k ij cy;kstuk vk;ksx ds fuekZ.k ij cy;kstuk vk;ksx ds fuekZ.k ij cy;kstuk vk;ksx ds fuekZ.k ij cy – ns'k ds mfpr fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk vk;ksxds fuekZ.k dh vko';drk vuqHko dh xbZ rkfd izR;sd fØ;k ,d mfpr o lVhd;kstuk ds rgr iwjh gksA

(8) lkoZtfud rFkk futh nksuksa izdkj ds m|eksa ds egÙo dks Lohdkjuk lkoZtfud rFkk futh nksuksa izdkj ds m|eksa ds egÙo dks Lohdkjuk lkoZtfud rFkk futh nksuksa izdkj ds m|eksa ds egÙo dks Lohdkjuk lkoZtfud rFkk futh nksuksa izdkj ds m|eksa ds egÙo dks Lohdkjuk lkoZtfud rFkk futh nksuksa izdkj ds m|eksa ds egÙo dks Lohdkjuk (Acceptthe Importance of both type of Industries, Public & Private) – vkS|ksfxduhfr ds izLrko esa lkoZtfud o futh nksuksa gh izdkj ds m|eksa ds egÙo dks Lohdkj

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 97

fd;k x;kA ,slk blfy, vko';d Fkk D;ksafd futh {ks=k ds lk/ku lhfer FksA ogewy Lrj ds m|ksxksa dk cM+s Lrj ij fodkl djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha FkkA vFkkZr~vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh fn'kk esa ljdkj us tks Hkh mÙkjnkf;Ùo laHkkyk] mlds fy,Hkkjrh; iw¡thifr;ksa dh lgefr FkhA vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa ubZ bdkb;ksa dh lkoZtfud{ks=k esa LFkkiuk dks mi;qDr Bgjk;k x;k vkSj iqjkuh bdkb;ksa dks futh {ks=k essjgus nsus dh uhfr j[kh xbZA

1948 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;kadudh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;kadudh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;kadudh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;kadudh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;kadu(Evaluation of the Industrial Policy of 1948)

i{k o foi{k dks ns[krs gq, bl uhfr dk ewY;k¡du ge bl izdkj dj ldrs gSaA

i{ki{ki{ki{ki{k

(1) 1948 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dks Hkkjrh; m|ksxifr;ksa us le; ds vuqdwy ekuk D;ksafdblesa lkoZtfud {ks=k dh tks Hkwfedk fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ] og lkekU;r;k mUgsa Lohdk;ZFkhA

(2) fiNyh ijEijk dks iwjh rjg ls jk"Vªfgr esa cnyrs gq, m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds mís';ls vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds u, fu;e cuk, x, ftlls m|ksxksa ds fodkl dks cy feykA

(3) bl uhfr esa m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds lanHkZ esa ljdkj dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks le>kvkSj ljdkj dks bldk Hkkj lkSaikA

(4) eqnzk LQhfr dh lekfIr rFkk vf/kd mRiknu ds fy, futh {ks=k ds egÙo ij cyfn;k x;kA

(5) Je ds {ks=k esa i;kZIr lq/kkj gqvk] Jfedksa ds fodkl ds fy, dbZ vf/kfu;e tSlsMinimum Wages Act, Employees State Insurance Act rFkk The Coal Labour

Welfare Act vkfn ikl fd, x,A

(6) cksul ck¡Vus dh ,d ;kstuk dk izLrko j[kk x;k rFkk vkS|ksfxd Je dh HkykbZds fy, f=klw=kh vkS|ksfxd lfefr (Triparite Industries Council) cukbZ xbZA

(7) bl uhfr dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ o eq[; ckr ;g gS fd blus ml fefJr vFkZO;oLFkkdh uhao j[kh ftlesa ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl o rhoz vkS|ksxhdj.k ds fy, futho lkoZtfud {ks=kksa ds lg;ksx ls dk;Z djuk FkkA

foi{kfoi{kfoi{kfoi{kfoi{k

bl uhfr dk lHkh {ks=kksa esa leku :i ls Lokxr ugha gqvkA bldh vusd igyqvksa ls vkykspukdh xbZA

(1) oh-ds-vkj-oh- jko ds vuqlkj ;g vkS|ksfxd uhfr <qyeqy FkhA blds vUrxZrizkFkfedrk Øe esa rkyesy dk vHkko FkkA ;gh ugha] ljdkj us fu;a=k.k ds fy,ykblsaflax iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx ftl <ax ls fd;k] mlls Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok feykA

(2) izks0 ds-Vh- 'kkg us Hkh bl uhfr dh dqN dkj.kksa ls vkykspuk dhA

(i) jk"Vªh;dj.k dh /kedh ls futh {ks=k ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+kA


(ii) nwljh vksj jkT; ds m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, ftEesnkjh c<+rh xbZ fdarqvuqHko] rduhdh] foÙk rFkk izca/kd] ;kstuk dk vHkko jkT; ds vkS|ksfxdfodkl ds dk;ZØe esa ck/kk cuhA

(3) bl uhfr esa leUo; dh Hkh deh FkhA bl uhfr esa lkjh ftEesnkjh rFkk izsj.kkljdkj ij Mky nh xbZA fdarq dqN jkT;ksa esa ljdkjksa us bl uhfr ds foijhr dk;Zfd, tSls lM+d ;krk;kr dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj nsukA

(4) ,slk vuqeku yxk;k x;k fd ljdkjh m|eksa esa ykyQhrk'kkgh rFkk ukSdj'kkgh dkizHkko c<+us ls oLrqvksa dh fdLesa ?kfV;k gksaxh o oLrq,¡ eg¡xh gksus dk Hkh Mj FkkA

fu"d"kZ fu"d"kZ fu"d"kZ fu"d"kZ fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)

bu dfe;ksa ds ckotwn /;kuiwoZd ns[kus ls Li"V cks/k gksrk gS fd futh rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=kksadh ifjf/k tks Hkh gks] bl uhfr ds vUrxZr vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh ftEesnkjh ewyr% ljdkjus vius Åij ys yhA

1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr(Industrial Policy of 1956)

1948 esas ?kksf"kr uhfr ds vk/kkj ij 8 o"kks± rd Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk Øe pykAbl dky esa ns'k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa] jk"Vªh; y{;ksa rFkk oS/kkfud vko';drkvksa esa gksusokysifjorZuksa us bl uhfr esa la'kks/ku djuk vfuok;Z cuk fn;kA 1951 ls 1956 rd Hkkjr us ,di¡po"khZ; ;kstuk dks iwjkdj Hkfo"; esa fodkl dk ekxZ rS;kj fd;kA 1951 esa m|ksxvfèkfu;e ikl fd;k x;k vkSj mlds vUrxZr vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk vuqHko ljdkj dks izkIrgqvkA vkoMh dk¡xzsl esa lÙkk:<+ ny us jk"Vª dk y{; ̂ lektoknh lekt* dh LFkkiuk ?kksf"krfd;kA bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr dks blh fn'kk esa eksM+uk vko';d gks x;kA ljdkj us mijksDrdkj.kksa ls 1948 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa la'kks/ku vko';d le>dj 30 vizSy 1956 dh ubZuhfr ?kksf"kr dhA 1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds izLrko esa fuEufyf[kr Ng mís';ksa dk mYys[kgS] ;s mís'; bl izdkj gSaA

(1) vkfFkZd fodkl dh xfr dks rst djuk vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa rsth ykukA

(2) lkoZtfud {ks=k dk foLrkjA

(3) lgdkjh {ks=k dk fodklA

(4) e'khusa cukusokys Hkkjh m|ksxksa dh ns'k esa LFkkiuk rFkk fodklA

(5) lEifÙk rFkk vk; ds forj.k dh vlekurkvksa dks de djukA

(6) vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds dsUnzh;dj.k dks jksdus ds fy, futh ,dkf/kdkjksa dh LFkkiukdks fu;fU=kr djukA

1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡(Salient Features of the Industrial Policy of 1956)

(1) vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk foHkktu vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk foHkktu vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk foHkktu vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk foHkktu vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk foHkktu (Classification of Industries)

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 99

(A) dsUnzh; ljdkj dk ,dkf/kdkj {ks=k dsUnzh; ljdkj dk ,dkf/kdkj {ks=k dsUnzh; ljdkj dk ,dkf/kdkj {ks=k dsUnzh; ljdkj dk ,dkf/kdkj {ks=k dsUnzh; ljdkj dk ,dkf/kdkj {ks=k & izFke Js.kh esa os m|ksx Fks ftUgsauhfr izLrko dh vuqlwph ^v* (Schedule A) esa j[kk x;kA budh la[;k17 Fkh vkSj buds Hkkoh fodkl dk mÙkjnkf;Ùo ljdkj ij Mkyk x;kA;g dgk x;k fd bl {ks=k esa vkusokys orZeku futh m|ksxksa dk ljdkjjk"Vªh;dj.k ugha djsxh vkSj mUgsa fodflr gksus dk leqfpr volj iznkudjsxhA bl Js.kh esa ik¡p izdkj ds m|ksx j[ks x,&

(i) lqj{kk laca/kh m|ksx& vL=k&'kL=k rFkk vU; ;q) laca/kh midj.krFkk ijek.kq 'kfDrA

(ii) cM+h e'khuksa dk fuekZ.k] Hkkjh m|ksx] yksgk o bLikr] yksgk&bLikrdh dkfLVax o Qksftax rFkk fctyh dh e'khusaA

(iii) [kfut m|ksx& dks;yk o fyXukbV] [kfut rsy] yksgk] eSXuht]Økse] ftIle] xa/kd] lksuk] ghjk] rk¡ck] lhlk] tLrk] Vhu vkfn dh[kkuksa ls [kqnkbZ rFkk lalk/kuA

(iv) ifjogu rFkk lapkj& ok;q ifjogu] ok;q;ku fuekZ.k] jsy ifjogu]ty;ku fuekZ.k] VsyhQksu] VsyhxzkQ rFkk ok;jySl ds midj.k¼jsfM;ks fjlhfoax lsV dks NksM+dj½A

(v) 'kfDr & fctyh dk mRiknu rFkk forj.kA

(B) lkoZtfud rFkk futh m|e dk fefJr {ks=k lkoZtfud rFkk futh m|e dk fefJr {ks=k lkoZtfud rFkk futh m|e dk fefJr {ks=k lkoZtfud rFkk futh m|e dk fefJr {ks=k lkoZtfud rFkk futh m|e dk fefJr {ks=k (Mixed Sector of Publicand Private Enterprise) & bl Js.kh esa os m|ksx Fks ftuds ukevkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko dh vuqlwph ̂ c* (Schedule B) esa fn, x, gSaA budhla[;k 12 FkhA buds Hkkoh fodkl dh fn'kk esa jkT; dks iz;kl djukgksxkA ijUrq futh m|edrkZvksa dks Lora=k :i ls vFkok jkT; ds lkFklg;ksx djrs gq, ubZ bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds volj iznku fd, x,Abl Js.kh esa vkusokys m|ksx Fks ,Y;wehfu;e] e'khu&vkStkj] y?kq [kfutksads vfrfjDr [kfut] bLikr] ykSg&fefJr /kkrq rFkk vkStkj] vkS"kf/k&fuekZ.k]IykfLVd] jax cukuk] vk/kkjHkwr oLrq,¡ vkfn] vU; vko';d vkS"kf/k;k¡]moZjd] Ñf=ke jcj] dksy] dkcZukbts'ku] jklk;fud dkxt dh yqXnh]lM+d ifjogu rFkk leqnzh ifjoguA

(C) futh m|ksx dk {ks=k futh m|ksx dk {ks=k futh m|ksx dk {ks=k futh m|ksx dk {ks=k futh m|ksx dk {ks=k (Private Sector) – rhljh Js.kh esa os m|ksx j[ksx, ftudh LFkkiuk futh m|edrkZ }kjk djus dh O;oLFkk FkhA bl oxZesa vuqlwph ̂ v* rFkk ̂ c* esa vkusokys m|ksxksa dks NksM+dj lHkh m|ksx FksAljdkj us dgk fd og bu m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk esa lkekU;r% izR;{k :ils Hkkx ugha yxhA og m|ksxifr;ksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ifjogu]ÅtkZ ds lk/kuksa vkfn dh O;oLFkk djsxh vkSj foÙkh; rFkk dqN vU; jhfr;ksa}kjk buds fy, mi;qDr ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rS;kj djsxhA ijUrq bl lacaèk esa ;gmYys[kuh; gS fd ljdkj }kjk bu m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ds lacaèk esa fdlhizdkj dk izfrca/k ugha j[kk x;kA

(2) futh rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dh vkilh fuHkZjrk futh rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dh vkilh fuHkZjrk futh rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dh vkilh fuHkZjrk futh rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dh vkilh fuHkZjrk futh rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dh vkilh fuHkZjrk (Co-Dependency of Private


and Public Sector) & 1956 ds vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko esa futh o lkoZtfud {ks=kksads e/; m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k csyksp ugha FkkA vFkkZr~ vko';drkuqlkj ljdkj fdlhHkh oxZ esa j[ks x, m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dj ldrh Fkh vkSj m|ksxifr;ksa dks viusfy, lqjf{kr {ks=k esa Hkh m|ksx fo'ks"k dh LFkkiuk dh vuqefr ns ldrh FkhA mnkgj.kds fy,] fey&ekfyd viuh bdkbZ dh vko';drk iwjh djus ds fy, fctyh dkmRiknu dj ldrs Fks] ;|fi fctyh dk mRiknu vuqlwph ̂ v* ds vUrxZr FkkA blhizdkj lkoZtfud {ks=k esa LFkkfir m|ksx vko';d iqtks± vFkok bl izdkj dh vU;NksVh&NksVh oLrqvksa dks futh {ks=k ls [kjhn ldrs FksA bl izdkj bl uhfr esa nksuksa{ks=kksa ds lg&vfLrÙo ds lkFk&lkFk muds chp ijLij lg;ksx ij tksj fn;k x;kA

(3) futh {ks=k dh lgk;rk rFkk mldk fu;a=k.k futh {ks=k dh lgk;rk rFkk mldk fu;a=k.k futh {ks=k dh lgk;rk rFkk mldk fu;a=k.k futh {ks=k dh lgk;rk rFkk mldk fu;a=k.k futh {ks=k dh lgk;rk rFkk mldk fu;a=k.k (Help and Control of PrivateSector) & 1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds vUrxZr ljdkj tksf[ke iw¡th (Risk

Capital) vkSj _.k iw¡th (Share Capital) nksuksa gh ds :i esa futh {ks=k esa LFkkfirgksusokys m|ksxksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku dj ldrh FkhA ijarq futh m|ksxksa dksHkh jkT; dh vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd uhfr ds vuq:i gh O;ogkj djuk vko';dFkkA bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, futh {ks=k esa LFkkfir m|ksxksa ij ljdkjhfu;a=k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA

(4) dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk egÙo dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk egÙo dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk egÙo dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk egÙo dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk egÙo (Importance of Cottage and Small ScaleIndustries) & 1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko esa jk"Vª ds fodkl ds igyw lsdqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa ds egÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA ;s m|ksx Hkkjh la[;kesa jkstxkj ds volj izLrqr djrs gSaA buds fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa iw¡th dh vko';drkugha iM+rhA izk;% budh LFkkiuk ,sls lk/kuksa }kjk dh tk ldrh gS tks cM+s m|ksxksadh n`f"V ls vf/kd mi;ksxh ugha gksrsA vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds izLrko esa bl ckr dkLi"V mYys[k fd;k x;k fd bu m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, ;fn cM+s m|ksxksa dsmRiknu ij dqN izfrca/k Hkh yxkus vko';d gksa rks ,slk Hksniw.kZ djkjksi.k vFkokizR;{k vkfFkZd lgk;rk }kjk fd;k tk,A

(5) {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa dks de djuk{ks=kh; vlekurkvksa dks de djuk{ks=kh; vlekurkvksa dks de djuk{ks=kh; vlekurkvksa dks de djuk{ks=kh; vlekurkvksa dks de djuk & larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl dk vkn'kZ vuqlj.kdjrs gq,] bl uhfr ds vUrxZr vkS|ksfxd n`f"V ls fiNM+s bykdksa dks ikuh] fctyhrFkk ifjogu dh lqfo/kk,¡ nsus dh rFkk ftu {ks=kksa esa csjkstxkjh vf/kd gS] ogk¡vkS|ksfxd lqfo/kkvksa dk foLrkj djus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA vkS|ksfxd uhfr dsizLrko ds vuqlkj izR;sd {ks=k esa Ñf"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa larqyu Hkh vko';dgSA

(6) rduhdh rFkk izcU/kdh; f'k{kk rduhdh rFkk izcU/kdh; f'k{kk rduhdh rFkk izcU/kdh; f'k{kk rduhdh rFkk izcU/kdh; f'k{kk rduhdh rFkk izcU/kdh; f'k{kk (Technical and Managerial Education) &vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds foLr`r dk;ZØeksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, Hkkjr esa leqfprrduhdh vkSj izca/k laca/kh f'k{kk izkIr O;fDr;ksa dk vHkko gSA bl ckr dks ljdkj'kq: ls gh le>rh gS blfy, vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds izLrko esa bl vHkko dks nwj djusds fy, mi;qDr izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk o fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa O;kolkf;dizcUèk (Business Management) dh f'k{kk nsus dk lq>ko fn;k x;kA

(7) vkS|ksfxd 'kkfUr vkS|ksfxd 'kkfUr vkS|ksfxd 'kkfUr vkS|ksfxd 'kkfUr vkS|ksfxd 'kkfUr (Industrial Peace) & vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa Jfedksa o fey&ekfydksads vkilh laca/kksa esa ln~Hkkouk vkSj lg;ksx gksuk pkfg,A ijUrq iw¡thoknh vFkZ iz.kkyh

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 101

esa fey&ekfydksa }kjk Jfedksa ds 'kks"k.k ds dkj.k nksuksa oxks± esa laca/k vPNs ughagksrsA vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds izLrko esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd ^lektoknh lekt* esaJfedksa ds fgrksa dks lqj{kk iznku dh tkuh pkfg,A izcU/kdh; ekeyksa esa Jfedksads izfrfuf/k;ksa ls ijke'kZ djuk Hkh Bhd gksxkA bu lHkh fn'kkvksa esa jkT; }kjkigy vko';d gSA

(8) {ks=kh; ijLij fuHkZjrk {ks=kh; ijLij fuHkZjrk {ks=kh; ijLij fuHkZjrk {ks=kh; ijLij fuHkZjrk {ks=kh; ijLij fuHkZjrk (Sectoral Inter-dependence) & bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr dsvuqlkj ljdkj dks ;g 'kfDr ns nh xbZ fd og fdlh Hkh izdkj dk vkS|ksfxdmRiknu Lo;a dj ldrh gSA bl uhfr ds vk/kkj ij m|ksxksa dk rhu fdLeksa esaoxhZdj.k ,d dBksj rFkk vifjorZu'khy oxhZdj.k ugha gSA ljdkj vko';drkuqlkjbl oxhZdj.k esa ifjorZu dj ldrh gSA ,d {ks=k ds m|ksxksa ds fodkl djus dhvkKk nwljs {ks=k dks nh tk ldrh gSA

(9) fons'kh iw¡th fons'kh iw¡th fons'kh iw¡th fons'kh iw¡th fons'kh iw¡th (Foreign Capital) & fons'kh iw¡th ls lacaf/kr uhfr esa dkQh la'kksèkufd, x, vkSj fons'kh iw¡th dk cM+s iSekus ij iz;ksx djus ds fy, vf/kd ls vfèkdNwVsa iznku dh xbZA

(10) jktdh; m|eksa dh O;oLFkk jktdh; m|eksa dh O;oLFkk jktdh; m|eksa dh O;oLFkk jktdh; m|eksa dh O;oLFkk jktdh; m|eksa dh O;oLFkk & lkoZtfud {ks=k esa fodkl ds ifj.kkeLo:i jktdh;m|eksa dk foLrkj gksuk LokHkkfod gSA bu lkoZtfud izfr"Bkuksa dh lQyrk dsfy, budk izcU/k O;olkf;d fl)k¡rksa ds vk/kkj ij gh gksuk pkfg, vkSj izca/k esadsUnzh;dj.k u gksdj tgk¡ rd laHko gks dsUnzh;dj.k gksuk pkfg,A

1948 ds izLrko dh rqyuk esa 1956 ds vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko esa lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fodklij vf/kd cy fn;k x;kA 1948 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa tgk¡ ljdkjh ,dkf/kdkj dk {ks=kcgqr ladqfpr Fkk ogha 1956 dh uhfr esa lqj{kk laca/kh midj.kksa ls lacaf/kr m|ksxksa] ijek.kq'kfDr ds fuekZ.k vkSj jsy ifjogu ds vfrfjDr 14 vU; cqfu;knh m|ksxksa dks bl Js.kh esaj[kk x;kA bu m|ksxksa dks ̂ v* vuqlwph esa j[kk x;kA blds vykok] 12 ,sls m|ksxksa dks ̂ c*vuqlwph esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k ftuesa jkT; c<+rs gq, iSekus ij ubZ bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk djldrk FkkA ijarq jk"Vªh;dj.k dh tks ^/kedh* 1948 ds izLrko esa Fkh mls 1956 ds izLrkoesa m|ksxksa dk foHkktu Hkh vf/kd ykspiw.kZ FkkA bu fHkUurkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh ;g dgk tkldrk gS fd okLro esa nksuksa vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrkoksa dk mís'; ,d gh Fkk] og ;g fd ns'kesa fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk ds <k¡ps dks vkSj etcwr cukukA

txnh'k Hkxorh o in~ek nslkbZ ds 'kCnksa esa]txnh'k Hkxorh o in~ek nslkbZ ds 'kCnksa esa]txnh'k Hkxorh o in~ek nslkbZ ds 'kCnksa esa]txnh'k Hkxorh o in~ek nslkbZ ds 'kCnksa esa]txnh'k Hkxorh o in~ek nslkbZ ds 'kCnksa esa]

^^f}rh; vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko igys izLrko ls dkQh leku gksrs gq, Hkh yxrk gS vkaf'kd:i ls lkoZtfud {ks=k ds egÙo vkSj ljdkj dh vf/kd Li"V lektoknh fLFkfr dh vksj>qdko ds lanHkZ esa futh {ks=k ds fodkl esa fu;eu dh vko';drk ij tksj nsus ds fy, tkjhfd;k x;k FkkA**

1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;k¡dudh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;k¡dudh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;k¡dudh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;k¡dudh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewY;k¡du(Evaluation of the Industrial Policy of 1956)

Hkkjr dh nwljh ls ysdj ik¡poh ;kstuk ¼iapo"khZ; ;kstuk½ bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr ij vk/kkfjrjgh gSA


bl uhfr ds i{k o foi{k esa rdZ &

i{k&i{k&i{k&i{k&i{k&

(1) 1948 dh uhfr dh rjg gh blesa Hkh ns'k ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa ljdkj ds lfØ;Hkkx ij cy fn;k x;k tks vrhr dh rqyuk esa iwjh rjg vyx FkkA

(2) bl uhfr ds vf/kd fo'kky gksus ds lkFk gh blesa lHkh igyqvksa vFkkZr~ jktdks"kh;o eqnzk uhfr] Je uhfr o iw¡th rFkk futh vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=k ds izfr jkT; dsn`f"Vdks.k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k gSA blesa jkT; ds funsZ'kd fl)k¡rksa o uhfr;ksadk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA

(3) bl uhfr dh vuqdwyrk dk Li"V cks/k bl ckr ls gksrk gS fd ns'k us bl vofèkesa m|ksx ds {ks=k esa vusd fn'kkvksa esa cgqr rsth ls izxfr dhA blds ifj.kkeksa esamYys[kuh; gS& u, m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk] fo'ks"k :i ls vk/kkjHkwr vkSj Hkkjh m|ksx]vkS|ksfxd lao`f) dh igys ls dgha vf/kd Å¡ph nj( vk;kr&izfrLFkkid m|ksxksadk mn; ftlesa egÙoiw.kZ phtksa ds fy, fons'kh L=kksrksa ij ns'k dh fuHkZjrk esa Hkkjhdeh gqbZA

(4) bl uhfr ds vUrxZr fu;kZr O;kikj esa xSj ijEijkxr oLrqvksa] fo'ks"k :i lsbathfu;jh oLrqvksa dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku( ubZ ifj;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k o tfVy e'khuksads pykus ds ;ksX; mPp&Lrjh; dq'ky o izf'kf{kr dkfeZdksa dk izknqHkkZo ¼vkxeu½(rFkk m|ksxksa ds fodkl vkSj vuqla/kku esa cM+h /kujkf'k dk fuos'k gqvkA Lora=krkds i'pkr bl uhfr dk fuekZ.k gqvk o blesa vusd ifjorZu gks pqds gSaA ;g uhfrvR;ar okLrfod rFkk jk"Vªoknh izekf.kr gqbZ gSA bl uhfr dks ^^Hkkjr ds vkfFkZdlafo/kku** dh laKk nh xbZ gSA m|ksx ea=kky; us bls vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk "kVdks.kdgdj lacksf/kr fd;k gSA blesa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa 'kkfey gSa& (1) lko Ztfud{ks=k dk eq[; LFkku (2) ,dkf/kdkjh izo`fr ds fodkl dks jksduk (3) lqfodflrm|ksxksa dh vkS|ksfxd foiqyrk (Industrial Bigness) dks jksduk (4) u, m|fe;ksa dksizkFkfedrk nsuk (5) NksVs iSekus] lgk;d rFkk e/;e iSekus ds m|ksxksa dk xgu :ils fodkl djuk] rFkk (6) dk;Zdq'ky ;ksX; ,oa n{k m|fe;ksa dks dfBu m|ksxksadh vksj ls vkdf"kZr djukA bl uhfr ds dkj.k dqy fuos'k esa lkoZtfud {ks=kdk Hkkx 46% ls c<+dj 66% rd gks x;k gSA

foi{kfoi{kfoi{kfoi{kfoi{k

1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ;|fi igyh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ls vf/kd Li"V o ykspiw.kZ Fkh] fQjHkh bldk lHkh {ks=kksa esa leku :i ls u rks Lokxr gqvk vkSj u gh leFkZu feykA bl uhfrds foi{k esa ;s rdZ eq[; gSa&

(1) futh {ks=kksa us bl uhfr dk leFkZu u ds cjkcj gh fd;k D;ksafd blesa lkoZtfud{ks=k ds fodkl dks cgqr vf/kd c<+kok fn;k x;k ftlds ifj.kke Hkh vuqdwy ujgs vkSj ljdkj dks blds QyLo:i gkfu mBkuh iM+ jgh gSA

(2) bl uhfr ds varxZr d`f"k o m|ksxksa dh ijLij fuHkZjrk vkSj ,d&nwljs dks etcwrcukus ds Lo:i ij leqfpr /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA /kkrq vkSj jlk;u ij vk/kkfjr

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 103

e'khu&mRiknu m|ksxksa ij gh /;ku dsfUnzr jgkA

(3) cM+s iSekus ds m|ksxksa ds mRiknu dk;ZØe ds lkFk y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dks iwjhrjg feyk;k ugha x;kA

(4) fiNys 25 o"kks± esa izfr O;fDr okf"kZd vk; esa yxHkx 1.3 dh nj ls okf"kZd o`f)gqbZ gS tks fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vi;kZIr gSA

(5) csjkstxkjh c<+h o {ks=kh; vlekurk,¡ Hkh c<+hA

(6) fuos'k nj esa #dkoVsa iSnk gqbZ o vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa vkSlru rhu ;k pkj izfr'krls vf/kd okf"kZd o`f) ugha gqbZA vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa ladVxzLrrk QSyh vkSj dqN izeq[km|ksxksa ij bldk cqjk izHkko iM+kA m|ksxksa dks 'kgjksa ls gVkdj vU; LFkkuksa ijQSykus dh xfr /kheh jghA

(7) vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds dsUnzh;dj.k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA

(8) fons'kh rduhd dk vuko';d vk;kr gqvkA

(9) cM+s vkS|ksfxd dsUnzksa esa m|ksxksa dk teko gqvkA

(10) lkoZtfud {ks=k dks 1980 esa yxHkx 192 djksM+ :i, dh gkfu mBkuh iM+hA

(11) laLFkkxr lk[k dk vf/kd cM+s m|ksxksa }kjk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

(12) iw¡thizsjd m|ksxksa (Capital Intensive Industries) esa vf/kd fuos'k fd;k x;kA

(13) vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds dsUnzh;dj.k esa o`f) gqbZ rFkk cM+s m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa y?kq odqVhj m|ksxksa dks ukeek=k dk gh LFkku fn;k x;kA

vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh foQyrk,¡ eq[; :i ls dk;kZUo;u ds {ks=k esa jgh tks ik¡poh ;kstuk dsvar rd vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fofo/k igyqvksa ds laca/k esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA buesa ls eq[;gSaA ,d rks vusd m|ksxksa ds laca/k esa iw¡th iz/kku rduhd dk iz;ksx gqvk ftlls csjkstxkjhc<+hA dkQh cM+h lhek rd vkS|ksfxd {kerk viz;qDr iM+h jghA vk;kr&izfrLFkkiu dh nkSM+esa vusd vdq'ky o Å¡ph ykxr okys m|ksx ns'k esa LFkkfir gks x,A bl izdkj dqy feykdjvkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa uhfr;ksa dk ,dhdj.k vk'kk ds o fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa ds vuq:i ugha jgkA

1977 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfrdh vkS|ksfxd uhfrdh vkS|ksfxd uhfrdh vkS|ksfxd uhfrdh vkS|ksfxd uhfr(Industrial Policy of 1977)

le;c) vkfFkZd fodkl&dk;ZØe ds }kjk fiNyh fod`fr;ksa vkSj vlarqyuksa dks nwj djdsyksxksa dh vkdk¡{kkvksa dks iwjk djus ds mís'; ls laln esa 23 fnlEcj 1977 dks ,d ubZvkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA dk¡xzsl ljdkj us 23 tqykbZ 1980 dks bl uhfr ds LFkkuij ,d nwljh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA 1977 dh uhfr esa dqN egÙoiw.kZ va'kksa dsvo/kkj.kkRed <k¡ps esa ewyHkwr ifjorZu ykus ,oa izHkkodkjh <ax ls muds dk;kZUo;u ij cyfn;k x;kA

bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr Fkha &(Main Features of the Industrial Policy of 1977)

(1) y?kq bdkb;k¡ y?kq bdkb;k¡ y?kq bdkb;k¡ y?kq bdkb;k¡ y?kq bdkb;k¡ (Small Industries) &&&&& y?kq bdkbZ;k¡ bl uhfr dk dsUnz fcUnq Fkh vkSj


bl n`f"V ls ;g iqjkuh uhfr ls dkQh vyx utj vkrh FkhA vc rd eq[;r% cM+sm|ksxksa ij gh /;ku fn;k x;kA bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa NksVs rFkk cgqr NksVs m|ksxksaij Hkh /;ku fo'ks"k :i ls fn;k tk,xkA bu m|ksxksa dh lHkh vko';drkvksa dksiwjk djus ds fy, izR;sd ftys esa ,d ftyk dsUnz LFkkfir fd;k tk,xkA vkS|ksfxdfodkl cSad esa ,d ,sls vyx d{k dh LFkkiuk dh tk,xh tks dsoy y?kq m|ksxksadh vko';drkvksa ij gh cy nsxkA bu {ks=kksa dh oLrqvksa ds foi.ku] lg mRiknksads ekudhdj.k] fdLe] fu;a=k.k] losZ{k.k vkfn ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk,xkA

(2) mfpr rduhd mfpr rduhd mfpr rduhd mfpr rduhd mfpr rduhd (Appropriate Technology) &&&&& bl uhfr esa xzkeh.k rFkk y?kq m|ksxksaesa yxs deZpkfj;ksa dh vk; dekus dh {kerk vkSj mRikndrk esa lq/kkj djus dsfy, NksVh rFkk lk/kkj.k fdLe dh e'khuksa o midj.kksa ds fodkl o vf/kdkf/kdmi;ksx ds fy, mfpr O;oLFkk dh tk,xhA mRiknu dh bl izdkj dh rduhdksadks lok±xh.k xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe (All round Rural Development Programme)

ds lkFk leUo; fcBkus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xkA

(3) cM+s iSekus dh bdkb;k¡ cM+s iSekus dh bdkb;k¡ cM+s iSekus dh bdkb;k¡ cM+s iSekus dh bdkb;k¡ cM+s iSekus dh bdkb;k¡ (Large Scale Industries) &&&&& cM+s iSekus ds m|ksxksa ds lacaèkesa Hkh ;g uhfr dkQh fHkUu Fkh vHkh rd ;s m|ksx mPpLrjh; rduhd vkSj m|ksxksads iw¡th iz/kku LVkWd esa o`f) ykus ds midj.k ek=k cus jgsA vc budh Hkwfedkdks yksxksa dh vk/kkjHkwr U;wure vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus] y?kq o xzkeh.k m|ksxksadks vf/kd foLr`r {ks=k esa QSykus rFkk d`f"k {ks=k dks etcwr cukus ds dk;ZØeksa lslEc) fd;k x;k blds fy, cM+s iSekus ds m|ksx ds {ks=k dks lhfer djus dhO;oLFkk dh xbZA izeq[k :i ls ;s cqfu;knh m|ksx] iw¡thxr eky m|ksx] mPp rduhdokys m|ksxksa rFkk vU; m|ksx tks y?kq m|ksx ds fy, lqjf{kr {ks=k ls ckgj gSa] rdlhfer j[ks x,A

(4) cM+s futh ?kjkus &cM+s futh ?kjkus &cM+s futh ?kjkus &cM+s futh ?kjkus &cM+s futh ?kjkus & bl ckr dks ysdj fd cM+s futh ?kjkus vius lk/kuksa ds cyij ugha cfYd lkoZtfud foÙkh; laLFkkvksa vkSj cSadks ls izkIr jkf'k;ksa ds lgkjsvkSj cM+s gksrs jgs gSa( bl uhfr esa buds fu;a=k.k dh leqfpr O;oLFkk dh xbZ ftlls,dkf/kdkjh izo`fÙk;ksa dks jksdk tk ldsA blds fy, dbZ vko';d mik;ksa dklekos'k fd;k x;k tSls ,dkf/kdkj laca/kh dkuwu dk dM+kbZ ds lkFk ikyu] fo|ekum|ksxksa ds u, dk;ks± esa izos'k ij jksd] vk¡rfjd lk/kuksa ds l`tu ij jksd vkfnA

(5) ykblsaflax uhfr ykblsaflax uhfr ykblsaflax uhfr ykblsaflax uhfr ykblsaflax uhfr (Licensing Policy) &&&&& bl uhfr dh ykblsaflax iz.kkyh dk mís';ljdkj }kjk cM+s vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa ds dk;ks± dk lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd mís'; dsvuq:i fu;eu fd;k tkuk FkkA cM+h bdkb;ksa pkgs os cM+s vkS|ksfxd xzgksa ls lacafèkrgksa ;k ugha ;k os igys ls gh y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy, lqjf{kr oLrqvksa ds cukus esayxh gks( budh {kerk esa dksbZ foLrkj ugha fd;k tkuk FkkA tcfd y?kq rFkk dqVhjm|ksxksa dk fodkl djuk vko';d FkkA

(6) lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k (Public Sector) &&&&& bl {ks=k dks igys ls O;kid Hkwfedk lkSaih xbZAvc bldk dk;Z dsoy vk/kkjewyd oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djuk gh ugha gksxk cfYdbls miHkksDrk dks vko';d oLrqvksa dh miyfC/k cuk, j[kus dh Hkwfedk fuHkkuhgksxhA lkFk gh rduhd o izca/k ds laca/k esa viuk Hkjiwj lg;ksx nsdj fofHkUuizdkj ds y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dk nkf;Ùo Hkh vius Åij ysuk gksxkA vr% bl

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 105

ckr ij cy fn;k x;k fd budk izca/k dq'ky eSustjksa }kjk fd;k tk,xk vkSj dq'ky<ax ls lapkyu fd;k tk,xk rkfd blesa yxh iw¡th ls lekt dks i;kZIr izfrQyfey ldsA

(7) fons'kh rduhd vkSj fuos'k fons'kh rduhd vkSj fuos'k fons'kh rduhd vkSj fuos'k fons'kh rduhd vkSj fuos'k fons'kh rduhd vkSj fuos'k (Foreign Technology and Investment) &&&&& pw¡fd ns'kdh vk/kkfjd lajpuk dkQh fodflr gks pqdh Fkh vr% bl laca/k esa p;ukRedn`f"Vdks.k viuk;k x;kA ns'k esa oSKkfud laLFkkuksa dk lqfodflr <k¡pk gSA vr%Hkfo"; esa tgk¡ rd gks lds m|ksxksa dk fodkl Lons'kh rduhdksa ds vk/kkj ij gksukpkfg,A dsoy mUgha izkFkfedrk okys {ks=kksa esa fons'kh rduhd dh O;oLFkk jgsxhtgk¡ Hkkjrh; dkS'ky vkSj izkS|ksfxdh i;kZIr ek=kk esa fodflr ugha gS] ogk¡ ljdkjfons'kksa ls izkIr loksZÙke rduhd dks lh/ks [kjhn ysus dks izkFkfedrk nsxh exj tgk¡rd laHko gksxk bUgsa Hkkjrh; rduhd ds vuqdwy <kyus dks gh c<+kok fn;k tk,xkA

(8) u, m|ksx u, m|ksx u, m|ksx u, m|ksx u, m|ksx (New Industries) &&&&& {ks=kh; lekurk ykus o cuk, j[kus ds fy, rFkk'kgjh thou esa fxjkoV dks jksdus ds fy, de vkcknh okys bykdksa esa u, m|ksxyxkus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA bl mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, 1971 dh tux.kuk dsvuqlkj ftu egkuxjksa dh vkcknh 10 yk[k ls Åij gS vkSj 'kgjh bykds tgk¡tula[;k 5 yk[k ls vf/kd gS] m|ksx [kksyus ds fy, ykblsal ugha fn, tkus FksAtks fo|eku cM+s m|ksx fiNM+s bykdksa esa tkuk pkgsaxs] mudks bl dk;Z ds fy,lgk;rk nsus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA

(9) fons'kh O;kikj fons'kh O;kikj fons'kh O;kikj fons'kh O;kikj fons'kh O;kikj (Foreign Trade) &&&&& bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk lcls izeq[k mís';vkRefuHkZjrk ykuk gSA vk;kr ds mnkjhdj.k (Liberalisation of Imports) ds lacaèkesa ;g Li"V fd;k x;k fd ekStwnk izfrca/kksa esa mu {ks=kksa esa NwV nh tk,xh tgk¡,sls izfrca/k mPp izkFkfedrk izkIr m|ksxksa ds fodkl esa ck/kd gksA fu;kZr esa o`f)ds fy, lhek o mRiknu 'kqYd ls jkgr nh tk,xhA dqN LFkkuksa ij vfuok;Z fu;kZrnkf;Ùo yxk, tk,axsA

(10) fuos'k dk izfrQyfuos'k dk izfrQyfuos'k dk izfrQyfuos'k dk izfrQyfuos'k dk izfrQy &&&&& mRiknu dherksa ds laca/k esa ,slh O;oLFkk dh tkuh Fkh fdfuos'k dks c<+kok feysA dherksa dk fu;a=k.k djrs le; ;g /;ku j[kk tk,xk fdfuos'kdrkZ dks i;kZIr izfrQy fey lds vkSj bl izdkj fuos'k dks c<+kok feysA

(11) larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl (Balanced Regional Development) &&&&& ns'k esa larqfyr{ks=kh; fodkl ykus ds fy, 1971 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 10 yk[k ls vf/kdvkcknh okys egkuxjksa dh dqN fuf'pr lhekvksa ds vUrxZr o ik¡p yk[k lsvf/kd dh vkcknh okys 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa u, m|ksx LFkkfir djus ds fy, u, ykblsaltkjh ugha fd, tkus pkfg,A blls vlekurk de gksxhA

(12) Jfedksa dh lgHkkfxrk Jfedksa dh lgHkkfxrk Jfedksa dh lgHkkfxrk Jfedksa dh lgHkkfxrk Jfedksa dh lgHkkfxrk (Participation of Workers) &&&&& bl uhfr esa Jfedksa dsizcUèku esa Hkkx ysus ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k vkSj ;g Hkh r; gqvk fd xSj&ljdkjh{ks=kksa esa Jfedksa esa bl Hkkouk dk izcy fodkl fd;k tk,xk fd os vius m|ksxdks dq'kyrkiwoZd pykus ds fy, viuk iw.kZ lg;ksx nsaA

(13) #X.k bdkbZ;k¡ #X.k bdkbZ;k¡ #X.k bdkbZ;k¡ #X.k bdkbZ;k¡ #X.k bdkbZ;k¡ (Sick Industries) &&&&& #X.k vFkok chekj bdkbZ;ksa ds laca/k esa ljdkjp;ukRed uhfr dk ikyu djsxh ftlls fd ,slh bdkb;ksa ds pykus ls ljdkj


ij iM+s cks> dks de fd;k tk ldsA ,slh O;oLFkk dh tk,xh fd #X.k bdkb;ksadks izkjEHk esa gh laHkky fy;k tk, vkSj mudk iqu% LFkkiu djus ds fy, vko';ddne 'kh?kz ls 'kh?kz mBk, tk,aA

1977 dh uhfr dk ewY;k¡dudh uhfr dk ewY;k¡dudh uhfr dk ewY;k¡dudh uhfr dk ewY;k¡dudh uhfr dk ewY;k¡du(Evaluation of the Policy of 1977)

fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa dh n`f"V ls ;fn uhfr dks ij[ksa] rks ;g ,d lhek rd larks"kizn Bgjrh gSAblds mís'; Fks% vkS|ksfxd o`f) nj dks rst djuk( jkstxkj voljksa dks rsth ls c<+kuk(vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa dh mRikfnrk vkSj vk; esa o`f) ykuk rFkk y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dks foLr`r{ks=k esa QSykukA ns'k esa QSyh csjkstxkjh vkSj xjhch dks ns[krs gq,] ;s mís'; lgh vkSjle;ksfpr FksA iqjkuh uhfr ds QyLo:i vkS|ksfxd {kerk esa tks Hkkjh o`f) gks pqdh Fkh] mlvk/kkj ij jkstxkj o`f) vkSj xjhch&mUewyu ds mís'; ij tksj nsuk ok¡Nuh; gh ugha cfYdO;kogkfjd Hkh FkkA

mís'; vkSj leL;k dh ifjdYiuk dks NksM+dj tc ge dk;kZUo;u ds midj.k] izca/k vkSjO;oLFkk dh n`f"V ls uhfr dks ns[krs gSa rc ge bls bruk lgh vFkok ljkguh; ugha ikrsAblesa vkS|ksfxd dk;Z&iz.kkyh ls izfrca/k gVkus ij tksj fn;k x;k Fkk ftlls izrhr gksrk gSfd cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk ds dk;Z dks c<+kus dk fopkj FkkA vr% uhfr dh lcls cM+h detksjh;g Fkh blesa bl rF; dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;k fd orZeku iz'kklu] izcU/k vkSjO;oLFkk fu/kkZfjr dk;ZØe ds fuHkkus ds fy, l{ke vkSj i;kZIr ugha gSaA igys Hkh uhfr;k¡dk;kZUo;u ds Lrj ij gh foQy gksrh jgh gSaA vr% tc rd dk;kZUo;u dh vksj leqfpr/;ku ugha fn;k tk,xk vkSj blds fy, midj.k vkSj O;oLFkk esa vko';d la'kks/ku ugha yk;ktk,xk] rc rd ok¡fNr lQyrk izkIr ugha gks ldsxhA

lu~ lu~ lu~ lu~ lu~ 1980 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfrdh vkS|ksfxd uhfrdh vkS|ksfxd uhfrdh vkS|ksfxd uhfrdh vkS|ksfxd uhfr(Industrial Policy of 1980)

dk¡xzsl ljdkj us 23 tqykbZ] 1980 dks ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA ;g uhfr eq[;:i ls lu~ 1956 dh uhfr ij gh vk/kkfjr FkhA tks uhfr 1977 dks cukbZ xbZ Fkh mlesa ,dnks"k ;g Fkk fd bl uhfr esa y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dks cgqr vf/kd egÙo fn;k x;k Fkk vkSjlkoZtfud rFkk cM+s iSekus ds m|ksxksa dh vuns[kh dh xbZ FkhA blls vlarqyu dh fLFkfrmRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk c<+ xbZ FkhA 1980 ds oDrO; esa bu m|ksxksa dks vkil esa ?kfu"B:i esa lac) Bgjk;k x;k vkSj ;g ekuk x;k fd buds chp dksbZ Vdjko ugha gSA bl ckrij cy fn;k x;k fd buds fodkl dks ,d la;qDr miØe ds :i esa xzg.k fd;k tkukpkfg,A tqykbZ 1980 ds vkS|ksfxd uhfr oDrO; ds dk;kZUo;u ds mís'; ls fofHkUu mik;fd, x,A

lu~ lu~ lu~ lu~ lu~ 1980 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡(Industrial Policy of 1980)

ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr vFkkZr~ lu~ 1980 dh uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡&

(1) y?kq m|ksxksa dh fuos'k lhek esa o`f) y?kq m|ksxksa dh fuos'k lhek esa o`f) y?kq m|ksxksa dh fuos'k lhek esa o`f) y?kq m|ksxksa dh fuos'k lhek esa o`f) y?kq m|ksxksa dh fuos'k lhek esa o`f) (Increase in Investment of SmallIndustries) &&&&& ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa y?kq vkSj lgk;d m|ksxksa esa mUufr ds fy,

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 107

fuos'k dh nj c<+kdj Øe'k% 20 yk[k vkSj 25 yk[k :i, rd dj nh xbZA vR;arNksVs ¼vfr y?kq½ (Tiny) m|ksxksa esa fuos'k dh nj c<+kdj 1 yk[k ls 2 yk[k :i,dj nh xbZ vkSj bu m|ksxksa dh izxfr ds fy, ;g izLrko j[kk x;k fd dfBukbZls miyC/k gksusokys eky ds cQj LVkd cukus dh ;kstuk tkjh dh tk,A

(2) gLrf'kYi] [kknh rFkk xzkeks|ksx &gLrf'kYi] [kknh rFkk xzkeks|ksx &gLrf'kYi] [kknh rFkk xzkeks|ksx &gLrf'kYi] [kknh rFkk xzkeks|ksx &gLrf'kYi] [kknh rFkk xzkeks|ksx & xzkeh.k bykdksa esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl djus dsfy, gFkdj?kk] gLrf'kYi rFkk [kknh tSls m|ksxksa dh vkSj fo'ks"k /;ku nsus dkfopkj j[kk x;kA xk¡oksa esa jkstxkj ds vf/kdkf/kd volj miyC/k djkus ds fy,nLrdkjh o xzkeks|ksxksa dks fodkl dh Å¡ph nj izkIr djus ds fy, izksRlkgu fn;kx;kA

(3) {ks=kh; vlarqyuksa dks larqfyr djuk µ{ks=kh; vlarqyuksa dks larqfyr djuk µ{ks=kh; vlarqyuksa dks larqfyr djuk µ{ks=kh; vlarqyuksa dks larqfyr djuk µ{ks=kh; vlarqyuksa dks larqfyr djuk µ larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl ds fy, ,slkvkS|ksfxd Lo:i j[kk x;k ftldh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ FkhµfiNMs bykdksa esa m|ksxkasdh LFkkiuk] LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa ds vuq:i m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj ,sls m|ksxksa dhLFkkiuk ftUgsa nwj&nwj rd fc[kjk;k tk ldsA bl izdkj larqfyr {ks=kh; fodklds y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, cM+s m|ksxksa o y?kq m|ksxksa nksuksa dk gh leqfpr fodklfd;k tkuk vko';d gSA

(4) vkfFkZd la?kokn rFkk fiNM+s bykds vkfFkZd la?kokn rFkk fiNM+s bykds vkfFkZd la?kokn rFkk fiNM+s bykds vkfFkZd la?kokn rFkk fiNM+s bykds vkfFkZd la?kokn rFkk fiNM+s bykds (Economic Federalism and BackwardDistricts) µµµµµ bl uhfr dh ubZ fo'ks"krk Fkh vkfFkZd la?kokn dh vo/kkj.kkA blvo/kkj.kk us ,dhÑr vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh fopkj/kkjk dks lkdkj :i fn;kA blesa;g O;oLFkk Fkh fd vkS|ksfxd n`f"V ls fiNM+s ftyksa esa dqN ,slh dsUnzorhZ la;U=kLFkkfir fd, tk, tks ;FkklaHko lgk;d rFkk dqVhj m|ksx iSnk dj ldsA dsUnzorhZl;U=kksa dks la;kstd l;a=kksa dk dke lkSaik x;kA ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd bl la;U=kdh ifjfèk esa vkusokys dkj[kkusa vius mRiknuksa ds la;kstu ds fy, la;=k ds iklHkstsA lkFk gh bl la;a=k dks y?kq m|ksxksa dh rduhd dk vk/kqfudhdj.k djusdk Hkh dke lkSaik x;kA vkS|ksfxd n`f"Vdks.k ls fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa uohu m|ksxksa dhlaHkkouk,¡ mRiUu gks tk,¡ rFkk orZeku m|ksxksa dh rsth ls fodkl ekxZ ij yk;ktk ldsA

(5) v/kkslajpuk v/kkslajpuk v/kkslajpuk v/kkslajpuk v/kkslajpuk (Infrastructure) µµµµµ bl uhfr esa v/kkslajpuk tSls dks;ys] ;krk;kr]fctyh vFkok 'kfDr ds fodkl ij cy fn;k tk,A ljdkj dh ;gh dksf'k'k jgsxhfd 'kfDr ds oSdfYid lk/ku dk fodkl fd;k tk,A bl 'kfDr dks lafpr djuslacaf/kr ;kstukvksa ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk nh tk,xhA

(6) vfrfjDr {kerk dk fu;eu vfrfjDr {kerk dk fu;eu vfrfjDr {kerk dk fu;eu vfrfjDr {kerk dk fu;eu vfrfjDr {kerk dk fu;eu (Regularisation of Excess Capacity) µµµµµ dbZ cM+sLrj ds dkj[kkuksa dh mRiknu {kerk ykblsaflx {kerk ls dgha vf/kd gSA vr%jk"Vªh; mRiknu c<+kus gsrq ljdkj bu dkj[kkuksa dks viuh {kerk dk iwjk mi;ksxdjus dh vuqefr nsA

(7) LokHkkfod vFkok Lopkfyr fodkl dk izko/kku LokHkkfod vFkok Lopkfyr fodkl dk izko/kku LokHkkfod vFkok Lopkfyr fodkl dk izko/kku LokHkkfod vFkok Lopkfyr fodkl dk izko/kku LokHkkfod vFkok Lopkfyr fodkl dk izko/kku (Provision for AutomaticGrowth) µµµµµ iw¡thxr inkFkks± dh c<+rh dherksa rFkk lk/kuksa dh deh ds pyrs bluhfr ds vuqlkj c<+rh gqbZ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, igys ls LFkkfirm|ksxksa dks mudh mRiknu {kerk c<+kus dk vf/kdkj fn;k tk,xkA


(8) fu;kZr iz/kku m|ksx fu;kZr iz/kku m|ksx fu;kZr iz/kku m|ksx fu;kZr iz/kku m|ksx fu;kZr iz/kku m|ksx (Export Oriented Industries) µµµµµ gekjs ns'k dks fons'kksa esafu;kZr djus ds fy, fons'kh eqnzk izkIr gksxh ftldh gekjs ns'k dks vko';drk gSAvr% bl uhfr esa fu;kZr iz/kku m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ij fopkj fd;k tk,xk vkSjmuds fy, dPps eky rFkk rduhd vkfn tqVkus esa lgk;rk nh tk,xhA

(9) dher fLFkjrk dher fLFkjrk dher fLFkjrk dher fLFkjrk dher fLFkjrk (Price Stability) µµµµµ bl uhfr ds vuqlkj m|ksxksa dks mfpr rFkklaHko lg;ksx fn, tk,axsA m|ksxksa ls vk'kk jgsxh fd os dherksa esa LFkkf;Ùo j[ksaAm|ksxksa dks lV~Vs rFkk tek[kksjh dk cfg"dkj djuk gksxk vkSj {kerkuqlkj mRiknudk vf/kdkf/kd foLrkj djuk gksxkA

(10) #X.k bdkb;k¡ ¼m|e½ #X.k bdkb;k¡ ¼m|e½ #X.k bdkb;k¡ ¼m|e½ #X.k bdkb;k¡ ¼m|e½ #X.k bdkb;k¡ ¼m|e½ (Sick Enterprises) µµµµµ bl uhfr dk y{; #X.k m|eksa dkmipkj djuk Hkh gSA bu bdkb;ksa dks futh {ks=k dh LoLFk vFkok fodflr bdkb;ksads lkFk feyk fn;k tk,xkA bUgs vk;dj vkfn ls Hkh jkgr nh tk,xhA vkSj ;fnmUgsa dq'ky o ykHkizn cukus ds lHkh nwljs iz;kl vlQy gks tkrs gSa rks ljdkjbUgsa vius LokfeÙo esa ysxhA

(11) lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k (Public Sector) µµµµµ bu m|ksxksa dh dq'kyrk esa o`f) dh tk,xhftlds fy, izcU/kdksa dks izf'k{k.k fnyok;k tk,xkA dq'ky rFkk O;olkf;d izo`fÙkokys O;fDr;ksa dks bu m|eksa dk izcU/kd fu;qDr fd;k tk,xkA gkfu okys m|eksadk lq/kkj fd;k tk,xk o lkoZtfud {ks=k dh izR,d bdkbZ dk mfpr fu;U=k.kfd;k tk,xkA

(12) vkS|ksfxd laca/k vkS|ksfxd laca/k vkS|ksfxd laca/k vkS|ksfxd laca/k vkS|ksfxd laca/k (Industrial Relations) µµµµµ gekjs ns'k esa vkS|ksfxd laca/k fcxM+rsjgrs gSa] ftuds dkj.k vkS|ksfxd mRiknu izHkkfor gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr dh vksjvc fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;k gSA ljdkj tgk¡ ,d vksj etnwjksa ds dY;k.k vkSjfgrksa dks vfèkd ls vf/kd egÙo nsrh gS ogha ;g Hkh t#jh ekurh gS fd etnwjksao izcU/kdksa ds chp jpukRed o e/kqj laca/k cus jgsA blds fy, ljdkj us f=ki{kh;Je lEesyuksa dh O;oLFkk dh] rkfd vkil esa ln~Hkko o jpukRed lg;ksx dhHkkouk iSnk gks ldsA

ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr] tqykbZ ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr] tqykbZ ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr] tqykbZ ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr] tqykbZ ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr] tqykbZ 1991(New Industrial Policy, July 1991)

24 tqykbZ 1991 dks Hkkjr ljdkj us viuh ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA bl uhfrdks [kqyh vkSj mnkjoknh uhfr ekuk x;k gS bl uhfr dk eq[; mís'; vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkkdks vuko';d fu;U=k.kksa ls eqDr djuk gSA bl uhfr esa ykblsaflx O;oLFkk dks yxHkx lekIrdj fn;k x;k gSA lkFk gh cgqr ls vkjf{kr m|ksxksa ds }kjk futh {ks=k ds fy, [kksy fn,gSaA ,dkf/kdkj vkSj izfrca/kd O;kikj O;ogkj vf/kfu;e ds v/khu m|ksxksa dh ifjlaifÙk lheklekIr dj nh xbZ gS rFkk fons'kh Qeks± dks vkSj fj;k;rsa nh xbZ gSaA bl uhfr dk eq[; mís';vkS|ksfxd dq'kyrk esa bruh o`f) djuk gS fd ns'k ds mRiknu dks varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj dhizfr;ksfxrk esa 'kfey gksus ;ksX; cuk;k tk ldsA 24 tqykbZ dks ?kksf"kr bl uhfr esa fy, x,fu.kZ;ksa dks fuEufy[kr ik¡p Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA

(1) vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflx uhfr (Industrial Licensing Policy)

(2) fons'kh iw¡th fuos'k (Foreign Capital Investment)

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 109

(3) fons'kh izkS|ksfxdh ls tqM+s le>kSrs (Foreign Tecnology Agsements)

(4) lkoZtfud {ks=k ls lacf/kr uhfr (Public Sector Policy)

(5) ,dkf/kdkj ,oe~ izfrca/kkRed O;kikj O;ogkj dkuwu (MRTP Act)

uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡(Main Features of the Policy)

(1) ykblsaflx dh lekfIr ykblsaflx dh lekfIr ykblsaflx dh lekfIr ykblsaflx dh lekfIr ykblsaflx dh lekfIr (Delicensing) & bl uhfr esa (1999) esa gq, la'kks/ku dsvuqlkj 6 eq[; m|ksxksa ¼og m|ksx tks ;k lqj{kk o lkekftd egÙo ds gSa ;k[krjukd oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrs gSaA½ dks NksM+dj ykbalsal lekIr dj fn;kgSA ;s Ng m|ksx gSa (1) flxjsV (2) 'kjkc (3) vkS"kf/k (4) j{kk midj.k(5) [krjukd jlk;u (6) foLQksVdA bu m|ksxksa ds vfrfjDr ckdh m|ksxksa dksjk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjk"Vªh; {ks=k esa vk/kqfud o izfr;ksxh cukus ds volj iznku fd,tk,axsA

(2) lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx (Industrial Reserved for PublicSector) – 1956 dh uhfr esa tks m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr Fks mudhla[;k 17 ls ?kVkdj 6 dj nh xbZ gSA ifjf'k"V I esa of.kZr ;s 6 m|ksx gSaµ (i)

vL=k] 'kL=k rFkk lqj{kk dk vU; lkeku] lqj{kk ds fy, ok;q;ku o ty;ku (ii)

ijek.kq ÅtkZ (iii) dks;yk o fyXukbV (iv) [kfut rsy (v) ijek.kq ÅtkZ ¼mRiknuo mi;ksx fu;U=k.k½ vkns'k] 1953 dh lwph esa ntZ [kfut (vi) jsy ifjogu vcbudh la[;k Ng ls ?kVdj pkj jg pqdh gSa lSfud lktks lkeku] ijek.kq ÅtkZ(Atomic Energy); ijek.kq /kkrqvksa dk [kuu rFkk jsy ifjogu gh lqjf{kr gksaxsAljdkjh miØeksa ds fy, vc rd vkjf{kr {ks=k futh {ks=k ds fy, [kksy fn, tk,axsA

(3) fons'kh iw¡th fons'kh iw¡th fons'kh iw¡th fons'kh iw¡th fons'kh iw¡th (Foreign Capital) & ?kjsyw vkS|ksfxd fuos'k dh rjg gh Hkkjr esafons'kh fuos'k ij fu;U=k.k yxk, tkrs jgs gSaA exj bl uhfr ds vuqlkj fons'khiw¡th fuos'k dh lhek 40% ls c<+kdj 51 izfr'kr dj nh xbZ gSA mPp izkFkfedrkds 47 m|ksxksa esa 57 izfr'kr rd dk fuos'k LorU=krkiwoZd fd;k tk ldrk gSA9 m|ksxkssa esa 74 izfr'kr rd iw¡th fuos'k dh vuqefr nh xbZA ;g Hkh crk;k x;kfd ;g lqfo/kk dsoy mUgha ekeyksa esa miyC/k gksxh tgk¡ fons'kh iw¡th fuos'k mRiknue'khuksa ds fy, t:jh gksxkA fu;kZr djusokys O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa esa Hkh 51 izfr'krrd fons'kh iw¡th fuos'k dh vuqefr nh tk,xhA bl laca/k esa fons'kh eqnzk fu;eudkuwu (FERA) esa vko';d la'kks/ku fd, tk,¡xsA bl izdkj dh fons'kh iw¡th fuos'kbdkb;ksa ij iqtsZ] dPps eky vkSj rduhdh tkudkjh ds vk;kr ds ekeyksa esa lkekU;fu;e ykxw gksaxs ysfdu fjtZo cSad fons'kksa dks Hksts x, ykHkk¡'kksa ij utj j[ksxkD;ksafd blls ckgj Hksth xbZ fons'kh eqnzk vkSj ml ij daiuh dh fu;kZr vk; dschp larqyu cuk jgsA ubZ uhfr ds vUrxZr fons'kh iw¡th ds vU; ekeyksa ds fy,igys LohÑfr ysuh iM+sxhA

(4) iathdj.k dh lekfIr iathdj.k dh lekfIr iathdj.k dh lekfIr iathdj.k dh lekfIr iathdj.k dh lekfIr (Abolition of Registration) & vc m|fe;ksa dks ubZifj;kstukvksa rFkk {kerk foLrkj ds fy, dsoy ,d lwpuk Kkiu gh nsuk gksxkAbl ubZ uhfr ds vuqlkj lHkh iathd`j.k ;kstuk,¡ nh tk,axhA


(5) y?kq m|ksxksa dks izksRlkgu µy?kq m|ksxksa dks izksRlkgu µy?kq m|ksxksa dks izksRlkgu µy?kq m|ksxksa dks izksRlkgu µy?kq m|ksxksa dks izksRlkgu µ y?kq {ks=k ds m|ksxksa ds vusd lqifjfpr ykHkksa dksè;ku esa j[krs gq, uhfr esa buds leqfpr fodkl ij fo'ks"k tksj Mkyk x;k gSAbudks etcwr vkSj ykHkdkjh cukus ds mís'; ls iqjkuh uhfr esa vusd ifjorZu fd,x, gSaA

bl lanHkZ esa orZeku uhfr dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk blds fy, dh xbZ foÙkO;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr gSA vHkh rd budks lLrk Ç.k fnykus ij tksj Fkk ij vcblds LFkku ij bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k x;k gS fd bum|ksxksa dks budh vko';drkuqlkj i;kZIr ek=kk esa foÙkh; lk/ku miyC/k gks ldsaA;g Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd dqN bu m|ksxksa ds fy, dqN oLrqvksa dk mRiknu lqjf{krj[kk tk,xkA mldk mRiknu cM+s m|ksx ugha dj ldsaxsA

(6) vk;kr dh lqfo/kk,¡ vk;kr dh lqfo/kk,¡ vk;kr dh lqfo/kk,¡ vk;kr dh lqfo/kk,¡ vk;kr dh lqfo/kk,¡ (Facilities of Import) & bl uhfr ds vuqlkj nks djksM+ #i,ls vFkok dqy iw¡th ds 25% ls de mRiknu e'khusa fcuk fdlh vuqefr ds vk;krdh tk ldsaxhA mRiknu e'khuksa ds vk;kr ds vU; ekeyksa esa fons'kh eqnzk miyfCèkds vuqlkj vkS|ksfxd fodkl eU=kky; dk vkS|ksfxd vuqefr lfpoky; vk;kr dhbtktr nsxkA

(7) ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;U=k.k ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;U=k.k ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;U=k.k ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;U=k.k ,dkf/kdkj dk fu;U=k.k (Control of Monopoly) & ,dkf/kdkjh laxBuksa ds dk;Zlapkyu dks fu;af=kr djus ds mís'; ls ,dkf/kdkj ,oe~ izfrjks/kkRed O;kikfjdO;ogkj vf/kfu;e cuk;k x;k ftls 1970 esa vey esa yk;k tkus yxkA vHkh rd;g vf/kfu;e ,slh daifu;ksa ij ykxw fd;k tkrk Fkk ftudh ifjlEifÙk dk ewY;100 djksM+ ;k blls vf/kd #i, FkkA bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr ,slh daifu;ksa dksbu vusd dk;ks± ds flyflys esa ljdkj ls iwoZ vuqefr ysuh t:jh FkhµtSls orZekubdkb;ksa dk foLrkj] ubZ bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk] foy;u] daifu;ksa ds 'ks;j dh [kjhnvkSj vUrj.k vkfnA exj ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa ifjlaifÙk dh lhek gVk yh xbZgSA vc bu laxBuksa dks mi;qZDr dk;ks± ds fy, ljdkj ls iwoZ LohÑfr ysuk vko';dugha jgkA ,dkf/kdkj dkuwu ykxw gksus ds fy, fu/kkZfjr iw¡th fuos'k dh lhek ghlekIr dj nh xbZ gSA

bl uhfr esa vuqfpr m|ksx ,oe~ O;kikfjd izo`fÙk;ksa dks fu;U=k.k esa j[kus ij T;knkegÙo fn;k tk,xkA

(8) iz'kklfud fu;U=k.k ls eqfDr iz'kklfud fu;U=k.k ls eqfDr iz'kklfud fu;U=k.k ls eqfDr iz'kklfud fu;U=k.k ls eqfDr iz'kklfud fu;U=k.k ls eqfDr (Freedom from Administrative controls) &orZeku m|ksxksa dks fcuk fdlh vfrfjDr iw¡th fuos'k ds vius ykblsal izkIr {ks=kesa fdlh Hkh oLrq ds mRiknu dh iwjh NwV gksxh D;ksafd u, m|ksxksa ds mRiknuo`f) dk;ZØeksa dks iz'kklfud fu;U=k.k ls eqDr dj fn;k x;k gSA

(9) ljdkjh izksRlkgu ljdkjh izksRlkgu ljdkjh izksRlkgu ljdkjh izksRlkgu ljdkjh izksRlkgu (Government Ecouragement) & ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dsvuqlkj {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa dks de djus ij cy fn;k tk,xkA blds fy, fiNM+sbykdksa esa m|ksx yxkus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk izksRlkgu fn;k tk,xkA

(10) m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Industries) & bl uhfr esa dgk x;k gSfd ftu {ks=kksa dh vkcknh nl yk[k gS] mUgsa NksM+dj vU; uxjksa esa ,sls m|ksxksads vfrfjDr ftuds ykblsal vfuok;Z gS] m|ksx yxkus ds fy, dsanzh; ljdkj lsbtktr ysus dh vko';drk ugha gksxhA nl yk[k tula[;k okys uxjksa ds ekeys

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 111

esa bySDVªkfuDl vkSj fdlh rjg ds vU; xSj iznw"k.kdkjh m|ksxksa dks NksM+djlHkh bdkb;k¡ uxj dh lhek ls 20 fdyksehVj nwj yxkbZ tk,axhA

(11) rduhdh fo'ks"kK rduhdh fo'ks"kK rduhdh fo'ks"kK rduhdh fo'ks"kK rduhdh fo'ks"kK (Technical Experts) & ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds vuqlkj fons'khrduhdh fo'ks"kK fu;qDr djus vFkok ns'k esa fodflr rduhdksa dk fons'kksa esaijh{k.k djkus ds fy, fons'kh eqnzk Hkqxrku dh vuqefr ysus dh vko';drk lekIrdj nh xbZ gSA

(12) ?kkVs esa py jgs ljdkjh m|ksx ?kkVs esa py jgs ljdkjh m|ksx ?kkVs esa py jgs ljdkjh m|ksx ?kkVs esa py jgs ljdkjh m|ksx ?kkVs esa py jgs ljdkjh m|ksx (Public Enterprises Incurring Loss) & ubZuhfr ds vuqlkj ?kkVs esa py jgs ljdkjh m|ksxksa dh tk¡p dk dk;Z vkS|ksfxd ,oe~foÙkh; iqufuZekZ.k cksMZ vFkok blh izdkj dk dksbZ vU; fo'ks"k laLFkku djsxkA tkslkoZtfud m|ksx xaHkhj fLFkfr esa gSa muds fy, ljdkj vyx ls ;kstuk cuk,xhblds dkj.k tks deZpkjh izHkkfor gksaxs muds fgrksa dh j{kk dk iz;Ru fd;k tk,xkA

(13) deZpkfj;ksa dks lqfo/kk,¡ deZpkfj;ksa dks lqfo/kk,¡ deZpkfj;ksa dks lqfo/kk,¡ deZpkfj;ksa dks lqfo/kk,¡ deZpkfj;ksa dks lqfo/kk,¡ (Facilities to Workers) & Jfedksa dks lkekftd lqj{kkiznku djus ds fy, jk"Vªh; uohuhdj.k fuf/k (National Renewal Fund) cukbZtk,xhA ;g fuf/k rduhd ifjorZu ds dkj.k izHkkfor Jfedksa dks lgk;rk iznkudjsxhA NaVuh fd, x, deZpkfj;ksa o Jfedksa ds iquokZl ds fy, lkekftd lqj{kk;kstuk cukbZ tk,xhA

(14) cksMks± dh LFkkiuk cksMks± dh LFkkiuk cksMks± dh LFkkiuk cksMks± dh LFkkiuk cksMks± dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Boards) & bl uhfr esa ;g izko/kku Hkhfd;k x;k gS fd dqN pqus gq, {ks=kksa esa izR;{k fons'kh iw¡th fuos'k ds fy, fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr cksMks± dk xBu fd;k tk,xk tks Hkkjr esa miØe yxkus ds ckjs esa cM+hvarjkZ"Vªh; daifu;ksa ds lkFk lc r; djsxkA ;g lc ,d fo'ks"k dk;ZØe ds varxZrr; fd;k tk,xkA rkfd cM+h ek=kk esa fons'kh iw¡th fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr fd;k tklds] vk/kqfudre rduhd izkIr dh tk lds rFkk Hkkjr dh igq¡p fo'o Hkj dheafM;ksa rd gks ldsA

uhfr dk ewY;kaduuhfr dk ewY;kaduuhfr dk ewY;kaduuhfr dk ewY;kaduuhfr dk ewY;kadu(Evaluation of the Policy)

1991 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds laca/k esa ftu ewy ckrksa dks Åij mYys[k fd;k x;k gS mulsLi"V gS fd ;g uhfr iqjkuh uhfr ls dkQh gn rd vyx gS blesa lkoZtfud {ks=k dh Hkwfedk?kVkdj futh {ks=k dks O;kid vkSj egÙoiw.kZ cuk fn;k gSA ;g uhfr vR;ar mnkjoknh gSftldk eq[; mís'; Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dks vuko';d iz'kklfud ,oe~ dkuwuh fu;a=k.kksa ls eqDrdjuk gSA bl uhfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa ØkfUrdkjh rFkk vk/kkjHkwrifjorZu gksus dh laHkkouk gSA bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk izeq[k mís'; iqjkuh vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ksals izkIr vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij ,d ,slh larqfyr uhfr rS;kj djuk gS] ftlesa iqjkuh uhfr;ksadh detksjh u gks] jkstxkj ds vf/kdkf/kd volj iznku fd, tk ldsa rFkk ns'k ds mRiknudks varZjk"Vªh; izfr;ksfxrk esa 'kkfey gksus ds ;ksX; cuk;k tk ldsA Jh lkYos ds vuqlkj ̂ ^;guhfr Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks lq/kkj dj vkxs dh vksj ys tk,xhA (The Policy would give

a forward thrust and improve the nation’s economy – Salve) orZeku uhfr ds vPNs ifj.kkefudyus dh laHkkouk gSA bl uhfr dk ewY;kadu ge i{k rFkk foi{k ds vk/kkj ij dj ldrsgSaA


uhfr ds i{k esa rdZ %&

(1) mnkjoknh mnkjoknh mnkjoknh mnkjoknh mnkjoknh (Liberalisation) & ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk izeq[k mís'; vkS|ksfxdfodkl ds ekxZ esa iz'kklfud ck/kkvksa dks nwj djds vFkZO;oLFkk dks vf/kd mnkjoknhcukuk gSA bl y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, 6 egÙoiw.kZ m|ksxksa dks NksM+dj ykblsaliz.kkyh lekIr dj nh xbZ gSA lkFk gh MRTP daifu;ksa dh ifjlaifÙk dh lhekdks Hkh lekIr dj fn;k gSA bl uhfr esa cM+s m|ksxksa dks viuk iw.kZ fodkl djusdh Lora=krk nh gSA

(2) dk;Z{kerk rFkk dq'kyrk esa o`f) dk;Z{kerk rFkk dq'kyrk esa o`f) dk;Z{kerk rFkk dq'kyrk esa o`f) dk;Z{kerk rFkk dq'kyrk esa o`f) dk;Z{kerk rFkk dq'kyrk esa o`f) (Increase in Working Capacity and Effi-ciency) & dkuwu esa fd, x, ifjorZu] vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflx uhfr] fons'kh rduhdhle>kSrs] fons'kh uhfr esa fd, x, ifjorZuksa ls 6 eq[; m|ksxksa dks NksM+dj ckdhm|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk djus ds fy, fdlh izdkj dh Lohd`fr ysus dh vko';drkugha iM+rhA bu m|ksxksa dh ifj;kstuk ykxw djus ds fy, de le; dh vko';drkgksxhA ifj;kstuk O;; esa cpr gksxh ftlds QyLo:i lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx vf/kdmRiknu dk;ks± ds fy, fd;k tk ldsxkA bu m|ksxksa esa izfr bdkbZ ykxr de gksxhlkFk gh dq'kyrk c<+sxhA

(3) mRiknu esa o`f) mRiknu esa o`f) mRiknu esa o`f) mRiknu esa o`f) mRiknu esa o`f) (Increase in Production) & iw¡th rduhdh le>kSrks rFkk fons'khfuos'k dk eq[; mís'; rduhd] foi.ku] izca/kdh; dq'kyrk rFkk fons'kh iw¡th dksvkdf"kZr djuk gSA blls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds lhfer lk/kuksa esa o`f) gksxh]ftlds QyLo:i ns'k ds mRiknu esa o`f) gksxhA

(4) izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f) izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f) izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f) izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f) izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f) (Increase in Compitition) & ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dsifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dh izfr;ksxh {kerk esa o`f) gksxhA ,dkf/kdkj izfrca/kkRed rFkk mfpr O;kikj (MRTP) ds fu;eu rFkk fu;a=k.k ij vf/kd tksj fn,tkus ds dkj.k vYikf/kdkjh rFkk ,dkf/kdkjh izo`fÙk;k¡ de gksaxhA ftlls izfr;ksfxrkdks izksRlkgu feysxkA izfr;ksfxrk c<+us ls tgk¡ dhersa de gksaxh ogha dq'kyrk esaHkh o`f) gksxhA

(5) lkoZtfud {ks=k esa dq'kyrk lkoZtfud {ks=k esa dq'kyrk lkoZtfud {ks=k esa dq'kyrk lkoZtfud {ks=k esa dq'kyrk lkoZtfud {ks=k esa dq'kyrk (Efficiency in Public Sector) & lkoZtfud {ks=k dsfy, _.k bdkb;ksa dks can djus] lkFk gh lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, lqjf{kr 17 m|ksxksadks de djds 4 fd, tkus ls bl {ks=k dh dq'kyrk esa o`f) gksxhA bl {ks=k dhdq'kyrk c<+kus ds fy, dbZ vU; mik; tSls vf/kd Lora=krk] fo'ks"kKksa }kjkizca/k vkfn dh lqfo/kk,¡ Hkh nh tk,axhA

(6) Jfedksa dk dY;k.k Jfedksa dk dY;k.k Jfedksa dk dY;k.k Jfedksa dk dY;k.k Jfedksa dk dY;k.k (Welfare of Workers) & ljdkj Jfedksa dh dq'kyrk c<+kusrFkk muds dY;k.k laca/kh fo'ks"k iz;Ru djsxhA Jfedksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ns'k dh izxfrrFkk le`f) ds fy, c<+kbZ tk,xhA

(7) y?kq m|ksxksa dks mfpr /;ku y?kq m|ksxksa dks mfpr /;ku y?kq m|ksxksa dks mfpr /;ku y?kq m|ksxksa dks mfpr /;ku y?kq m|ksxksa dks mfpr /;ku (Proper Significance to Small Scale Industries) &ns'k esa igyh ckj y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy, ,d vyx uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA;g uhfr 6 vxLr 1991 dks ?kksf"kr gksusokyh vkS|ksfxd uhfr gSA bl uhfr esa y?kqrFkk dqVhj rFkk vfr y?kq m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, dbZ egÙoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fy,x, gSaA 1991 esa y?kq m|ksxksa dh fuos'k lhek c<+kdj 1 djksM+ #i, dj nh xbZgS rFkk vfr y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy, 25 yk[k #i, dj nh xbZ gSA y?kq m|ksxksa dh

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 113

rduhdh dq'kyrk c<+kus ds fy, ljdkj mUgsa iwjk lg;ksx nsxhA

uhfr ds foi{k esa rdZ %&

ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa mi;qZDr xq.k gksus ds lkFk&lkFk dqN dfe;k¡ Hkh gSa ftUgsa nwj djus dsfy, fo'ks"k iz;kl djuk gksxkA Jh pUnz'ks[kj ds vuqlkj] ^^;g uhfr xk¡/khoknh uhfr lsfcYdqy fHkUu gSA** (It marked a complete drift, from the Gandhian Path) bl uhfr ds dkj.kvkS|ksfxd v'kkfUr mRiUu gksxh vkSj csjkstxkjh c<+sxhA Jh e/kq n.Mors ds vuqlkj] ̂ ^bl uhfrus ,dkf/kdkj ?kjkuksa dh lhek lekIr dj nh gSA blds QyLo:i y?kq m|ksxksa dks gkfumBkuh iM+sxhA csjkstxkjh o fu/kZurk c<+sxhA** (By abolishing the limits of assets MRTP

companies, the government has put the small scale sector in a sight corner. This would

seriously set back employment poverty alleviation – Madhu Dandvate) bl uhfr ds foi{kesa eq[; rdZ bl izdkj gSA

(1) m|ksxksa dk futhdj.k vius vki dq'kyrk ugha c<+k ldrk m|ksxksa dk futhdj.k vius vki dq'kyrk ugha c<+k ldrk m|ksxksa dk futhdj.k vius vki dq'kyrk ugha c<+k ldrk m|ksxksa dk futhdj.k vius vki dq'kyrk ugha c<+k ldrk m|ksxksa dk futhdj.k vius vki dq'kyrk ugha c<+k ldrk (Privatisation willnot automatically lead to Efficiency) & m|ksxksa dks futhdj.k dks bl ekU;rkds vk/kkj ij vf/kd egÙo fn;k x;k gS fd ,slk gksus ls bu m|ksxksa dhdk;Zdq'kyrk esa o`f) gksxhA exj dsoy futhdj.k djuk gh vius vkiesa dq'kyrkesa o`f) gksus dh xkj.Vh ugha gSA Hkkjr esa futh {ks=k esa vusd #X.k bdkb;k¡ gSaAdksbZ Hkh {ks=k vf/kd dq'ky rHkh gksxk tc og izfr;ksfxrk dk lkeuk djsxkA vr%;g ekU;rk vf/kd okLrfod ugha gSA

(2) vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk dsanzh;dj.k vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk dsanzh;dj.k vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk dsanzh;dj.k vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk dsanzh;dj.k vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk dsanzh;dj.k (Concentration of Economic Power) & ubZvkS|ksfxd uhfr ds dkj.k 'kfDr ds dsanzh;dj.k esa o`f) gksxh ,slk vkykspdksa dkdguk gSA (MRTP) esa la'kks/ku ds QyLo:i /kuh rFkk cM+s vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa dksgh vius m|ksxksa dk foLrkj djus dh Lora=krk nh xbZ gS tks mfpr izrhr ughagksrk D;ksafd blls vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds dsanzh;dj.k dks c<+kok feysxkA

(3) lkoZtfud {ks=k dks de egÙo lkoZtfud {ks=k dks de egÙo lkoZtfud {ks=k dks de egÙo lkoZtfud {ks=k dks de egÙo lkoZtfud {ks=k dks de egÙo (Reduction in the Role of the Public Sector) &ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds QyLo:i lkoZtfud {ks=k dk egÙo igys ls de gks x;kgSA dbZ m|ksxksa dk futhdj.k (Privatisation) fd;k tkuk rFkk m|ksxksa dk can fd;ktkuk lkoZtfud {ks=k ds egÙo ds de gksus dk izek.k gSA lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy,lqjf{kr 17 m|ksxksa dh bl la[;k dks de djds 6 dj fn;k x;k gSA bl lcdsdkj.k vk/kkjHkwr rFkk Hkkjh m|ksxksa ds fodkl dh nj esa deh vkus dh laHkkoukgSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd lkoZtfud {ks=k esa eq[; :i ls vk/kkjHkwr m|ksx ghFksA lkFk gh bl uhfr esa dbZ ,sls lq>ko ;k mik; Hkh izLrqr ugha fd, gSa ftllslkoZtfud {ks=k ds fodkl dks c<+kok fey ldsA

(4) y?kq m|ksxksa ds vuqdwy ugha y?kq m|ksxksa ds vuqdwy ugha y?kq m|ksxksa ds vuqdwy ugha y?kq m|ksxksa ds vuqdwy ugha y?kq m|ksxksa ds vuqdwy ugha (Not Good Effection Small Scale Industries) &ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr y?kq Lrj ds m|ksxksa ds fy, vuqdwy ugha gS D;ksafd Jh ts-lh- lUnslkjk ds vuqlkj& ubZ mnkjoknh uhfr;ksa] fons'kh iw¡th dks NwV rFkk cM+hdaifu;ksa dks vf/kd Lora=krk ds QyLo:i izfr;ksfxrk c<+sxhA ,slk gksus ls y?kqm|ksx cM+s m|ksxksa rFkk fons'kh daifu;ksa ds lkeus fVd ugha ik,axsA blls mudsvfLrÙo ij cqjk vlj iM+sxkA

(5) {ks=kh; lekurk ugha {ks=kh; lekurk ugha {ks=kh; lekurk ugha {ks=kh; lekurk ugha {ks=kh; lekurk ugha (Not Regional Balance) & ykblsaflax uhfr ds vf/kd


mnkjoknh gksus rFkk m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ij ls izfrca/k ?kVkus ds QyLo:i lHkhm|eh u, m|ksxksa dks fodflr LFkkuksa ij yxkuk pkgsaxsA fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa de m|ksxLFkkfir fd, tk,axs ftlds QyLo:i vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj {ksf=k; lekurk ughajgsxhA

(6) fons'kh _.k dk cks> fons'kh _.k dk cks> fons'kh _.k dk cks> fons'kh _.k dk cks> fons'kh _.k dk cks> (Burden of Foreign Loan) & cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dksvko';drk ls vf/kd Lora=krk nsus ls ns'k dh vkfFZkd izHkqlÙkk ij cqjk izHkko iM+sxkftlls ns'k ij fons'kh _.k dk cks> Hkh c<+ tk,xkA

(7) lkekftd mís';ksa ij /;ku ugha lkekftd mís';ksa ij /;ku ugha lkekftd mís';ksa ij /;ku ugha lkekftd mís';ksa ij /;ku ugha lkekftd mís';ksa ij /;ku ugha (Ignores Social Objectives) & bl uhfr esafu/kkZfjr lkekftd mís';ksa dh Hkh vogsyuk dh xbZ gSA ;kstukvksa esa lkekftdmís';ksa tSls futh {ks=k dh rqyuk esa lkekftd {ks=k dks vf/kd egÙo] vkfFkZd 'kfDrfuth m|fe;ksa ds gkFkksa esa dsanzh;dj.k dh deh] {ks=kh; vlekurk esa deh] y?kqm|ksxksa dks izksRlkgu vkfn dh rjg /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA

ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr 1991 dk fØ;kUo;udk fØ;kUo;udk fØ;kUo;udk fØ;kUo;udk fØ;kUo;u(Implementation of New Industrial Policy)

ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dks ykxw gq, 10 o"kZ ls Åij gks pqds gSaA bl vof/k esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=kesa fuEufyf[kr ifjorZu vFkok lq/kkj gq, gSaA

(1) ykblsaflx esa deh ykblsaflx esa deh ykblsaflx esa deh ykblsaflx esa deh ykblsaflx esa deh (Reduction in Licensing) & lu 1999 ls dsoy 6 m|ksxksads fy, ykblsal ysuk vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;k gSA budh la[;k igys 17 FkhA

(2) lkoZtfud {ks=k esa deh lkoZtfud {ks=k esa deh lkoZtfud {ks=k esa deh lkoZtfud {ks=k esa deh lkoZtfud {ks=k esa deh (Decreasing in Public Sector) & ljdkjh {ks=k ds fy,vkjf{kr m|ksxksa dh la[;k dsoy pkj jg xbZ gSA ;s m|ksx gSa& (1) ijek.kq ÅtkZ](2) j{kk mRiknu] (3) ijek.kq [kfut] (4) jsyos ifjoguA

(3) fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu (Encouragement to Exports) & fu;kZr dks izksRlkfgr djusds mís'; ls fu;kZr laca/kh {ks=kksa esa fodkl deh'uj 100 izfr'kr mRiknu dk fu;kZrdjusokys ;wfuVksa ds laca/k esa twu 1983 esa fo'ks"k vf/kdkj fn, x, gSa tks igys foÙkea=kky; ds ikl FksA blds QyLo:i fu;kZr m|eksa dh dfBukb;k¡ nwj gks tk,axhA

(4) fons'kh fuos'k dks c<+kok fons'kh fuos'k dks c<+kok fons'kh fuos'k dks c<+kok fons'kh fuos'k dks c<+kok fons'kh fuos'k dks c<+kok (Increasing in Foreign Investment) & Hkkjrh; m|ksxksaesa fons'kh fuos'k dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, fons'kh fuos'k ds iw¡th ykHk ij yxk,tkusokys djksa dh fj;k;rh nj 30 izfr'kr dj nh xbZ gSA ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dsdkj.k fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k esa dkQh o`f) gqbZ gSA 1991 esa 351 djksM+ #i, dkizR;{k fuos'k fd;k x;kA ;g 1999 esa c<+dj 8,418 djksM+ #i, gks x;kA 1991

ls 2001 rd 1,05,413 djksM+ #i, dk izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k fd;k x;kA

(5) cM+s m|ksxksa dk QSyko cM+s m|ksxksa dk QSyko cM+s m|ksxksa dk QSyko cM+s m|ksxksa dk QSyko cM+s m|ksxksa dk QSyko (Expansion of Large Scale Industries) & flys gq, diM+ksadk mRiknu tks igys y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy, lqjf{kr Fkk vc cM+s m|ksxksa ds fy,[kksy fn;k x;k gSA ijUrq mUgsa vius mRiknu dk 50 izfr'kr Hkkx fu;kZr djukiM+sxk rFkk e'khujh vkfn esa mudk vpy iw¡th fuos'k 1 djksM+ #i, ls vf/kd ughagksxkA

(6) 'kqYdksa esa deh 'kqYdksa esa deh 'kqYdksa esa deh 'kqYdksa esa deh 'kqYdksa esa deh (Reduction in Duties) & iw¡thxr oLrqvksa ij mRiknu 'kqYd de

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 115

fd, x, rFkk iw¡th laca/kh ykxrksa dks de djus rFkk fuos'k dks izksRlkfgr djusds fy, vk;kr 'kqYd Hkh de fd, x,A

(7) m|ksxksa ds fy, _.k lhek esa o`f) m|ksxksa ds fy, _.k lhek esa o`f) m|ksxksa ds fy, _.k lhek esa o`f) m|ksxksa ds fy, _.k lhek esa o`f) m|ksxksa ds fy, _.k lhek esa o`f) (Increase in Lending Limits) & m|ksxksads fy, _.k lhek 5 djksM+ #i, ls c<+kdj 50 djksM+ #i, dj nh xbZ gSA

(8) fiNM+s bykdksa esa fctyh mRiknu rFkk m|ksxksa ds fy, djksa esa NwV fiNM+s bykdksa esa fctyh mRiknu rFkk m|ksxksa ds fy, djksa esa NwV fiNM+s bykdksa esa fctyh mRiknu rFkk m|ksxksa ds fy, djksa esa NwV fiNM+s bykdksa esa fctyh mRiknu rFkk m|ksxksa ds fy, djksa esa NwV fiNM+s bykdksa esa fctyh mRiknu rFkk m|ksxksa ds fy, djksa esa NwV (Concessionto Industries in Backward Areas and for Power Generation) & vkS|ksfxdn f̀"V ls fiNM+s jkT;ksa esa u, m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, ;g ns'k esa fdlh Hkh LFkkuij fctyh mRiknu djus ds fy, ik¡p o"kZ rd dh NwV nh xbZ gSA

(9) fu;kZr _.k iqufoZr lhekvks esa o`f) fu;kZr _.k iqufoZr lhekvks esa o`f) fu;kZr _.k iqufoZr lhekvks esa o`f) fu;kZr _.k iqufoZr lhekvks esa o`f) fu;kZr _.k iqufoZr lhekvks esa o`f) (Increase in Export Credit Reginance) &fu;kZr _.k iqufoZr lhekvksa esa o`f) gqbZ gSA iqufoZr _.k dk 90 izfr'kr rdvesfjdh MkWyj esa miyC/k gksxkA

(10) _.k vkS|ksfxd daiuh ,DV esa la'kks/ku _.k vkS|ksfxd daiuh ,DV esa la'kks/ku _.k vkS|ksfxd daiuh ,DV esa la'kks/ku _.k vkS|ksfxd daiuh ,DV esa la'kks/ku _.k vkS|ksfxd daiuh ,DV esa la'kks/ku (Amendment in Sick IndustrialCompanies Act) & daifu;ksa dh #X.krk dk izkjaHk esa gh irk yxkus rFkkmipkjkRed mik;ksa dks 'kh?kz ykxw djus ds fy, fnlacj 1993 esa _.k vkS|ksfxddaiuh ,DV esa (1981) la'kks/ku fd;k x;kA

(11) C;kt dh nj esa deh C;kt dh nj esa deh C;kt dh nj esa deh C;kt dh nj esa deh C;kt dh nj esa deh (Reduction in the Rate of Interest) & m|ksxksa dks fn,tkusokys mPpre _.k Lyso ij U;wure m/kkj nsus dh nj dks ?kVkdj 15 izfr'krdj fn;k x;k gSA

fu"d"kZfu"d"kZfu"d"kZfu"d"kZfu"d"kZ(Conclusion)

ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr 24 tqykbZ 1991 dks ykxw dh xbZA ;g ,d mnkjoknh uhfr FkhA bldsvkS|ksfxd mRiknu ds fuEu izHkko iM+s FksA

(1) y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx (Cottage and Small Scale Industries) & ubZ vkS|ksfxduhfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i y?kq Lrj ds m|ksxksa ij feyk&tqyk gh vlj jgkA 1992esa y?kq m|ksxksa dh la[;k 22 yk[k Fkh tks 2002 esa c<+dj 35.70 yk[k gks xbZAblh izdkj budk mRiknu 1992 esa 2,09,300 djksM+ #i, Fkk og 2002 esa c<+dj7,42,021 djksM+ #i, gks x;kA blls izkIr jkstxkj 134 yk[k ls c<+dj 200 yk[kgks x;kA exj ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds dkj.k dbZ oLrqvksatSls is; inkFkZ] lkcqu] vkblØhe esa budh cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ls izfr;ksfxrk c<+xbZA bldk bu m|ksxksa ij cqjk izHkko iM+k gSA

(2) vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa o`f) nj vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa o`f) nj vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa o`f) nj vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa o`f) nj vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa o`f) nj (Growth Rate of Industrial Production) & ubZvkS|ksfxd uhfr ds QyLo:i vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dh o`f) nj esa gksusokyk ifjorZufuEu rkfydk ls Li"V gksrk gSA

Growth Rate of Industrial ProductionYear Growth Rate1990-91 8.3

1991-92 0.2

1992-93 2.3


1993-94 6.0

1994-95 9.7

1995-96 12.1

1996-97 7.1

1998-99 4

1999-2000 6.5

2000-2001 5

2001-2002 2.7

mijksDr rkfydk ls irk pyrk gS fd ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds dkj.k igys nks o"kks±1991-92 rFkk 1992-93 esa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dh o`f) nj esa cgqr deh gqbZA ;g8.3 izfr'kr ls de gksdj 2.3 izfr'kr gks xbZA ijarq 1993 esa c<+dj ;g 12.1 gksxbZ ijarq 1997-98 esa ;s nksckjk de gksdj 6.5 izfr'kr gks xbZA vkS|ksfxd mRiknudh o`f) nj 1998-99 esa de gksdj 4 izfr'kr gks xbZ tcfd 2001-02 esa ;g degksdj 2.7 izfr'kr gks xbZA vr% ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds QyLo:i vHkh rdvkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa o`f) ugha gqbZA blds dbZ dkj.k gSa] tSls& vk/kkjHkwr {ks=kksatSls fctyh] ;krk;kr vkfn dh vM+pusa (Constraints of Infrastructure) _.kmiyC/krk dh dehA [kuu rFkk [kfut m|ksxksa ds mRiknu esa deh] fu;kZr dh ek¡xesa deh cpr rFkk fuos'k dh nj esa deh] C;kt dh Åaph nj] nsjh ls ctV izLrqrdjus ds dkj.k ek¡x esa gqbZ lkekU; dehA

(3) fons'kh rduhd fons'kh rduhd fons'kh rduhd fons'kh rduhd fons'kh rduhd (Foreign Investment) & fons'kh fuos'k ij ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfrdk dkQh vPNk izHkko iM+k gSA 1991 ls 2000 rd 2,70,064 djksM+ #i;s ds fons'khizR;{k fuos'k dh Lohd`fr nh xbZ rFkk 42,173 djksM+ #i, dk fons'kh fuos'k okLroesa fd;k x;kA ;s fuos'k fiNys 20 o"kZ ls Lohdkj fd, x, fuos'k ls vf/kd gSaA

la{ksi esa] tqykbZ 1991 ls Hkkjrh; m|ksx esa mldh lajpuk vkSj dk;Zdj.k esavkèkkjHkwr ifjorZu vk;k gSA ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds QyLo:i vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflaxesa cM+s iSekus ij deh gqbZ gSA izfØ;k rFkk fu;eksa dks ljy cuk;k x;k gSAlkoZtfud {ks=k ds vkdkj esa deh dh xbZ gSA lkoZtfud {ks=k ds dbZ m|eksa ds'ks;j iw¡th dk fofuos'k (Disinvestment) fd;k x;k gSA fons'kh Hkkxhnkjh dh lhekvksaesa o`f) dh xbZ gSA O;kikfjd fofue; nj uhfr;ksa dk mnkjhdj.k fd;k x;k gSAlhek 'kqYdksa] mRiknu 'kqYdksa] fuxe djksa rFkk vk;djksa dh njksa dks de fd;k x;kgSA fu;kZr djusokys m|ksxksa rFkk y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dks fo'ks"k lqfo/kk,¡ iznkudh xbZ gSaA

vkS|ksfxd vkS|ksfxd vkS|ksfxd vkS|ksfxd vkS|ksfxd (fodkl ,oe~ fu;eufodkl ,oe~ fu;eufodkl ,oe~ fu;eufodkl ,oe~ fu;eufodkl ,oe~ fu;eu) vf/kfu;e] vf/kfu;e] vf/kfu;e] vf/kfu;e] vf/kfu;e] 1951Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951

ns'k esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh izfØ;k ij fu;a=k.k j[kus rFkk mldk fu;eu djus ds mís';ls vDVwcj 1951 esa laln esa ,d vf/kfu;e ikl fd;k x;kA m|ksx (fodkl ,oe~ fu;eu)

vf/kfu;e 1951 uked ;g vf/kfu;e 8 ebZ] 1952 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA ;|fi bl vf/kfu;edk y{; futh {ks=k dk fodkl o fu;eu Fkk rFkkfi bles vf/kdrj ̂ fu;eu* ij tksj fn;kx;kA bl vf/kfu;e ds eq[; mís'; Fks&

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 117

(1) ;kstukvksa dh izkFkfedrkvksa ,oe~ y{;ksa ds vuq:i vkS|ksfxd fuos'k o mRiknu dkfu;eu djukA

(2) NksVs m|ksxifr;ksa dh cM+s m|ksxifr;ksa ds lkFk Li/kkZ ls j{kk djukA

(3) m|ksxksa ds LokfeÙo o ladsUnz.k dks jksduk rFkk

(4) ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds fodkl Lrjksa esa vUrjksa dks de djuk rkfd larqfyr {ks=kh;fodkl izkIr fd;k tk ldsA

(5) m|ksxksa esa vk/kqfud rduhd dks izksRlkguA

(6) miyC/k lk/kuksa dk mfpr iz;ksxA

vf/kfu;e dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡vf/kfu;e dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡vf/kfu;e dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡vf/kfu;e dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡vf/kfu;e dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡(Main Features of the Act)

vf/kfu;e dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gSA

(1) ykblsaflax rFkk iathdj.k ykblsaflax rFkk iathdj.k ykblsaflax rFkk iathdj.k ykblsaflax rFkk iathdj.k ykblsaflax rFkk iathdj.k (Licensing and Registration) & bl vf/kfu;e dsvuqlkj bldh izFke vuqlwph (first Schedule) esa 'kkfey lHkh pkyw m|ksxksa dks ,dfuf'pr vof/k rd ljdkj ds ikl viuk iathdj.k djkuk gksrk gSA u, dkj[kkusaLFkkfir djus rFkk pkyw dkj[kkuksa dks viuh mRiknu {kerk dk foLrkj djus dsfy, ljdkj ls ykblsal ysuk vko';d gSA ljdkj dks ;g vf/kdkj Hkh fn;k x;kgS fd og iathdj.k rFkk ykblsal dks jí Hkh dj ldrh gSA

(2) ljdkj }kjk fu;a=k.k ,oe~ izR;{k izca/k dh O;oLFkk ljdkj }kjk fu;a=k.k ,oe~ izR;{k izca/k dh O;oLFkk ljdkj }kjk fu;a=k.k ,oe~ izR;{k izca/k dh O;oLFkk ljdkj }kjk fu;a=k.k ,oe~ izR;{k izca/k dh O;oLFkk ljdkj }kjk fu;a=k.k ,oe~ izR;{k izca/k dh O;oLFkk (Provision for Controland Direct Management by Government) & bl vf/kfu;e esa ;g O;oLFkk Hkhdh xbZ gS fd ljdkj vxzfyf[kr nks fLFkfr;ksa esa fu;a=k.k o izca/k vius gkFkksa esays ldrh gSA (i) ;fn dkj[kkus dk izca/k mlds ;k tufgr ds fo#) fd;k tkjgk gksA (ii) ;fn dksbZ dkj[kkuk ljdkj }kjk mlds lq/kkj ds fy, fn, x, lq>koksadks ykxw ugha djrk gSA

(3) fodklkRed laLFkk,a fodklkRed laLFkk,a fodklkRed laLFkk,a fodklkRed laLFkk,a fodklkRed laLFkk,a (Promotional Institute) & bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr fuEulaLFkkvksa dh O;oLFkk m|ksxksa dk fodkl djus ds fy, dh xbZ gSA

(i) dsanzh; lykgdkj lfefr dsanzh; lykgdkj lfefr dsanzh; lykgdkj lfefr dsanzh; lykgdkj lfefr dsanzh; lykgdkj lfefr (The Central Advisory Council) – ;g lfefrebZ 1953 esa LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA blesa m|ksx Je rFkk miHkksDrk oxZ dsizfrfuf/k gksrs gSaA dsanzh; ljdkj ds m|ksxea=kh blds v/;{k gksrs gSaA lfefrm|ksxksa dh lkekU; leL;kvksa ij fopkj djrh gSA ;g dkuwu ds iz'kkluds laca/k esa dsanzh; ljdkj dks lykg nsrh gSA m|ksx laca/kh vk¡dM+ksa ds,d=khdj.k ds fy, vko';d fu;ekoyh dk fu/kkZj.k Hkh ;g lfefr djrhgSA m|ksxksa ds iathdj.k] ykblsal nsus ;k lekIr djus ds fo'ks"k ekeyksaesa blls fopkj foe'kZ fd;k tkrk gSA

(ii) iqujkoyksdu lfefr iqujkoyksdu lfefr iqujkoyksdu lfefr iqujkoyksdu lfefr iqujkoyksdu lfefr (The Renewing Sub-committee) – iqujkoyksdulfefr dsanzh; lykgdkj lfefr dh ,d mi&lfefr gksrh gSA ;g bl ckrdk iqujkoyksdu djrh gS fd le;≤ ij fdrus ykblsal fn, x,]


fdrus vLohd`r dj fn, x, rFkk fdrus jí (Revoke) dj fn, x,A

(iii) fodkl ifj"kn fodkl ifj"kn fodkl ifj"kn fodkl ifj"kn fodkl ifj"kn (Development Councils) – fodkl ifj"kn dk xBufdlh ,d m|ksx vFkok m|ksxksa ds lewg ds fodkl ds fy, fd;k tkrkgSA bu ifj"knksa ds lnL; fofHkUu {ks=kksa tSls Jfedksa] miHkksDrkvksa rFkkrduhdh fo'ks"kKksa ds izfrfuf/k gksrs gSaA budh LFkkiuk m|ksxksa dk mRiknuc<+kus] mudh dk;Z{kerk esa o`f) djus] mudh mRikndrk c<+kus] mRiknudh fdLe esa lq/kkj djus rFkk izca/k laca/kh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djusds fy, dh tkrh gSA vc rd yxHkx 20 fodkl lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiukdh xbZ FkhA ijarq buesa ls bl le; 13 fodkl lfefr;k¡ gh dk;Z djjgh gSaA

(iv) vkS|ksfxd iSuy vkS|ksfxd iSuy vkS|ksfxd iSuy vkS|ksfxd iSuy vkS|ksfxd iSuy (Industrial Panel) – vkS|ksfxd iSuy mu m|ksxksa ds fy,LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSa ftuds fy, fodkl ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk ugha dhxbZ gSA buds lnL; fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk izfrfuf/kÙo djusokys dqN fo'ks"kKgksrs gSaA ;s iSuy lacaf/kr m|ksxksa dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djdsmfpr lq>ko nsrs gSaA

(4) m|ksxksa dh tk¡p m|ksxksa dh tk¡p m|ksxksa dh tk¡p m|ksxksa dh tk¡p m|ksxksa dh tk¡p (Investigation of an Industry or Enterprice) & ljdkj fuEupkj voLFkkvksa esa fdlh m|e dh tk¡p ds vkns'k ns ldrh gSA (i) ;fn m|ksx;k m|e ds mRiknu esa fujarj deh gks jgh gksA (ii) mRikfnr oLrqvksa ds ewY;ksaesa vlkekU; o`f) gks jgh gksA (iii) m|ksx dk dqizca/k gks jgk gksA (iv) mRikfnroLrqvks dh DokfyVh esa fujarj fxjkoV vk jgh gksA ljdkj tk¡p ds ckn m|ksxesa vko';d lq/kkj djkus dk vkns'k ns ldrh gSA

(5) iwfrZ] forj.k rFkk ewY;ksa ij fu;a=k.k iwfrZ] forj.k rFkk ewY;ksa ij fu;a=k.k iwfrZ] forj.k rFkk ewY;ksa ij fu;a=k.k iwfrZ] forj.k rFkk ewY;ksa ij fu;a=k.k iwfrZ] forj.k rFkk ewY;ksa ij fu;a=k.k (Control of Supply, Distribution andPrices) & ljdkj dks ;g vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS fd og (i) fdlh oLrq ds forj.kdks fu;fer djus ds fy, ijfeV dh O;oLFkk dj ldrh gSA (ii) fdlh oLrq dkewY; fu/kkZfjr dj ldrh gSA (iii) fdlh oLrq dh fcØh dks iwjh rjg can dj ldrhgSA

vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax uhfrvkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax uhfrvkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax uhfrvkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax uhfrvkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax uhfr(Industrial Licensing Policy)

Hkkjr ljdkj us vkS|ksfxd vf/kfu;e 1951 ds vuqlkj m|ksxksa ds fu;a=k.k ds fy, ykblsalO;oLFkk viukbZ gSA ykblsal og fyf[kr vkKk gS tks fdlh m|e dks ljdkj ls feyrh gSAftlds vuqlkj mlesa fyf[kr oLrq dk mRiknu djuk gksrk gSA ykblsal esa dqN vkSj ckrsa Hkh'kkfey gksrh gSa tSls& mRikfnr dh tkusokyh oLrq dk uke] m|e dk foLrkj] dkj[kkukLFkkfir djus dk LFkku] mRiknu {kerk dh lhek vkfnA

(1) ykblsal ds mís'; ykblsal ds mís'; ykblsal ds mís'; ykblsal ds mís'; ykblsal ds mís'; (Objectives of Licensing) & Hkkjr esa ykblsaflax dk mís';ns'k dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr eq[;r% futh {ks=k ls lacaf/kr uhfr dks mfpr <ax ls ykxwdjuk gSA ykblsal O;oLFkk ds eq[; mís'; ;s gSa& (i) m|ksxksa dk dsanzh;dj.k(Centralisation of Industries) dks jksdukA (ii) y?kq m|ksxksa dks izksRlkgu(Incouragement of Small Industries), (iii) ;kstukvksa esa y{;ksa ds vuqlkj vkS|ksfxd

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 119

fuos'k ,oe~ mRiknu dk fu;a=k.k ,oe~ fodklA (iv) larqfyr {ks=kh; fodklA

(2) Hkkjr esa ykblsaflax dk fodkl Hkkjr esa ykblsaflax dk fodkl Hkkjr esa ykblsaflax dk fodkl Hkkjr esa ykblsaflax dk fodkl Hkkjr esa ykblsaflax dk fodkl (Evaluation of Licensing of India) & Hkkjr esaykblsaflax dk izkjEHk 1952 esa fd;k x;kA blesa le;≤ ij dbZ nks"k mRiUugksrs pys x,A ljdkj }kjk ykblsaflax O;oLFkk dh tk¡p djus rFkk mlesa lq/kkjdjus ds fy,] lq>ko nsus ds fy, dqN lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ tSls&

(i) gtkjh lfefr gtkjh lfefr gtkjh lfefr gtkjh lfefr gtkjh lfefr (Hazari Committee) – bl lfefr dh LFkkiuk MkW- vkj-ds- gtkjh dh v/;{krk esa lu~ 1967 esa dh xbZA bl lfefr dh LFkkiukdk mís'; vkS|ksfxd vf/kfu;e 1951 dh tk¡p djuk FkkA bl lfefr uspkyw ykblsal uhfr ds dbZ nks"kksa rFkk mlls lacaf/kr lq>koksa dk viuhfjiksVZ esa mYys[k fd;kA

(ii) nÙk lfefr nÙk lfefr nÙk lfefr nÙk lfefr nÙk lfefr (Dutta Committee) – ljdkj us gtkjh lfefr dh fjiksVZds vk/kkj ij ykblsal iz.kkyh ds dk;Z izca/k dh tk¡p djus rFkk mlesalq/kkj djus ds laca/k esa lq>ko nsus ds fy, nÙk lfefr dh fu;qfDr dhFkhA bl lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ 1969 esa izLrqr dj nh FkhA nÙk lfefrdks vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax uhfr tk¡p lfefr (Industrial Licensing Policy

Enquiry Committee) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA nÙk lfefr dh fjiksVZ ds fu"d"kks±rFkk flQkfj'kksa ds izdk'ku esa ljdkj us 1970 esa ubZ vkS|ksfxd ykblsaluhfr (Industrial Licensing Policy 1970) dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA bl uhfr esale;≤ ij tSls 1973, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1985 rFkk 1991 esa ifjorZufd;k tkrk jgk gSA bu ifjorZuksa dk eq[; mís'; ykblsaflax iz.kkyh dksvf/kd ljy rFkk mnkjoknh cukuk gSA

(3) ykblsal izkIr djus dh vfuok;Zrk ykblsal izkIr djus dh vfuok;Zrk ykblsal izkIr djus dh vfuok;Zrk ykblsal izkIr djus dh vfuok;Zrk ykblsal izkIr djus dh vfuok;Zrk (Compulsion for Licensing) & ykblsaflaxuhfr ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr n'kkvksa esa ykblsal izkIr djuk vko';d gSA

(i) fdlh ubZ oLrq dk mRiknu djus ds fy,A

(ii) u, dkj[kkus dh LFkkiuk ds fy,A

(iii) orZeku dkj[kkus dk LFkku ifjorZu ds fy,A

(iv) orZeku dkj[kkuksa dks viuh mRiknu {kerk dk foLrkj djus ds fy,A

mijksDr n'kkvksa esa fdlh dkj[kkusa dks ykblsal izkIr djus ds fy, ljdkj dks vkosnu(Application for Licensing) nsuk iM+rk gSA

lu~ 1970 ls orZeku le; rd ykblsal uhfr esa fd, tkusokys la'kks/kuksa ds dkj.k orZekuykblsaflax uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ;s gSaA

(1) vfuok;Z ykblsaflax vfuok;Z ykblsaflax vfuok;Z ykblsaflax vfuok;Z ykblsaflax vfuok;Z ykblsaflax (Compulsory Licensing) & lu~ 1951 dh ykblsal uhfr dsvuqlkj mu m|ksxksa ds fy, ykblsal izkIr djuk vko';d Fkk ftudh LFkkbZ iw¡th10 yk[k #i, FkhA 1970 esa bl lhek dks c<+kdj ,d djksM+ #i, dj fn;k x;kAlu~ 1978 esa bl lhek dks c<+kdj 3 djksM+ #i,] 1983 esa 5 djksM+ #i,] 1985

esa 15 djksM+ #i, rFkk 1990 esa 25 djksM+ #i, dj fn;k x;kA 1991 dh ubZvkS|ksfxd uhfr ds vuqlkj dsoy mu 14 m|ksxksa ds fy, ykblsal ysuk vfuok;Z


Fkk tks i;kZoj.k] lqj{kk] [krjukd oLrqvksa rFkk mPp oxZ ds miHkksx dh oLrqvksadk mRiknu djrs FksA 1999 esa budh la[;k dks de djds 6 dj fn;k x;k gSAvU; lHkh m|ksxksa ds fy, ykblsal O;oLFkk lekIr dj nh xbZ gSA

(2) mRiknu {kerk ds foLrkj gsrq ykblsaflax mRiknu {kerk ds foLrkj gsrq ykblsaflax mRiknu {kerk ds foLrkj gsrq ykblsaflax mRiknu {kerk ds foLrkj gsrq ykblsaflax mRiknu {kerk ds foLrkj gsrq ykblsaflax (Licensing for Expansion ofProduction Capacity) & 1970 dh ykblsal uhfr ds vuqlkj ,dkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e(MRTPA) ds varxZr vkusokys m|ksxksa dks viuh mRiknu {kerk dk 25 izfr'kr lsvf/kd foLrkj djus ds fy, ykblsal ysuk vfuok;Z Fkk 1991 dh uhfr ds vuqlkjmRiknu {kerk dk foLrkj djus ds fy, dksbZ ykblsal ysus dh vko';drk ughagSA

(3) cM+s m|ksx dh O;k[;k cM+s m|ksx dh O;k[;k cM+s m|ksx dh O;k[;k cM+s m|ksx dh O;k[;k cM+s m|ksx dh O;k[;k (Definition of Large Industries) & lu~ 1973 dh ykblsaluhfr esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd ,dkf/kdkj ,oe~ izfrca/kd O;kikj O;ogkjvf/kfu;e 1969 (Monopoly And Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969) ds vuq:icM+s m|ksxksa dh Li"V ifjHkk"kk nh tkuh pkfg,A 1973 dh ykblsal uhfr esa 20 djksM+ls vf/kd lEifÙk okys vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa dks cM+s ?kjkus (Large Industiral House)

ekuk x;kA bl lhek dks 1850 esa c<+kdj 100 djksM+ #i, dj fn;k x;kA 1991

dh ubZ uhfr esa ifjlEifÙk dh Åijh lhek gVk nh xbZA vc cM+s ?kjkuksa ds vkdkjij dksbZ izfrca/k ugha gSA bl uhfr esa cM+s ?kjkuksa ds vkdkj ds LFkku ij ,dkf/kdkj ds vuqfpr O;ogkjksa dks jksdus ij /;ku fn;k x;k gSA

(4) lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksx (Industries Reserved for PublicSector) & lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, 1956 ls ysdj 1991 rd 17 m|ksx lqjf{kr j[ksx, FksA bu m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dsoy lkoZtfud {ks=k esa gh dh tk ldrh FkhAfuth {ks=k dks bu m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, ykblsal ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA 1991

esa bu m|ksxksa dh la[;k dks de djds 8 dj fn;k x;k rFkk 1999 esa 4 dj fn;kx;kA

(5) y?kq m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k y?kq m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k y?kq m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k y?kq m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k y?kq m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k (Protection to Small Industries) & y?kq m|ksxksa dkslaj{k.k nsus rFkk cM+s m|ksxksa dh izfr;ksfxrk ls mudk cpko djus ds fy, dbZoLrqvksa dk mRiknu muds fy, lqjf{kr dj fn;k x;kA 1970 dh ykblsal uhfrds vuqlkj 836 oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dsoy y?kq {ks=k ds fy, lqjf{kr dj fn;k x;kFkkA bu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu cM+s m|ksx ugha dj ldrs FksA ijarq 2002 esa 51 y?kqm|ksxksa dks lqjf{kr dj fn;k x;k gSA

la{ksi esa] ykblsalhdj.k dh uhfr 1970 ds ckn fujarj ljy rFkk mnkjoknh gksrh xbZ gSAblds vuqlkj m|fe;ksa dks LosPNk ls m|ksx yxkus dh Lora=krk izkIr gks xbZ gSA og viusm|ksxksa dk fodkl rFkk foLrkj Hkh LosPNk ls dj ldrs gSaA bldk ns'k ds vkS|ksfxdj.k ijdkQh vPNk izHkko iM+ jgk gSA

y?kq m|ksx {ks=k 121

Hkkjr esa y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dk cgqr vf/kd egÙo gSA if'pe ds fodflr ns'kksa esa NksVsiSekus ij mRiknu dk laxBu cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu dk iwjd gksrk gSA vr% ;g Hkh iw¡thoknh<ax ls gh laxfBr gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa y?kq ;k dqVhj m|ksx izk;% iw¡thoknh <ax ls laxfBrugha gSA NksVs iSekus ij laxfBr {ks=k esa vusd izdkj ds m|ksx vkrs gSa tSls xzkeh.k rFkk'kgjh dqVhj m|ksx ftUgsa ifjokj ds yksxksa ds Je ls gh pyk;k tkrk gSA 'kgjh y?kq m|ksxftuesa etnwjh ds cnys esa dke djusokys Jfedksa dks yxk;k tkrk gS ysfdu 'kfDr lspyusokys midj.kksa dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk rFkk ,sls y?kq m|ksx ftuesa vk/kqfud e'khuksarFkk fctyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa NksVs Lrj ij vkS|ksfxdmRiknu dk {ks=k ,d tSlk ugha gSA

Hkkjr esa m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.kHkkjr esa m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.kHkkjr esa m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.kHkkjr esa m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.kHkkjr esa m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k(Classification of Industries in India)

1. y?kq m|ksx (Small Scale Industries)

2. xzkeh.k m|ksx (Village Industries)

3. e/;e Lrj ds m|ksx (Medium Scale Industries)

4. cM+s Lrj ds m|ksx (Large Scale Industries)

bl v/;k; esa ge y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA

1. y?kq m|ksx y?kq m|ksx y?kq m|ksx y?kq m|ksx y?kq m|ksx (Small Scale Industries): ekpZ 1999 esa y?kq m|ksxksa ds vUrxZr mulc dkj[kkuksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa 1 djksM+ #i;s rd fLFkj iw¡th (Fixed

Capital) dk fuos'k gqvk gksA igys ;g lhek 3 djksM+ #i;s gqvk djrh Fkh rFkkvfr y?kq m|ksxksa (Tiny Industries) esa iw¡th dh lhek ik¡p yk[k #i;s ls c<+kdj25 yk[k #i;s dj nh xbZ gSA bu m|ksxksa esa Jfedksa dks etnwjh ij j[kk tkrkgSA e'khuh vFkok fctyh ds midj.kksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ikuhir esa njh rFkkpknj] nsgyh esa Vsyhfotu] Vªk¡ftLVj] yqf/k;kuk esa gkStjh ds dkj[kkus rFkk vackykesa oSKkfud midj.k cukusokys dkj[kkus blh izdkj ds gSaA

v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;v/;k;-14y?kq m|ksx {ks=ky?kq m|ksx {ks=ky?kq m|ksx {ks=ky?kq m|ksx {ks=ky?kq m|ksx {ks=k(Small Scale Sector)


dqVhj m|ksxdqVhj m|ksxdqVhj m|ksxdqVhj m|ksxdqVhj m|ksx(Cottage and Village Industries)

blds vUrxZr bl izdkj ds m|ksx vkrs gSa ftUgsa dksbZ O;fDr vius gh ifjokj ds lnL;ksadh lgk;rk ls cgqr de iw¡th esa pykrk gSA vf/kdka'k dqVhj m|ksxksa esa fctyh rFkk e'khuksadk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA jktdks"kh; vk;ksx (1949-50) ds vuqlkj] ̂ ^dqVhj m|ksx og m|ksx^^dqVhj m|ksx og m|ksx^^dqVhj m|ksx og m|ksx^^dqVhj m|ksx og m|ksx^^dqVhj m|ksx og m|ksxgS tks iw.kZ :i ls ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ,d iw.kZdkyhugS tks iw.kZ :i ls ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ,d iw.kZdkyhugS tks iw.kZ :i ls ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ,d iw.kZdkyhugS tks iw.kZ :i ls ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ,d iw.kZdkyhugS tks iw.kZ :i ls ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ,d iw.kZdkyhu;k va'kdkyhu O;olk; ds :i esa pyk;k tk ldrk gSA**;k va'kdkyhu O;olk; ds :i esa pyk;k tk ldrk gSA**;k va'kdkyhu O;olk; ds :i esa pyk;k tk ldrk gSA**;k va'kdkyhu O;olk; ds :i esa pyk;k tk ldrk gSA**;k va'kdkyhu O;olk; ds :i esa pyk;k tk ldrk gSA** bl rjg ds m|ksx vf/kdrjdkjhxjksa }kjk vius ?kjksa esa gh pyk, tkrs gSaA ;g m|ksx eq[;r% LFkkuh; vko';drkvksadks gh iwjk djrs gSaA ;g m|ksx ifjokj ds lnL;ksa }kjk gh pyk, tkrs gSa rFkk etnwjhij yxk, x, Jfedksa dk iz;ksx u ds cjkcj gh gksrk gSA xk¡o esa fLFkr m|ksxksa dks xzkeh.km|ksx (Village or Rural Industries) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ,f'k;k rFkk lqnwj iwoZ ds vkfFkZd,f'k;k rFkk lqnwj iwoZ ds vkfFkZd,f'k;k rFkk lqnwj iwoZ ds vkfFkZd,f'k;k rFkk lqnwj iwoZ ds vkfFkZd,f'k;k rFkk lqnwj iwoZ ds vkfFkZdvk;ksx vk;ksx vk;ksx vk;ksx vk;ksx (ECAFE) ds vuqlkj] ^^dqVhj m|ksx os m|ksx gSa ftudk ,d ifjokj ds lnL;ksa^^dqVhj m|ksx os m|ksx gSa ftudk ,d ifjokj ds lnL;ksa^^dqVhj m|ksx os m|ksx gSa ftudk ,d ifjokj ds lnL;ksa^^dqVhj m|ksx os m|ksx gSa ftudk ,d ifjokj ds lnL;ksa^^dqVhj m|ksx os m|ksx gSa ftudk ,d ifjokj ds lnL;ksa}kjk iw.kZ :i ls vFkok vkaf'kd :i ls lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA**}kjk iw.kZ :i ls vFkok vkaf'kd :i ls lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA**}kjk iw.kZ :i ls vFkok vkaf'kd :i ls lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA**}kjk iw.kZ :i ls vFkok vkaf'kd :i ls lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA**}kjk iw.kZ :i ls vFkok vkaf'kd :i ls lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA** ih0,u0 /kj rFkk fyMy(Dhar and Lydall) ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^dqVhj m|ksx eq[;:i ls ijEijkxr m|ksx gSa tks^^dqVhj m|ksx eq[;:i ls ijEijkxr m|ksx gSa tks^^dqVhj m|ksx eq[;:i ls ijEijkxr m|ksx gSa tks^^dqVhj m|ksx eq[;:i ls ijEijkxr m|ksx gSa tks^^dqVhj m|ksx eq[;:i ls ijEijkxr m|ksx gSa tksijEijkxr oLrqvksa dk ijEijkxr fof/k;ksa ls mRiknu djrs gSaA**ijEijkxr oLrqvksa dk ijEijkxr fof/k;ksa ls mRiknu djrs gSaA**ijEijkxr oLrqvksa dk ijEijkxr fof/k;ksa ls mRiknu djrs gSaA**ijEijkxr oLrqvksa dk ijEijkxr fof/k;ksa ls mRiknu djrs gSaA**ijEijkxr oLrqvksa dk ijEijkxr fof/k;ksa ls mRiknu djrs gSaA** bl izdkj ge dg ldrsgSa fd xkaoksa rFkk 'kgjksa esa pyusokys ijEijkxr m|ksx] tSls [kknh m|ksx] gLrdyk m|ksxvkfn dqVhj m|ksx dgykrs gSaA

y?kq m|ksxksa o dqVhj m|ksxksa esa vUrjy?kq m|ksxksa o dqVhj m|ksxksa esa vUrjy?kq m|ksxksa o dqVhj m|ksxksa esa vUrjy?kq m|ksxksa o dqVhj m|ksxksa esa vUrjy?kq m|ksxksa o dqVhj m|ksxksa esa vUrj(Difference between Cottage and Small Scale Industries)

;|fi dqVhj m|ksxksa dks y?kq m|ksx Hkh dgk tkrk gS] exj oSKkfud <ax ls fo'ys"k.k esadqVhj m|ksxksa dks y?kq m|ksxksa ls vyx Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gSA jktdks"kh; vk;ksx jktdks"kh; vk;ksx jktdks"kh; vk;ksx jktdks"kh; vk;ksx jktdks"kh; vk;ksx (Fiscal

Commission) us y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa ds vUrj dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk gS fd] ^^dqVhj^^dqVhj^^dqVhj^^dqVhj^^dqVhjm|ksx lkekU;r% xzkeh.k {ks=k esa Ñf"k ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSa rFkk dsoy 'kgjh {ks=k esa ghm|ksx lkekU;r% xzkeh.k {ks=k esa Ñf"k ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSa rFkk dsoy 'kgjh {ks=k esa ghm|ksx lkekU;r% xzkeh.k {ks=k esa Ñf"k ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSa rFkk dsoy 'kgjh {ks=k esa ghm|ksx lkekU;r% xzkeh.k {ks=k esa Ñf"k ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSa rFkk dsoy 'kgjh {ks=k esa ghm|ksx lkekU;r% xzkeh.k {ks=k esa Ñf"k ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSa rFkk dsoy 'kgjh {ks=k esa ghiwjs le; ds fy, O;olk; iznku djrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksx 'kgjksa o v)Z 'kgjh {ks=kiwjs le; ds fy, O;olk; iznku djrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksx 'kgjksa o v)Z 'kgjh {ks=kiwjs le; ds fy, O;olk; iznku djrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksx 'kgjksa o v)Z 'kgjh {ks=kiwjs le; ds fy, O;olk; iznku djrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksx 'kgjksa o v)Z 'kgjh {ks=kiwjs le; ds fy, O;olk; iznku djrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksx 'kgjksa o v)Z 'kgjh {ks=kes LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSa rFkk Jfedksa dks iw.kZdkyhu jkstxkj iznku djrs gSaA**es LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSa rFkk Jfedksa dks iw.kZdkyhu jkstxkj iznku djrs gSaA**es LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSa rFkk Jfedksa dks iw.kZdkyhu jkstxkj iznku djrs gSaA**es LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSa rFkk Jfedksa dks iw.kZdkyhu jkstxkj iznku djrs gSaA**es LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSa rFkk Jfedksa dks iw.kZdkyhu jkstxkj iznku djrs gSaA**

y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa esa fuEufyf[kr vUrj gS&

(i) dqVhj m|ksxksa esa etnwjh ij Jfed ugha yxk, tkrs dsoy ifjokj ds lnL; ghdke djrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksxksa esa etnwjh ij Jfed yxk, tkrs gSaA

(ii) dqVhj m|ksx T;knkrj xkaoksa esa gksrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksx vf/kdrj 'kgjksa o v)Z'kgjh {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir gksrs gSaA

(iii) dqVhj m|ksxksa esa fctyh rFkk e'khuksa dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk tcfd y?kq m|ksxksa esafctyh dh e'khuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

(iv) dqVhj m|ksxksa esa cgqr FkksM+h ek=kk esa iw¡th yxh gksrh gS] ;g gtkj #i;s ds vkliklgks ldrh gS blls Hkh dkQh de gks ldrh gS tcfd y?kq m|ksxksa esa 3 djksM+ #i;srd dh iw¡th gks ldrh gSA

(v) dqVhj m|ksx vf/kdrj LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa dks gh iwjk djrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksxcM+s {ks=kksa dh ek¡x dks iwjk djus ds fy, mRiknu djrs gSaA


(vi) dqVhj m|ksx vf/kdrj dkjhxj ds ?kj ij gh pyk, tkrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksx?kj ij ugha pyk, tkrsA

(vii) dqVhj m|ksx] y?kq m|ksxksa dh lgk;d oLrq,¡ cukrs gSa tcfd y?kq m|ksx ,slk ughadjrsA

(viii) dqVhj m|ksx iw.kZdky rFkk va'kdky nksuksa izdkj ds O;kikj ds :i esa pyk, tkrsgSa tcfd y?kq m|ksx dsoy iw.kZdky ds O;olk; ds :i esa gh pyk, tkrs gSaA

(ix) dqVhj m|ksxksa ijEijkxr oLrq,¡ tSls] twrs] pVkbZ] [kknh] njh vkfn cuk, tkrs gSatcfd y?kq m|ksxksa esa vk/kqfud oLrq,¡ tSls jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu vkfn Hkh cuk, tkrsgSaaA

;kstuk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj] ̂ ^dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa ds vUrj tkuus ds fy, dksbZ fuf'pr^^dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa ds vUrj tkuus ds fy, dksbZ fuf'pr^^dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa ds vUrj tkuus ds fy, dksbZ fuf'pr^^dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa ds vUrj tkuus ds fy, dksbZ fuf'pr^^dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa ds vUrj tkuus ds fy, dksbZ fuf'pro loZekU; fl)kUr ugha gS tks fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vusd mís';ksa dks /;ku esa j[ko loZekU; fl)kUr ugha gS tks fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vusd mís';ksa dks /;ku esa j[ko loZekU; fl)kUr ugha gS tks fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vusd mís';ksa dks /;ku esa j[ko loZekU; fl)kUr ugha gS tks fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vusd mís';ksa dks /;ku esa j[ko loZekU; fl)kUr ugha gS tks fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vusd mís';ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj viuk;k tkrk gSA**dj viuk;k tkrk gSA**dj viuk;k tkrk gSA**dj viuk;k tkrk gSA**dj viuk;k tkrk gSA**

y?kq m|ksxksa dh orZeku fLFkfr y?kq m|ksxksa dh orZeku fLFkfr y?kq m|ksxksa dh orZeku fLFkfr y?kq m|ksxksa dh orZeku fLFkfr y?kq m|ksxksa dh orZeku fLFkfr (Present Position of Small Scale Industries) lu~ 2003

esa fd, x, ^bdksukWfed losZ* ds vuqlkj%

y?kq m|ksxksa dh miyfC/k;k¡ fuEu rkfydk }kjk Li"V gks tkrh gS

la[;k mRiknu jkstxkj fu;kZr

y?kq m|ksx 33.7 yk[k 7,42,021 djksM+ #0 200 yk[k O;fDr 59,753

(Source: Economy Survey 2003)

bl rkfydk ls irk pyrk gS fd dqN vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa y?kq m|ksxksa ds mRiknu dk40% ls vf/kd Hkkx gSA ns'k ds fu;kZr esa budk Hkkx yxHkx 32% gSA buds }kjk yxHkx200 O;fDr;ksa dks jkstxkj izkIr gksrk gSA bu m|ksxksa esa vkSlru 1 yk[k #i;s ds fuos'k ij18 yksxksa dks jkstxkj izkIr gksrk gSA

y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dk egÙoy?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dk egÙoy?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dk egÙoy?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dk egÙoy?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dk egÙo(Importance of Small Scale and Cottage Industries)

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA Jh tokgj yky usg:ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk vf/kd egÙo gSA budk^^Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk vf/kd egÙo gSA budk^^Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk vf/kd egÙo gSA budk^^Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk vf/kd egÙo gSA budk^^Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dk vf/kd egÙo gSA budkizR;sd izdkj ls fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A**izR;sd izdkj ls fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A**izR;sd izdkj ls fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A**izR;sd izdkj ls fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A**izR;sd izdkj ls fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A** y?kq m|ksxksa dk egÙo fuEufyf[kr ckrksals Li"V gksrk gSA

(i) jkstxkj dk l`tu jkstxkj dk l`tu jkstxkj dk l`tu jkstxkj dk l`tu jkstxkj dk l`tu (Employment Generation): y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa ds i{k esatks lcls ewy rdZ fn;k tkrk gS] og jkstxkj o`f) ls lacaf/kr gSA cs'kd csjkstxkjhgekjs ns'k dh lcls tfVy leL;k gSA Ñf"k ds ckn jkstxkj iznku djusokyk nwljklcls cM+k {ks=k y?kq o dqVhj m|ksx dk gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj y?kq rFkkdqVhj m|ksxksa esa 519 yk[k yksxksa dks jkstxkj fey jgk gSA buesa ls 120 yk[kgFkdj?kk m|ksx esa] 55 yk[k yksx js'ke m|ksxksa esa] 43 yk[k yksx xzkeh.k m|ksxksaesa] 64 yk[k yksx nLrdkjh esa rFkk 15 yk[k yksxksa dks [kknh esa jkstxkj izkIr gksjgk gSA y?kq m|ksxksa esa yxHkx 2 djksM+ yksxksa dks jkstxkj izkIr gks jgk gSA buesa


53 yk[k yksx ikojywe esa jkstxkj izkIr dj jgs gSaA ns'k dh c<+rh gqbZ tula[;kdks jkstxkj nsus ds fy, gekjs ikl dqVhj ,oe~ NksVs iSekus ds vfrfjDr vU; lkèkuksadh deh gSA dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksx v)Z jkstxkj dh fLFkfr dks Hkh lq/kkjus esalgk;d gksaxsA tSls fdlku vius [kkyh le; esa dqVhj m|ksxksa esa dke djds viuhvk; c<+k ldrs gSaA dqVhj m|ksx fNih csjkstxkjh fNih csjkstxkjh fNih csjkstxkjh fNih csjkstxkjh fNih csjkstxkjh (Disguised Unemployment) dkslekIr djus esa lgk;d fl) gksaxsA Hkkjr esa iw¡th dh deh gksus ds dkj.k bu dqVhjm|ksxksa dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA D;ksafd ;s m|ksx 300 ls 1200 #i;s dh iw¡th ls gh'kq: fd, tk ldrs gSaA iw¡th ds fdlh Hkh fuos'k }kjk y?kq {ks=k esa QSDVªh m|ksxksadh rqyuk esa 20 xq.kk vf/kd jkstxkj nsus dh laHkkouk,¡ gksrh gSA y?kq rFkk cM+sm|ksxksa esa izfr Jfed mRiknu esa o`f)] izfr Jfed vpy iw¡th rFkk izfr bdkbZvpy iw¡th }kjk mRiknu esa o`f) gesa fuEu rkfydk ds v/;;u ls Li"V gks tkrhgSA

Table 2: Capital, Employment and Output (Rupees)

Large Scale Small ScaleIndustries Industries

1. Fixed Capital 31,000 5,800

2. Value added 13,730 4,700

3. Value added per rupee of fixed capital 0.43 1.29

mijksDr rkfydk ls Kkr gksrk gS fd cM+s m|ksxksa esa 31 gtkj #i;s fuos'k }kjk,d O;fDr dks jkstxkj feyrk gS tcfd NksVs m|ksxksa esa 5,800 #i;s [kpZ djusij ,d O;fDr dks jkstxkj feyrk gSA y?kq m|ksxksa esa vpy iw¡th dh ,d bdkbZls ,d #i;s 29 iSls dk mRiknu gksrk gS tcfd cM+s m|ksxksa esa dsoy 43 iSls dkmRiknu gksrk gSA ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj ;fn y?kq m|ksxksa esa 500 djksM+ #i;sdk fuos'k fd;k tk, rks 10 yk[k u, yksxksa dks jkstxkj izkIr gks ldrk gSA

2. m|ksxksa dk {ks=kh; fodsUnzhdj.k m|ksxksa dk {ks=kh; fodsUnzhdj.k m|ksxksa dk {ks=kh; fodsUnzhdj.k m|ksxksa dk {ks=kh; fodsUnzhdj.k m|ksxksa dk {ks=kh; fodsUnzhdj.k (Regional dispersal of industries): vkS|ksfxdykblsaflax uhfr ij fopkj djrs gq, ;g Li"V gks x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa cM+s m|ksxksadk dsUnzh;dj.k egkjk"Vª] if'pe caxky] xqtjkr] rfeyukMq esa c<+ jgk gSA bllsns'k esa vkS|ksfxd n`f"V ls {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa esa vkSj vf/kd o`f) dh laHkkouk gSAblls ns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl vlarqfyr gks tkrk gS rFkk ;q) ds fnuksa esa budsu"V gksus dk Mj cuk jgrk gSA y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksx lkjs ns'k esa QSys gksrs gSaAbl dkj.k 'kgjhdj.k ds nks"kksa tSls cPpksa o fL=k;ksa dk 'kks"k.k] vkokl ds fy,xUnh cfLr;k¡ vkfn ls Hkh cpko gks ldrk gSA

3. jk"Vªh; vk; dk leku cjk"Vªh; vk; dk leku cjk"Vªh; vk; dk leku cjk"Vªh; vk; dk leku cjk"Vªh; vk; dk leku c¡Vokjk Vokjk Vokjk Vokjk Vokjk (Equal Distribution of Wealth of Nation): ,slkeq[;r% nks dkj.kksa ls gksrk gS (i) y?kq m|ksxksa dk LokfeÙo cM+s m|ksxksa dh rqyukesa vf/kd foLr`r o QSyk gqvk gS rFkk (ii) y?kq m|ksxksa dh jkstxkj l`tu {kerkcM+s m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gSA vr% vf/kd Jfedksa dks jkstxkj feyrk gSAiw¡th FkksM+h&FkksM+h ek=kk esa c¡Vh gksus ds dkj.k ;g dqN yksxksa ds ikl dsfUnzr ughagks ikrhA vr% m|ksxksa ls tks ykHk feyrk gS og cgqr vf/kd yksxksa dks feyrk gSA

4. mRiknu esa o`f) mRiknu esa o`f) mRiknu esa o`f) mRiknu esa o`f) mRiknu esa o`f) (Increase in Production): y?kq m|ksxksa ls ns'k ds mRiknu esa


o`f) gksus dh fo'ks"k laHkkouk gSA vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds {ks=k esa gksusokys mRiknu dk60% Hkkx cM+s m|ksxksa rFkk 40% Hkkx y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa ls izkIr gksrk gSA 2002

esa y?kq m|ksxksa ds mRiknu dk ewY; 7,42,021 djksM+ #i;s gSA

5. Ñf"k ij fuHkZjrk esa deh Ñf"k ij fuHkZjrk esa deh Ñf"k ij fuHkZjrk esa deh Ñf"k ij fuHkZjrk esa deh Ñf"k ij fuHkZjrk esa deh (Less Dependency on Agriculture): Hkkjr tSls Ñf"kiz/kku ns'k ds fy, y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dk cgqr vf/kd egÙo gSA izfro"kZ 30

yk[k O;fDr [ksrh ij fuHkZj gksus ds fy, c<+ tkrs gSaA vf/kd tula[;k ds vkfJrgksus ls Hkwfe NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa c¡V tkrh gS vkSj bu NksVs VqdM+ksa ij [ksrh djukykHknk;d ugha jgrkA lkFk gh ;gk¡ fNih o vYi csjkstxkjh Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSAvr% Ñf"k ij fuHkZjrk dks de djus ds fy, y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dh LFkkiukdjuk vko';d gSA

6. dykRed oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dykRed oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dykRed oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dykRed oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dykRed oLrqvksa dk mRiknu (Production of Artistic Goods): y?kq m|ksxksa esadykRed oLrq,¡ cukbZ tkrh gS tSls xyhps] tM+kÅ vkHkw"k.k] gkFkh nkar dk dke]cukjlh lkfM;k¡] feV~Vh ds crZu] f[kykSus vkfnA budh ek¡x fons'kksa esa Hkh c<+ jghgSA vr% bu m|ksxksa }kjk fons'kh eqnzk izkIr gksrh gSA 2001-2002 esa yxHkx 4,406

djksM+ #i;s dh gLrdyk dh oLrq,¡ fons'kksa esa Hksth xbZ rFkk 34,845 djksM+ #i;sdh tokgjkr fons'kksa esa Hksts x, FksA

7. O;fDrxr #fp ds vuqlkj mRiknu O;fDrxr #fp ds vuqlkj mRiknu O;fDrxr #fp ds vuqlkj mRiknu O;fDrxr #fp ds vuqlkj mRiknu O;fDrxr #fp ds vuqlkj mRiknu (Production According to IndividualTaste): bu m|ksxksaa esa fuekZrk dk rFkk xzkgd dk vkil esa lh/kk laca/k gksrk gSAvr% miHkksDrk viuh ilan o #fp ds vuqlkj oLrq,¡ cuok ldrs gSaA lkFk ghmRiknu esa fdlh izdkj dh deh ;k mRiknu dks vkSj vPNk cukus ds lq>ko HkhizkIr gks ldrs gSaA

8. vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh (Suitable for Under DevelopedEconomics): vYifodflr ns'kksa esa bu m|ksxksa dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA bu ns'kksa esatgka Je dh miyC/krk vf/kd jgrh gS] ogha iw¡th dh deh ikbZ tkrh gSA y?kqrFkk dqVhj m|ksx Je iz/kku gksus ds dkj.k Jfedksa dks jkstxkj iznku djrs gSabuesa cM+s m|ksxksa dh vis{kk de iw¡th dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

9. lgdkfjrk dks c<+kok lgdkfjrk dks c<+kok lgdkfjrk dks c<+kok lgdkfjrk dks c<+kok lgdkfjrk dks c<+kok (Encouragement to Co-operation): bu m|ksxksa dk izcUèkljy gksrk gS rFkk iw¡th de gksrh gS vr% lgdkfjrk ds vk/kkj ij ;g /kU/ks cgqrvPNh izdkj pyk, tk ldrs gSa vr% bu m|ksxksa ls lgdkfjrk dks izksRlkgu feyrkgSA

10. cM+s m|ksxksa ds iwjd cM+s m|ksxksa ds iwjd cM+s m|ksxksa ds iwjd cM+s m|ksxksa ds iwjd cM+s m|ksxksa ds iwjd (Complementary of Large Industries): bu m|ksxksa esaeq[;r% ogh lkeku rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS tks cM+s m|ksxksa esa Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlse'khu] eksVj] lkbfdy vkfn ds NksVs dy&iqtsZ y?kq m|ksxksa esa lLrs esa cuk, tkldrs gSaA vr% ;s m|ksx cM+s m|ksxksa ds iwjd gSaA

11. ekfyd rFkk etnwjksa ds leUo; ekfyd rFkk etnwjksa ds leUo; ekfyd rFkk etnwjksa ds leUo; ekfyd rFkk etnwjksa ds leUo; ekfyd rFkk etnwjksa ds leUo; (Co-ordination between Owners and Workers):bu m|ksxksa esa etnwjksa o ekfydksa ds izR;{k laca/k gksrs gSaA blfy, ;g vkilhlqfoèkkvksa o vlqfo/kkvksa dks vPNh rjg tkurs gSaA e/;LFkksa ds u gksus ls 'kks"k.kds volj Hkh ugha gksrs vr% >xM+s Hkh de gksrs gSa ftlls 'kkfUr cuh jgrh gSA


Jfedksa dk LokfHkeku cuk jgrk gS o vkilh leUo; Hkh LFkkfir gksrk gSA

12. fu;kZr esa ;ksxnku fu;kZr esa ;ksxnku fu;kZr esa ;ksxnku fu;kZr esa ;ksxnku fu;kZr esa ;ksxnku (Contribution to export): vktknh ds ckn cM+s iSekus ijm|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ds dkj.k fu;kZr esa budk ;ksxnku dkQh c<+k gSA cgqr ls m|ksxtSls rS;kj oL=k] [ksy dk lkeku] peM+s ls fufeZr eky] Åuh diM+ksa o jlk;u inkFkks±rFkk bUthfu;fjasx oLrqvksa vkfn esa y?kq m|ksxksa ds fu;kZr esa dkQh o`f) gqbZ gSAlu~ 2002 esa xzkeh.k rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa }kjk 59,753 djksM+ #i;s dk fu;kZr fd;kx;kA

13. LFkkuh; lk/kuksa o m|e dk iz;ksx LFkkuh; lk/kuksa o m|e dk iz;ksx LFkkuh; lk/kuksa o m|e dk iz;ksx LFkkuh; lk/kuksa o m|e dk iz;ksx LFkkuh; lk/kuksa o m|e dk iz;ksx (Use of Local Resource and EnterpreneurialSkill): ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ,sls cgqr lkjs lk/ku miyC/k gksrs gSa ftudh ekaxcM+s m|ksxksa esa ugha dh tkrh vkSj ;s O;FkZ gks tkrs gSaA nwljs cM+s m|ksxksa dh bulk/kuksa rd igq¡p ugha gksrhA mnkgj.kLo:i] dLcksa ds m|fe;ksa dh {kerk dkmi;ksx y?kq m|ksxksa esa gh gks ldrk gSA blh izdkj] cM+s 'kgjksa ls nwj xzkeh.k {ks=kksaesa dh tkusokyh cpr dks cM+s m|ksxksa ds fy, lafpr dj ikuk laHko ugha gksrk]ijUrq bu cprksa ls ?kjsyw ;k y?kq m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA vktknhds ckn cM+h la[;k esa y?kq m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd fctyhrduhdh Kku o lk[k dh lqfo/kk,¡ fey tkus ls vusd fuf"Ø; lk/kuksa dk mRiknudk;ks± esa iz;ksx gksus yxk gSA

14. le; i'pkr~ vof/k de le; i'pkr~ vof/k de le; i'pkr~ vof/k de le; i'pkr~ vof/k de le; i'pkr~ vof/k de (Less Gestation Period): fdlh m|ksx dks LFkkfir djusrFkk mRiknu vkjEHk djus esa ftruk le; yxrk gS mls le; i'pkr~ vof/k dgktkrk gSA ;g vof/k ftruh de gksxh mRiknu mruh gh rsth ls c<+sxk o dherksaesa o`f) vf/kd ugha gksxhA y?kq m|ksxksa esa le; i'pkr~ vof/k vis{kkÑr de gksrhgSA tcfd cM+s m|ksxksa dks LFkkfir djus o pkyw djus esa vfèkd le; yx tkrkgSA vr% dherksa esa o`f) dks jksdus ds fy, rFkk thou Lrj dks c<+kus ds fy,]mRiknu esa rsth ls o`f) ykus ds fy, bu m|ksxksa dk cgqr egÙo gSA

15. cM+s m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa egÙo cM+s m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa egÙo cM+s m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa egÙo cM+s m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa egÙo cM+s m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa egÙo (Significance in Comparison of Large ScaleIndustries): y?kq m|ksx cM+s m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ykHknk;d gS tSls&;sm|ksx cgqr ls yksxksa dks jkstxkj nsrs gSa] budk izcU/k rFkk LFkkiuk cM+s m|ksxksadh vis{kk ljy gksrh gS] ;s m|ksx cM+s m|ksxksa dks dPps eky dh iwfrZ djrs gSaAbuds lgk;d m|ksx ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA dbZ vkS|ksfxd lsok,¡ tSls tLrkp<+kuk] ,usey] ikWfy'k] uDdk'kh] fovrysiu vkfn y?kq m|ksxksa }kjk dh tkrh gSAcM+s m|ksx mu oLrqvksa ds fy, vf/kd mi;ksxh gSa tks Hkkjh gksrs gSa rFkk ftUgsa ystkuk dfBu gksrk gS rFk mudk e.Mh ds fudV mRiknu djuk dfBu gksrk gSAy?kq m|ksx oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ds fy, fo'ks"k mi;ksxh gS ftuesa dq'ky dkjhxjh]fMtkbu vkfn dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

16. jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd ykHk jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd ykHk jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd ykHk jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd ykHk jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd ykHk (Political and Social Gain): jk"Vªh; thou dslok±xh.k fodkl rFkk jktuhfrd o lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh bu m|ksxksa dk i{kfufoZokn :i ls lcy gSA ;s gekjh mu leLr 'kfDr;ksa dks fodflr djus dk{ks=k iznku djrs gSa ftuds }kjk jk"Vª dk LoLFk fodkl laHko gks ldrk gSA LorU=kthou] fo'okl] Lusg] ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk] lEeku vkSj vius drZO;ksa ds fodkl ds


fy, buesa cgqr cM+k {ks=k gSA ;g 'kkfUre; ikjLifjd thou dh uhao j[kus esa leFkZgSA

;kstuk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj] ^^;kstukvksa ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ mís';ksa tSls xjhch nwj djus]^^;kstukvksa ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ mís';ksa tSls xjhch nwj djus]^^;kstukvksa ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ mís';ksa tSls xjhch nwj djus]^^;kstukvksa ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ mís';ksa tSls xjhch nwj djus]^^;kstukvksa ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ mís';ksa tSls xjhch nwj djus]vk; rFkk /ku ds leku forj.k rFkk {ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, y?kq rFkkvk; rFkk /ku ds leku forj.k rFkk {ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, y?kq rFkkvk; rFkk /ku ds leku forj.k rFkk {ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, y?kq rFkkvk; rFkk /ku ds leku forj.k rFkk {ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, y?kq rFkkvk; rFkk /ku ds leku forj.k rFkk {ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, y?kq rFkkxzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk cgqr egÙo gSA bu m|ksxksa }kjk jkstxkj ds volj c<+kus] fu;kZrksaxzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk cgqr egÙo gSA bu m|ksxksa }kjk jkstxkj ds volj c<+kus] fu;kZrksaxzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk cgqr egÙo gSA bu m|ksxksa }kjk jkstxkj ds volj c<+kus] fu;kZrksaxzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk cgqr egÙo gSA bu m|ksxksa }kjk jkstxkj ds volj c<+kus] fu;kZrksaxzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk cgqr egÙo gSA bu m|ksxksa }kjk jkstxkj ds volj c<+kus] fu;kZrksa}kjk vf/kd fons'kh eqnzk dekus rFkk tulk/kkj.k ds fy, vko';d oLrq,¡ dkQh ek=kk}kjk vf/kd fons'kh eqnzk dekus rFkk tulk/kkj.k ds fy, vko';d oLrq,¡ dkQh ek=kk}kjk vf/kd fons'kh eqnzk dekus rFkk tulk/kkj.k ds fy, vko';d oLrq,¡ dkQh ek=kk}kjk vf/kd fons'kh eqnzk dekus rFkk tulk/kkj.k ds fy, vko';d oLrq,¡ dkQh ek=kk}kjk vf/kd fons'kh eqnzk dekus rFkk tulk/kkj.k ds fy, vko';d oLrq,¡ dkQh ek=kkesa mRiknu djus dh lEHkkouk,¡ gSa**esa mRiknu djus dh lEHkkouk,¡ gSa**esa mRiknu djus dh lEHkkouk,¡ gSa**esa mRiknu djus dh lEHkkouk,¡ gSa**esa mRiknu djus dh lEHkkouk,¡ gSa** lalkj ds yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa bu m|ksxksa dk cgqrvf/kd egÙo gSA vesfjdk esa y?kq m|ksxksa }kjk 65% etnwjksa dks jkstxkj iznku fd;k tkrkgSA fczVsu esa ftu dkj[kkuksa esa 5 ls 30 euq"; dke djrs gSa] os 29% jkstxkj nsrs gSaA tkikuesa 83% etnwj bu m|ksxksa ls jkstxkj izkIr djrs gSaA

y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dh leL;k,¡y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dh leL;k,¡y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dh leL;k,¡y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dh leL;k,¡y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dh leL;k,¡(Problem of Cottage and Small Scale Industries)

1. dPps eky rFkk fo|qr dh leL;k dPps eky rFkk fo|qr dh leL;k dPps eky rFkk fo|qr dh leL;k dPps eky rFkk fo|qr dh leL;k dPps eky rFkk fo|qr dh leL;k (Problem of Raw Material and Electricity):vf/kdrj y?kq o dqVhj m|ksx dPps eky ds fy, LFkkuh; òksrksa ij fuHkZj gSaA bldsvykok gFkdj?kk o lwr dh iwfrZ ds fy, LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rkgSA ;s dPps eky dh vf/kd dher ysrs gSa o rS;kj eky dh de dher nsrs gSao le; ij eky ¼dPpk½ Hkh miyC/k ugha gks ikrkA fctyh o dks;ys dh leL;kHkh jgrh gS la;a=k dk iwjk iz;ksx ugha gks ikrkA dPpk eky Hkh Fkksd esa ugha [kjhnikrsA eky ?kfV;k fdLe dk rS;kj gksrk gSA ftldh dher de feyrh gSA

2. foÙk rFkk lk[k dh leL;k,¡ foÙk rFkk lk[k dh leL;k,¡ foÙk rFkk lk[k dh leL;k,¡ foÙk rFkk lk[k dh leL;k,¡ foÙk rFkk lk[k dh leL;k,¡ (Problems of Finance and Credit): iw¡th rFkk lk[kdk vHkko y?kq m|ksxksa dh eq[; leL;k gSA dqVhj rFkk xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dh leL;kvkSj Hkh xjhc gSaA bUgsa vklkuh ls _.k izkIr ugha gksrk D;ksafd fu/kZu gksus ds dkj.k;s tekur nsus esa Hkh leFkZ ugha gksrsA vr% bUgsa lkgwdkjksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rkgS tks bUgsa C;kt dh Å¡ph nj ij _.k nsrs gSaA y?kq m|ksxksa dks O;kikfjd cSadksarFkk vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ls cgqr de iw¡th m/kkj feyrh gSA gkykafd y?kqm|ksxksa dh fLFkfr FkksM+h Bhd gksrh gSA ijUrq bu m|ksxksa ds fy, Hkh ykHk ds fy,Hkh fQj ls fuos'k }kjk iw¡th dks c<+k ikuk laHko ugha gksrkA

3. e'khusa o vU; midj.k e'khusa o vU; midj.k e'khusa o vU; midj.k e'khusa o vU; midj.k e'khusa o vU; midj.k (Machines and other Equipment): vf/kdrj y?kq m|ksxksaesa e'khusa o ;U=k iqjkus gks pqds gSaA blfy, mRikfnr eky dh DokfyVh ?kfV;k gksusds lkFk mRiknu ykxr vf/kd gksrh gSSA blds vykok ;s yksxksa dh #fp;ksa] QS'kuvkfn ij Hkh vf/kd /;ku ugha nsrsA vr% y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa esa 'kh?kz&ls&'kh?kzvk/kqfudhdj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

4. mRiknu ds iqjkus rjhds mRiknu ds iqjkus rjhds mRiknu ds iqjkus rjhds mRiknu ds iqjkus rjhds mRiknu ds iqjkus rjhds (Old Methods of Production): ,d dfBukbZ ;g HkhgS fd bu m|ksxksa ds mRiknu ds rkSj&rjhds vkerkSj ij iqjkus o ?kfV;k fdLeds gksrs gSaA tSls rsy fudkyus ds fy, Nkfu;k] diM+k cquus ds fy, gFkdj?ks vkfnAorZeky dky esa foKku dh mUufr ds vk'p;Ztud ifj.kke lkeus vk, gSa exjvHkh rd oSKkfud mUufr dk y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa ij fo'ks"k izHkko ugha iM+k gSAdkjhxj vHkh Hkh xjhc o de dk;Zdq'ky rFkk vf'kf{kr gSA os u, iz;ksx djusdk tksf[ke Hkh ugha mBk ikrs o nfd;kuwlh lksp ds dkj.k ogh f?klk&fiVk mRiknu


djrs gSaA

5. foi.ku dh leL;k foi.ku dh leL;k foi.ku dh leL;k foi.ku dh leL;k foi.ku dh leL;k (Problem of Marketing): Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksxksa dh ;g ,dcgqr cM+h detksjh gS fd muds ikl fcØh ds fy, laxBu dk vHkko gSA y?kqbdkb;ksa }kjk ekud oLrqvksa dk Hkh mRiknu ugha fd;k tkrkA bu m|ksxksa }kjkmRikfnr oLrqvksa dh ckgjh fn[kkoV o fMtkbu Hkh vPNs ugha gksrsA bUgsa viukeky cspus ds fy, lgdkjh laLFkkvksa o vU; izdkj dh lqfo/kk,¡ u feyus ds dkj.k]lkgwdkjksa o egktuksa ij gh fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSa vr% os tks dher nsrs gSa ogmUgsa Lohdkj djuh iM+rh gS D;ksafd dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ Hkh rks ogha ls gksrhgS vr% og lkgwdkjksa dks dSls ukjkt dj ldrs gSaA ykxr vf/kd gksus ds dkj.ko ewY; de feyus ds dkj.k bUgsa fo'ks"k ykHk ugha gksrk gSA

6. cM+s m|ksxksa ls çfr;ksfxrk cM+s m|ksxksa ls çfr;ksfxrk cM+s m|ksxksa ls çfr;ksfxrk cM+s m|ksxksa ls çfr;ksfxrk cM+s m|ksxksa ls çfr;ksfxrk (Competition with Large Scale Industries): cM+sm|ksx oSKkfud <ax ls laxfBr gksrs gSaA vr% mRiknu o foi.ku vkfn {ks=kksa esavkèkqfud fof/k;ksa dk O;ogkj djrs gSaA budh ykxr de gksrh gS vkSj mRiknu lLrko vPNh Js.kh dk rFkk LVkbZfy'k gksrk gSA tcfd y?kq&m|ksxksa esa lc bldk mYVkgksrk gSA vr% ;s cM+s m|ksxksa ls izfr;ksfxrk dk lkeuk djus esa vleFkZ gSaA

7. mRiknu dh Å¡ph ykxr mRiknu dh Å¡ph ykxr mRiknu dh Å¡ph ykxr mRiknu dh Å¡ph ykxr mRiknu dh Å¡ph ykxr (High Cost of Production): pw¡fd bu m|ksxksa dks dPpkeky dkQh eg¡xk feyrk gS] vkStkj Hkh iqjkus o vf/kd dq'ky ugha gSA mRiknuds rjhds iqjkus gksrs gSa rFkk FkksM+h ek=kk esa mRiknu djus ds dkj.k fLFkj ykxr(Fixed cost) Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA ftlls mRiknu ykxr Å¡ph gksrh gSA

8. foKkiu dk vHkko foKkiu dk vHkko foKkiu dk vHkko foKkiu dk vHkko foKkiu dk vHkko (Lack of Advertisement): y?kq o dqVhj m|ksx pykusokyksads ikl foKkiu lqfo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx djus dh lqfo/kk ugha gksrh vkSj u gh lkeF;Zgksrh gSA ;s Vsyhfotu tSls l'kDr ek/;e }kjk foKkiu ugha dj ikrs ftlls buds}kjk mRikfnr eky dk yksxksa dks Kku ugha gksrkA blh dkj.k ls ek¡x Hkh ugha gksikrhA

9. djksa dh Å¡ph nj djksa dh Å¡ph nj djksa dh Å¡ph nj djksa dh Å¡ph nj djksa dh Å¡ph nj (High Rate of Taxes): bu m|ksxksa ij LFkkuh; vf/kdkfj;ksa}kjk Å¡ps dj yxk fn, tkrs gSa ftlls oLrq,¡ vkSj vf/kd eg¡xh gks tkrh gSA

10. foykflrk dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu foykflrk dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu foykflrk dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu foykflrk dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu foykflrk dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu (Production of the things of luxury): Hkkjrds dqVhj m|ksxksa esa vHkh rd dykRed] eg¡xh o foykflrk dh oLrqvksa dks gh egÙofn;k gSA bu oLrqvksa dh ek¡x dk {ks=k lhfer gS vr% budk mRiknu c<+kus esadfBukbZ gksrh gSA

11. ;ksX; m|fe;ksa dh deh ;ksX; m|fe;ksa dh deh ;ksX; m|fe;ksa dh deh ;ksX; m|fe;ksa dh deh ;ksX; m|fe;ksa dh deh (Lack of Able Enterpreneurs): bu m|ksxksa dksdq'kyrkiwoZd pykus ds fy, ;ksX;] dq'ky] f'kf{kr o ifjJeh m|fe;ksa dhvko';drk gS tcfd bu m|ksxksa esa dke djusokys vf/kdrj m|eh dq'ky] vf'kf{kr]:f<+oknh gSa ;s vius m|ksxksa dks vPNh rjg laxfBr Hkh ugha dj ikrsA LVsV cSaddh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj bu m|ksxksa ds vlQy gksus dk ,d eq[; dkj.k lQym|fe;ksa dh deh gh gSA

12. chekj vFkok #X.k bdkb;k¡ chekj vFkok #X.k bdkb;k¡ chekj vFkok #X.k bdkb;k¡ chekj vFkok #X.k bdkb;k¡ chekj vFkok #X.k bdkb;k¡ (Sick Industries): Hkkjr esa chekj m|ksxksa dks dkQhgkfu mBkuh iM+ jgh gSA Hkkjr esa chekj m|ksxksa dk izfr'kr yxHkx 38.6 gSA


13. ekudhdj.k dk vHkko ekudhdj.k dk vHkko ekudhdj.k dk vHkko ekudhdj.k dk vHkko ekudhdj.k dk vHkko (Lack of Standardisation): Js.khdj.k dk vHkko rFkkekudhdj.k dk vHkko bu m|ksxksa dh eq[; detksjh gS ftlds dkj.k budsdkjhxjksa dks vPNs eky ds vPNs iSls ugha fey ikrsA

14. {kerk dk vYi iz;ksx {kerk dk vYi iz;ksx {kerk dk vYi iz;ksx {kerk dk vYi iz;ksx {kerk dk vYi iz;ksx (Under-utilisation of Capacity): y?kq {ks=k dh bdkb;ksaesa {kerk ds vYi iz;ksx ds ckjs esa 1987-88 dh nwljh tux.kuk esa vk¡dM+s fn,x, gSaA blls Li"V gS fd y?kq bdkb;ksa esa dkQh {kerk dk iz;ksx ugha gks ik;kgSA mnkgj.k ds fy, 1987-88 esa {kerk iz;ksx] fctyh e'khujh o iqtks± ds m|ksxesa 41%, peM+k&mRiknksa esa 58%, ifjogu midj.k o iqtks± esa 60%, vU; fofuekZ.km|ksxksa esa 30% rFkk /kkrq mRiknksa esa 32% FkkA lHkh y?kq bdkb;ksa dks feyk djns[kk tk, rks {kerk mi;ksx yxHkx 48% gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd y?kq vkS|ksfxdbdkb;ksa esa LFkkfir {kerk dk yxHkx vk/kk gh iz;ksx gks ikrk gSA

15. detksj O;oLFkk o izcU/k detksj O;oLFkk o izcU/k detksj O;oLFkk o izcU/k detksj O;oLFkk o izcU/k detksj O;oLFkk o izcU/k (Week Management): NksVs m|eksa esa izcU/k lkèkkj.kr;kmuds Lokfe;ksa ds gkFk esa gksrk gS ftuesa izk;% dq'ky izca/ku dh fuiq.krk ugha gksrhAleqfpr <ax dk Je&foHkktu u gksus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ fof'k"Vhdj.k ds ykHk miyCèkugha gks ikrsA

lq/kkj ds mik;lq/kkj ds mik;lq/kkj ds mik;lq/kkj ds mik;lq/kkj ds mik;(Suggestions for Improvement)

y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxksa dh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, cgqr vf/kd dk;Z fd, x, gSaAi¡po"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa bu m|ksxksa dh rjQ cgqr /;ku fn;k x;k gSA budks /;ku esa j[krsgq, bu m|ksxksa dh leL;k,¡ nwj djus ds fuEu mik; fd, tk ldrs gSaA

1. dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ (Supply of Raw Material): y?kq m|ksxksa esa dPps eky dhvkiwfrZ vPNh rjg ugha gks ikrhA vr% m|ksxksa dks dPps eky dh yxkrkj iwfrZ dsfo'ks"k iz;Ru fd, tkus pkfg,A bu m|ksxksa dh rtZ ij dPps eky dk dksVk mudhLFkkfir {kerk ds vk/kkj ij fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ckypUnze lfefr ds vuqlkj y?kqm|ksxksa dks nqyZHk dPpk eky jkT; y?kq m|ksx fuxe }kjk fn;k tkuk pkfg,A bum|ksxksa dks fons'kksa ls vko';d dPpk eky e¡xkus ds fy, vf/kd fons'kh eqnzk nhtkuh pkfg,A

2. lk[k lqfo/kk,¡ lk[k lqfo/kk,¡ lk[k lqfo/kk,¡ lk[k lqfo/kk,¡ lk[k lqfo/kk,¡ (Credit Facilities): cSadksa }kjk fn, tkus okys dtks± dk cgqr dem|ksx gh ykHk mBk ikrs gSa D;ksafd cSad fn, tkusokys dtks± ij tekur ek¡xrs gSaAcSadksa }kjk y?kq m|ksxksa dks lEHkkfor lk[k 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij dtsZ fn, tkuspkfg,A cSadksa o lk[k laLFkkvksa dks bu m|ksxksa ds izfr mnkj joS;k viukuk pkfg,A

3. mRiknu fof/k esa lq/kkj mRiknu fof/k esa lq/kkj mRiknu fof/k esa lq/kkj mRiknu fof/k esa lq/kkj mRiknu fof/k esa lq/kkj (Improvement in the Method of Production): y?kqm|ksxksa esa mRiknu ds fy, vk/kqfud e'khuksa vFkok vkStkjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkukpkfg,A u, vkStkj miyC/k djkus ds fy, ^fdjk;k Ø; i)fr* dk iz;ksx fd;ktkuk pkfg,A jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj rduhdh lykg nsuh pkfg, o mRiknuesa lq/kkj ds fy, vuqlU/kku fd, tkus pkfg,A

4. foKkiu foKkiu foKkiu foKkiu foKkiu (Advertisement): bu m|ksxksa dk izpkj o izlkj ns'k&fons'k esa fd;ktkuk pkfg, tks fd izHkko'kkyh <ax ls gksuk pkfg,A blesa ljdkj dks bu m|ksxksa


dh enn djuh gksxh D;ksafd y?kq m|ksx pykusokys bruh {kerk ugha j[krs fd ogbudk izcU/k dj ldsaA

5. fcØh dh lqfo/kk,¡ fcØh dh lqfo/kk,¡ fcØh dh lqfo/kk,¡ fcØh dh lqfo/kk,¡ fcØh dh lqfo/kk,¡ (Facilities of Marketing): bu m|ksxksa dh izeq[k leL;k fcØhdh leL;k gSA bu m|ksxksa }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa dh fcØh mfpr ewY; ij rFkkvf/kd ek=kk esa gksuh pkfg,A ,d ,slh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh tk, tgk¡ m|ksxviuh oLrqvksa dks ,d uke vFkkZr~ VsªsM ekdZ ij csp ldsaA

6. vuqla/kku dks c<+kok vuqla/kku dks c<+kok vuqla/kku dks c<+kok vuqla/kku dks c<+kok vuqla/kku dks c<+kok (Increasing in Research): bu m|ksxksa esa vuqla/kku djusdh cgqr vf/kd vko';drk gSA vuqla/kku ds }kjk mRiknu dh ubZ rduhdksa dkiz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls mRiknu mPp dksfV dk gksxk rFkk lkFk gh ykxrHkh de gksxhA

7. m|ksxksaa dks izf'k{k.k m|ksxksaa dks izf'k{k.k m|ksxksaa dks izf'k{k.k m|ksxksaa dks izf'k{k.k m|ksxksaa dks izf'k{k.k (Training to Industries): m|ksxksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus ds fy,mfpr O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A izf'k{k.k laLFkku [kksys tkus pkfg,A QksMZQksMZQksMZQksMZQksMZQkm.Ms'ku }kjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fu;sktu ny Qkm.Ms'ku }kjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fu;sktu ny Qkm.Ms'ku }kjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fu;sktu ny Qkm.Ms'ku }kjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fu;sktu ny Qkm.Ms'ku }kjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fu;sktu ny (International Planning Team) us lq>kofn;k Fkk fd 4 cgqmís'; gS VSDuksyksth bULVhV~;w'ku [kksys tkus pkfg, rFkk ,djk"Vªh; fMtkbu Ldwy [kksyk tkuk pkfg,A jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx lsok laLFkk dksvfèkdkfj;ksa dks Lo;a Hkh fujUrj ubZ rduhdksa ds laidZ esa jguk pkfg, rkfd ogmfpr izf'k{k.k ns ldsaA

8. izcU/kdh; lq>ko izcU/kdh; lq>ko izcU/kdh; lq>ko izcU/kdh; lq>ko izcU/kdh; lq>ko (Managerial Consultant): bu m|ksxksa dks izcU/kdh; lykg nhtkuh pkfg,A izcU/k lykgdkjksa dh la[;k esa o`f) djds m|ksx o ljdkjfey&tqydj /ku dk izcU/k dj ldrs gSaA rduhd fodkl iz;ksx'kkyk,¡ fodflrdh tkuh pkfg,A

9. ljdkjh laj{k.k ljdkjh laj{k.k ljdkjh laj{k.k ljdkjh laj{k.k ljdkjh laj{k.k (Government Protection): blds fy, ljdkj dk fo'ks"k iz;Rufd;k tkuk vko';d gSA y?kq m|ksxksa dks cM+s m|ksxksa dk iwjd cukdj pyk;ktkuk pkfg,A bu m|ksxksa }kjk v)ZfufeZr oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tkuk pkfg,ftls cM+s m|ksxksa }kjk mfpr nkeksa ij [kjhnk tkuk pkfg,A

10. ljdkj }kjk [kjhn ljdkj }kjk [kjhn ljdkj }kjk [kjhn ljdkj }kjk [kjhn ljdkj }kjk [kjhn (Purchasing by the Government): ljdkj dks pkfg, fdog bu m|ksxksa }kjk rS;kj eky dks Lo;a gh mfpr nkeksa ij [kjhn ys ;k fQjbuds fy, fcØh dk izcU/k dj nsA blds fy, ljdkj nqdkusa vkfn [kjhn djmUgsa de fdjk, ij eqgS;k djok ldrh gSA

11. vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k (Modernisation): bu m|ksxksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh gj Lrj rdvko';drk gS ftlls buds }kjk fd, tkusokys mRiknu dh fdLe esa lq/kkj gksxko mRiknu ykxr Hkh de gksxhA

y?kq m|ksx o ljdkjh uhfr;k¡y?kq m|ksx o ljdkjh uhfr;k¡y?kq m|ksx o ljdkjh uhfr;k¡y?kq m|ksx o ljdkjh uhfr;k¡y?kq m|ksx o ljdkjh uhfr;k¡(Small Scale Industries and Government Policies)

LorU=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fyk, fofHkUu dne mBk,x,A bl mís'; ls 1947 esa gh dqVhj m|ksx cksMZ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA igyh i¡po"khZ; ;kstukdh vof/k esa bls rhu vyx&vyx cksMks± esa foHkkftr dj fn;k x;kA u, LFkkfir gksusokys


cksMZ Fks&(1) vf[ky Hkkjrh; gFkdj?kk cksMZ ¼vDVwcj 1952½] vf[ky Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi cksMZ¼uoacj 1952½ vkSj vf[ky Hkkjrh; [kknh o xzkeks|ksx cksMZ ¼Qjojh 1953½A lu~ 1948, 1956,

1980 rFkk 1991 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ksa esa bu m|ksxksa ds egÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA bum|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, ljdkj us le;≤ ij dbZ lfefr;k¡ fu;qDr dhA buesa dkosZdkosZdkosZdkosZdkosZlfefr lfefr lfefr lfefr lfefr (1955) vkfcn gqlSu desVh vkfcn gqlSu desVh vkfcn gqlSu desVh vkfcn gqlSu desVh vkfcn gqlSu desVh us m|ksxksa ls lacaf/kr uhfr dk rdZiw.kZ foospu fd;kgSa bu m|ksxksa ds laca/k esa lq>ko nsus ds fy, QksMZ QkmUMs'kuQksMZ QkmUMs'kuQksMZ QkmUMs'kuQksMZ QkmUMs'kuQksMZ QkmUMs'ku ny rFkk vU; lfefr;k¡Hkh fu;qDr dh xbZA

;kstukvksa dh vof/k esa ljdkj us bu m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, fuEufyf[kr iz;kl fd,g S a &

1. foi.ku laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ foi.ku laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ foi.ku laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ foi.ku laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ foi.ku laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ (Marketing Facilities): fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dks LFkkfirdjus ds vykok dsUnzh; o jkT; ljdkjsa vU; fn'kkvksa esa Hkh cgqr dqN dj jghgSaA mnkgj.kr% ljdkjh [kjhn ds fu;eksa o 'krks± dks bu m|ksxksa ds fy, dkQh<hy nh xbZ gSA rkfd ljdkjh {ks=k esa buds eky dh fcØh c<+ ldsA bl mís';ls dsUnzh; dqVhj m|ksx Hk¡MkjdqVhj m|ksx Hk¡MkjdqVhj m|ksx Hk¡MkjdqVhj m|ksx Hk¡MkjdqVhj m|ksx Hk¡Mkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ns'k ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa bum|ksxksa dk lkeku cspus ds fy, djhc 190 nqdkusa o Hk.Mkj [kksys x,A fons'kksaesa bu oLrqvksa dh fcØh ds fy, foKkiu] izn'kZuh] esyksa vkfn dk izlkj fd;k tkjgk gSA jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe (National Small Scale Industries Corporation)

Hkh rS;kj eky dh fcØh dk izcU/k djrk gSA bu m|ksxksa ds cus eky dh ek¡x ysfVuvesfjdk] if'peh ;wjksi] tkiku] vÝhdk esa c<+ jgh gSA jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxefons'kksa ls vkMZj izkIr djrk gSA

2. laxBu laxBu laxBu laxBu laxBu (Organisation): y?kq m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, dbZ izdkj ds laxBu cuk,x, gSaA dsUnz esa ,d y?kq m|ksx laxBu y?kq m|ksx laxBu y?kq m|ksx laxBu y?kq m|ksx laxBu y?kq m|ksx laxBu (Small Scale Industries Development

Organisation) cuk;k x;k gSA ftlds v/;{k dks fodkl dfe'ujfodkl dfe'ujfodkl dfe'ujfodkl dfe'ujfodkl dfe'uj (Development

Commissioner) dgrs gSaA dsUnzh; m|ksx eU=kh dh v/;{krk esa] ^^vf[ky Hkkjrh;^^vf[ky Hkkjrh;^^vf[ky Hkkjrh;^^vf[ky Hkkjrh;^^vf[ky Hkkjrh;y?kq m|ksx cksMZ** y?kq m|ksx cksMZ** y?kq m|ksx cksMZ** y?kq m|ksx cksMZ** y?kq m|ksx cksMZ** (All India Small Industries Board) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA jkT;ksaesa jkT; y?kq m|ksx cksMZ jkT; y?kq m|ksx cksMZ jkT; y?kq m|ksx cksMZ jkT; y?kq m|ksx cksMZ jkT; y?kq m|ksx cksMZ (State Small Scale Industries Board) cuk, x, gSaA bulaxBuksa dk mís'; bu m|ksxksa ds laca/k eas tk¡p iM+rky djuk o fodkl esa lgk;rknsuk gSA dsUnz ljdkj ds lg;ksx ls ,d (Federation of Small Scale Industries

in India) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA bu m|kskxsa ds egÙo dks ns[krs gq, m|ksx ea=kky;esa ,d ^^y?kq m|ksx] Ñf"k ,oe~ dqVhj m|ksx foHkkx**^^y?kq m|ksx] Ñf"k ,oe~ dqVhj m|ksx foHkkx**^^y?kq m|ksx] Ñf"k ,oe~ dqVhj m|ksx foHkkx**^^y?kq m|ksx] Ñf"k ,oe~ dqVhj m|ksx foHkkx**^^y?kq m|ksx] Ñf"k ,oe~ dqVhj m|ksx foHkkx** (Development of Small

Scale, Agro and Rural Industries) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA**

3. foÙk laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ foÙk laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ foÙk laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ foÙk laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ foÙk laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ (Financial Facilities): bu m|ksxksa ds fy, foÙk&laca/khlqfoèkkvksa dks dkQh c<+k fn;k x;k gSA bu m|ksxksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk eq[;:ils fuEufyf[kr laLFkkvksa }kjk nh tkrh gSA

(i) jkT; ljdkjsa%jkT; ljdkjsa%jkT; ljdkjsa%jkT; ljdkjsa%jkT; ljdkjsa% izR;sd jkT; dh ljdkjsa bu m|ksxksa dks nh?kZdkyhu _.k iznkudjrh gSA

(ii) lgdkjh rFkk O;kikfjd cSad%lgdkjh rFkk O;kikfjd cSad%lgdkjh rFkk O;kikfjd cSad%lgdkjh rFkk O;kikfjd cSad%lgdkjh rFkk O;kikfjd cSad% ;s cSad y?kq m|ksxksa dks de C;kt ij _.k nsrsgSaA

(iii) jkT; foÙk fuxe%jkT; foÙk fuxe%jkT; foÙk fuxe%jkT; foÙk fuxe%jkT; foÙk fuxe% ;s fuxe y?kq m|ksxksa dks dkQh ek=kk esa _.k iznku djrs gSaA


2001-02 esa bu fuxeksa us 1,627 djksM+ #i;s ds _.k m|ksxksa dks fn, FksA

(iv) fjtoZ cSad%fjtoZ cSad%fjtoZ cSad%fjtoZ cSad%fjtoZ cSad% 1 tqykbZ 1960 ls fjtoZ cSad us bu y?kq m|ksxksa dks fn, tkusokysdtks± dh xkj.Vh gsrq ̂ lk[k xkj.Vh ;kstuk*^lk[k xkj.Vh ;kstuk*^lk[k xkj.Vh ;kstuk*^lk[k xkj.Vh ;kstuk*^lk[k xkj.Vh ;kstuk* vkjEHk dh gSA LVsV cSad] lgdkjhcSad rFkk jk"Vªh;Ñr cSad bu m|ksxksa dks _.k nsus yxs gSaA y?kq m|ksxksa dks fn,tkusokys _.k ij C;kt dh nj dkQh de gksrh gSA

(v) jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe%jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe%jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe%jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe%jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe% ;g fuxe bu m|ksxksa dks fdLr i)fr ds }kjke'khusa o midj.k miyC/k djokrk gSA uk;d lfefruk;d lfefruk;d lfefruk;d lfefruk;d lfefr us 1913 esa y?kq m|ksxksadh foÙk O;oLFkk laca/kh dbZ lq>ko fn, gSaA

4. Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad (Small Industries, Development Bank ofIndia): 25 vDVwcj 1989 dks Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad (Small Industries

Development Bank of India) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS bl cSad us 2 vizSy 1990 lsviuk dk;Z 'kq: fd;k FkkA bl cSad dh iw¡th 1,000 #i;s rd c<+kbZ tk ldrhgSA

5. mRiknu ds vk/kqfud rjhds o midj.k mRiknu ds vk/kqfud rjhds o midj.k mRiknu ds vk/kqfud rjhds o midj.k mRiknu ds vk/kqfud rjhds o midj.k mRiknu ds vk/kqfud rjhds o midj.k (Modern Tools and Method ofProduction): mRiknu fof/k;ksa rFkk midj.kksa esa lq/kkj ykus dh fn'kk esa dkQh dk;Zfd;k tk jgk gSA y?kq m|ksxksa esa mRiknu&iz.kkyh o O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj ds fy,lgk;rk nsus ds mís'; ls Hkkjr ljdkj us dsUnzh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl laxBu(Central Small Industries Development Organisation) rFkk pkj izknsf'kd y?kqm|ksx lsok laLFkku (Regional Small Industries Service Institute) LFkkfir fd, gSaAy?kq m|ksxksa dks mUur vkStkj nsus ds fy, ^fdjk;k Ø; i)fr* (Hire Purchase

System) dk izcU/k fd;k x;k gSA jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx dkWjiksjs'ku (National Small

Industries Corporation) dk ;g izeq[k dk;Z gSA vc rd yxHkx 100 djksM+ #i;sdh 29,000 e'khusa y?kq m|ksxksa dks nh tk ldrh gSA

6. uk;d lfefr dk xBu uk;d lfefr dk xBu uk;d lfefr dk xBu uk;d lfefr dk xBu uk;d lfefr dk xBu (Establishment of Nayak Committee): y?kq m|ksxksadh foÙkh; rFkk vU; ekeyksa dh leL;kvksa ds fy, uk;d lfefr uk;d lfefr uk;d lfefr uk;d lfefr uk;d lfefr dk xBu fd;kFkkA bl lfefr us flracj 1992 esa viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr dh FkhA bl fjiksVZ ds vkèkkjij fjtoZ cSad us 1993 esa y?kq m|ksxksa dks mfpr le; ij _.k nsus ds fy, ,diSdst dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA bl iSdst dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa&(i) y?kq m|ksx bdkb;ksadh _.k dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, cSadksa dh ,dy f[kM+dh fudklh;kstuk (Single Window Clearance Scheme) viukuh pkfg,A (ii) vkBoha ;kstukds nkSjku y?kq m|ksxksa dh lHkh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, cSadksa dks vfèkd_.k dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A (iii) izR;sd cSad esa ,d f'kdk;r fuokj.kdk;Ziz.kkyh (Grievance Redressal Machinery) dh LFkkiuk dh tk, ftlesa y?kqm|ksxksa dh bdkb;k¡ viuh f'kdk;r ntZ djk ldsA

7. ljdkj }kjk Ø; ljdkj }kjk Ø; ljdkj }kjk Ø; ljdkj }kjk Ø; ljdkj }kjk Ø; (Purchase by the Government): ljdkj Hkh y?kq m|ksxksa dhdkQh lgk;rk djrh gSA y?kq m|ksx }kjk cuk;k gqvk cgqr lkeku [kjhnrh gSAljdkj 400 oLrq,¡ dsoy y?kq m|ksxksa ls gh [kjhnrh gSA

8. izf'k{k.k rFkk vuqla/kku izf'k{k.k rFkk vuqla/kku izf'k{k.k rFkk vuqla/kku izf'k{k.k rFkk vuqla/kku izf'k{k.k rFkk vuqla/kku (Training and Research): bu m|ksxksa esa izf'k{k.k nsuso vuqla/kku djus ds fy, dbZ dsUnz LFkkfir fd, x, gSa] tks lsok laLFkkvksa rFkk


izlkj dsUnzksa }kjk izf'k{k.k esa lgk;rk nsrs gSaA vkfo"dkj izksRlkgu e.My Hkh LFkkfirfd;k x;k gSA bu m|ksxksa ds izca/kdksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA

9. vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ (Industrial Co-operatives Societies): vkS|ksfxdlgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f) ykus dh vksj Hkh /;ku fn;k tk jgk gSAljdkj vkSj ;kstuk&vk;ksx bl ckr dks Li"V Lohdkjrs gSa fd y?kq m|ksxksa dsLoLFk o rhoz fodkl esa vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ dkQh enn dj ldrh gSA;gh otg jgh gS fd i¡po"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds fodkl ij cgqrcy fn;k x;k gSA 1950-51 esa vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh la[;k dqy 7 gtkjds yxHkx Fkh] tcfd 30 o"kZ ds ckn 1980-81 esa ;g la[;k c<+dj 48 gtkj dsLrj dks ikj dj pqdh FkhA

10. lfEefyr mRiknu dk;ZØe }kjk cM+s m|ksxksa dh izfr;ksfxrk ls cpko lfEefyr mRiknu dk;ZØe }kjk cM+s m|ksxksa dh izfr;ksfxrk ls cpko lfEefyr mRiknu dk;ZØe }kjk cM+s m|ksxksa dh izfr;ksfxrk ls cpko lfEefyr mRiknu dk;ZØe }kjk cM+s m|ksxksa dh izfr;ksfxrk ls cpko lfEefyr mRiknu dk;ZØe }kjk cM+s m|ksxksa dh izfr;ksfxrk ls cpko (Saftyfrom Large Scale Industries threw Common Production Programme): y?kqo dqVhj m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds laca/k esa ljdkj us ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ dne mBk;kgSA og gS bu m|ksxksa dks cM+s m|ksxksa dh vuqfpr izfrLi/kkZ ls cpkus dkA izFkei¡po"khZ; ;kstuk esa dgk x;k fd cM+s Lrj ds m|ksxksa rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa esa izfr;ksfxrkde djus ds fy, lfEefyr mRiknu dk;ZØe cuk, tk,¡A bl dk;ZØe ds vUrxZry?kq m|ksxksa ds mRiknu ds {ks=k dks lqjf{kr j[kk tk, vkSj cM+s m|ksxksa ds foLrkjij jksd yxkbZ tk,A bu m|ksxksa ds fy, dPps eky dh iwfrZ dh O;oLFkk dh tkrhgSA y?kq {ks=k ds m|ksxksa ds fy, 821 oLrq,¡ lqjf{kr j[kh xbZ gSA

11. rduhdh lgk;rk rduhdh lgk;rk rduhdh lgk;rk rduhdh lgk;rk rduhdh lgk;rk (Technical Assistance): y?kq m|ksxksa dks rduhdh f'k{kk nsusds fy, ̂ ^y?kq m|ksx fodkl laxBu** ^^y?kq m|ksx fodkl laxBu** ^^y?kq m|ksx fodkl laxBu** ^^y?kq m|ksx fodkl laxBu** ^^y?kq m|ksx fodkl laxBu** (Small Industries Development Organisation)

ds }kjk lHkh jkT;ksa esa 28 y?kq m|ksx lsok,¡ laLFkk,¡] y?kq m|ksx lsok,¡ laLFkk,¡] y?kq m|ksx lsok,¡ laLFkk,¡] y?kq m|ksx lsok,¡ laLFkk,¡] y?kq m|ksx lsok,¡ laLFkk,¡] 31 'kk[kk laLFkk,¡] 'kk[kk laLFkk,¡] 'kk[kk laLFkk,¡] 'kk[kk laLFkk,¡] 'kk[kk laLFkk,¡] 4 {ks=kh;{ks=kh;{ks=kh;{ks=kh;{ks=kh;VsfLVax dsUnzVsfLVax dsUnzVsfLVax dsUnzVsfLVax dsUnzVsfLVax dsUnz rFkk 37 izlkj dsUnz izlkj dsUnz izlkj dsUnz izlkj dsUnz izlkj dsUnz LFkkfir fd, gSaA ;s laLFkk,¡ y?kq m|ksxksa dksrduhdh] vkStkjksa] fMtkbuksa ds ckjs esa lgk;rk nsrh gSA bu m|kssxksa dks rduhdhlykg nsus ds fy, fons'kh fo'ks"kK Hkh cqyk, x, gSaA ;s laLFkk,a izcU/k rFkk rduhdhvuqla/kku laca/kh f'k{kk Hkh nsrh gSaA

12. ftyk m|ksx dsUnz ftyk m|ksx dsUnz ftyk m|ksx dsUnz ftyk m|ksx dsUnz ftyk m|ksx dsUnz (District Industries Centre): y?kq m|ksxksa dh vko';drkvksadks iwjk djus ds fy, izR;sd ftys eas ,d ftyk m|ksx dsUnz (DIC) LFkkfir fd;ktk jgk gSA bldk dk;Z ftys esa dPps eky rFkk vU; lk/kuksa dk vkfFkZd vUos"k.kdjuk] dPps eky dk izca/k djuk] e'khuksa dh iwfrZ djuk] DokfyVh fu;a=k.k djuk]fcØh O;oLFkk djuk] m/kkj nsus dk izca/k djuk rFkk foLrkj o vuqla/kku ds fy,,d foHkkx dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA ;g dsanz ,d vksj tgk¡ fodkl [k.Mksa ls lacaèkj[ksxk ogha nwljh rjQ fof'k"V laLFkkvksa tSls y?kq lsok laLFkku ls laca/k j[ksxkAlu~ 2002 rd 422 ,sls dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk pqdh gSA

13. VSDuksykWth cSad dh LFkkiuk VSDuksykWth cSad dh LFkkiuk VSDuksykWth cSad dh LFkkiuk VSDuksykWth cSad dh LFkkiuk VSDuksykWth cSad dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Technology Bank): y?kq m|ksxksads fy, VSDuksykWth cSad LFkkfir fd, tkus dk fopkj gSA blds fy, Hkkjrh; y?kqm|ksx fodkl cSad }kjk LFkkfir y?kq m|ksxksa dh rduhdh C;wjks dh vksj n`<+rk iznkudh tk,xhA

14. dPpk eky [kjhnus dh lqfo/kk,¡ dPpk eky [kjhnus dh lqfo/kk,¡ dPpk eky [kjhnus dh lqfo/kk,¡ dPpk eky [kjhnus dh lqfo/kk,¡ dPpk eky [kjhnus dh lqfo/kk,¡ (Facilities of Purchasing of Raw Material):


bu m|ksxksa dks fons'kksa ls dPpk eky [kjhnus dh lqfo/kk,a nh xbZ gSaA jkT; O;kikjjkT; O;kikjjkT; O;kikjjkT; O;kikjjkT; O;kikjfuxefuxefuxefuxefuxe rFkk [kfut rFkk /kkrq fuxe tSlh laLFkkvksa }kjk y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy, dPPkeky fons'kksa ls vk;kr fd;k x;kA

15. fu;kZr c<+kus ds iz;Ru fu;kZr c<+kus ds iz;Ru fu;kZr c<+kus ds iz;Ru fu;kZr c<+kus ds iz;Ru fu;kZr c<+kus ds iz;Ru (Try to Increase in Export): bu m|ksxksa ds }kjk cuk,x, eky ds fu;kZr dks c<+kus ds fy, ljdkj fo'ks"k iz;Ru dj jgh gSA jktdh;O;kikj fuxe y?kq m|ksxksa ds fu;kZr O;kikj ds laca/k esa mudh vkfFkZd lgk;rkdjrk gS rFkk mUgsa lykg Hkh nsrk gSA

16. fofHkUu dj fofHkUu dj fofHkUu dj fofHkUu dj fofHkUu dj (Different Tax): ljdkj us y?kq m|ksxksa dks NwV nh gS ;k mu ijog dj ugha yxk, x, gSa tks cM+s m|ksxksa ij yxk, x, gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i vcdjksa ls cpus ds fy, ubZ bdkb;k¡ NksVs iSekus ij yxkbZ tk jgh gSA

17. vkS|ksfxd cfLr;k¡ vkS|ksfxd cfLr;k¡ vkS|ksfxd cfLr;k¡ vkS|ksfxd cfLr;k¡ vkS|ksfxd cfLr;k¡ (Industrial Estates): y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy, vkS|ksfxd cfLr;k¡LFkkfir dh gSaA ljdkj tehu [kjhn dj bu cfLr;ksa esa dkj[kkuksa ds fy, bekjrsacukrh gSA ikuh] fctyh xSl] jsysa rFkk lqj{kk dk izcU/k djrh gSA blds ckndkj[kkuksa dks fdjk, ij nsrh gS ;k de dher ij csp nsrh gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx660 ,slh cfLr;k¡ gSaA buesa 2.3 yk[k yksxksa dks jkstxkj feyrk gSA

18. jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe (National Small Scale Industries Corporation): blfuxe dh LFkkiuk 1955 esa dh xbZ FkhA blds eq[; dk;Z gSa&y?kq m|ksxksa dks iw¡thrFkk rduhd lgk;rk nsuk] ljdkj dks y?kq m|ksxksa dk eky cspuk] cM+s o NksVsm|ksxksa ds e/; rkyesy fcBkuk] m|ksxksa dks e'khusa miyC/k djokuk vkfnA bl fuxeesa 50,000 y?kq m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;rk nh gSA

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd ljdkj mRlkgiwoZd y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa ds fy, fofHkUudk;Z dj jgh gSA ;fn ;gh fLFkfr dqN le; rd fujUrj blh mRlkg ls pyrh jgh rkscs'kd ;s m|ksx jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa viuk mfpr LFkku xzg.k dj ns'k dh vkfFkZd olkekftd mUufr esa viuk lkFkZd ;ksxnku nsaxsA

ubZ y?kq m|ksx uhfrubZ y?kq m|ksx uhfrubZ y?kq m|ksx uhfrubZ y?kq m|ksx uhfrubZ y?kq m|ksx uhfr(New Small Scale Industries Policy)

6 vxLr] 1991 dks igyh ckj vyx ls y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy, ubZ uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZgSA

ubZ uhfr ds mís';ubZ uhfr ds mís';ubZ uhfr ds mís';ubZ uhfr ds mís';ubZ uhfr ds mís';(Motives of New Policy)

ubZ m|ksx uhfr dk eq[; mís'; y?kq {ks=k dks gj izdkj ls lqn`<+ cukuk gS pkgs og mRiknu{kerk gks ;k fdLe esa lq/kkj gksA rkfd y?kq {ks=k ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa viuk iw.kZ lkFkns ldsA

ubZ uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ubZ uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ubZ uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ubZ uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ubZ uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡(Features of New Policy)

1. m|ksxksa dk foHkktu m|ksxksa dk foHkktu m|ksxksa dk foHkktu m|ksxksa dk foHkktu m|ksxksa dk foHkktu (Classification of Industries): y?kq m|ksxksa dks rhu Hkkxksaesa (i) vfr y?kq m|ksx] (ii) lgk;d m|ksx o fu;kZr m|ksxksa esa ck¡Vk tk,xkA bu


m|ksxksa dh iw¡th Øe'k% 5 yk[k] 3 djksM+ rFkk (iii) y?kq m|ksxksa esa iw¡th fuos'k dhvf/kdre lhek 75 yk[k #i;s fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gSA

2. iw¡th esa Hkkxhnkjh iw¡th esa Hkkxhnkjh iw¡th esa Hkkxhnkjh iw¡th esa Hkkxhnkjh iw¡th esa Hkkxhnkjh (Equity Participation): bl uhfr ds vuqlkj cM+s m|ksx y?kqm|ksxksa ds 24 izfr'kr rd 'ks;j [kjhn ldsaxsA lkFk gh y?kq m|ksxksa dks cM+s m|ksxksaesa iw¡th dh Hkkxhnkjh dh vuqefr gksxhA

3. m|ksx dh igpku m|ksx dh igpku m|ksx dh igpku m|ksx dh igpku m|ksx dh igpku (Identity of Industry): ubZ uhfr ds vuqlkj m|ksxksa esa dsoymu m|eksa dks gh 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk,xk tks oLrq&fuekZ.k djrs gSa cfYd m|ksxksals lacaf/kr lHkh O;kikj rFkk lsok m|eksa dks pkgs os dgha Hkh fLFkr gks y?kq m|ksxekuk tk,xkA buesa iw¡th fuos'k dh lhek 5 yk[k #i;s rd gksxhA

4. foÙk laca/kh lgk;rk foÙk laca/kh lgk;rk foÙk laca/kh lgk;rk foÙk laca/kh lgk;rk foÙk laca/kh lgk;rk (Financial Support): ubZ uhfr esa y?kq m|ksxksa dks izkIr gksusokyh foÙkh; lgk;rk ls bl rjg foLrkj fd;k gS&jk"Vªh; bfDoVh dks"k dks c<+kokfn;k tk,xk] vklku _.k ;kstuk dk foLrkj fd;k tk,xk rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dkslk[k dk izokg lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, iz;kl fd, tk,¡xsA ,d fo'ks"k ekuhVfjax,tsUlh dh LFkkiuk dh tk,xhA

5. lhfer lk>snkjh lhfer lk>snkjh lhfer lk>snkjh lhfer lk>snkjh lhfer lk>snkjh (Limited Partnership): blds vuqlkj fdlh laxBu esa ;fn ,dlk>snkj dk nkf;Ùo vlhfer gS rks ckdh lk>snkjksa dk nkf;Ùo lhfer gks ldrkgSA blds fy, y?kq m|ksx {ks=k esa tksf[ke dh iwfrZ dks c<+kus ds fy, ,d lhferlk>snkjh dkuwu ikl fd;k tk,xkA

6. lajpukRed lqfo/kk,¡ lajpukRed lqfo/kk,¡ lajpukRed lqfo/kk,¡ lajpukRed lqfo/kk,¡ lajpukRed lqfo/kk,¡ (Infrastructural Facilities): xzkeh.k rFkk fiNM+s {ks=kksa esavklkuh ls m|ksx LFkkfir fd, tkus vkSj Ñf"k ,oe~ m|ksx ds laca/kksa esa izxk<+rkykus ds fy, ,d ubZ ;kstuk] y?kq m|ksxksa ds ,dhÑr lajpukRed fodkl ykxwdh tk,xhA

7. QSDVjh laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ QSDVjh laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ QSDVjh laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ QSDVjh laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ QSDVjh laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ (Factoring Services): y?kq m|ksxksa esa _.k olwyh dhleL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad dh lgk;rk ls QSDVfjax lsok,¡ykxw dh tk,¡xhA Hkkjr esa QSDVfjax lsok,¡ 'kq: djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xk ftldsifj.kkeLo:i y?kq m|ksx dks iw¡th dk vHkko ugha jgsxkA

8. foi.ku foi.ku foi.ku foi.ku foi.ku (Marketing): bu m|ksxksa esa fcØh ds fy, lg;ksx fn;k tk,xkA ;g dk;Zlgdkjh] lkoZtfud {ks=k dh laLFkkvksa] fo'ks"k foi.ku laLFkkvksa vkSj la?k iz.kkyhds ek/;e ls fd;k tk,xkA jk"Vªh; y?kq m|ksx fuxe miHkksx vkSj dkeu czk¡M dsvèkhu cspus dk izcU/k djsxkA

9. dPps eky dh miyC/krk dPps eky dh miyC/krk dPps eky dh miyC/krk dPps eky dh miyC/krk dPps eky dh miyC/krk (Availability of Raw Material): y?kq {ks=k dks Hkkjrdk rFkk fons'kksa ls vk;kr fd;k gqvk eky miyC/k djkus ds laca/k esa ;kstuk,¡fuf'pr dh tk,¡xahA

10. fu;kZr fu;kZr fu;kZr fu;kZr fu;kZr (Export): y?kq m|ksx fodkl laxBu y?kq m|ksxksa ds mRiknu ds fu;kZr dksizksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ûksMy ,tsUlh*ûksMy ,tsUlh*ûksMy ,tsUlh*ûksMy ,tsUlh*ûksMy ,tsUlh* ds :i esa dk;Z djsxkA blds fy, y?kqm|ksx fodkl laxBu esa ,d fu;kZr fodkl dsUnz LFkkfir fd;k tk,xkA

11. m|fe;ksa dks izf'k{k.k m|fe;ksa dks izf'k{k.k m|fe;ksa dks izf'k{k.k m|fe;ksa dks izf'k{k.k m|fe;ksa dks izf'k{k.k (Training to Workers): bl uhfr ds vuqlkj ljdkj


m|fe;ksa ds izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djsxhA m|ferk fodkl dk;ZØe dk foLrkj fd;ktk,xkA bl dk;Z esa izHkko'kkyh <ax ls fgLlk ysus ds fy, m|ksx la?kksa dks izksRlkfgrfd;k tk,xkA m|ferk fodkl dk;ZØe dks fodflr djus ds fy, O;kolkf;drFkk vU; fMxzh Lrj ds ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA cs;jQqV izca/kdksacs;jQqV izca/kdksacs;jQqV izca/kdksacs;jQqV izca/kdksacs;jQqV izca/kdksa dsizf'k{k.k ls jkstxkj ds voljksa dk l`tu fd;k tk,xkA

12. vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k (Modernisation): y?kq m|ksxksa dks muds mRiknu dks jk"Vªh; rFkkvarjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dk cukus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA bl {ks=k esa Jfedksa dhdq'kyrk c<+kus] mRiknu ds u, rkSj&rjhds] u, midj.k rFkk ubZ o vk/kqfudfofèk;k¡ rFkk vPNh fdLe dk dPpk eky iz;ksx djus ds fy, fo'ks"k iz;kl fd,tk,¡xsA bafM;u bULVhV~;wV vkWQ VSDuksykWth rFkk {ks=kh; bUthfu;fjax dkWystvius&vius {ks=k esa rduhdh lwpuk fMtkbu rFkk fodkl dsUnzksa dk dk;ZdjsaxsA

13. vklku fu;e vklku fu;e vklku fu;e vklku fu;e vklku fu;e (Simple Rules): bu m|ksxksa ij ykyQhrk'kkgh rFkk ukSdj'kkgh dkfu;U=k.k de fd;k tk,xk rFkk fu;eksa dk ljyhdj.k fd;k tk,xkA

14. xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk fodkl xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk fodkl xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk fodkl xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk fodkl xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk fodkl (Development of Rural Industries): xzkeh.k m|ksxksads fodkl ds fy, fo'ks"k iz;Ru fd, tk,¡xsA gFkdj?kk m|ksx] gLrf'kYi m|ksxvkfn ds fy, vyx&vyx Ldheksa tSls ifj;kstuk iSdst Ldhe] laxBu fodkliSdst Ldhe rFkk dY;k.k iSdst Ldhe ykxw dh tk,¡xhA

la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;s m|ksx gekjs ns'k ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd fodkl ds fy,cgqr vko';d gks x, gSaA y?kq m|ksx {ks=k dks dkQh gn rd ykblsal;qDr] vf/kdkfj;ksarFkk fuxe ls eqDr fd;k tk,xk o og lHkh laHko iz;kl fd, tk,¡xs tks bu m|ksxksa dhmUufr ds fy, vko';d gSA rkfd ;g m|ksx fodflr gksdj vFkZO;oLFkk esa viuk lkFkZd;ksxnku nsaA

Hkkjr dh fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfr 137

tSlk ge Hkqxrku larqyu ds v/;k; esa igys gh crk pqds gSa fd bl leL;k dk lek/kkuvk;kr rFkk fu;kZr {ks=k esa vkus okyh uhfr ls gh gks ldrk gSA vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dksof.kZr djus ds fy, bls nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA (1) lq/kkj ls igys dk le; ¼1991

ls igys½ (ii) lq/kkj ds ckn dk le; ¼1991 ds ckn dk le;½A ;|fi 1950 rFkk 1960

dh O;kikj uhfr;ksa dk mís'; vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djuk FkkA 1950 rFkk 1960 dh O;kikjuhfr;ksa dk mís'; vkRe&fuHkZjrk izkIr djuk FkkA 1970 rFkk 1980 dh O;kikj uhfr dsvUrxZr fu;kZr izksRlkgu o`f)] Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dks lqpk: rFkk izfr;ksfxrk dh drkjesa ykuk FkkA orZeku O;kikj uhfr Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk mnkjhdj.k rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks=kdh izfr;ksfxrk esa lq/kkj o Hkqxrku larqyu dh vkSlr fLFkfr ls gSA

1. vk;kr uhfr ¼lq/kkj uhfr ls igys dk le;vk;kr uhfr ¼lq/kkj uhfr ls igys dk le;vk;kr uhfr ¼lq/kkj uhfr ls igys dk le;vk;kr uhfr ¼lq/kkj uhfr ls igys dk le;vk;kr uhfr ¼lq/kkj uhfr ls igys dk le; (Import Policy [Pre-reformPeriod]) & lq/kkj ls igys dh vk;kr uhfr vk;kr ij izfrca/k rFkk vk;krizfrLFkkiu ij fuHkZj Fkh Hkkjr esa vko';d miHkksx oLrqvksa dh deh rFkkvkS|ksfxdhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, iw¡thxr oLrqvksa rFkk e'khujh dk vk;krdjuk iM+k blh izdkj vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dks izfr;ksxh dk vfHkizk; Hkkjr esa fu;kZrizfr;ksfxrk dks c<+kok nsuk FkkA

blh izdkj nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,egykuksfcl i)fr dks viuk;kA bl i)fr ds rgr iw¡thxr oLrqvksa dk vk;kr]rduhdh Kku] e'khujh dk vk;kr djuk rFkk lkFk esa [kk|kUu dh deh dh otgls [kk|kUu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djuk FkkA ,slh voLFkk esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dsikl dksbZ pkjk ugha Fkk flok; vk;kr ij izfrca/k yxkdjA blfy, 1956-57 esans'k us vk;kr ij izfrca/k vFkok vk;kr ij izfrca/k ds fy, oLrqvksa dks Hkhvyx&vyx oxZ esa ck¡Vk x;kA dqN dks vk;kr djus ds fy, ykblsal [kqyk j[kkAdqN dks dqN le; ds fy, izfrcaf/kr fd;k x;k rFkk dqN dks ges'kk ds fy, izfrcaf/kr fd;k x;kA ysfdu 1966 esa #i, dk voewY;u djus ckn vkikr esa c<+ksÙkjhgqbZ D;ksafd 1966 dh ubZ Ñf"k uhfr ds ckn [kkn] cht] dhVuk'kd vkfn dks Hkkjhek=kk esa vk;kr djuk iM+kA

nwljk mik; vk;kr dks fu;af=kr djus dk vk;kr izfrLFkkiu FkkA tSlk fd geigys gh crk pqds gSa fd 1950 rFkk 1960 dh O;kikj uhfr dk eq[; mís';vkRe&fuHkZjrk izkIr djuk FkkA bldk eq[; mnkgj.k ubZ Ñf"k uhfr gS ftlds rgrHkkjrh; Ñf"k {ks=k esa [kk|kUu dk vf/kd mRiknu gksus ij vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk de

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-15Hkkjr dh fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfrHkkjr dh fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfrHkkjr dh fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfrHkkjr dh fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfrHkkjr dh fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfr(Export-Import Policy of India)


gqbZA D;ksafd ubZ Ñf"k uhfr ls igys Hkkjr dkQh ek=kk esa [kk|kUu oLrqvksa dk vk;krdjrk FkkA ;|fi Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa vk;kr izfrLFkkiuk dk eryc fons'kh fofue;cpkuk gSA Ñf"k {ks=k esa gh ugha Hkkjr es fufeZr oLrqvksa ds vk;kr izfrLFkkiu esaHkh yxHkx 40 izfr'kr dh o`f) dhA ;fn vk¡dM+ksa dk vk¡dyu fd;k tk, rks 1955-

56 esa vk;kr dk fgLlk miHkksx oLrqvksa esa 3.7 izfr'kr Fkk tks fxjdj 1973-74

esa 1.1 izfr'kr jg x;kA blls bl ckr dk vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjresa vk;kr izfrLFkkiu i)fr dke;kc jghA

ysfdu 1980 dh vk;kr mnkjhdj.k uhfr ls vk;kr dk Lrj c<+kA bl uhfr dsvUrxZr vk;kr izfrca/k gVk fy, x,A D;ksafd vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds fy, iw¡thxr oLrqvksadh cgqr vko';drk Fkh & tks fu;kZr dks c<+kus esa lgk;d FkhA blds vUrxZrvf/kdrj oLrq,¡ cxSj ykblsal ds vk;kr dh tk ldrh FkhA blds vUrxZr lwphc<+rh xbZ rFkk 1990-92 esa 1342 oLrqvksa dks ykblsal ls LorU=k j[kk x;kA iw¡thxroLrqvksa dks /;ku eas j[krs gq, dqN e'khujh] lgk;d ykblsal ls Lora=k j[ks x,Abudh la[;k 1990-92 esa 870 dhA rduhdh vk;kr ds fy, Hkh ljdkj usmnkjhdj.k dh uhfr viukbZA blds ihNs eq[; mís'; rduhdh dh lgk;rk lsfu;kZr dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa izfr;ksxh cukuk FkkA

ysfdu izks0 txnh'k Hkxorh vkSj inek nslkbZ dk dguk gS fd vk;kr uhfr lsdbZ vkfFkZd izHkko iM+s & tSls mRiknu esa nsjh D;ksafd rduhdh vkfn ds fy, vk;krij fuHkZjrk] izfr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk esa Hkh deh vkbZ D;ksafd ge vius vki 'kks/kvkfn dk;ks± us /;ku u nsdj fons'kh rduhd ij fuHkZj jgsA

2. fu;kZr uhfr ¼lq/kkj ls igys dk le;½fu;kZr uhfr ¼lq/kkj ls igys dk le;½fu;kZr uhfr ¼lq/kkj ls igys dk le;½fu;kZr uhfr ¼lq/kkj ls igys dk le;½fu;kZr uhfr ¼lq/kkj ls igys dk le;½ (Export Policy [Pre-reforms Period]) &r`rh; ;kstuk ls igys Hkkjr ds fu;kZr vkerkSj ij fLFkj FksA rhljh ;kstuk esafu;kZr c<kus ds fy, dqN dne mBk, x,A ;g fu;kZr dk igyk dne FkkA nwljkdne twu 1965 esa lksus ds laca/k esa #i, dk 36.5 izfr'kr voewY;u fd;k x;kAljdkj lksprh Fkh fd voewY;u ls fu;kZr es c<+ksÙkjh gksxh vFkkZr~ fu;kZr vk;c<+sxh D;ksafd Hkkjrh; oLrq,¡ fons'kh cktkj esa lLrh gksaxhA nwljh rjQ vk;kr ?kVsaxsD;ksafd vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh dhersa c<+saxhA ;fn fu;kZr uhfr dk voewY;u djsa rksblesa dbZ ckrsa mHkj dj vkrh gSaA

1. 1966 esa dSl daiUlsVjh Ldhe (CCS) 'kq: dhA bl ;kstuk ds rgr fu;kZr}kjk vkxr ij vizR;{k dj esa NwV vkfn iznku dh xbZA CCS 1991 esaO;kikj mnkjhdj.k ds ckn [kRe dj nh xbZA 1970 esa 20 izfr'kr rFkk1980 esa 40 izfr'kr fu;kZr bl CCS ds rgr ;ksX; FkkA

2. dLVe M~;wVh rFkk ,Dlkbt M~;wVh esa m|ksx esa mRikfnr fu;kZr ekyds fy, iz;ksx x, eky ij NwV nh xbZ rkfd bldh mRiknu ykxr degksA

3. ftu fu;kZrdÙkkZvksa dks fu;kZr dk vkns'k feyk gqvk gS mUgsa igys ghykblsal fn, x, rkfd fu;kZrdÙkkZ tks oLrq,¡ bu fu;kZr mRiknu esa dkevkrh gS mls vk;kr dj ldsaA


4. ?kjsyw dPps eky ij lfClMh nh xbZ rkfd ?kjsyw rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; dheresa varj u jgsA

5. fu;kZr ds fy, foÙk NwV Hkh nh xbZA fu;kZrdÙkkZvksa ds izR;{k rFkkvizR;{k dj es deh dh xbZA rFkk bUgsa vk¡f'kd rkSj ij vk;dj ls eqDrj[k x;kA

6. 1987 esa CySd ,Dlpsat ijfeV Ldhe 'kq: dh xbZA blds vUrxZr fu;kZrdÙkkZvius CySd ijfeV dks fn[kkdj fons'kh fofue; viuh fu;kZr vk; 5-10

izfr'kr fu;kZr izksRlkgu ds fy, iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA

O;kikj uhfr ¼lq/kkj ds ckn½O;kikj uhfr ¼lq/kkj ds ckn½O;kikj uhfr ¼lq/kkj ds ckn½O;kikj uhfr ¼lq/kkj ds ckn½O;kikj uhfr ¼lq/kkj ds ckn½(Trade Policy (After Reform))

1991 ds ckn O;kikj uhfr dk mnkjhdj.k fd;k x;kA tSls ge igys gh crk pqds gS fdvUrjkZ"Vªh; ,stsafl;ksa dk ncko de djuk rFkk fu;kZr dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa izfr;ksxhcukuk FkkA blh ds rgr ljdkj us 1 tuojh 1995 dks WTO dk lnL; cu x;kA bldsvUrxZr oLrqvksa ds vk; ij izfrca/k [kRe rFkk vk;kr dj Hkh de fd, tk, rFkk ns'k dksfons'kh O;kikj ds fy, [kksy fn;k ftls ge Xykscykbtslu dk uke nsrs gSA

1. vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr Lora=kvk;kr rFkk fu;kZr Lora=kvk;kr rFkk fu;kZr Lora=kvk;kr rFkk fu;kZr Lora=kvk;kr rFkk fu;kZr Lora=k (Import and Exports Free) & vkfFkZd lq/kkj ls igysO;kikj uhfr ij fofHkUu rjg ds izfrca/k tSls ykblsal vk;kr iz.kkyh vkfnA tSlkge igys gh crk pqds gS 1991 ds ckn dkQh ek=kk es vk;kfrr o fu;kZfrr oLrq,¡dks izfrca/k ls eqDr fd;k x;kA ekpZ 2000 rd 1905 oLrqvksa dks vk;kr dj lseqDr fd;k x;k ftldh la[;k vc dqy 8066 FkhA okf"kZd ,fDte uhfr(2000-01) ekpZ 31, 2000 rd ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ rFkk blesa 714 oLrq,¡ Hkh dj eqDrdh xbZA

2. vk;kr M~;wVh esa dehvk;kr M~;wVh esa dehvk;kr M~;wVh esa dehvk;kr M~;wVh esa dehvk;kr M~;wVh esa deh (Reduction in Import Duty) & tuojh 1993 esa pyS;kdesVh us vk;kr M~;wVh de djus dh odkyr dhA #i, dk voewY;u fd;k x;kA1985-86 ls 1992-93 ds #i, dh okLrfod fofue; nj 57.45 izfr'kr de dhxbZA 1993-94 esa dLVe M~;wVh 110 izfr'kr ls 85 izfr'kr rFkk 1994-95 esa ;g 85

ls 65 izfr'kr o 2000-01 ds chp esa 35 izfr'kr j[kh xbZA vc dsoy pkj izdkjdh dLVe M~;wVh gS] 35, 35, 15 o 5 izfr'krA ;|fi bu ij 10 izfr'kr dk ljpktZyxk;k tkrk gSA

3. fofue; nj uhfr dk mnkjhdj.kfofue; nj uhfr dk mnkjhdj.kfofue; nj uhfr dk mnkjhdj.kfofue; nj uhfr dk mnkjhdj.kfofue; nj uhfr dk mnkjhdj.k (Liberalisation of Exchange Rate Policy) &bldk eq[; mís'; lêk vkfn fLFkfr dk fu;af=kr djuk gksrk gSA 1966 ds voewY;uls igys #i, dh dher 4.76 #i, ,d ;w0,l0 MkWyj ($) ds cjkcj Fkh ysfdublds ckn ckj&ckj #i, dk voewY;u fd;k x;k vc Mkyj dh dher yxHkx48 #i, gSA blds vUrxZr fuEu mik; fd, x,&

A. #i, dk vkaf'kd ifjorZu#i, dk vkaf'kd ifjorZu#i, dk vkaf'kd ifjorZu#i, dk vkaf'kd ifjorZu#i, dk vkaf'kd ifjorZu (Partial Convertibility of Rupees) & 1992-

93 ds ctV esa foÙk ea=kh us vkaf'kd rkSj ij #i, dks ifjofrZr fd;kAbl nksgjs fofue; nj ds vUrxZr 40 izfr'kr fons'kh fofue; ljdkjhfofue; ds fy, rFkk 60 izfr'kr ek=kk ds fu/kkZj.k ij ifjofrZr fd,


tk,¡xsA ;|fi ljdkjh fofue; nj cktkj fofue; nj ls de gSA bldkvfHkizk; ljdkj ds vk;kr dks lfClMh izkIr djus ds fy, fu;kZrdksa ijdj yxkukA fu;kZr dj 8-12 izfr'kr Fkk ftldk fu;kZrdksa us fojks/kfd;kA

B. O;kikj ys[kk ij iw.kZ ifjorZuO;kikj ys[kk ij iw.kZ ifjorZuO;kikj ys[kk ij iw.kZ ifjorZuO;kikj ys[kk ij iw.kZ ifjorZuO;kikj ys[kk ij iw.kZ ifjorZu (Full Convertibility on Trade Account) &1993-94 esa O;kikj ys[kk ij #i, dks iw.kZ ifjofrZr fd;k x;kA bldsvUrxZr nksgjh fofue; iz.kkyh 60:40 [kRe dj 100 izfr'kr ifjorZu fd;kx;kA ;g iw.kZ ifjorZu vf/kdkj lHkh oLrqvksa ¼vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr½] lHkhizkfIr;k¡ ¼Hkqxrku larqyu ds pkyw ;k iw¡th [kkrk ij½ u dh HkqxrkuA bldsLkkFk RBI ds fofHkUu fofue; fu;a=k.k rjhds Hkh ykxw jgs ftUgksaus lHkhoLrqvksa ds fy, ,d gh nj ls ifjorZu ij vkKk ugha nhA

C. pkyw [kkrk ij iw.kZ ifjorZupkyw [kkrk ij iw.kZ ifjorZupkyw [kkrk ij iw.kZ ifjorZupkyw [kkrk ij iw.kZ ifjorZupkyw [kkrk ij iw.kZ ifjorZu (Full Convertibility on Current Account) &pkyw [kkrk ifjorZu'khy dk vfHkizk; gS fons'kh fofue; ds [kjhn rFkkcspus ij LorU=krkA blds vUrxZr RBI us Qjojh 1994 esa bl ifjorZudks jksdus ds fy, dne mBk,A ;g Hkqxrku dk dksVk dsoy dqN ghigyqvksa ij ykxw gksxk & ,Dlpsat vUlZ QkWjsu djsalh ,dkmaV]vk/kkjHkwr fu;kZr dksVk] fons'kksa esa v/;;u] migkj NwV] nku] fons'kh yksxksa}kjk nh xbZ lsokvksa ds fy, HkqxrkuA

Hkkjr us pkyw [kkrk iw.kZ ifjorZu 1994 esa fd;k tc RBI us IMF dsvkfVZdy VIII ds vUrxZr Hkkjr Hkqxrku larqyu ds izca/ku ds fy, pkyw[kkrk ij fofue; izfrca/k dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA 1994-95, 1996-97

vkSj 1998-99 esa Hkh dqN izfrca/kksa esa Bhy nh xbZA

4. O;kikj ?kjO;kikj ?kjO;kikj ?kjO;kikj ?kjO;kikj ?kj (Trading House) & 1991 dh uhfr ds rgr O;kikj dj rFkk fu;kZr?kjksa dks dkQh ek=kk esa vk;kr djus dh vuqefr nhA 1992-97 ds vUrxZr fu;kZrc<+kus ds fy, M~;wVh eqDr vk;kr fd, x,A 1994-95 esa uhfr esa lqij LVsV~l izkIrdjus ds fy, ,d fu;kZrd dks xr o"kZ esa 925 djksM+ #i, fu;kZr fd;k gksukpkfg,A bu ?kjksa dks vk;kr ds fy, Lis'ky ykblsal fn, x, FksA

,fDte ikWfylh ,fDte ikWfylh ,fDte ikWfylh ,fDte ikWfylh ,fDte ikWfylh (1997-2000) (Exim Policy (1997-2000)) & ;g ikWfylh uohaiapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr pykbZ xbZA bl uhfr ds rgr Ñf"k fu;kZr ds fy,fu;kZr ?kjksa dks nksxquh NwV nhA ubZ uhfr us lkW¶Vos;j dks Hkh u, vk;ke fn,AlkW¶Vos;j fu;kZrd dks dksfj;j lsokvksa ds vUrxZr vk¡dM+ksa dh lwpuk ysus dhvuqefr iznku dhA fctyh gkMZos;j dh oLrqvksa dks 50 izfr'kr cspus dh vuqefrnhA fctyh dh oLrqvksa ds fy, rhu lkyksa ds fy, 70 izfr'kr dh NwV FkhA

bl uhfr ds vUrxZr vk;kr ij ls Hkh izfrca/k gVk fy;k x;k rFkk dkQh ek=kkesa oLrqvksa dks dj eqDr dj fn;k x;k ftldk o.kZu ge igys gh dj pqds gSaAvk;kr izfrca/k gVkus ds vUrxZrA blds lkFk&lkFk fu;kZr dks c<+kus dh Ldhe HkhpykbZ xbZ vkSj fu;kZrdksa dks dj NwV ¼izR;{k dj½ vkfn iznku dh xbZA bl izdkjbl uhfr ds 'kq: gksus ij O;kikj txr esa u, vk;ke 'kq: gq,A


bl uhfr ds mnkjhdj.k dk eq[; dkj.k WTO ds vUrxZr fd, x, ok;ns Hkh iwjkdjuk FkkA vc orZeku esa dsoy 715 oLrqvksa ij izfrca/k gSA bl uhfr ds vUrxZrLis'ky tksu cuk, x, tks fd vc phu esa gSA blds ihNs dsoy ;gh fopkj Fkkfd vk;kr o fu;kZr ls lacaf/kr dkuwu buds chp esa #dkoV u cu ik,¡A ;g iw¡thxroLrq,¡ o dPpk eky cxSj M~;wVh ds vk;kr dj ldrs gSa vkSj Vªfeuy ,DlkbtM~;wVh fn, cxSj ?kjsyw {ks=k esa vkus dh vuqefr gSA

bl uhfr ds rgr jkT;ksa dks Hkh fu;kZr izksRlkgu djus dh Hkwfedk ij tksj fn;kAblds fy, dsUnz ljdkj us budk fu;kZr laca/kh lqfo/kkvksa ds fy, 250 djksM+ dhlgk;rk nhA ljdkj us Mk;eaM MkWyj Ldhe Hkh 'kq: dh rkfd vf/kd ek=kk esaMk;eaM dk fu;kZr fd;k tk lds D;ksafd Hkkjr Mk;eaM dk ,d cgqr cM+k {ks=kgSA

ysfdu bu lcds ckotwn bl uhfr ds cqjs ifj.kke Hkh ns[kus dks feys gSaA vk;krij ls izfrca/k gVkus ij ?kjsyw m|ksx dks uqdlku mBkuk iM+kA bl izdkj ftuoLrqvksa ij igys izfrca/k Fkk os Hkh izfrca/k ls ckgj dj nh xbZA ;fn vk¡dM+s ns[ksarks ukfj;y rsy dh dhersa izfrca/k gVus ds ckn bruh fxj xbZ fd mRiknd viuhykxr Hkh ugha fudky ik;kA blfy, ljdkj dks ?kjsyw m|ksx dks /;ku esa j[krsgq, izfrca/k gVkus pkfg,A

fons'kh fofue; izca/ku ,DV ¼Qsek½fons'kh fofue; izca/ku ,DV ¼Qsek½fons'kh fofue; izca/ku ,DV ¼Qsek½fons'kh fofue; izca/ku ,DV ¼Qsek½fons'kh fofue; izca/ku ,DV ¼Qsek½(Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA))

fons'kh fofue; izca/ku ,DV ¼Qsek½ vxLr 4, 1998 dks fo/kkulHkk esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjkizLrkfor fd;k x;kA bldk eq[; mís'; Hkkjr es fons'kh fofue; cktkj dk izca/ku rFkkfodkl ds fy, dkuwu cukuk tks fons'kh fofue; dks ckgjh O;kikj rFkk Hkqxrku dhlqfo/kk iznku dj ldsA 1999 esa ;g fo/kkulHkk }kjk LohÑr fd;k x;k ftls fons'kh fofue;izca/k ,DV] 1999 ds uke ls tkurs gSaA Qsek fons'kh fofue; ds dkuwu rFkk izca/k lslEcfU/kr gSS blds vUrxZr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr nwljs O;fDr dks fons'kh fofue; gLrkarfjr ughadj ldrk rFkk dksbZ O;fDr tks Hkkjr esa jgrk gS fdlh Hkh gLrkarfjr fofue; dks u j[kldrk gS u gh gLrkarfjr dj ldrk gSA

1. pkyw [kkrk rFkk iw¡th [kkrk ys[kk&tks[kkpkyw [kkrk rFkk iw¡th [kkrk ys[kk&tks[kkpkyw [kkrk rFkk iw¡th [kkrk ys[kk&tks[kkpkyw [kkrk rFkk iw¡th [kkrk ys[kk&tks[kkpkyw [kkrk rFkk iw¡th [kkrk ys[kk&tks[kk (Current Account and CapitalAccount Transactions) & dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fons'kh fofue; fdlh izekf.kr O;fDrls ys ldrk gS ;fn og fcØh pkyw [kkrk esa ntZ gSA ;|fi dsUnzh; cSad lkoZtfudfgr dks ns[krs gq, fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k ls feydj bl ij izfrca/k yxk ldrhgSA lSD'ku 6 ds lc lSDlu 1 ds vUrxZr dksbZ O;fDr izekf.kr O;fDr dks iw¡th [kkrkys[kk ds fy, fons'kh fofue; csp ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ij Hkh RBI izfrca/k yxk ldrkgSA ;|fi RBI lk/kkj.k rkSj ij Hkh izfrca/k yxk ldrk gSA

lSDlu 6 ds lc&lSDlu pkj ds rgr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Hkkjr esa jgusokyk fons'khfofue; fuos'k] j[kuk ;k gLrkarfjr dj ldrk gS c'krsZ fd ;g lc dekrs le;o Hkkjr ls ckgj jgk gksA blh izdkj dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Hkkjr esa fuos'k] laifÙk vkfn[kjhn ldrk gS cs'krZ dh ;g dekrs le; og Hkkjr esa jgk gksA


2. tqekZuktqekZuktqekZuktqekZuktqekZuk (Penalities) & ;fn dksbZ O;fDr bu lc ckrksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS rksftruh laifÙk mlus fons'kh fofue; ds rgr vftZr dh gS ml ij rhu xq.kk tqekZukyxk;k tk ldrk gS rFkk tgk¡ iSlk ugha n'kkZ;k x;k gS ogk¡ nks yk[k tqekZuk rFkk;g vkxs mYya?ku djrk gS rks ml ij 5000 #i, izfrfnu ds fglkc ls tqekZukyxk;k tkrk gS tc rd ;g [kRe u gksA ;g dksbZ O;fDr tqekZuk nsus ds fy,vlQy jgrk gS rks ml dks ukS eghus dh ltk dkVuh iM+rh gSA

3. izkFkZukizkFkZukizkFkZukizkFkZukizkFkZuk (Appeal) & dsUnzh; ljdkj lSDlu 16 ds rgr blds vUrxZr irk yxkusds fy, fdlh O;fDr dks fu;qDr dj ldrh gS rkfd nks"kh dks viuh ckr dgusdk iwjk le; feysA bl izdkj fVªcquy vkfn dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gS rkfdog ¼nks"kh½ viuh ckr dks leqfpr:i ls is'k dj ldsA

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd fons'kh fofue; esa FEMA lq/kjk gqvk :i gSA blesa fons'khfofue; esa ysunsu djus ds fy, RBI dh vkKk dh vko';drk ugha gSA FEMA dk mís';ckgjh ys[kksa esa lq/kkj ds lkFk fons'kh fofue; fu;a=k.k esa <hy rFkk rcnhyh dh rjQ c<+ukgSaA dqN le; ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds pkyw [kkrksa ij ncko c<+k gSA vFkZO;oLFkk esa [kqykiu j[kusds dkj.k pkyw [kkrk ?kkVk c<+us ls fons'kh fofue; dh dfBukbZ mRiUu gksrh gSA ftu ns'kksaus fons'kh fofue; esa [kqykiu j[kk gS og ifj.kkeksa dks ns[kdj fons'kh fofue; ij nksckjkizfrca/k yxkuk pkgrh gSaA

,fDtV ikWfylh & Je cktkj lq/kkj esa eqís 143

flrEcj 1991 esa lcls igys ,fDtV ikWfylh dks 'kq: djus dk dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k x;kD;ksafd fcuk Je cktkj dh yksp ds nq#Lr vkS|ksfxdhdj.k izkIr djuk eqf'dy FkkA oYMZcSad vkSj IMF 'kq: ls ncko Mky jgs Fks fd Jfedksa dks ,d bdkbZ ls nwljh bdkbZ esagLrkarfjr fd;k tk, rFkk vf/kd ¼Qkyrw½ deZpkfj;ksa dh N¡Vuh dh tk,A ysfdu N¡Vuh[krjukd gS rFkk ;g Jfed oxZ esa fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA vk¡dyu ds vuqlkj chekj vkS|ksfxdlkoZtfud bdkb;ksa esa yxHkx 4.5 yk[k dke djrs gSa tcfd lkoZtfud {ks=k esa bl rjgdh leL;k ugha gSA ;fn chekj bdkb;k¡ cUn dh tkrh gS rks vf/kd la[;k esa Jfedcsjkstxkj gks tk,¡xsaA

fu;kZr dh izfr;ksxh rkdr lq/kkjus ds fy, Hkkjrh; ?kjsyw cktkj esa ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr usMNCs ds fy, njokts [kksy fn,A fiNys ik¡p o"kks± ls fons'kh daifu;ksa ds lkFk lgefrtrkbZ xbZ gSA vc dkQh Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa ij MNCs dk fu;a=k.k gSA ysfdu bl rjgdh lksp Jfedksa ds fy, ?kkrd gS D;ksafd MNCs iw¡th iz/kku rduhd dk iz;ksx djrh gSALopkfyr e'khuksa }kjk mRiknu bdkbZ;ksa dks dqN gh etnwjksa dh lgk;rk ls iwjk fd;k tkldrk gSA vkSj blls dkQh la[;k esa etwnjksa ds csjkstxkj gksus dk [krjk gSA ;fn MNCs

bl rjg dk dk;Z djrh gS rks Hkkjrh; dEiuh Hkh vf/kd&ls&vf/kd iw¡th iz/kku rduhdksadk iz;ksx djsaxhA bl rjg ls u fd chekj bdkb;k¡ cfYd LoLFk bdkb;k¡ lkoZtfud ofuth {ks=k esa Hkh MNCs ds lkFk izfr;ksfxrk c<+kus ds fy, bl rjg dk dke djsaxhA blfy,bl rjg gj txg [krjs dh ?k¡Vh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA losZ{k.k fn[kkrk gS fd 100 ls vf/kddEifu;ksa us oksysUVjh fjVk;jesaV Ldhe (VRS) 'kq: dh gSA dqN dEifu;ksa us Hkh VRS 'kq:dh gS rkfd os vius uqdlku de dj ldsa rFkk dqN us blfy, rkfd vius ykHk dh njc<+k ldsaA D;ksafd fons'kh daifu;ksa ds Mj ls ?kjsyw daiuh izfr;ksfxrk ij /;ku nsrh gS ufd foLrkj ijA ,slh voLFkk esa xjhc etnwj bl rjg dh pkykdh dk f'kdkj cus gq,gSaA dqN dEifu;ksa us iqjkus O;olk; can dj fn, gS rkfd os Jfedksa dks ckgj fudky u;kO;olk; 'kq: dj ykHk vftZr dj ldsaA

Åij dfFkr cgl fn[kkrh gS fd <k¡pk ,MtLVesaV o vkS|ksfxd uofufeZr dk;ZØe ls JfedoxZ ij cqjs izHkko iM+rs gS vkSj bldk ifj.kke gS vf/kd la[;k esa Jfedksa dh NqêhA Hkkjrljdkj ds vkS|ksfxd ea=kky; ds vuqlkj 1993-94 ls 152 lkoZtfud {ks=k bdkbZ can dhtk pqdh gS ftlesa 1,20,000 Jfed FksA NTC fey esa 2300 deZpkjh ckgj fd, tk pqdsgSaA Hkkjr dksfdax dksy] HMT vkfn dbZ lkoZtfud {ks=k bdkbZ can dh tk pqdh gSA

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-16,fDtV ikWfylh ,fDtV ikWfylh ,fDtV ikWfylh ,fDtV ikWfylh ,fDtV ikWfylh & Je cktkj lq/kkj esa eqísJe cktkj lq/kkj esa eqísJe cktkj lq/kkj esa eqísJe cktkj lq/kkj esa eqísJe cktkj lq/kkj esa eqís(Exit Policy – Issues in Labour MarketReforms)


bl leL;k ds funku ds fy, ljdkj Hkkjr ljdkj us deZpkfj;ksa dh N¡Vuh jksdus dsfy, 1992 esa us'kuy jsfuosy QaM (NRF) ykxw fd;kA blds mís'; fuEufyf[kr Fks&

1. m|ksxksa ds <k¡ps esa ifjorZu ls vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk rduhdh {kerk c<+kus lsdeZpkfj;ksa dh izf'k{k.k ds fy, yxus okyh ykxr ds fy, [kpZ iznku djukA

2. lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k esa vkS|ksfxd bdkb;k¡ can gksus ls deZpkfj;ksa dks eqvkotknsukA

3. Je dks lkekftd lqj{kk iznku djus ds fy, laxfBr rFkk vlaxfBr {ks=k esa jkstxkjc<+kusokyh Ldhe ykxw djukA

NRF ds vUrxZr rhu rjg dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS ,d gS (1) jkstxkj c<+kus ds fy, QaM](ii) us'kuy jsfuosy xzkV QaM (NRGF) vkSj (iii) Jfedksa rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, chek QaMAigys ds vUrxZr laxfBr rFkk vlaxfBr {ks=k esa jkstxkj c<+kus laca/kh Ldhe ykxw djuk gSANRGF dk laca/k VRS ls tks bdkbZ can gksus ij deZpkfj;ksa dks eqvkotk fn;k tkrk gSA vkSjrhljk deZpkfj;ksa dh Hkfo"; dh t:jrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k x;k gSA

ysfdu ;s lHkh uhfr;k¡ tks Exit uhfr ds vUrxZr ykxw dh xbZ Fkh deZpkfj;ksa dks T;knk ykHkiznku ugha dj ikbZA blfy, ljdkj us twu 1, 1998 dks lkoZtfud {ks=kksa ds can gksus ijeqvkotk rFkk lgk;rk vkfn esa mnkjhdj.k djus dk QSlyk fd;kA ysfdu ;g QSlyk vHkhiw.kZ :i ls ykxw ugha gks ik;kA bdkbZ can gksus ij deZpkjh dks vkS|ksfxd ,DV ds vUrxZreqvkotk fn;k tkrk gSA ;g dsoy ukSdjh ds izR;sd o"kZ ds Åij 15 fnu dh etnwjh dkizko/kku gSA VRS ds vUrxZr ukSdjh ds izR;sd o"kZ iwjk gksus ij 45 fnu dh etnwjh nh tkrhgSA ysfdu 1999-2000 ds ctV ds vUrxZr eglwl fd;k x;k fd VRS dh otg ls ljdkjds Åij iM+usokys Hkkj dks de djus dh lykg nhA

;fn ns[kk tk, rks NRF dsoy VRS dks iwjk djus ls gh lacaf/kr ugha Fkk cfYd blus ckdhmís';ksa dks NksM+ fn;k x;k deZpkjh dks izf'kf{kr nssus dk mís'; tks fd vge Fkk mldh rjQHkh dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA ljdkj vc bl ckr dks eglwl djrh gSA blfy, vcljdkj us ,Eiyk;eSaV fjlkslZ lSaVj] ,EiykbZ ,lhlVSal lSaVj (EAS) LFkkfir fd, gSA yxHkx65,000 Jfed EAS ds rgr fy, x, gSA

ysfdu ljdkj ds fy, lcls cM+h pqukSrh vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dks cnyus ds ckn jkstxkj [kksnsusokys deZpkfj;ksa dks jkstxkj iznku djus dh gSA ns'k esa igys gh csjkstxkjh dh leL;kgS ,slh voLFkk esa N¡Vuh fd, x, deZpkfj;ksa dks jkstxkj nsuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA vf/kd la[;kesa dq'ky] vdq'ky deZpkjh igys gh jkstxkj ds fy, ?kwe jgs gSa ,slh voLFkk esa vkS|ksfxdbdkb;ksa ls ckgj fudkys x, deZpkfj;ksa dks jkstxkj nsuk ljdkj ds fy, pqukSrh iw.kZ gSA<k¡pkRed ifjorZu ls yxrk ugha fd u, jkstxkj ds lk/ku mRiUu gksaxs cfYd csjkstxkj lsukdh HkhM+ vo'; rS;kj gks tk,xh D;ksafd vkS|ksfxd ifjorZu ls csjkstxkjh dh leL;k yxkrkjc<+rh tk jgh gSA

Je ij jk"Vªh; deh'kuJe ij jk"Vªh; deh'kuJe ij jk"Vªh; deh'kuJe ij jk"Vªh; deh'kuJe ij jk"Vªh; deh'ku(National Commission Labour)

Je ij igyk jk"Vªh; Je deh'ku fnlEcj 24, 1966 dks cuk;k rFkk blus viuh fjiksVZ

,fDtV ikWfylh & Je cktkj lq/kkj esa eqís 145

1969 dks izLrqr dhA ysfdu 1991 ds mnkjhdj.k ds ckn orZeku Je dkuwuksa dks ifjofrZrdjus dh t:jr eglwl gqbZ vkSj blesa ifjorZu fd, x,A nwljk Je dkuwu 1998 esa cuktks Je dkuwu@uhfr esa ifjorZu dh lykg ns ldsA 1999 u, Je deh'ku dh LFkkiuk djnh xbZ ftlesa efgyk,¡] O;kikj ;wfu;u] m|ksx vkSj efgyk fo'ks"kK lnL; Fkh] bl deh'kudks viuh fjiksVZ 24 eghus esa nsuh FkhA blesa fuEu ckrsa Fkh&

1. vlaxfBr {ks=k esa Jfedksa ds cpko ds fy, dkuwuA

2. laxfBr {ks=k esa orZeku dkuwuksa esa QsjcnyA

blfy, bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bl deh'ku ds vUrxZr Jfedksa ds fy, vkfFkZdekgkSy iSnk djus ij tksj fn;k x;k rkfd u, mRikn ds rjhdksa rFkk rduhdh fodkl¼ifjorZu½ rFkk QSDVªh esa dke ds le; rFkk izÑfr ij Hkh /;ku fn;k x;kA ;s dkuwu Jfedksadh izkFkfedrk ds lkFk&lkFk Je cktkj dh vko';drkvksa rFkk t:jrksa ds vk/kkj ij cuk,x,A


Hkqxrku larqyuHkqxrku larqyuHkqxrku larqyuHkqxrku larqyuHkqxrku larqyu(Balance of Payments)

Hkqxrku larqyu dk vfHkizk; ,d fuf'pr le; esa Hkkjr rFkk nwljs ns'kksa ds chp lHkh vkfFkZdysu&nsu dk fjdkWMZ gSA ;g fu;kZr ls gksusokyh vk; rFkk vk;kr dh xbZ oLrqvksa ds cnysfd, x, Hkqxrku ls gS & pkyw [kkrk rFkk iw¡th [kkrkA pkyw [kkrk esa oLrq] lsok rFkk vk;ls lacaf/kr ys[kk rFkk pkyw [kkrk ij gksusokys ?kkVs rFkk vkf/kD; bl iw¡th [kkrs ls fy,tkrs gSaA bu pkyw o iw¡th [kkrk dk ys[kk&tks[kk ls lacaf/kr j[kusokyh tkudkjh vFkoklarqyu dk gh Hkqxrku larqyu dk uke nsrs gSaA Hkqxrku vlarqyu dks larqfyr cukus ds fy,vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk QaM (IMF) ,d egÙoiw.kZ ,tsalh gS blls /ku laca/kh lgk;rk yh tkrhgSaA blds lkFk vius vUrjkZ"Vªh; fjtoZ Hkh cukdj j[krh gSA Hkqxrku larqqyu nks ys[kk iz.kkyhpkyw [kkrk rFkk i¡wth [kkrk dks fy;k tkrk gSA

tc Hkkjr LorU=k gqvk Hkkjr esa 1733 djksM+ #i, dk cSysal Fkk blds dkj.k nwljs fo'o;q) ds nkSjku ;w0ds0 ds lkFk fd, x, O;kikj ls gksusokyk vkf/kD; gSA igyh iapo"khZ;;kstuk ds vUrxZr O;kikj larqyu esa ?kkVk 541.9 djksM+ #i, FkkA okLro esa pkyw [kkrkij ?kkVk 4.23 djksM+ #i, FksA pkyw [kkrk esa futh iw¡th] cSfdax iw¡th rFkk vkWfQly iw¡thyh tkrh gSA ;fn Hkqxrku larqyu fLFkfr dk vk¡dyu fd;k tk, rks bldh fLFkfr mHkjdj lkeus vk,xhA ftldks geusa fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gS&

1. 1956-57 ls ls ls ls ls 1975-76 (1956-57 to 1975-76) & bl le; ds nkSjku Hkqxrku larqyuesa Hkkjh ?kkVk FkkA bl nkSjku Hkkjr dks rhu ;q)ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k ¼1962

esa phu] 1965 vkSj 1971 esa ikfdLrku ds lkFk½ rFkk esa ns'k esa lw[kk Hkh iM+k (1965-

66, 1966-67)A ;|fi ljdkj us vk;kr fu;a=k.k ds fy, dkQh mik; fd, fQjHkh bldks ugha dj ikbZA bl ?kkVk dh iwfrZ ds fy, ljdkj us de nj ij vk;krHkqxrku ds fons'kh lgk;rk Hkh yh D;ksafd fons'kh fofue; fjtoZ de FksA bldsfy, ljdkj us igyk dne vk/kkjHkwr rFkk iw¡thxr oLrqvksa ds m|ksxksa dks LFkkfirdjus ij egÙo fn;kA blds fy, e'khujh rFkk rduhdh oLrqvksa dh vko';drkgqbZ blfy, fu;kZr u ds cjkcj rFkk vk;kr dkQh vf/kd ek=kk esa FksA bldkifj.kke 2,261.3 djksM+ #i, dk O;kikj larqyu ?kkVk gqvkA Hkkjr ds fu;kZrvfèkdrj ijEijkxr Fks ftuls vk; c<+kuk dkQh eqf'dy FkkA lw[kk ds dkj.k[kk|kUu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr Hkh vf/kd ek=kk esa djuk iM+kA blfy, r`rh; iapo"khZ;;kstuk dk Hkqxrku larqyu esa ?kkVk 2000 djksM+ ls Hkh T;knk FkkA

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-17Hkqxrku larqyu o fons'kh iw¡thHkqxrku larqyu o fons'kh iw¡thHkqxrku larqyu o fons'kh iw¡thHkqxrku larqyu o fons'kh iw¡thHkqxrku larqyu o fons'kh iw¡th(Balance of Payments and Foreign Capital)

Hkqxrku larqyu o fons'kh iwath 147

blh izdkj ;g flyflyk yxkrkj pyrk jgk rFkk prqFkZ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dsvUrxZr Hkh vk;kr esa o`f) gqbZA vUrjkZ"Vªh; dhersa c<+us ls vk;kr ds ewY; esa Hkho`f) gqbZA tSls isVªksfy;e inkFkZ] [kkn] yksgk o bLikr] i¡wthxr oLrqvksa dh dherksaesa o`f) tks 1972 ls 1974 rd c<+hA blds ifj.kkeLo:i vk;kr ewY; 1969-70

esa 1,582.3 djksM+ #i, ls c<+dj 1973-74 esa 2,729.3 djksM+ #i, gks x;kAvUrjkZ"Vªh; dhersa c<+us ls fu;kZr dk Lrj Hkh c<+kA tks fu;kZr 1969-70 esa 1,403.9

#i, Fks os 1973-74 esa c<+dj 2,3507.7 djksM+ #i, gks x,A blls dqN ?kkVk esadeh vkbZ ysfdu fQj Hkh ;g ?kkVk 670.2 djksM+ #i, FkkA

blds ckotwn vkWjxsukbts'ku isVªksfy;e ,DliksjfVax dUVªht (OPEC) us dPps rsydh dherksa esa dqN o`f) dh ftlls vk;kr djus ls vYifodflr ns'kksa ij bldkfoijhr izHkko iM+kA blh izdkj Hkkjr dk vk;kr fcy 1973 esa 2,729.3 djksM+ lsc<+dj 1974-75 esa 4,156.9 djksM+ #i, gks x;k blfy, 1974-75 esa O;kikj dklarqyu ?kkVk 977.2 djksM+ FkkA

2. 1976-77 ls ls ls ls ls 1979-80 (1976-77 to 1979-80) & ;g le; Hkqxrku larqyu ?kkVkvk¡dM+s dk dkQh FkksM+k le; gSA bl nkSjku Hkkjr esa pkyw [kkrk vkf/kD; flQZGDP dk 0.6 izfr'kr Fks vkSj dsoy 7 eghus ds vk;kr ds fy, gh fons'kh fjtoZFksA bl nkSjku Hkkjr ds vf/kdrj Jfed] dq'ky Jfed] vdq'ky Jfed] ulZ vkfnrsy fu;kZr djusokys ns'kksa esa dqN le; ds fy, ¼vLFkkbZ dke djus ds fy,LFkkukarfjr gks x,A os viuh vk; dks vius ifjokjksa dks Hkstrs Fks blfy, bllsgksusokyh vk; ¼futh½ 3,128.7 djksM+ #i, FkhA bl izdkj izkfIr;ksa esa dqN o`f)gqbZA ;|fi vk;kr izfrLFkkiu ds fy, ?ksjyw mRikn esa 13.6 izfr'kr izfro"kZ dhnj ls 1969-79 esa o`f) gqbZA blh izdkj vk;kr izfrLFkkiu ds dk;ZØe pyk, x,rkfd vk;kr dks de fd;k tk ldsA vUrjkZ"Vªh; rFkk ?kjsyw cktkj esa lksus dhdherksa esa varj dks [kRe fd;k bl dkj.k lksus dk lexy VªsM esa deh gksus lsRBI ds Hkqxrku rFkk izkfIr esa vPNs ifj.kke ns[kus dks feysA

Hkkjr us igyk rsy >Vdk dks Hkh rsth ls ,MtLV fd;kA bu lcds ckotwn 1976-

77 vkSj 1977-78 esa pkyw [kkrk ij vkf/kD; Fkk D;ksafd Hkkjr igys gh vUrjkZ"Vªh;,stsalh IMF vkfn ls QaM ys pqdk FkkA ysfdu pkyw [kkrk ij O;kikj ?kkVk 1,146

djksM+ #i, FkkA Hkkjr dks nwljk rsy >Vdk 1979-80 esa OPEC }kjk rsy dh dhersac<+kus ij yxkA blls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij udkjkRed ifj.kke FksA O;kikj ?kkVktks 1978-79 esa 1,843 djksM+ #i, Fkk c<+dj 1980-81 esa 5,967 djksM+ #i, gksx;kA ;|fi lkFk&lkFk izkfIr;ksa ls 1979-80 esa pkyw [kkrk ij ?kkVk 2345 djksM+#i, Fkk tks 1980-81 esa c<+dj 1,657 djksM+ #i, gks x;kA

3. 1980-81 ls ls ls ls ls 1992-93 (1980-81 to 1992-93) & ;g le; Hkkjr ds fy, vFkZO;oLFkkds fy, dkQh eqf'dy Hkjk FkkA NBha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa O;kikj esa larqyu ?kkVk6,000 djksM+ #i, izfro"kZ gks x;kA 1990-91 esa bl larqyu ?kkVs us vkleku NwukvkjEHk dj fn;k rFkk c<+dj 12,000 djksM+ #i, izfro"kZ gks x;kA ;|fi ;g 1991-

92 esa dqN de gqvk ysfdu 1992-93 esa blesa nksckjk c<+ksÙkjh gksdj 14,101 djksM+#i, gks x;kA Hkqxrku larqyu ds Lrj ij Hkkjr ds fy, ;g cgqr cM+h leL;kFkhA


bl eq[; dkj.k 1990-91 dk xYQ ladV FkkA ;fn vk¡dM+ksa dk vk¡dyu fd;ktk, rks bl Hkkjr dks vk; dh izkfIr Hkh gqbZ gS tks 4,311 djksM+ #i, Fkh ysfdu;g yxkrkj de gksrh xbZ D;ksafd xYQ ns'kksa eas tks yksx dke djus x, Fks mUgsabl ladV ls ?kj okfil ykSVuk iM+kA ;|fi Hkkjr us IMF rFkk oYMZ cSad lslgk;rk ysus ds fy, dbZ <k¡pkRed dk;ks± dk xBu fd;kA

4. 1992-93 ds cknds cknds cknds cknds ckn (1992-93 After) & ;|fi vkfFkZd lq/kkj ds ckn Hkkjrh; O;kikjlarqyu esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA bl le; pkyw [kkrk ?kkVk GDP dk dsoy 0.4 izfr'krFkkA fons'kh fofu;e Hk¡Mkjksa esa Hkh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZA ckgjh lgk;rk Hkh bl o"kZ $ 19,01

fefy;u dh ;|fi pkyw [kkrk ?kkVk $ 1,158 fefy;u FksA vk;kr dh vis{kk (6.5%)

dh vis{kk fu;kZr (20.2%) esa Hkh fjdkMZrksM+ o`f) gqbZA bl izdkj pkyw [kkrk ?kkVk1992-93 ¼$ 3.5 fcfy;u½ ls ?kVdj 1993-94 esa $ 1.2 fcfy;u jg x,A ;g Hkqxrkularqyu esa lq/kkj dk fpg~u gSA 1994-95 dh fLFkfr Hkh larks"ktud Fkh D;ksafd ?kkVkdsoy GDP dk 1.0 izfr'kr FkkA

;|fi vkS|ksfxdhdj.k esa o`f) ls yxkrkj vk;kr esa o`f) gqbZ gS ysfdu fQj Hkh Hkqxrkularqyu ?kkVk dh fLFkfr mruh [kjkc ugha Fkh ftruh lq/kkj ls igys FkhA vc Hkkjr dkHkqxrku larqyu esa yxkrkj lq/kkj gks jgk gSA bldk ,d eq[; dkj.k vn`'; foÙk ¼vk;½ dkHkh c<+uk gS tks 1998-99 esa O;kikj ?kkVk dk 65 izfr'kr FkhA

Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dk fuokj.kHkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dk fuokj.kHkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dk fuokj.kHkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dk fuokj.kHkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dk fuokj.k(Solution to the Problem of Balance of Payment)

bl leL;k dk lek/kku fuEu rjhdksa ls fd;k x;k (i) fons'kh lgk;rk] (ii) fons'kh ls futhNwV] (iii) ckgjh okf.kT; m/kkj vkSj NRI dh tek] (iv) O;kikj uhfr&vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr uhfr](v) fons'kh izR;{k fuos'kA

Hkkjr us fofHkUu ns'kksa ls tSls vesfjdk rFkk ;w0ds0] Ýk¡l] teZuh rFkk :l ls ;kstuk dsvUrxZr dkQh fons'kh lgk;rk yh ftldks ge fons'kh iw¡th rFkk lgk;rk okys v/;k; esaof.kZr djsaxsA blh izdkj nwljs rjhdksa ls Hkh Hkkjr us dkQh enn yhA ysfdu ckgjh m/kkjrFkk futh NwV ls Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dk fuokj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blfy,,d gh Hkjkslsean rjhdk gS vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr uhfrA bl uhfr ds rgr vk;kr izfrLFkkiurFkk fu;kZr izksRlkgu djds bl Hkqxrku larqyu ds ?kkVs dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA

blds fy, ljdkj us dkQh dne mBk, gS tSls ?kjsyw rFkk vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dks c<+kok nsdjvk;kr dh ek=kk esa dkQh deh gqbZ gSA ysfdu Hkkjr esa ;s Hkh lcls cM+h eqf'dy gS D;ksafdvkS|ksfxdhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, iw¡thxr oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djuk Hkkjr dh etcwjhjgh gSA ysfdu mnkjhdj.k ds ckn Hkkjr ds Hkqxrku larqyu esa dkQh ifjorZu gqvk gSA uohaiapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, t:jh gSO;kikj djusokys mRikn rFkk lsokvksa esa o`f) dh tk, rkfd blls ckgjh izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f)gksA ;g rHkh laHko gS tc gekjs ikl fu;kZr djus ds fy, vkf/kD; gks ftlls vk;kr t:jrsaiwjh gks ldsaA nwljk ;g gS fd fu;kZr cktkj vkd"kZd gksuk pkfg, rkfd ?kjsyw mRiknd viuseky dks fu;kZr djus ds fy, rS;kj gks rFkk mudks fu;kZr laca/kh vf/kd volj izkIr gksA

gkyk¡fd Hkkjr esa blds ifj.kke ns[kus dks feysa tks vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr uhfr esa mYys[k fd,


x, gSA bl v/;k; ls ge blds ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA rFkk ;gk¡ij ;g of.kZr dj ldrs gS fd vk;kr fu;kZr uhfr ls fdl rjg Hkqxrku larqyu esa lq/kkjgqvk gSA

Hkkjr esa fons'kh iw¡th vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; laxBuHkkjr esa fons'kh iw¡th vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; laxBuHkkjr esa fons'kh iw¡th vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; laxBuHkkjr esa fons'kh iw¡th vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; laxBuHkkjr esa fons'kh iw¡th vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; laxBu(Foreign Capital and Multinational Corporations in India)

vf/kdrj vYi&fodflr ns'kksa esa vk; dk Lrj rFkk iw¡th dk pØh; Øe jgrk gSA ;|fi]iw¡th dh deh ds ckotwn bu ns'kksa us vkS|ksfxdhdj.k o vkfFkZd fodkl dk etcwrvk/kkj [kM+k fd;k gSA ;|fi Hkkjr us vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds fy, dbZ dk;ZØe pyk, ysfdu?kjsyw {ks=k esa lk/kuksa dh deh gksus ij fons'kh iw¡th ij fuHkZj jguk iM+k FkkA

fons'kh iw¡th dks fons'kh fuos'k ;k _.k ;k lgk;rk ds :i esa izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSAfons'kh iw¡th Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dk fuokj.k NRI dh tek izkIr djds Hkh izkIr dhtk ldrh gSA ysfdu ;fn fons'kh lgk;rk dqN le; ds fy, fdlh [kkl ladV ds fy, izkIrgksrh ftls okfil djus dk >a>V ughaA _.k vkfn ysus ij bUgsa okfil djuk Hkh ljdkjdh ftEesnkjh jgrh gSA vf/kdrj ns'k viuh eqnzk ds vUrxZr gh _.k okilh pkgrs gSa ysfdudqN [kkl igyqvksa ij tSls vesjhdk us PL 480 ds rgr Hkkjr dks _.k vnk;xh #i, esa djusdh vuqefr iznku dhA var esa fons'kh fuos'k Hkh fons'kh iw¡th izkfIr dk dkj.k gSA vkerkSjij fons'kh fuos'k ?kjsyw {ks=k ds dqN {ks=kksa esa futh fuos'k djus dh 'kDy esa gSA ysfdu ;fnvYi&fodflr ns'k ;fn vf/kd ek=kk esa fons'kh fuos'k ij fuHkZj djsaxs rks ;g vFkZO;oLFkkds fy, ?kkrd gksxk D;ksafd blls ns'k esa gLr{ksi vf/kd c<+sxk rFkk ;g nh?kZdky esavFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, ?kkrd fl) gksxkA Hkkjr esa fons'kh iw¡th dh vko';drk fofHkUu dkj.kksals gS&

1. vYifodflr ns'k de le; esa vius vkidks vkS|ksfxdhdj.k esa ykuk pkgrs gS bldsfy, /ku ¼iw¡th dh vko';drk eglwl gksrhA vFkkZr~ fuos'k c<+kus dh t:jr gSAfuos'k ds fy, mPp ek=kk esa cprksa dh vko';drk gSA ysfdu bu ns'kksa esa xjhcho csjkstxkjh ls cpr dk Lrj de jgrk gSA blfy, fuos'k rFkk cpr dh [kkbZdk ikVus ds fy, fons'kh iw¡th dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA

2. vYifodflr ns'kksa esa fodflr ns'kksa dh vis{kk rduhdh Lrj fuEu gSA blfy,rduhd vk;kr dh vko';drk iM+rh gS vkSj ;g rduhdh fons'kh iw¡th ds rgrvkrk gSA

3. vYifodflr ns'kksa esa izkÑfrd lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, rduhdh dq'kyrkdh deh gSA blfy, bldk iz;ksx c<+kus ds fy, ;s ns'k fons'kh iw¡th ij fuHkZjjgrs gSaA

4. Hkqxrku larqyu fLFkfr lq/kkj ds fy, tgk¡ vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr esa vf/kd varj jgrkgSA D;ksafd vYi fodflr ns'kksa esa vk;kr dh ek=kk yxkrkj c<+rh jgrh gS blfy,Hkqxrku larqyu dks larqfyr cukus ds fy, fons'kh iw¡th dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA

5. vYifodflr ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd <k¡pk detksj jgrk gSA blfy, Hkh bu ns'kksa dks bl<k¡ps dks rkdroj cukus ds fy, Hkh fons'kh iw¡th dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA


futh fons'kh fuos'k ls ;g Hkh Qk;nk gS fd ;s vius lkFk ubZ rduhd] vPNk izca/ku vkSjlaxBu] lLrk foÙk rFkk vPNk cktkjhdj.k ykrh gSA

LorU=krk izkfIr ds le; Hkkjr esa fons'kh iw¡th ds izfr lksp ldkjkRed FkhA ysfdu LorU=krkds i'pkr~ blds izfr joS;k cnykA NRI ls fuos'k rFkk fons'kh iw¡th dks vkdf"kZr djus dsfy, dj esa NwV vkfn dk izko/kku fd;kA 1991 esa ljdkj us fons'kh fuos'k ls lacaf/kr vgedne 51 izfr'kr rd izR;{k fuos'k dh vkKk nhA 1996 rd 51 m|ksxksa dks blesa 'kkfey fd;kx;kA tSls gksVy] i;ZVu {ks=k vkfnA ÅtkZ {ks=k esa ljdkj us 100 izfr'kr fons'kh fuos'k rddh vuqefr nhA NRI vkfn dh 100 izfr'kr rd bfDoVh c<+kus dh vkKk nh ysfdu bUgsa RBI

dh vuqefr vko';d FkhA fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks ?kjsyw {ks=k ds O;kikj fpg~u dk iz;ksx djusdh Hkh vuqefr nh xbZA

blds lkFk&ljdkj us Qksjsu baLVhV~;w'kuy vFkkWfjVh (FIT) dks lsch (SEBI) flD;ksfjVh ,aM,Dlpsat cksMZ vkWQ bafM;k ds rgr fons'kh fuos'k djus dh vuqefr nhA lsch dks ljdkj izk;%fuos'k ds fy, fons'kh QaM dk izca/ku djus ds fy, ?kjsyw QaM izca/kd ds rgr vuqefr nhxbZA

bl izdkj ljdkj us fons'kh iw¡th dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks XykscyvFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk tksM+kA bl izdkj NRI dks Hkkjr esa cxSj fdlh izfrca/k ds [kkrk [kksyusdh btktr rFkk mudh tek iw¡th ij Xykscy cktkj dh vis{kk vf/kd C;kt iznku fd;kx;kA fofHkUu ;kstuk ds vUrxZr NRI dh tek ekpZ 1991 esa $ 14 fcfy;u Fkh tks 1996 esa$ 17.4 fcfy;u] rFkk ekpZ 1999 ds var rd ;g $ 21.3 fcfy;u FkhA

;|fi ljdkj us fons'kh iw¡th c<+kus ds fy, fofHkUu dne mBk, ysfdu bl rjg dh fons'khiw¡th ds lkFk ns'k esa fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k dh ek=kk Hkh c<+rh xbZA bu cgqjk"Vªh; laxBuksa usvYifodflr ns'kksa esa vius vkS|ksfxd laxBu cukus vkjEHk dj fn,A bu eYVhus'kuydkWjiksjs'kul (MNCs) dks Vªklus'kuy dkWjiksjs'ku (TNCs) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ykHk dekuslkFk&lkFk bu MNCs dk eq[; mís'; vFkZO;oLFkk esa viuk vk/kkj c<+kuk gSA 1982 esa 200

cM+s dkWjiksjs'ku dk lalkj ds GDP dk 24.2 izfr'kr Fkk tks 1998 esa c<+dj GDP dk 28.3

izfr'kr gks x;kA MNCs fdlh Hkh mRikn dk nwljs ns'k esa vklkuh ls csp ldrh gS D;ksafdyksx bu }kjk cuk, x, mRikn ds Østh ¼ihNs ikxy½ gSaA

bl izdkj budk mís'; ns'k ls ckgj vf/kd&ls&vf/kd ek=kk esa cktkj ij dCtk ;s MNCs

cktkj] foÙk O;oLFkk rFkk rduhdh o 'kks/k esa vYifodflr ns'kksa ls dkQh vkxs gaSA bl izdkj;s vklkuh ls O;kikj ls lacaf/kr dfBukb;ksa dks fu;af=kr dj ysrh gSA

MNCs dk nckodk nckodk nckodk nckodk ncko(Domination of MNCs)

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij MNC dh dkQh idM+ gSA Hkkjr esa nks n'kd igys Hkh ;s laifÙk dk53.7 izfr'kr fu;af=kr djrh FkhA ykblsal ikWfylh desVh ds vUrxZr 1966 esa Hkkjr esa 112

daiuh FkhA bu lHkh ij fons'kh fu;a=k.k Fkk D;ksafd Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa us Hkkjh ek=kk esa buls_.k rFkk bfDoVh iw¡th yh gqbZ FkhA blfy, if'peh fons'kh iw¡th Hkkjr ds vkS|ksfxd {ks=kdks iw.kZ :i ls ncko j[krh FkhA

bu MNC ds ckjs esa lcls cM+h jkspd ckr ;g gS fd bUgksaus vf/kd iw¡th dk Hkkx Hkkjrh;


vFkZO;oLFkk esa ls gh cuk;k gSA ;fn 1956-75 ds vk¡dM+s ns[ksa rks fons'kh lk/kuksa ls 5.4 izfr'krrFkk ?kjsyw lk/kuksa ls 94.6 izfr'kr bu daifu;ksa ds fy, tqVk;k x;k gSA blfy, ;g fcYdqyxyr ¼>wB½ gS fd ;s MNCs vius lkFk fons'kh iw¡th ykrh gSaA MNCs ds fy, okLrfod fLFkfr;s gS fd vf/kdrj iw¡th ;s mlh ns'k ls gh bdëk rFkk vius ykHkksa dk vf/kd Hkkx vius ns'kesa Hkstrh gSaA

MNCs ds ckjs esa lk/kkj.k lh ckr gS fd Hkkjrh; m|ksxdÙkkZvksa ds lkFk feydj Hkkjrh;m|ksx esa izos'k djrh gSaA Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa rFkk fons'kh ikfVZ;ksa ds chp fons'kh esytksylgefr cukbZ tkrh gS& rduhd rFkk vfUre mRikn ds fy, fons'kh czkWM dk iz;ksx vkfnAbu MNCs dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr dh LorU=krk ds i'pkr~ gqbZ gSA bl mnkjhdj.k dks c<+kus dsfy, Hkkjrh; ljdkj us 1991 esa mnkjhdj.k fons'kh fuos'k uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dhA vxLr 1991

ls vDVwcj 1999 rd Hkkjr 6381 fons'kh rduhdh lg;ksx] 9686 fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k izLrkoLohÑr fd,A bl izfØ;k ds fy, dqy fons'kh fuos'k 2,05,187 djksM+ #i, eatwj fd;kA;|fi okLrfod fuos'k tks ns'k esa vk;k 64,170 djksM+ #i, FkkA bl iw¡th dk mi;ksx oLrqvksaesa fgLlk 12.9 izfr'kr] iw¡thxr oLrqvksa esa 10.8 izfr'kr rFkk lsok {ks=k esa 9.8 izfr'kr FkkA

ysfdu fons'kh lg;ksx ds {ks=k esa ljdkj dh uhfr dh vkykspuk dh xbZA

i. vf/kdrj lgefr mu mRiknuks ds iSnk djus ds fy, gqbZ tks Hkkjr ds fy,xSj&t:jh Fks ;k ftls yksdy rduhd ls Hkh mRikfnr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

ii. ljdkj us ftu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr gksrk Fkk mUgha ls lacaf/kr oLrqvksa dk fons'khfuos'k lg;ksx fd;kA eryc ,d gh rjg dh rduhd dk ckj&ckj mRiknuA

iii. vf/kdrj le>kSrs fons'kh lg;ksx ds i{k esa rFkk Hkkjrh; #fp ds fo#) FksA bllsHkkjr dh rjQ ls eksyHkko fLFkfr dh deh jgh vkSj Hkkjrh; ljdkj dh Hkkjrh;fofue; ?kkVs ds lwjr esa fons'kh lg;ksx dh mRlqdrk ugha jghaA

iv. fons'kh lg;ksx ls ,dkf/kdkjh dh Hkkouk esa o`f) gqbZA

v. fons'kh lg;ksx ds vUrxZr dkQh izfrca/k yxk, x, tSls rduhdh dk ,d gkFkls nwljs gkFk esa u tkuk] tks mRikfnr fd;k gSS mldk yksdy miHkksx djukiM+sxkA

bu ncko ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij MNCs dk cqjk izHkko iM+kA tks bl izdkjgSA

1. vf/kdrj ek=kk esa iSlk Hkkjr ls ckgj x;k tSls fons'kh iw¡th ij C;kt] ykHkk¡'k]ykHk vkfnA

2. MNCs ls ?kjsyw m|ksxksa ij foijhr izHkko iM+kA D;ksafd ?kjsyw {ks=kksa dh vis{kkfoKkiu vkfn ij [kpZ] vFkZO;oLFkk dks xSj&rduhd Hkstuk vkfnA

3. bu MNCs ds ikl vf/kd foÙkh; rkdr vkSj rduhdh rkdr vf/kd gksus ij bUgksausvYifodflr ns'kksa dh QSlyk djus dh izfØ;k dks izHkkfor ¼gLr{ksi½ fd;kA

4. rduhdh gLrkarj.k dk vfHkizk;% ;g ugha gS fd ;s fodkl dks izHkkfor djrk gSD;ksafd MNCs crkrh gS fd mUgksasus izfØ;k vius ns'k esa gh j[kh rFkk 'kks/k o fodklds fy, os vYifodflr ns'kksa dh izfØ;k esa 'kkfey ugha gqbZA ;|fi ;s MNCs


bl rjg dk dk;Z vius ns'k esa gh djrh Fkh ysfdu budk [kpZ vkfn Hkkjrh;Hkqxrku esa ls gh djrk FkkA

Hkkjrh; ljdkj us eglwl fd;k fd MNCs dk fu;a=k.k djuk vfr vko';d gS D;ksafdvdsys fons'kh iw¡th fuos'k ds ykyp ls ge viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks rckgh ds eatj esa ughaèkdsy ldrs gSA bl izdkj bu MNCs dks fu;af=kr djus dh izfØ;k vkjEHk dhA budksfofHkUu ljdkjh ,tsfl;k¡ fu;af=kr djrh gS (i) fefufLVjh vkWQ daiuh vQs;lZ] (ii) RBI, (iii)

fn fefuLVjh vkWQ baMfLVª;y MsoyiesaV] (iv) fefufLVjh vkWQ Qkbusal vkfnA ;|fi ;s ,dnwljs ls feydj dke ugha djrh blfy, budks dk;ks± esa dksbZ lg;ksx ugha gSA bl izdkjbu MNCs dks fu;af=kr djus dk lcls izHkkoh ,DV 1973 esa QkWjsu ,Dlpsat jsxqys'ku ,DV(FERA) 'kq: fd;k rFkk 1974 esa ;g dke djus dh fLFkfr ¼ykxw½ fd;k x;kA blds lkFk1999 esa QkWjsu ,Dlpsat eSustesaV ,DV (FEMA) dk vkjEHk fd;kA ftldk ge EXIM

ikWfylh ds vUrxZr o.kZu dj pqds gSA

FERA ds vUrxZr dEiuh dk fons'kh bfDoVh 40 izfr'kr c<+us ij LohÑfr vko';dA bldsvUrxZr 60 izfr'kr yksdy bfDoVh gksxhA gj ,d fons'kh daiuh dks viuh bfDoVh 40 izfr'krls de djuh gksxhA ysfdu ;fn FERA ds izHkkohiu dks ns[kk tk, rks ;g T;knk izHkkoh ughagks ldk D;ksafd bldks ykxw djus esa dkQh le; yx x;kA bldk eq[; dkj.k Fkk cgqr&lhdEifu;ksa us tks fn'kk funsZ'k fn, x, FksA mudks ekuus esa vkukdkuh dhA blds vUrxZr Hkhdaifu;ksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k 240 dEifu;ksa dks 40 izfr'kr dh lhek ls eqDr fd;k x;kA116 daifu;ksa dks 51 ls vf/kd rFkk 74 izfr'kr rd fons'kh bfDoVh j[krs gq, viuk dk;Zdjus dh vuqefr nh xbZA 1998 rFkk 1999 esa lHkh dks blls eqDr dj fn;k x;k ftu dEiuhds fons'kh 'ks;j/kkjd gSa os viuh fons'kh bfDoVh 51 izfr'kr rd c<+k ldrh gSA lksuk rFkkpk¡nh ds vk;kr o fu;kZr dks FERA ls eqDr fd;k x;k rFkk vc EXIM ikWfylh bldksfu;af=kr djrh gSA fonsf'k;ksa dks Hkkjr esa jkstxkj izkIr djus ls igys FERA dh lgefr¼vuqefr½ dh vko';drk ughaA ysfdu ;fn ge fons'kh iw¡th ds izHkkoksa ij xkSj djsa ftls geigys gh of.kZr dj pqds gSaA irk pyrk gS fd ;g gekjs ns'k ds fgr dh ctk; vfgr esaT;knk gS D;ksafd vYifodflr ns'k le>kSrs ds vUrxZr buds lkFk eksy&Hkko djus esa vleFkZjgrs gSaA gkyk¡fd rduhdh gLrkarj.k ds utfj, ls ns[ksa rks gesa ykHk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ysfdufons'kh lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk rduhd gLrkarj.k ij izfrca/k yxus ij gesa bldk Qk;nk Hkkjrh;m|ksx ds fy, fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA

Hkkjr dk fons'kh O;kikj & <k¡pk o fn'kk 153

vf/kdrj vYifodflr ns'kksa dk bfrgkl budk fczfV'k rkdrksa }kjk fu;a=k.k jgk gSAbl 'kks"k.k dk egÙoiw.kZ igyw fons'kh O;kikj jgk gSA D;ksafd vYifodflr ns'k izkFkfedoLrqvkas dk fu;kZr rFkk fufeZr oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djrs Fks ftudh dherksa ds chp dkQhvarj gSS fufeZr oLrqvksa dh dher izkFkfed oLrqvksa ls T;knk gSS vf/kdrj vYifodflr ns'kksaus viuk vkS|ksfxd vk/kkj cukuk vkjEHk fd;k ftls ge vk;kr izfrLFkkiu dk uke nsrsgSaA

;|fi vc dqN ifjorZu gqvk gS vf/kdrj vYifodflr ns'kksa us vk;kr mnkjhdj.k vkSjfu;kZr dks c<+kok nsusokys dk;ZØe viukdj dkQh lQyrk vftZr dh gSA Hkkjr ljdkjus Hkh O;kikj mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr ykxw dh gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fons'kh O;kikjds fy, [kqyk j[kus ds fy, 1991 esa O;kikj uhfr lq/kkj dh ?kks"k.kk dh] bldks vf/kd cynsus ds fy, Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa u, vk;ke ds fy, 1995 esa WTO ¼oYMZ VªsMvkWxZukbts'ku½ dh LFkkiuk dhA ;fn LorU=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ ns[kk tk, rks Hkkjr esa vk;krrFkk fu;kZr dh ek=kk esa o`f) gqbZ gSA 1950-51 ls fu;kZr $ 1,269 fefy;u ls c<+dj 1998-

99 esa $33659 fefy;u gks x;kA blh izdkj vk;kr 1950-51 ls c<+dj $ 1273 fefy;uls $ 41,844 fefy;u gks x,A ;g Hkh dg ldrs gaS fd bl le; ns'k esa O;kikj ?kkVk FkkA1999-2000 dsoy nks lkyksa esa gh O;kikj lUrqyu /kukRed FkkA ugha rks ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZrns'k esa O;kikj ?kkVk gh jgkA

O;kikj dk <k¡pkO;kikj dk <k¡pkO;kikj dk <k¡pkO;kikj dk <k¡pkO;kikj dk <k¡pk(Structure of Trade)

O;kikj <k¡pk ds vUrxZr ns'k ds vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr fy, tkrs gSaA ;fn fdlh ns'k esa dPpkeky rFkk [kk|kUu dk fu;kZr rFkk fufeZr oLrqvkas] i¡wthxr oLrqvksa dk vk;kr gksrk gS rks gedg ldrss gSa fd og ns'k vYifodflr gSA ;fn bl ns'k esa fufeZr oLrqvksa ds vk;kr esa dehvk jgh gS rks ;g ns'k fodkl dh rjQ c<+ jgk gSA

Hkkjr esa ;kstuk ls igys O;kikj dh ;gh fLFkfr Fkh ysfdu ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vkS|ksfxdizfØ;k rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl us fons'kh O;kikj ds <k¡ps esa dkQh ifjorZu fd, gSa tks blizdkj gSa&

1. vk;kr dk <+k¡pkvk;kr dk <+k¡pkvk;kr dk <+k¡pkvk;kr dk <+k¡pkvk;kr dk <+k¡pk (Structure of Imports) & 1947-48 ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa yxHkx

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-18Hkkjr dk fons'kh O;kikj Hkkjr dk fons'kh O;kikj Hkkjr dk fons'kh O;kikj Hkkjr dk fons'kh O;kikj Hkkjr dk fons'kh O;kikj & <k¡pk o fn'kk<k¡pk o fn'kk<k¡pk o fn'kk<k¡pk o fn'kk<k¡pk o fn'kk(India’s Foreign Trade – Structure andDirection)


70 izfr'kr vk;kr lHkh rjg dh e'khujh] [kk|kUu oLrqvksa] nokvksa] isij vkfn dkgksrk FkkA ysfdu 1951-52 esa ;kstuk ds vUrxZr nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa (1956-

61) vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh izfØ;k vkjaHk dh rFkk iw¡thxr oLrqvksa rFkk vk/kkjHkwrm|ksxksa dks LFkkfir fd;kA bl ifj.kkeLo:i dkQh iw¡thxr oLrqvksa ds vk;kr djusdh vko';drk eglwl dhA dqN le; ds i'pkr~ bu iw¡thxr oLrqvksa ds Lis;jikVZl dh vko';drk eglwl gksus yxhA blfy, vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dks cuk, j[kusds fy, vkSj vf/kd vk;kr djuk iM+kA

Hkkjrh; O;kikj ¼vk;kr <k¡pk½ dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gS & (i) iw¡thxr oLrq,¡](ii) [kk|kUu oLrq,¡] (iii) dPpk eky rFkk e/;LFk oLrq,¡] (iv) nwljh oLrq,¡A Hkkjresa dqy vk;kr bu lHkh pkjksa dks feykdj 1960-61 esa $ 2,353 fefy;u Fkk blesa,d gh egÙoiw.kZ varj vk;k [kk|kUu oLrqvksa ds vk;kr esa deh gqbZA ;g 1960-

61 esa 16.1 izfr'kr Fkk ?kVdj 1998-99 esa 0.6 izfr'kr gks x;k nwljs dPpk ekyvkfn esa isVªksy] [kkn vkfn dh [kir c<+us ls blds vk;kr esa o`f) gqbZA iw¡thxroLrqvksa dk vk;kr de gksdj tks 1960-61 esa dqy vk;kr dk 1/3 Fkk ?kVdj 16.6

izfr'kr jg x;kA ysfdu vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ds ckn 1997-98 esa lksuk o pk¡nhdk vk;kr $ 3200 fefy;u Fkk c<+dj 1998-99 esa $ 4,876 fefy;u gks x;kA uxo xguk m|ksx dh ek¡x c<+us ds ckn Hkh vk;kr esa o`f) gqbZ gSA 1996-97 eas budkvk;kr $ 2,925 Fkk tks 1998-99 esa c<+dj $ 3,762 gks x;kA

?kjsyw {ks=k esa ek¡x c<+us ls dqN lkyksa esa rsy ds vk;kr esa dkQh o`f) gqbZA 1985-

86 esa bldk vk;kr $ 600 fefy;u Fkk tks 1998-99 esa c<+dj $ 1695 fefy;ugks x;k tks dqy vk;kr dk 0.4 izfr'kr FkkA blds lkFk ?kjsyw {ks=k esa yksgk rFkkbLikr dh miHkksx ek=kk esa Hkh o`f) gqbZ rFkk yksgk rFkk bLikr dk vk;kr tks1970-71 esa $ 1,934 fefy;u Fkk ¼3.5 izfr'kr½ c<+dj 1996-97 esa 4.9 izfr'kr c<+kgkykafd 1997-98 esa 3.2 izfr'kr fxjk rFkk 1998-99 esa 2.7 izfr'kr fxjkA blh izdkj[kkn vk;kr esa Hkh dkQh o`f) gqbZ tks 1970-71 esa $ 113 fefy;u dh c<+dj 1995-

96 esa $ 1,683 gks xbZA

;|fi fiNys dqN o"kks± esa [kk|kUu vk;kr esa dqN deh vkbZ gS ysfdu ftl fglkcls Hkkjr us lkspk Fkk ;g deh oSlh ugha gSA

2. fu;kZr dk <k¡pkfu;kZr dk <k¡pkfu;kZr dk <k¡pkfu;kZr dk <k¡pkfu;kZr dk <k¡pk (Structure of Exports) & fiNys dqN o"kks± esa ;fn fu;kZrlaca/kh vk¡dM+ksa dks ns[kk tk, rks dqy fu;kZr es Ñf"k lacaf/kr mRiknksa dh egÙkkesa deh rFkk fufeZr oLrqvksa ds mRikn dh egÙkk esa c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA dqy fu;kZresa] 1960-61 esa Ñf"k rFkk Ñf"k lacaf/kr oLrqvksa dk fgLlk tks 44.2 izfr'kr Fkk ?kVdj18.2 izfr'kr jg x;k rFkk fufeZr oLrqvksa dk fgLlk c<+dj 45.3 izfr'kr ls 78.7

izfr'kr gks x;kA bl ckr ls izrhr gksrk gS fd vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ Hkh Ñf"kiz/kku mRiknksa ls gVdj vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh rjg c<+ jgh gSA

Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjr dk fu;kZr rhu egÙoiw.kZ oLrq,¡ twV] pk; o dkWVu esagksrk FkkA blds fu;kZr ls yxHkx dqy fu;kZr dk 50 izfr'kr dh vk; FkhA ysfduvkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds ckn u, }kj [kqys rFkk bu oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr ?kVdj 1970-


71 eas 31 izfr'kr rFkk 1998-99 esa 10 izfr'kr jg x;kA blh izdkj bathfu;fjaxmRiknksa dk fu;kZr c<+dj tks 1960-61 esa dsoy 3.4 izfr'kr 1998-99 esa 13.0 izfr'krgks x;kA

blh rjg ls cuk, x, ¼rS;kj½ diM+ksa ds fu;kZr ls fons'kh fofu;e esa o`f) gqbZA 1970-71

esa bu diM+ksa dk fu;kZr $ 2 fefy;u rFkk tks 1998-99 esa c<+dj $ 4,444 fefy;u gks x;kAvc fu;kZr esa gkFk ls fufeZr oLrq oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr ds ckn budk nwljk LFkku gSA dSfedymRikn ls Hkh fu;kZr esa o`f) gqbZ tks 1970-71 esa $ 39 fefy;u Fkk c<+dj 1998-99 esa $ 3,372

fefy;u gks x;kA bl le; bldk LFkku fu;kZr esa pkSFkk FkkA ysnj ls fufeZr oLrqvksa dkHkh fu;kZr esa vge LFkku gSA 1998 esa bldk ;ksxnku $ 1620 fefy;u FkkA dPps yksgs dsfu;kZr esa Hkh o`f) gqbZA ;g 1970-71 esa $ 155 fefy;u ls c<+dj 1998-99 esa $ 380 fefy;ugks x;kA gkyk¡fd izfr'kr ds fglkc ls ns[ksa rks dqy fu;kZr esa ;g blh le; esa 7.6 izfr'krls ?kVdj 1.1 izfr'kr jg x;kA

O;kikj dh fn'kkO;kikj dh fn'kkO;kikj dh fn'kkO;kikj dh fn'kkO;kikj dh fn'kk(Direction of Trade)

LorU=krk ls igys Hkkjr esa O;kikj dh fn'kk fczfV'k jkT; }kjk fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ FkhA bldkeq[; dkj.k Hkkjr o fczVsu ds chp vkSifuosf'kd laca/k FksA fczVsu us gh QSlyk dj j[kk Fkkfd Hkkjr fdl ns'k dks fu;kZr dj ldrk gS rFkk dkSu ls ns'k Hkkjr ls vk;kr dj ldrsgSaA Hkkjr dk vf/kdrj O;kikj Hkkjr o bldh vkSifuos'kksa ls FkkA ;fn 1950-51 ds vk¡dM+sns[ksa rks Hkkjr dh fu;kZr vk; 42 izfr'kr ;w0ds0 rFkk ;w0,l0,0 ls Fkh vkSj Hkkjr ds vk;kresa mudk fgLlk 39.1 izfr'kr Fkk] nwljs iw¡thoknh ns'k & Ýk¡l] teZuh] bVyh rFkk tkiku lsHkkjr ds dksbZ O;kikfjd laca/k ugha FksA ysfdu le; ds lkFk jktuSfrd laca/kksa dk rFkkvkilh laca/kksa esa foLrkj gksus ij nwljs ns'kksa ds lkFk O;kikj laca/kksa esa c<+ksÙkjh gqbZA

1. O;kikj dh fn'kk ¼fu;kZr½O;kikj dh fn'kk ¼fu;kZr½O;kikj dh fn'kk ¼fu;kZr½O;kikj dh fn'kk ¼fu;kZr½O;kikj dh fn'kk ¼fu;kZr½ (Direction of Trade (Exports) & Hkkjr ds O;kikjesa OECD xzqi dk cM+k fgLlk FkkA ysfdu 1960-61 esa tks fgLlk 66.1 izfr'kr Fkk?kVdj 1998-99 esa 58.0 izfr'kr jg x;kA 1998-99 esa OPEC xzqi dk fgLlk esac<+ksÙkjh gqbZA 1960-61 esa 4.1 izfr'kr Fkk 1998 esa ;g 10.1 izfr'kr gks x;kA jfl;kds lkFk Hkh Hkkjrh; fu;kZr esa o`f) gqbZA 1960-61 esa ;g 7 izfr'kr Fkk tks 1980-

81 esa c<+dj 22.1 izfr'kr gks x;kA ysfdu 1998-99 vkrs&vkrs ;g fxjdj dsoy2.7 izfr'kr jg x;kA

bl izdkj LorU=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr ds fu;kZr ij tks dsoy fczfV'k dk'kklu Fkk vFkok fu;a=k.k Fkk og /khjs&/khjs ?kVdj vU; ns'kksa jf'k;k rFkk vU;iwohZ ;wjksih;&ns'kksa ds lkFk tqM+uk vkjEHk gks x;k FkkA ;|fi ;w0ds0 rFkk;w0,l0,0 dk fgLlk ckdh ns'kksa dh vis{kk T;knk Fkk ysfdu tks igys bUgha ns'kksadk Hkkjr dk fu;kZr ij ,dkf/kdkj Fkk vc og [kRe gks x;k FkkA ;|fi1950-51 esa jf'k;k us Hkkjr ls flQZ 11 djksM+ dk eky [kjhnk Fkk (1950-51) ;gc<+dj 1970-71 esa 210 djksM+ rFkk 1985-86 esa 2006 djksM+ #i, dk gks x;k FkkAHkkjr ds fu;kZr esa igyk LFkku vesfjdk] jf'k;k dk nwljk] tkiku dk rhljk LFkkuFkkA


2. vk;kr dh fn'kkvk;kr dh fn'kkvk;kr dh fn'kkvk;kr dh fn'kkvk;kr dh fn'kk (Direction of Imports) & blh izdkj vk;kr ck¡Vk gSA tks blizdkj gS OECD, OPEC, if'peh ;wjksi rFkk fodkl'khy o nwljs ns'kA vk;kr dsvUrxZr OECD dh egÙkk esa deh vkbZ tks bl xzqi dk Hkkjrh; vk;kr esa fgLlk?kVdj ¼1960-61 esa 78 izfr'kr½ 1998-99 esa 51.0 izfr'kr jg x;kA OPEC rsymRikfnr djus okyh laLFkk ¼xzqi½ dk fgLlk c<+dj 1998-99 esa 18.7 izfr'kr gksx;k tks 1960-61 esa dsoy 4.6 izfr'kr FkkA lektoknh ns'kksa ls laca/k c<+us ds ckniwohZ&;wjksi ns'kksa dk Hkh vk;kr esa fgLlk c<+k tks 1960-61 esa 3.4 izfr'kr Fkk c<+dj1990-91 esa 7.8 izfr'kr gks x;kA ysfdu :l ds lkFk laca/k tqM+us ds ckn iwohZ;wjksi ns'kksa ds lkFk vk;kr 1998-99 esa ?kVdj 1.6 izfr'kr jg x;kA LorU=krk dsle; Hkkjr esa :l ls vk;kr fcYdqy u ds cjkcj FkkA 1960-61 esa ;g dsoy16 djksM+ #i, FkkA ;|fi blds i'pkr~ blesa dkQh rsth vkbZA blfy, jfl;k¼:l½ ls vk;kr tks 1960-61 esa 1.4 izfr'kr Fkk] 1970-71 esa c<+dj 6.5 izfr'krgks x;kA vk;kr djusokys ns'kksa esa vejhdk dk igyk LFkku] tkiku vkSj :l dknwljk rFkk rhljk LFkku FkkA ;g lc cnyko 1985-86 ds ckn ns[kus dks feykrFkk yxkrkj 1998-99 rd vejhdk ls vk;kr djus esa Hkkjr dk LFkku igyk ¼8.7

izfr'kr½] ;w0ds0 ¼6.1 izfr'kr½] csyft;e ¼6 izfr'kr½] tkiku ¼5.7 izfr'kr½] teZuh¼5.1 izfr'kr½ vkSj lÅnh vjc ¼4.5 izfr'kr½ fgLlk FkkA

Hkkjr esa O;kikj lq/kkjHkkjr esa O;kikj lq/kkjHkkjr esa O;kikj lq/kkjHkkjr esa O;kikj lq/kkjHkkjr esa O;kikj lq/kkj(Trade Reforms in India)

tqykbZ 1991 ls 'kq: djrs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj us O;kikj mnkjhdj.k vFkok O;kikj {ks=k dks[kqyk j[kus ds fy, dbZ egÙoiw.kZ dne mBk,A lcls igys 1991 esa #i, dk voewY;u fd;kx;k rkfd fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu feys okLro esa 1991 dh O;kikj uhfr us Hkkjrh;O;kikj dh fn'kk gh cny nhA lcls igys fons'kh O;kikj dk foLrkj fd;k x;k tks blizdkj gS&

O;kikj lq/kkj ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr dk O;kikj c<+k gSA Hkkjr dk O;kikj Lrj vesfjdk ds lkFk1991-92 esa $ 75.6 fcfy;u tks 1998 esa c<+dj $ 75.6 fcfy;u gks x;kA ;|fi 1992-93

esa vk;kr dh nj fu;kZr dh vis{kk T;knk FkhA bl ifj.kkeLo:i O;kikj ?kkVk 1991-92 esa$ 1.5 fcfy;u] 1992-93 esa $ 3.3 fcfy;u] 1997-98 esa $ 6.5 fcfy;u o 1998-99 esa 8.2

fcfy;u FkkA

ysfdu O;kikj ?kkVk ds ckotwn Hkh Hkkjrh; fu;kZr esa igys dh vis{kk vf/kd o`f) gqbZ gSA1990 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr fu;kZr c<+dj 9.8 izfr'kr gks x, tks 1980 ds n'kd esa 8.2 izfr'krFksA mnkjhdj.k ds ckn O;kikj GDP vuqikr c<+us ds lkFk] Hkkjr ds O;kikj ?kkVk GDP

vuqikr de gqvk gSA ;g bl ckr ls lkQ gksxk fd fu;kZr GDP vuqikr vkSj vk;kr GDP

vuqikr esa vkSlr vk/kkj ij vLlh ds n'kd esa 2.7 izfr'kr dh deh rFkk uCcs ds n'kd esa1.2 izfr'kr dh deh gqbZ gSA lk/kkj.kr;k vk;kr&fu;kZr vuqikr tks vk;kr dk vuqikr tksfu;kZr izkfIr }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA vLlh ds n'kd ls c<+dj 65.1 izfr'kr ls uCcs dsn'kd esa 87.0 izfr'kr gks x;kA

bldk eq[; dkj.k Hkkjr us ijEijkxr Ñf"k fu;kZr dks NksM+dj vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds ckn


fufeZr oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr vkjEHk fd;kA blh izdkj Hkkjrh; fu;kZr esa tks fufeZr oLrqvksa dkfgLlk 66 izfr'kr ;k 1991-92 esa c<+dj 77.3 izfr'kr gks x;k tcfd izkFkfed bdkb;ksa¼oLrq,¡½ ek=k dsoy 23.1 izfr'kr fu;kZr dh tkrh Fkh ;|fi e'khujh vkSj vkStkj vkfn dsfu;kZr esa 30.6 izfr'kr ls 21.7 izfr'kr dh deh gqbZA ysfdu ;fn bldk vk¡dyu fd;k tk,rks igys dh vis{kk fu;kZr esa o`f) gqbZ gSA

;|fi vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr ls lacaf/kr vk¡dM+ksa dks O;kikj dh fn'kk vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr esa Hkhof.kZr dj pqds gSaA blfy, O;kikj lq/kkj ls lacaf/kr vk¡dM+ksa dh tkudkjh vFkok bldkO;k[;ku ogk¡ ls ys ldrs gSaA


ljdkj dks ;wfuVjh ¼,dy½ QsMjy esa oxhZdj.k dj ldrs gSa ;g dsUnz o yksdy vFkkWfjVhds chp laca/k o mudh rkdr ds vuqlkj gh oxhZÑr dh tkrh gSA ;wfuVjh i)fr ds vUrxZriwjk fu;a=k.k ,d gh ljdkj dk gksrk gS rFkk yksdy vFkkWfjVh dks dsUnz ds vuqlkj pyukiM+rk gSA QsMjy i)fr ds rgr ljdkj dh rkdr dk forj.k dsUnz o jkT;ksa ds chp gSAvke #fpokys dk;Z dsUnz ljdkj ds fu;a=k.k esa rFkk ckdh ¼yksdy dk;Z½ jkT; ljdkj dsikl gksrs gSaA LorU=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr us ljdkj dh QsMjy i)fr dks viuk;kA

ns'k esa QsMjy i)fr dk eryc dsUnz o jkT; ljdkj ds chp foÙkh; laca/k ls gSA ;|fiblesa Hkh dbZ leL;k,¡ mHkjdj vkrh gaSA tSls nksuksa dsUnz o jkT; ds ikl vius dk;ks± dksiwjk djus ds fy, i;kZIr vk; rFkk izR;sd ljdkj ds ikl LorU=k foÙkA LorU=kfDr erycgj ljdkj ds ikl viuh vk; ds vyx lk/ku gksus pkfg, o lHkh jkT;ksa esa foÙk ¼djksa½ls laca/kh lekurk gksuh pkfg,] u fd ,d jkT; o nwljs jkT; esa djksa esa varj ugha gksukpkfg,A blesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ gS lk/kuksa dk c¡VokjkA

lk/kuksa dk c¡Vokjklk/kuksa dk c¡Vokjklk/kuksa dk c¡Vokjklk/kuksa dk c¡Vokjklk/kuksa dk c¡Vokjk(Division of Resources)

;fn dsUnz o jkT;ksa esa lk/kuksa dks ns[kk tk, rks dsUnz ljdkj ds ikl lk/kuksa dh Hkjiwj ek=kkjgrh gS rFkk jkT; ljdkj ?kkVs dh leL;k ls f?kjh jgrh gSA blfy, bl rjg dh i)frcukbZ xbZ gS rkfd dsUnz ljdkj ls jkT; ds ikl lk/kuksa dk gLrkUrj.k fd;k tk,A vkfVZdy275 ds rgr dsUnz ljdkj jkT; ljdkjksa dks lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA lafo/kku ds vkfVZdy282 ds rgr dsUnz ljdkj lkoZtfud mís';ksa ds fy, jkT; ljdkj dks lgk;rk iznku djrhgSA jkT; ljdkjsa fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj ls m/kkj Hkh ysrh gaSA lk/kuksa dkgLrkUrj.k ¼dsUnz ls jkT;½ rhu enksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA (i) dj o M~;wVh esa fgLlk] (ii) lgk;rk](iii) _.kA

dsUnz ls jkT;ksa dks lk/ku gLrkarj.kdsUnz ls jkT;ksa dks lk/ku gLrkarj.kdsUnz ls jkT;ksa dks lk/ku gLrkarj.kdsUnz ls jkT;ksa dks lk/ku gLrkarj.kdsUnz ls jkT;ksa dks lk/ku gLrkarj.k(Transferred of Resources from Centre to States)

;kstuk ds vUrxZr dsUnz ls jkT;ksa dks lk/kuksa ds gLrkUrj.k esa dkQh o`f) gqbZA T;ksa&T;ksa

bdkbZ&bdkbZ&bdkbZ&bdkbZ&bdkbZ&3

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-19dsUnz&jkT; foÙkh; laca/kdsUnz&jkT; foÙkh; laca/kdsUnz&jkT; foÙkh; laca/kdsUnz&jkT; foÙkh; laca/kdsUnz&jkT; foÙkh; laca/k(Centre-state Financial Relations)

dsUnz&jkT; foÙkh; laca/k 159

;kstukvksa dh le; vof/k c<+rh xbZ gS R;ksa&R;ksa dsUnz ls jkT;ksa dks tkusokys /ku esa o`f) gqbZgSA jkT;ksa ds dqy [kpZ esa yxHkx dsUnz dk fgLlk tks gLrkUrfjr gksrk gS yxHkx 35 ls 45

izfr'kr ds chp jgrk gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa ls vanktk yxk ldrs gSa fd jkT;ksa dh fuHkZjrk dsUnzij cgqr vf/kd gSA

;fn dj] M~;wVh] lgk;rk rFkk _.k ns[kk tk, rks 1951-52 ls 197-98 ds chp dsUnz ls jkT;ksadks lk/kukssa dk gLrkarj.k bl izdkj gSA dqy lk/ku tks dsUnz dks gLrkarfjr gq, gSa oks gSa7,07,731 djksM+ #i, ftuesa dj o M~;wVh 2,19,489 djksM+ #i, izkIr gq, gSa rFkk _.k ds:i esa 2,22,090 djksM+ #i, gLrkUrfjr gq, gSaA bldk eryc yxkrkj jkT;ksa dh fuHkZjrkdsUnz ij c<+ jgh gS tks vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj _.k rFkk dj o M~;wVh esa ;g gLrkUrj.k T;knkgSA dsUnz ds lkFk&lkFk foÙk deh'ku ds ek/;e ls Hkh jkT;ksa dks foÙk gLrkarfjr gksrk gSAfu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA ;g fu;qfDr lafo/kku ds vkfVZdy 280 ds rgr dh tkrh gSA nlok¡foÙk deh'ku ds0lh0 iar ps;jeSu ds lkFk fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bldk le; 1995-2000 FkkAfoÙk deh'ku dk laca/k vk;dj] ;wfu;u] ,Dlkbt M~;wVh] ,Dlkbt dh ,fMluy M~;wVht]Ñf"k Hkwfe dks NksM+dj laifÙk ij ,LVsV M~;wVh] twV fu;kZr ds fy, lgk;rk] jsyos fdjk, oHkkM+s ij dj vkSj jkT; ds ctV ?kkVs dk iwjk djus laca/kh lgk;rk vkfn ls gSA

lcls egÙoiw.kZ gLrkarj.k ¼dsUnz ls jkT;½ vk;dj rFkk ;wfu;u ,DlkbZt M~;wVh gSA igysfoÙk deh'ku ls vc rd ds 10osa foÙk deh'ku ls vk;dj esa jkT; dk fgLlk 55 ls 85

izfr'kr jgk gSA vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd jkT;ksa dk c¡Vokjk fdl vk/kkj ij fd;k tk,Aigys foÙk deh'ku us flQkfj'k dh Fkh lk/kuksa dk gLrkarj.k ¼c¡Vokjk½ jkT;ksa dh laifÙk dsvuqlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk lkFk esa jkT;ksa dh vk;dj bdëk djus dh {kerk vFkokfdrus yksx dj nsusokys gSaA ysfdu f}rh; foÙk deh'ku us blds vUnj ifjorZu fd, rFkkT;knk fgLlk tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij rFkk de fgLlk vk;dj bdëk djus dh {kerk ij¼mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij 90 o 10 izfr'kr] eryc 90 izfr'kr tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij rFkk 10

izfr'kr vk;dj bdëk djus dh {kerk ij½ ;g i)fr ¼rjhdk½ lkroha iapo"khZ; rd pykrkjgkA ysfdu vkBoha] uoha o nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr blesa izfr O;fDr vk; dkizko/kku Hkh j[kk x;kA eryc ;fn izfr O;fDr vk; vf/kd gS rks gLrkarj.k 60 izfr'kr dsfglkc ls gksxkA 5 izfr'kr jkT; ds {ks=kkuqlkj] 5 izfr'kr bUÝkLVªDpj tks nlosa foÙk vk;ksxus rS;kj fd;k gS] 20 izfr'kr tula[;k ds vuqlkj rFkk 10 izfr'kr jkT; ds dj {kerkvuqlkjA

blh izdkj ;wfu;u ,Dlkbt M~;wVh dk Hkh forj.k jkT; ljdkjksa dks fd;k x;kA igys foÙkdeh'ku us flQZ rhu oLrqvksa ¼rEckdw] lCth mRiknu rFkk ekfpl½ ij feyusokyh ,DlkbtM~;wVh dk 40 izfr'kr jkT;ksa dks forfjr fd;k tk,xk rFkk ;g forj.k tula[;k ds vk/kkjij gksxkA ;|fi ;g Hkkx de gksdj 40 izfr'kr ls 25 izfr'kr rFkk rhljs foÙk deh'ku }kjk;g 20 izfr'kr j[kk x;kA prqFkZ foÙk deh'ku us vkxs ;g izLrkfor fd;k fd lHkh ,DlkbtM~;wVh jkT;ksa rFkk dsUnz ds chp forfjr dh tkuh pkfg,A dqy dk 20 izfr'kr jkT;ksa ds fy,j[kk x;kA jkT;ksa ds chp forj.k ls lacaf/kr foÙk deh'ku us dgk fd 80 izfr'kr tula[;kds fglkc ls rFkk 20 izfr'kr vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu ds fglkc ls j[kk tk,xkA

NBs foÙk deh'ku us ;g tula[;k lacaf/kr c¡Vokjk 80 izfr'kr ls ?kVkdj 75 izfr'kr djfn;k vkSj vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu laca/kh forj.k c<+kdj 20 ls 25 izfr'kr dj fn;kA iatkc dksNksM+dj ;g lc jkT;ksa dks fn;k x;k D;ksafd iatkc esa fiNM+kiu de gksus rFkk bldh izfr


O;fDr vk; Hkh T;knk Fkha blfy, fiNM+kiu ds rgr iatkc dks ;g (Excise Duty) ugha nhxbZA vkBosa foÙk deh'ku us izLrkfor fd;k fd blesa jkT;ksa dk ;ksxnku Hkh c<+uk pkfg,Ablds lkFk nlosa foÙk deh'ku us jkT; ;ksxnku c<+kdj 45 izfr'kr ls 47.5 izfr'kr djfn;kA bldk c<+kus dk eq[; dkj.k Fkk fd jkT;ksa dk ctV&?kkVk yxkrkj c<+ jgk FkkAftl izdkj vk;dj ls fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh forj.k fd;k Fkk mlh izdkj nlosa foÙk deh'kuus mlh rtZ ij ;g forj.k fd;kA forj.k dh ogh i)fr j[kh xbZ tks vk;dj forj.k dsle; Fkh tSls 20 izfr'kr tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij] 60 izfr'kr ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; dschp izfr O;fDr vk; dk varj vFkok Å¡ps vk; Lrj okys jkT; ls rqyuk dh xbZ ¼tSlsiatkc½] 5 izfr'kr jkT; dk {ks=k ds vuqlkj] 5 izfr'kr bUÝkLVªDpj ds lwpdkad vuqlkj rFkk10 izfr'kr jkT; }kjk dj bdëk djus laca/kh fd, x, iz;Ru ds vuqlkj FkkA

,Dlkbt ds Åij vfrjfDr Hkkj,Dlkbt ds Åij vfrjfDr Hkkj,Dlkbt ds Åij vfrjfDr Hkkj,Dlkbt ds Åij vfrjfDr Hkkj,Dlkbt ds Åij vfrjfDr Hkkj dsUnz ljdkj }kjk yxk;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ;gQaM dsUnz ljdkj }kjk jkT; dks miHkksx ds vk/kkj ij forfjr djus dk izko/kku gSA ysfduf}rh; deh'ku us ifjorZu djrs gq, fd;k fd jkT;ksa dks forj.k foÙk muds }kjk izkIrfcØhdj ¼diM+k] rEckdw o phuh½ ds cjkcj fn;k tk,xkA nlosa foÙk deh'ku us ;gizLrkfor fd;k fd 50 izfr'kr tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij] 40 izfr'kr jkT; ds fiNys rhu o"kks±dk vkSlr ?kjsyw mRikn ds vuqlkj vkSj 10 izfr'kr jkT; }kjk fiNys rhu o"kks± esafd;k x;k fcØhdj dk vkSlr vuqlkjA yxHkx 3 izfr'kr dsUnz us ;wfu;u VSfjVjh ds fy,j[kkA

dsUnz }kjk jkT;ksa dks foÙk forj.k esa ,LVsV M;wVh,LVsV M;wVh,LVsV M;wVh,LVsV M;wVh,LVsV M;wVh dk Hkh izko/kku gSA ;g f}rh; foÙk deh'ku}kjk izLrkfor fd;k x;k FkkA blds vUrxZr ,d izfr'kr ;wfu;u VSfVVjh ds chp forfjrfd;k tk,xk rFkk jkT;ksa dks mudh vpy lEifÙk dk ldy ewY; ds vk/kkj ij forfjrfd;k tk,xkA ysfdu dsUnz ljdkj us vizSy 1, 1985 dks ,LVsV M;wVh dks [kRe dj fn;kFkk rFkk nksckjk bldks yxkus dk dksbZ fopkj ugha gSA

lafo/kku ds vkfVZdy 275 o 282 jkT;ksa dks nsusokyh lgk;rk ls lacaf/kr gSA vkfVZdy 275

ds rgr jkT; ljdkj dks t:jr ds le; lgk;rk nh tkrh gS ysfdu bldh ek=kk foÙkdeh'ku }kjk fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj vkfVZdy 282 ds rgr lkoZtfud mís'; dsfy, lgk;rk nh tkrh gS rFkk bldh ek=kk dsUnz ljdkj dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

vkfVZdy 275 ds rgr lgk;rk ctV vko';drk] dj lq/kkj rFkk jk"Vªh; egÙo dsmís'; ds fy, lgk;rk nh tkrh gS rFkk bldh ek=kk dsUnz ljdkj dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrhgSA

vkfVZdy 275 ds rgr lgk;rk ctV vko';drk] dj lq/kkj rFkk jk"Vªh; egÙo ds mís';ls cM+s dk;Z vkfn ls lacaf/kr gSA ;|fi lk/kuksa dk okLrfod gLrkUrj.k ewy :i ls jkT;dh ctV vko';drkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA prqFkZ foÙk deh'ku us Hkh jkT;ksa ds ctV ?kkVslacaf/kr foÙk gLrkUrj.k dks Hkh egÙkk iznku dhA ftu jkT;kas ds ikl vkf/kD; Fkk mudks bllaca/k esa dksbZ Hkh lgk;rk iznku ugha dh xbZA bl izdkj dh lgk;rk ¼ctV laca/kh ?kkVk½vkBosa foÙk deh'ku rd tkjh jghA ysfdu uosa&foÙk&deh'ku us bls cnydj ¼ctV ?kkVk½jkT;ksa dks mudh jktdks"kh; vko';drk iwjh djus esa rcnhy dj fn;kA jkT;ksa dhjktdks"kh; vko';drk ls vfHkizk; fu/kkZfjr vk; izkfIr rFkk xSj ;kstuk [kpZ ds chp ds varjls gSA blds lkFk bl deh'ku us izLrkfor fd;k fd 12 jkT;ksa dks jkT; ljdkj dh ;kstuk

dsUnz&jkT; foÙkh; laca/k 161

ds vk; laca/kh rÙoksa esa ?kkVk dks iwjk djus ds fy, 9001.83 djksM+ #i, iznku fd, tkuspkfg,A

lgk;rk ds lkFk&lkFk foÙk deh'ku dh lgefr ij dsUnz ls jkT;ksa dks nwljs lk/kuksa ls HkhfoÙk gLrkUrj.k dk izko/kku gSA tks bl izdkj gS &

A. ;kstuk deh'ku ls ;kstuk mís'; ds fy, lgk;rkA

B. dsUnz ls jkT; dks gLrkarj.k esa dsUnz dh viuh fo'ks"k rkdrA

blds vUrxZr ,d&frgkbZ fgLlk foÙk deh'ku dh vuq'kalk ij jkT;ksa dks rFkk nks&frgkbZdsUnz ljdkj ;kstuk ykxw djus ds fy, vius ikl j[ksxhA ;|fi jkT;ksa dks foÙk&forj.kds ihNs ,d gh mís'; Fkk og Fkk fd tks ;kstuk mís'; r; fd, tk,axs mudks iwjk djusds fy, bl foÙk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;|fi blds fy, dksbZ QkewZyk r; ughafd;k x;k fd fdl izdkj mís';ksa dh iwfrZ gksxh cfYd foÙk gLrka=k.k dks fu/kkZfjr djus dsfy, iwjh ;kstuk vfu/kkZfjr Fkh vFkok dqN le; ds fy, FkhA jkT;ksa ds chp ;kstuk lgk;rkds fy, nks QkewZyksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k & (1) xkMfxy QkeZwyk rFkk (2) eqdthZ QkeZwykxkMfxy QkeZwyk ds rgr 1969-70 esa tula[;k ds vuqlkj 60 izfr'kr] 10 izfr'kr izfr O;fDrvk; vkfn jk"Vªh; vkSlr ls de mlds vuqlkj] 10 izfr'kr izfr O;fDr vk; laca/k esa djiz;kl] 10 izfr'kr cM+s o e/; flapkbZ izkstsDV iwjk djuk rFkk 10 izfr jkT;ksa dks dksbZ [kklleL;k gks vkfn ds fy, jkT;ksa dks foÙk gLrkUrj.k dk izko/kku gSA bl QkewZyk ds rgr ;gHkh fuf'pr fd;k x;k fd ;kstuk lgk;rk dks 30 izfr'kr lgk;rk ds :i esa rFkk 70 izfr'kr_.k ds :i esa iznku fd;k x;kA ysfdu tEew esa ;g 10 izfr'kr _.k ds :i esa rFkk 90

izfr'kr lgk;rk ds :i esa FkkA

vf/kdrj jkT;ksa us xkMfxy QkewZyk cnyus ij tksj fn;k vkSj iz.ko eqdthZ dh v/;{krk esadessBh dk xBu fd;k x;kA blds vUrxZr tks iqjkuk rjhdk Fkk ftldks igys gh of.kZr djpqds gSa 60 izfr'kr] 20 izfr'kr] 5 izfr'kr rFkk 7.5 izfr'kr o 7.5 izfr'kr ¼dksbZ [kkl leL;k½AvkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds rgr jkT;ksa dks lgk;rk 78,500 djksM+ #i, FkhA ;g c¡VokjkeqdthZ QkeZwyk ds rgr fd;k x;k Fkk [kkl oxZ jkT;ksa dks ogh 90:10 lgk;rk( _.k rjhdkj[kk x;kA

QsMjy foÙk ls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡QsMjy foÙk ls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡QsMjy foÙk ls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡QsMjy foÙk ls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡QsMjy foÙk ls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡(Problems Related to Fedral Finance)

1. jkT; ljdkj dh lk/kuksa vkSj t:jrksa ds chp varjjkT; ljdkj dh lk/kuksa vkSj t:jrksa ds chp varjjkT; ljdkj dh lk/kuksa vkSj t:jrksa ds chp varjjkT; ljdkj dh lk/kuksa vkSj t:jrksa ds chp varjjkT; ljdkj dh lk/kuksa vkSj t:jrksa ds chp varj (Gap between Resourcesand needs of Sate Government) & lafo/kku ds vuqlkj dsUnz o jkT;ksa esalk/kuksa dk c¡Vokjk lafo/kku esa fn;k x;k gSA ;|fi vk; lk/ku {kerk jkT; dsikl de gSA cM+s dj tSls ,Dlkbt M~;wVh] dLVe M~;wVh rFkk nwljs dsUnzh; djftudh c<+us dh {kerk gSS] dsUnz ljdkj yxkrh gSA ysfdu jkT; ds ikl Hkwfe lhfergS ftlls Hkwfe vk; Hkh c<+kuk eqf'dy gSA eksVjdkj ij dj rFkk euksjatu ijHkh dj c<+uk bruk vklku ugha gSA ;|fi fiNys dqN o"kks± esa vkfFkZd o`f) gksusij ¼c<+us ij½ vk;dj dk vk/kkj rFkk dLVe M~;wVh esa c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA bl izdkjdsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds chp lk/kuksa esa vlekurk gksus ij jkT;ksa dk dsUnz ijfuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA dsoy fcØhdj c<+kdj gh jkT; viuh vk; c<+k ldrkgSA


2. foÙk deh'ku dh egÙkk esa dehfoÙk deh'ku dh egÙkk esa dehfoÙk deh'ku dh egÙkk esa dehfoÙk deh'ku dh egÙkk esa dehfoÙk deh'ku dh egÙkk esa deh (The Importance of finance Commission hasReduced) & tSlk fd igys Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd foÙk deh'ku ds rgr dsoy,d&frgkbZ dsUnz ls jkT; dks foÙk gLrkUrfjr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk eryc gSfd nks frgkbZ fgLlk ;kstuk vk;ksx ;k dsUnz }kjk lh/kk jkT; dks fn;k tkrk gSAdkQh le; ls ;kstuk vk;ksx dks bl rjg dh ckrksa ds ckjs esa dksbZ funsZ'k ughafn, x, gaSA bldk eryc dsUnz gh vius vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx dj jkT;ksa dks foÙkgLrkUrfjr djrh gSA ,slh voLFkk esa jkT;ksa ds lkFk HksnHkko viukus dh O;oLFkkvius vki 'kq: gks tkrh gSA

3. dsUnz&jkT; laca/kdsUnz&jkT; laca/kdsUnz&jkT; laca/kdsUnz&jkT; laca/kdsUnz&jkT; laca/k (Centre-state Relations) & foÙk gLrkUrj.k ds le; dsUnz ojkT;ksa ds laca/k dh O;k[;k djuk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA dsUnz ,d ,dy ljdkj dhrjg dke djrh gSA tgk¡ dsUnz'kkflr izns'k gS ogk¡ ;g leL;k de gS ysfdu tgk¡dsUnz o jkT; esa vyx&vyx ljdkjsa vFkok jkT; lefFkZr ljdkjsa ugha gS ogk¡HksnHkko dh fLFkfr tUe ysrh gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ;|fi dkuwu O;oLFkk dk;ej[kuk jkT; ljdkj dk dke gS fQj Hkh dsUnz ljdkj bl {ks=k esa gLr{ksi djrhgS tSls lsaVªy fjtoZ iqfyl rFkk ckWMZj flD;ksjVh QkslZ dh fu;qfDr dj vFkok buds}kjk jkT;ksa esa gLr{ksi djrh gSA

4. {ks=kh; vlekurk dh leL;k dks lqy>kus esa vlQy{ks=kh; vlekurk dh leL;k dks lqy>kus esa vlQy{ks=kh; vlekurk dh leL;k dks lqy>kus esa vlQy{ks=kh; vlekurk dh leL;k dks lqy>kus esa vlQy{ks=kh; vlekurk dh leL;k dks lqy>kus esa vlQy (Failure to Solve theProblem of Regional Imbalance) & dsUnz ls foÙk gLrkUrj.k ds le; bl ckrdk Hkh /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd izfrO;fDr vk; ftl jkT; dh jk"Vªh; Lrj dhvis{kk de gksxhA mls lgk;rk rFkk _.k iznku fd;k tk,xkA ;fn 1969-70 dsvk¡dM+ksa dks ns[ksa rks gfj;k.kk rFkk iatkc us fcgkj] e/; izns'k rFkk mÙkj izns'kdh vis{kk izfr O;fDr lgk;rk T;knk izkIr dhA fcgkj ftldh izfr O;fDr vk;de gS mls Hkh lgk;rk de feyhA

;|fi blesa dkQh [kkfe;k¡ gSa ysfdu bu [kkfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, dqN mik; lq>k,x, gSaA tSls dqN jkT;ksa us fu;fer foÙk deh'ku yxkus dh flQkfj'k dh gSA tks foÙkdeh'ku vuq'kalk djrs gSa mudks iw.kZ:i ls ykxw fd;k tk,A blds lkFk&lkFk igys foÙkdeh'kuksa }kjk dh xbZ flQkfj'k rFkk fjdkWMZ dks l¡Hkkydj j[kuk pkfg,A rFkk bUgsa orZekudeh'ku dks lkSaiuk pkfg,A fdlkuksa ds Åij fd, x, losZ{k.k] vk¡dM+s vkfn dk v/;;u djmUgsa izdkf'kr djuk pkfg,A jkT; ljdkjksa dh vk;ksa ¼izkfIr;ksa½ rFkk [kpks± ij fo'ks"k:i lsle;≤ ij utj j[kuh pkfg,A jkT;ksa ds chp HksnHkko [kRe djus ds fy, mfpr dnemBkus pkfg, rFkk tks flQkfj'k dh xbZ gS mudks iw.kZ:i ls ykxw djuk pkfg,A fiNM+hvFkZO;oLFkk ls xzflr jkT;ksa ds Åij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk pkfg,A ;g rHkh laHko gks ldrk gStc fiNM+s jkT;ksa es gkWfLiVy] lM+dsa] lk{kjrk] izfr O;fDr vk; vkfn dks vf/kd egÙo nsdjbu jkT;ksa dks vf/kd lgk;rk iznku dh tk,A

vFkZO;oLFkk esa <k¡pkRed lq/kkj 163

1991 ls igys] Hkkjr esa vkfFkZZd ladV iSnk gks x;kA vf/kdrj vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ekuk fdLorU=krk izkfIr ls vc rd dk ;g lcls cM+k vkfFkZd ladV FkkA foÙkh; ?kkVk] LQhrhdkjhncko Hkqxrku larqyu dk vlarqyu vkfn dkQh leL;k,¡ FkhA fiNys yxHkx 6 o"kks± ls ljdkjus cM+s iSekus ij vFkZO;oLFkk dks fLFkj djus dh uhfr cukbZ vkSj fuf'pr <k¡pkRed lqèkkjizLrkfor fd,A ;|fi bl uhfr ls lkglkRed ifj.kke vftZr ugha gq,A

vkfFkZd ladV dk vkjEHkvkfFkZd ladV dk vkjEHkvkfFkZd ladV dk vkjEHkvkfFkZd ladV dk vkjEHkvkfFkZd ladV dk vkjEHk(The Origin of Economic Crisis)

1991 esa iSnk gksusokyk ladV vpkud iSnk ugha gqvkA ;g dkQh o"kks± ls pyrk vk jgkgSA ;|fi ladV dk vkjEHk 1980 ds n'kd ls 'kq: gqvk Fkk blls vFkZO;oLFkk eas cM+s iSekusij vlUrqyu iSnk gks x;kA ljdkj ds izkfIr rFkk [kpZ esa vf/kd varj ls foÙk ?kkVs dhleL;k vkjEHk gks xbZA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd ljdkj dks fons'kksa ls foÙk mèkkj ysukiM+kA izks0 nhid u¸;j ds vuqlkj ¼foÙk esa vkarfjd vfLFkjrk½ ¼vlarqyu½ vkSj Hkqxrku esackgjh vlarqyu nksuksa ,d nwljs ls lacaf/kr gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa cM+s iSekusij izca/ku dh deh gSA ;g nks eq[; dkj.kksa ls gSa&(i) futh {ks=k dh cpr o fuos'k esa varj(ii) lkoZtfud {ks=k ds izkfIr o [kpZ esa varjA

1990 xYQ ladV ls Hkh rsth ls leL;k,¡ c<+hA ml le; ns'k esa jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk Fkhftlls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fo'okl esa deh ls vUrjkZ"Vªh; iw¡th o eqnzk cktkjesa ns'k dh lk[k nj rsth ls fxjh 1970 esa Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dkQh etcwr Fkh ysfdu1990 rd fLFkfr cny xbZ vkSj FkksM+s ls rsy >Vds ls bldk vFkZO;oLFkk ij dkQh izHkkoiM+k vkSj cM+s iSekus ij foÙkh; ?kkVk] pkyw [kkrk ?kkVk dherksa esa o`f) gqbZA

The Fiscal Imbalance ¼lkoZtfud vk; vfLFkjrk½ 1991 esa lkoZtfud foÙk ?kkVk fLFkfr,d o"kZ iSnk ugha gqbZA xSj&fodflr [kpsZ ds ncko ls 1980 ds nkSjku yxkrkj ;g vfLFkjrkc<+rh xbZA lkoZtfud foÙk vfLFkjrk ds rÙo crkrs gSa fd 80 ds nkSjku ;g c<+h FkhA tksrRo lkoZtfud foÙk dks ekirs gS oks&ctV ?kkVk] vk; ?kkVk ¼izkfIr ?kkVk½ ekSfnzd ?kkVkrFkk ldy foÙk ?kkVk gSA igys rhu dk Vsªtjh fcy dks bL;w djds foÙk iznku fd;k tkrkgSA ljdkj ds lk/kuksa dh vk; esa T;knk ?kkVs dks cktkj m/kkj] y?kq&cpr] izksfoMsaV QaM]ckgjh mèkkj vkfn ls m/kkj ysdj iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA 1990-91 ds eki n'kkZrs gSa fd foÙkladV xgjk FkkA 1981-82 esa 0.9 izfr'kr ctV ?kkVk ds fo#) 1990-91 esa ;g ldy mRikndk 2.1 izfr'kr (1981-82) ls c<+dj 1990-91 esa 3.5 izfr'kr FkkA lkoZtfud foÙk ?kkVkesa Hkh 1975-76 esa GDP ¼ldy ?kjsyw mRikn½ dk 4.1 izfr'kr] 1984-85 esa 7.5 izfr'kr o

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-20vFkZO;oLFkk esa <k¡pkRed lq/kkjvFkZO;oLFkk esa <k¡pkRed lq/kkjvFkZO;oLFkk esa <k¡pkRed lq/kkjvFkZO;oLFkk esa <k¡pkRed lq/kkjvFkZO;oLFkk esa <k¡pkRed lq/kkj(Structural Reforms in the Economy)


1990-91 esa 8.4 izfr'kr FkkA lkoZtfud foÙk ?kkVk ljdkj viuh m/kkj c<+kdj iw.kZ djrhgS tks 1984-85 esa GDP dk 35 izfr'kr Fkk] c<+kdj 1990-91 ds var rd GDP dk 53 izfr'krFkkA

Hkqxrku larqyu dh fLFkfr;k¡ detksjHkqxrku larqyu dh fLFkfr;k¡ detksjHkqxrku larqyu dh fLFkfr;k¡ detksjHkqxrku larqyu dh fLFkfr;k¡ detksjHkqxrku larqyu dh fLFkfr;k¡ detksj(Fragile Balance of Payment Situation)

1991 esa Hkqxrku larqyu fLFkfr dkQh [kjkc FkhA pkyw foÙk ?kkVk 1980-81 esa GDP dk 9.7

fofy;u Fkk c<+dj 1985-86 esa GDP dk 4.9 fofy;u vkSj vkxs 1990-91 esa ;g c<+djGDP dk 97 fofy;u gks x;kA ;g yxkrkj c<+rk ?kkVk m/kkj ysdj iwjk fd;k tkrk FkkvkSj blds izHkko ls Hkkjr dk ckgjh Hkkx 1980-81 esa GDP dk 12 izfr'kr ls 1990-91

esa GDP dk 23 izfr'kr FkkA 1991 esa xYQ ladV ls ;s vkSj Hkh xgjk x;k rFkk twu] 1991

esa fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj bl rjg fxj x;k fd nl fnu ds vk;kr ds fy, Hkh ;g eqnzk HkaMkjiwjk ugha cSBrk FkkA

;g fLFkfr Hkkjr ds fy, dkQh [kjkc FkhA bl voLFkk esa ljdkj dks vfUre rjhdk fons'kheqnzk dks izkIr djus dk flQZ lksus dk LVkWd iz;ksx djuk gh fn[kkbZ iM+rk Fkk D;ksafd ,slhvoLFkk esa 1MF ls lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gSA blfy, ,slh voLFkk dks dkcw djus ds fy,ljdkj us 1991-92 esa bl rjg ds <k¡pkRed lq/kkj fd, tks ns'k ,slh fLFkfr ls cpk ldsaA

LQhfrdkjh ncko dk fu;a=k.kLQhfrdkjh ncko dk fu;a=k.kLQhfrdkjh ncko dk fu;a=k.kLQhfrdkjh ncko dk fu;a=k.kLQhfrdkjh ncko dk fu;a=k.k(Mounting Inflationary Pressures)

1980 ds f}Hkkx esa LQhfrdkjh ncko T;knk ugha Fks] vkSj LQhfr dh vkSlr nj 6.7 izfr'krizfro"kZ FkhA ;|fi 1990-91 esa LQhfr nj esa 10.3 izfr'kr izfro"kZ dh o`f) gqbZA ;g LQhfrnj Fkksd dher lwpdkad ds lanHkZ esa FkhA miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad dh LQhfr nj 11.2

izfr'kr izfro"kZ rd c<+h tks ,d fpUrk dk fo"k; FkkA rhu vPNh ekulwu ds ckn Hkh ;gdher lwpdkad yxkrkj c<+kA bldk eq[; dkj.k ctV ?kkVs dk ekSfnzdj.k rFkk eqnzk iwfrZdh vf/kd o`f) FkkA bldh otg ls ek¡x rFkk iwfrZ ds varj ls fLQfr dh nj esa c<+ksÙkjhgqbZA

1990-91 ds ladV dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ljdkj us vkfFkZd uhfr lq/kkj vkjaHk fd, tksnks ckrksa ij vk/kkfjr FksA vkfFkZd fLFkjrk vkSj <k¡pkRed lq/kkj ;|fi fLFkjrk ek¡x izcaèkuls laca/k j[krh gS ¼ekSfnzd uhfr rFkk <k¡pkRed lq/kkj vFkZO;oLFkk ds iwfrZ i{k dh leL;kvksals laca/k j[krh gS½ rFkk mldk fuokj.k djrh gSA

vkfFkZd fLFkjrkvkfFkZd fLFkjrkvkfFkZd fLFkjrkvkfFkZd fLFkjrkvkfFkZd fLFkjrk(Macroeconomic Stablisation)

vkfFkZd fLFkjrk dks ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk esa fLFkjrk dgk tk, rks nksuksa ckrsa cjkcj gSA vfèkdrjbls fLFkjrk ds uke ls gh iqdkjrs gaSµeryc vFkZO;oLFkk eas fuEu o fLFkj LQhfr] foÙkrFkk Hkqxrku larqyu fLFkfr yxkrkj fLFkjrkA ladV dks dkcw djus ds fy, fLFkjrk vko';dgS ysfdu bldh egÙkk vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gS ;fn <k¡pkRed lq/kkj rFkk fLFkjrk ,d lkFkvkjEHk dh tk,¡A D;ksafd <k¡pkRed lq/kkj ls vkfFkZd ncko c<+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ijy?kq&dky esa O;kikj mnkjhdj.k ls Hkqxrku larqyu esa ?kkVk c<+ ldrk gS rFkk lkoZtfud


m/kkj dh ykxr c<+us ls foÙkh; fLFkfr [kjkc gks tkrh gSA blfy, fLFkjrk ds lkFk <k¡pkRedlq/kkj izfØ;k dks [kRe dj ldrs gSaA nh?kZdky esa <k¡pkRed lq/kkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa fLFkjrkykus ds fy, lgk;d gSaA lq/kkj izfØ;k dh vuqifLFkfr esa lkoZtfud {ks=k esa gkfu ls ctVij yxkrkj Hkkj c<+sxh] O;kikj ij yxk, x, izfrca/k fu;kZr o`f) esa #dkoV Mkysaxs vkSjblls ljdkj fuft cpr dks dCts esa ysxh rks foÙk leL;k iSnk gks ldrh gSA

1991 esa dkaxzsl ljdkj us dqlhZ lEHkkyus ds ckn igyk dke vFkZO;oLFkk esa fLFkjrkvFkZO;oLFkk dks LFkkfir djus dk fd;kA blds rgr LQhfr dks fu;a=k.k djus dh uhfrcukbZ rFkk lkoZtfud foÙk lq/kkj dj Hkqxrku larqyu dks lq/kkjus dh rjQ dne mBk,A

1. Control of Inflation ¼LQhfr dk fu;a=k.k½ 1990-91 esa LQhfr nj 10 izfr'kr izfro"kZ lsT;knk FkhA bldks de djus ds fy, ,d rjQ vFkZO;oLFkk esa ekSfnzd rFkk lkoZtfud foÙkdk;Z LFkkfir fd, rFkk nwljh rjQ mRiknu rFkk iwfrZ fLFkfr esa lq/kkj fd;kA bl fn'kkesa ljdkj dh miyfC/k nksuksa rjQ e/;LFk Fkh 1991-92 esa 1990-91 dh vis{kk mRiknuugha c<+k] vf/kd fons'kh fofue; fjtoZ vkus ls eqnzk iwfrZ 206 izfr'kr c<+ xbZA blls LQhfresa o`f) ls Fkksd dher lwpdkad 13.7 izfr'kr c<+ x;kA ;|fi 1992-93 vkSj fLFkjrk Ñf"ko`f) c<+h rFkk lkFk esa m|ksx Hkh c<+kA bl ifj.kke Lo:i ljdkj ,gfr;kr cjrrs gq,eqnzk iwfrZ esa 7.6 dh o`f) dhA foÙkh; ?kkVk Hkh GDP dk 5.7 izfr'kr uhps yk;k x;kA blfoLQhfr dh fLFkfr ls dherksa esa deh gqbZ rFkk LQhfr nj ?kVdj 1993 ds 'kq: esa 7.0

izfr'kr jg xbZA ;|fi 1993-94 esa foÙk ?kkVk c<+k tks GDP dk 7.5 izfr'kr Fkk ysfdu1994-95 esa ;g ?kkVk GDP dk 6.5 izfr'kr jgkA

;|fi 1995-96 esa LQhfr dh nj esa rsth ls deh vkbZ tks ?kVdj 5 izfr'kr jg xbZA ;gdsoy eqnzk o`f) esa /khjs o`f) mRiknu esa rsth ls o`f)] bZ/ku dherksa esa ifjorZu ugha dhotg ls FkkA bl izdkj ;s pØ pyrk jgkA 1997-98 esa eqnzk iwfrZ esa o`f) 16.0 izfr'krgqbZA bZ/ku dh dhersa 10 izfr'kr ds djhc c<+hA ;|fi [kk|kUu oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa Hkh3.2 izfr'kr fjdkMZ o`f) gqbZA bu lcds ckotwn LQhfr ij 5.3 izfr'kr jghA ;|fi flrEcj8.8 izfr'kr gks xbZ ysfdu 1999 esa blesa fQj deh gqbZ vkSj ;g ?kVdj 4.6 izfr'kr jgxbZ tuojh 29,2000 esa LQhfr nj dkQh detksj Fkh tks dsoy 2.9 izfr'kr FkhA ysfducgqr ckj fuEu LQhfr Hkh Å¡ph o`f) dks de djrh gSA blfy, bldk T;knk] de gksukHkh ?kkrd gSA

foÙkh; QsjcnyfoÙkh; QsjcnyfoÙkh; QsjcnyfoÙkh; QsjcnyfoÙkh; Qsjcny(Fiscal Adjustment)

foÙkh; ,MtLVesaV nks leL;k,¡ & Å¡pk ?kjsyw LQhfr vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu ?kkVk dh leL;kdks fuiVkus ds fy, vko';d gSA ljdkj ¼dsUnz] jkT;] ;wfu;u VSfjVjh½ dk foÙk ?kkVk 1970

esa GDA dk 7 izfr'kr FkkA ;|fi ;g 1980 esa c<+dj GDA dk 9 izfr'kr o 1990-91 esac<+dj GDP dk 11 izfr'kr gks x;kA lcls egÙoiw.kZ rÙo izkfIr gS tks ?kkVk dks fu;af=krdjrh gSA 1990-91 esa ljdkj ds ikl izkfIr ¼vk;½ GDP dk 0.3 izfr'kr T;knk Fkh ysfdu1980 esa fLFkfr ,dne cny xbZ 1985-86 esa vk; ?kkVk GDP dk 2 izfr'kr tks 1990-91

esa c<+dj 4 izfr'kr gks x;kA blfy, bl rjg ds ?kkVs tc vk; ls iwjs u gks rks foÙkQsjcny vko';d gSA


dsUnzh; ljdkj us foÙk Qsjcny dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k ftlls foÙk ?kkVk 1990-91 esa GDP

dk 8.3 izfr'kr Fkk ?kVdj 1991-92 esa GDP dk 8.3 izfr'kr Fkk ?kVdj 1991-92 esa 5.9

izfr'kr vkSj 1992-93 esa 5-7 izfr'kr jg x;kA ;|fi dsUnz ljdkj us e/; Lrj ij Hkh;s dk;ZØe ykxw fd;k ysfdu blesa dkQh dfBukbZ Fkh vkSj foÙk ?kkVk c<+dj 1993-94

esa GDP dk 7.4 izfr'kr gks x;kA jkT; us dHkh bl rjg ds dk;ZØe ugha pyk,A jkT;ljdkj viuh yksdfiz;rk c<+kus ds fy, bl rjg xSj&;kstuk izkfIr [kpZ dks ¼okfil½lapkfyr ugha djrh u gh dj yxkdj vius lk/ku c<+krh gSA bl izdkj 1998-99 esa dsUnzo jkT; ljdkj dk foÙk ?kkVk GDP dk 9.3 izfr'kr FkkA Hkkjr esa foÙkh; ?kkVk vkerkSjij lkoZtfud [kpks± dh otg ls gSA blfy, foÙk ?kkVk de djus ds fy, lkoZtfud [kpZde djuk vko';d gSA orZeku esa dj dk GDP esa vuqikr dkQh T;knk gS blfy, djds }kjk vfrfjDr lk/ku tqVkuk vklku ughaA ljdkj dk 1970-71 esa lkoZtfud [kpZ GDP

dk 19 izfr'kr Fkk 1980-81 esa c<+dj 30 izfr'kr rFkk 1990-91 esa c<+dj GDP dk 37 izfr'krgks x;kA blfy, foÙk ?kkVk de djus ds fy, lkoZtfud [kpZ esa 25 izfr'kr dh dehvko';d gSA ;|fi lkoZtfud [kpZ] Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa vko';d gS bldks de djus lsigys ljdkj dks ns[kuk pkfg, fd lkekftd {ks=k rFkk bUÝkLVªDpj dk fodkl ckfèkr ugksA blds vUrxZr C;kt Hkqxrku] lfClMh Hkqxrku izcU/kdh; [kpZ rFkk lsuk lac/kh miHkksx[kpZ rFkk ljdkjh miHkksx dh rjQ /;ku nsuk vko';d gSA

;|fi ljdkj us 1997-98 esa dj rFkk xSj dj lk/kuksa ls vk; o`f) djus ds fy, izkFkfedrknh gSA blds rgr 1997-98 esa ljdkjh vk; GDP dk 25 izfr'kr FkhA ;kstuk deh'ku dkdguk gS fd ljdkj dj o`f) rFkk xSj&dj lk/kuksa ls vfrfjDr vk; vftZr dj ldrhgSA ljdkj dqN izkfIr dkyk /ku dks y{; cukdj tqVk ldrh gS tks orZeku esa GDP dk40 izfr'kr vkdyu fd;k x;kA ;g yxHkx 600,000 djksM+ gksxkA

,d {ks=k tgk¡ vk; c<+kus dk lk/ku lkoZtfud lsok,¡ gS tSls lkoZtfud }kjk nh xbZlsok,¡&flapkbZ] fctyh] ikuh] jksM ;krk;kr vkSj Å¡ph f'k{kkA dsUnz ljdkj }kjk iznku dhxbZ lsokvksa ij yxHkx 35 izfr'kr fjdojh gSA jkT; ljdkj dh fjdojh 14 izfr'kr gSAtks fjdojh ugha dh tkrh og lfClMh ds rkSj ij iznku dh tkrh gSA ljdkj lkoZtfudiz;ksx tSls fctyh] flapkbZ] ;krk;kr rFkk ikuh ij nj c<+k ldrh gSA

;|fi ljdkj lkoZtfud iz;ksx lsokvksa dh nj c<+kdj lk/ku tqVkus esa xaHkhj ugha gSA ;|fi;g miHkksx [kpZ rFkk lfClMh ?kVkus esa Hkh vlQy jgh gSA l[r dne mBkus dh ctk,ljdkj us gYds QqYds dne mBk, gaSA

Hkqxrku larqyu dh lgefrHkqxrku larqyu dh lgefrHkqxrku larqyu dh lgefrHkqxrku larqyu dh lgefrHkqxrku larqyu dh lgefr(Balance of Payment Adjustment)

orZeku esa Hkqxrku larqyu dh fLFkfr oSlh ugha gS tks 1990-91 esa FkhA fons'kh fofue; HkaMkj1991 esa dsoy $2.2 fofy;u Fkk tks 1999 esa c<+dj $30.4 fofy;u gks x;kA orZeku esafons'kh fofue; HkaMkj $204 fofy;u gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k ljdkj us 1999 esa mnkjhdj.kij T;knk tksj fn;kA

Hkqxrku larqyu ls lacaf/kr uhfr tks fiNys 8 lkyksa ls dke dj jgh gSµnksuksa fLFkjrk rFkk<k¡pkRed lq/kkj ij vk/kkfjr gSA Hkkjr esa Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dk mRiknu gksus dkdkj.k fu;kZr dh izkfIr vis{kk vk;kr dh Hkqxrku [kpZ T;knk gSA 1980 ds vkjEHk esa ;g


dojst vuqikr dsoy 52.4 izfr'kr Fkk vkSj ftlls O;kikj ?kkVk iuikA ;|fi blesa dqNlq/kkj gqvk gS 1990-91 esa fu;kZr dh vk; vk;kr dh ewY; vis{kk 66.2 izfr'kr Fkh ;|fi1991 esa #i;s dk yxHkx 22.2 izfr'kr voewY;u fd;k x;kA vizSy 1991 ls ekpZ 1996

rd ns'k esa LQhfr nj nwljs vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh vis{kk T;knk Fkh 1991 ls 1993

esa Hkh #i;s dh dher 41.2 izfr'kr de dh xbZA okLro esa 1992-93 esa f}&fofue; nji)fr ds vUrxZr #i;s dh vkf'kd rCnhyh rFkk 1993-94 esa O;kikj [kkrs ij #i;s dhiw.kZ rCnhyh vkSj 1994-95 esa pkyw [kkrs ij #i;s dh iw.kZ rCnhyh esa #i;s dh rkdr c<+kusesa dkQh ;ksxnku fd;kA

orZeku le; esa fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k (RBI) fofue; nj dk izca/ku djrk gSA vko';drkiM+us ij RBI fons'kh fofue; cktkj esa Hkh gLr{ksi djrk gSA vkSj fons'k esa #i;s ij gksusokys ij izHkko ¼geyk½ Mkyus ds fy, ekSfnzd rFkk nwljs mik; ykxw djrk gS vkSj fons'khfofue; cktkj 'krks± dk Bhd rjg ikyu djus ds fy, vk'oklu nsrk gSA

Hkqxrku larqyu dh pkyw ys[kk fLFkfr fu;kZr o`f) ls izHkkfor jgrh gS tks t#jr ls Hkhde gSA Hkqxrku larqyu fLFkfr dh izkfIr ds fy, fu;kZr 14 izfr'kr ewY; esa c<+kus gksaxsA;|fi rhoz fu;kZr o`f) ds fy, okLrfod fofue; nj t#jh gS D;ksafd O;kikj dh izfr;ksfxrkbl ij fuHkZj djrh gSA blfy, futh {ks=k dks Hkh fu;kZr c<+kus ds fy, NwV rFkk izyksHkufn, tkrs gSaA

<k¡pkRed lq/kkj<k¡pkRed lq/kkj<k¡pkRed lq/kkj<k¡pkRed lq/kkj<k¡pkRed lq/kkj(Structural Reforms)

tqykbZ 1991 ls vFkZO;oLFkk ds iwfrZ i{k dks c<+kus ds fy, <k¡pkRed lq/kkj fd, tk pqdsgSaA buesa ls dqN egÙoiw.kZ gSa%

O;kikj o iw¡th izokgO;kikj o iw¡th izokgO;kikj o iw¡th izokgO;kikj o iw¡th izokgO;kikj o iw¡th izokg(Trade and Capital Flow)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k esa 1991 ds ladV esa vkfFkZd lq/kkj dk vge~ fcUnq O;kikj o iw¡th izokgjg pqdk gSA izk;% ;g Hkh ekuk x;k fd ns'k us dqN n'kdksa ds Xykscy fodkl vH;klls ikB lh[kk gSA de fodflr ns'kksa ds rsth ls c<+rs gq, vH;kl crkrs gSa vFkok lykgnsrs gSa dqN Hkkj (duty) rFkk xSj&Hkkj (duty) de djus dh uhfr cukbZ tk, tks fu;kZrmRiknd rFkk ?kjsyw mRiknd dks NwV ¼ykHk½ ns rks ;g u dsoy ns'k dks fu;kZr mRiknuo`f) ds fy, izsfjr djsxh cfYd fLFkj rst vkfFkZd fodkl Hkh gksxkA bl voLFkk esa vk;krizfrLFkkiu i)fr dke ugha djrhA ,slh voLFkk esa ns'k u dsoy lk/kuksa dk lgh iz;ksxgks ik,xk cfYd ;g Hkqxrku larqyu fLFkj djus esa Hkh Qsy gksxhA blfy,] O;kikj lq/kkjesa [kqykiu vko';d gSA

tqykbZ 1991 ls ljdkj us O;kikj {ks=k esa lq/kkj dh dfM+;k¡ 'kq: dh fons'k ds lkFk ns'kdks Hkh vFkok Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwr rFkk vPNk cukus esa lgk;rk djsxhA bulq/kkjksa esa ,d lq/kkj 1991 esa #i;s dk voewY;u fd;k x;k vkSj igyh ckj O;kikj ys[ksij #i;s esa rCnhyh dh xbZ vkSj fQj ;g #i;s dh rCnhyh ¼#i;s ds iz;ksx esa cnyko½iwjs pkyw ys[kk ysu&nsu esa Hkh dh xbZA

1975 esa Hkkjr us fLFkj fofue; nj i)fr dks [kRe dj fn;k vkSj rc ls izca/k fofue;


nj izokg ykxw gSA ;|fi ckn esa ;g i)fr f}&fofue; nj i)fr }kjk cnyh xbZA bli)fr ds rgr #i;s dh vkaf'kd ifjorZu ¼rCnhyh½ dh mikjaHk dhA 1993-94 ctV esa O;kikjys[kk ij #i;s dk iwjk ifjorZu fd;k x;k vkSj fQj f}&fofue; nj i)fr ;wfuQsV fofue;ij i)fr }kjk cnyh xbZA mlds ckn O;kikj ys[kk rFkk pkyw ys[kk ij iw.kZ #i;k rCnhyhls #i;s esa vPNh rkdr vFkok 'kfDr'kkyh gqvkA

ljdkj us ckgjh {ks=k lq/kkj dh ,ot esa fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k ds :i esa iw¡th izokg dkmnkjhdj.k fd;kA blds ,ot esa 48 m|ksxksa esa fons'kh bD;wfoVh c<+kdj 51 izfr'kr dhxbZ tks 1996 esa 35 izfr'kr FkhA lsok {ks=k esa Hkh ;g fons'kh bD;wfoVh 51 izfr'kr dh xbZAQkWjsu ,Dlpsat ,aM jsxqys'ku ,DV (FERA) dks Qksju ,Dlpsat eSustesaV ,DV (FEMA) ds}kjk cnyk x;kA fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks vius O;kikj fpg~u iz;ksx djus ij jksd FkhA

vkS|ksfxd fu;e [kRevkS|ksfxd fu;e [kRevkS|ksfxd fu;e [kRevkS|ksfxd fu;e [kRevkS|ksfxd fu;e [kRe(Industrial Deregulation)

,sfrgkfld rkSj ij Hkkjr dh ?kjsyw vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa ij 'kkjhfjd fu;a=k.k gSA vkS|ksfxd{ks=k esa bl rjg ds fu;a=k.k dbZ izdkj ds gSaA vkS|ksfxd ykblsal tks izos'k o izlkj dkfu;a=k.k] vf/kdrj m|ksxksa ds lkoZtfud o y?kq {ks=kksa ds fy, vkjf{kr vkSj vkS|ksfxdmRiknuksa ij dher o forj.k fu;a=k.k vkfn ykblsal i)fr ds vUrxZr fofHkUu vkS|ksfxdbdkb;ksa dks Dyh;j djus esa dkQh le; yxrk gSA bl izdkj vkS|ksfxd bdkb;k¡ viukizkstsDV le; ij iwjk ugha dj ikrh izks0 >k us ,dkf/kdkj vkSj izfrca/kd O;kikj O;ogkjvf/kfu;e (MRTP Act) dh Hkh vkykspuk dh gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd cM+h vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksaij ,dkf/kdkj vkSj izfrca/kd O;kikj O;ogkj vf/kfu;e (MRTP) ds ogr izfrca/k yxkusls mudh fuos'k izfØ;k izHkkfor gksrh gSA D;ksafd NksVs m|ksxksa ij lk/kuksa dh deh ls foLrkjdh {kerk eqf'dy gks tkrh gSA

bu lc ckrksa dks ns[krs gq, vc ,dkf/kdkj vkSj izfrca/kd O;kikj O;ogkj vf/kfu;e(MRTP) [kRe dj fn;k gSA blls vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dks c<+us dh vuqefr feysxh rFkkos vius vkfFkZd iSekus dk Qk;nk mBk ik,¡xhA baMLVªh;y yksds'ku ikWfylh dk Hkhmnkjhdj.k fd;k x;kA eSU;wQSDpfjax izksxzke ds rgr tgk¡ ?kjsyw mRikndksa dks ,d fuf'prle; esa vius mRikn ds ?kjsyw vkxr c<+kus dh vko';drk Fkh] ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds rgr[kRe fd, tk pqds gSaA ;|fi <k¡pkRed lq/kkj dh lcls cM+h lhek ;g gS fd bldh ,fDtVikWfylh dkQh izfrcaf/kr o le; ysusokyh gSA ;gh ,d dkj.k gS vkS|ksfxd chekjh c<+usdkA

blfy, 1991 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk ds Mhjsxqys'ku ¼folaxfBr ls gS vkSjfuth {ks=k ds fy, Hkh vf/kd ek=kk esa m|ksx [kksyuk gSA bu N% mRiknksa ds fy, vkS|ksfxdykblsal }kjk nh xbZ gS os gSaµ,Ydksgy] flxjsV] baMLVªh;y ,DlIyksflo] Mªx o QkjekL;wfVdy]bySDVªkWfud ,jksLdsi vkfnA

lkoZtfud {ks=k lq/kkj vkSj fofuos'klkoZtfud {ks=k lq/kkj vkSj fofuos'klkoZtfud {ks=k lq/kkj vkSj fofuos'klkoZtfud {ks=k lq/kkj vkSj fofuos'klkoZtfud {ks=k lq/kkj vkSj fofuos'k(Public Sector Reforms and Disinvestment)

okLro esa lkoZtfud {ks=k Lo;a fu/kkZfjr vkfFkZd o`f) dk batu gSA bls vFkZO;oLFkk esa Å¡psLrj rFkk vkSj ubZ rduhdh ikus ds ckjs esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl Hkwfedk dks iwjk djus


ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy, vkf/kD; fuos'k dh vko';drk gSA blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha gSfd lkoZtfud {ks=k vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds foLrkj dk vk/kkj gSA ;|fi vkxs foLrkj ds fy, ;gmi;qDr lk/ku tqVkus esa vlQy jgk gS rFkk bls vc vkfFkZd fodkl esa #dkoV ekuk tkusyxk gSA blfy, ljdkj us mu lkoZtfud {ks=kksa esa futh fuos'k dks c<+kus dh vuqefr nh gStgk¡ lkekftd {ks=k izHkkfor ugha vkSj p;fur {ks=kksa esa vkf'kd fofuos'k fd;k gSA ljdkjus futh fuos'k dks lkoZtfud {ks=k esa c<+kus ds fy, dbZ dne mBk, gSa tks igys lkoZtfud{ks=k }kjk fu;af=kr Fkk ljdkj }kjk jkT; }kjk fu;af=kr bdkb;ksa dk dqN Hkkx futh {ks=kdks gLrkUrfjr djuk Hkh fofuos'k gSA

fnlEcj 1999 rd p;fur lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dh 18,288 djksM+ dh bfDoVh lkoZtfud {ks=kfoÙkh; laLFkkuksa] rFkk turk dks fofuos'k dh xbZ gSA fofuos'k deh'ku dh LFkkiuk 1996 esap;fur lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dk fofuos'k djus ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA 1998 rd fofuos'k deh'kuus 12 lkoZtfud bdkb;ksa dk fofuos'k fd;kA vkusokys o"kks± esa jkT; }kjk vf/kÑr bdkb;ksadh 49 izfr'kr bfDoVh fofuos'k djus dh vk'kk gSA vkaf'kd ek=kk cspus ds ckn Hkh ljdkjbu bdkb;ksa dk fu;a=k.k vius gkFk esa j[kuk pkgrh gSA ;g crkrk gS fd lkoZtfud {ks=kksadk fofuos'k lkoZtfud bdkb;ksa dk lq/kkj ugha cfYd foÙk ?kkVk dk fu;a=k.k djuk gSA

vc bu ifj.kkeksa ls ;g fo'okl fd;k tk ldrk gS fd fofuos'k ljdkj dk tYnh esa fd;kx;k QSlyk FkkA lh0 jaxjktu ds vUrxZr cukbZ xbZ deh'ku lkoZtfud {ks=k bdkb;ksa dkfofuos'k us lykg nh gS fd lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dk fuos'k dk lcls vPNk rjhdk turk dksfuf'pr dher ij 'ks;j dh vkWQj nh tk,A ysfdu bl le; budh dher fuf'pr djukeqf'dy gS D;ksafd orZeku eas cksyh yxkusokyk rjhdk viukuk pkfg,A bls viuk;k tk ldrkgSA

foÙkh; {ks=k lq/kkjfoÙkh; {ks=k lq/kkjfoÙkh; {ks=k lq/kkjfoÙkh; {ks=k lq/kkjfoÙkh; {ks=k lq/kkj(Financial Sector Reforms)

vFkZO;oLFkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, lgh rFkk izfr;ksxh foÙkh; rjhdk vko';d gSA dqN o"kks± lsHkkjrh; cSad rFkk foÙkh; i)fr dks izHkkoh cukus dh dok;n dh gS rkfd bldk foLrkj gjtxg fd;k tk,A bl ykHk ds ckotwn Hkh caSfdax iz.kkyh esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA vkBoha iapo"khZ;;kstuk dk Mªk¶V n'kkZrk gS fd foÙkh; {ks=kksa dh ijQkWjesal dh cSyasl lhV fefJr ifj.kkefn[kkrh gSAµlkekftd&vkfFkZd rFkk lk[k izlkj ds y{; izkIr djus esa izHkko'kkyh ysfdufo'okl djus esa detksj jgh gSA

blfy, ljdkj us ,e0 ujflage dh v/;{krk esa foÙkh; i)fr ij deh'ku LFkkfir fd;kAbl deh'ku us fofHkUu lq>ko fn,A

1. foÙkh; i)fr dks dk;Ziz.kkyh] ykHk vkfn ds lkFk izHkkoh o lqpk: cukus dh lykgnhA

2. foÙkh; {ks=kksa dks T;knk izfr;ksxh cukus ds fy, cSadks rFkk foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dksvFkZO;oLFkk dh lk[k vko';drk dh rjQ izHkkoh rkSj ij /;ku nsuk pkfg,A

3. foÙkh; {ks=k esa okf.kT; cSad vkSj m/kkj nsusokys laLFkkuksa dh rjQ T;knk /;ku nsusdh vko';drkA

foÙkh; i)fr ij ujflage desVh ¼fnlEcj 1991 esa½ }kjk nh xbZ fjiksVZ vc ns'k esa foÙkh;


{ks=k lq/kkj dk vk/kkj gSA bl fjiksVZ esa fuEufyf[kr ifjorZu fd;k x;k gSA

1. oS/kkfud rjyrk vuqikr (SLR) 25 izfr'kr rd uhps yk;k x;k rFkk U;wure udnhvuqikr (CRR) tks LQhfr fu;af=kr djrk gS 10.5 izfr'kr rd yk;k x;kA

2. dsUnzh; ljdkj 1996-97 rd lkoZtfud {ks=kksa cSadks dk 17,346 djksM+ #i;s dhlgk;rk nsus dk ctV esa izko/kku fd;kA ;|fi ;g lHkh cSadks ds fy, iw.kZ ughaFkk blfy, cSadks dks turk ls bD;wfoVh o Ç.k c<+kuk FkkA ekpZ 1997 rd dsoynks lkoZtfud {ks=k cSad gh fu/kkZfjr 8 izfr'kr dk fjLd osV js';ks iwjk ugha djik,A

3. okf.kT; cSadks ds ikl ;fn iw¡th iwjh gS rFkk lgh :i ls dke dj jgs gSa rks mUgsaviuh 'kk[kk,¡ c<+kus dh vuqefr nh xbZA

4. RBI us fuft {ks=k esa cSadks dh LFkkiuk ds fy, fn'kk funsZ'k fu/kkZfjr fd, rFkk blrjQ 10 fuft cSad igys gh dke 'kq: dj pqds gaS rFkk rhu dks vkSj vuqefr nhtk pqdh gSA

5. cSad Ç.k ij C;kt Lrj nj de djds tks 1989-90 esa yxHkx 20 Fkk 1994-95

esa 2 fd;k x;kA

6. cSdksa vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkvksa dh Ç.k mxkgh dkQh vlrq"V Fkh blfy, 1993 esa ,DVikl djds blds vUrxZr Lis'ky fjdojh fVªC;wuy LFkkfir fd;k rkfd Ç.k dhmxkgh tYnh gksA

7. cSadks dks vius foÙk fu/kkZj.k dh NwV nh xbZ rFkk ;s vkSj Hkh yphys cuk, x,Avc cSad m/kkj nsusokys dh t:jrksa dks ns[krs gq, viuh fØ;kfUor iw¡th fu/kkZfjrdjus ds fy, LorU=k gSA

8. blds lkFk detksj cSadks dks rkdroj cSadks ds lkFk feyk;k tk, rkfd bldhmi;ksfxrk c<+sA

ysfdu bu lcds ckotwn Hkh 1991 ds vkfFkZd lq/kkj viuk mís'; vkaf'kd :i ls iwjk djik,A

vkfFkZd lq/kkjkas dk ewY;kaduvkfFkZd lq/kkjkas dk ewY;kaduvkfFkZd lq/kkjkas dk ewY;kaduvkfFkZd lq/kkjkas dk ewY;kaduvkfFkZd lq/kkjkas dk ewY;kadu(Evaluation of Economic Reforms)

1991 ds vkfFkZd lq/kkj ds vUrxZr vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkjrk rFkk <k¡pkRed lq/kkj esa vkaf'kdifjorZu gqvkA LQhfr nj 2.5 izfr'kr Fkh tks Hkfo"; esa c<+us dh laHkkouk gSA foÙk vlekurkBhd ugha gks ikbZ rFkk dsoy dsUnz ljdkj dk ldy foÙk ?kkVk 1998-99 esa GDP dk 5

izfr'kr FkkA ;fn dsUnz rFkk jkT; nksuksa dks fy;k tk, rks ;g 1998-99 esa yxHkx GDP dk9.3 izfr'kr Fkk dsoy bl le; ,d gh Qk;nk gqvk fons'kh fofue; HkaMkj ¼lksus dks NksM+dj½fnlEcj 1999 esa $29.4 fofy;u Fks tks vc $204 fofy;u gSA

<k¡pkRed lq/kkj ds dqN ifj.kke vk, gSa 1991-92 esa yxHkx eanh ¼fLFkjrk½ FkhA ;|fi 1992-

93 ls yxkrkj GDP 5 izfr'kr izfro"kZ dh nj ls c<+kA 1993-94 ls vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa Hkhfjdojh 'kq: gqbZ vkSj 1993-94 ls yxkrkj 5 o"kZ rd vkS|ksfxd mRiknu 7.4 izfr'kr dh nj


ls c<+kA ;|fi 1990-91 ls rhu o"kks± ds fy, cpr rFkk fuos'k esa fxjkoV gqbZA blfy, buQk;nksa dk udkjrs gq, bu vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dh dkQh vkykspuk dhA

foLr`r fodflr i)fr dh vuqifLFkfrfoLr`r fodflr i)fr dh vuqifLFkfrfoLr`r fodflr i)fr dh vuqifLFkfrfoLr`r fodflr i)fr dh vuqifLFkfrfoLr`r fodflr i)fr dh vuqifLFkfr(Absence of a Broder Development Strategy)

vkfFkZd LFkkiuk rFkk <k¡pkRed lq/kkj nksuksa dk edln vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa izfr;ksfxrk ykukFkk rFkk m|ksxdrkZ ds QSlys cktkjh rkdrksa dks ns[kdj gh fu/kkZfjr gksaxsA ljdkj dh ubZvkS|ksfxd uhfr esa ;s deh FkhA nf{k.k&if'peh ,f'k;u ns'k ftUgksaus 1960, 1970 vkSj 1970

ds n'kd esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa fjdkMZ rksM+ o`f) dh gS mUgksaus jkT; gLr{ksi dks de vuqefrnhA mUgksaus oYMZ cSad o IMF dh izfrca/k ds ckotwn Hkh Hkkjh vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dks egÙofn;kA ysfdu Hkkjr esa jkT; gLr{ksi dh lhek Hkh vf/kd gS tks vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa vFkokvkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa ldkjkRed Hkwfedk vnk ugha djrhA

lq/kkjksa esa tYnckthlq/kkjksa esa tYnckthlq/kkjksa esa tYnckthlq/kkjksa esa tYnckthlq/kkjksa esa tYnckth(Hasty Pace of Reforms)

vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa esa xfr ns'k ds vFkok Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds Xykscykbts'ku ds lkFk vkbZAblls vkS|ksfxd <k¡ps dh xq.koÙkk esa rsth ls fxjkoV gqbZA blfy, flQZ fu;kZr c<+kus ij tksjfn;k x;k rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ij /;ku ugha j[kk x;k tks vkfFkZd lq/kkj dks foijhr gSA

igys ls pys lq/kkjksa dh vuns[khigys ls pys lq/kkjksa dh vuns[khigys ls pys lq/kkjksa dh vuns[khigys ls pys lq/kkjksa dh vuns[khigys ls pys lq/kkjksa dh vuns[kh(Prerequisites of Reforms Ignored)

uhfr;ksa vFkok <k¡pkRed lq/kkjkas ds ifj.kke rHkh lgh :i ls ns[kus dks feyrs gSa vFkok deizHkkfor djrs gS ;fn ns'k esa yksxksa dk dqN fuEu Lrj ij igys gh ekuo fodkl gks pqdkgSA lkÅFk dksfj;k] eysf'k;k rFkk FkkbySaM bl ckr dk mnkgj.k gS bu ns'kksa esa u dsoylkekftd&vkfFkZd <k¡pk Ñf"kRed gS cfYd ekuo fodkl laca/kh rÙo tSls thou vk'kk rFkklk{kjrk nj T;knk gS ¼Å¡ph gS½ ;|fi lq/kkj dk;ZØe 'kq: djus ls igys ogk¡ f'k'kq e`R;q njHkh de FkhA blds foijhr Hkkjr esa ekuo fodkl o vkfFkZd lkekftd <k¡pk bl rjg dkugha gSA

ekuo fodkl y{; bl i)fr dk fgLlk ughaekuo fodkl y{; bl i)fr dk fgLlk ughaekuo fodkl y{; bl i)fr dk fgLlk ughaekuo fodkl y{; bl i)fr dk fgLlk ughaekuo fodkl y{; bl i)fr dk fgLlk ugha(Human Development Goals were not Part of this Strategy)

Hkkjr esa ;g i)fr xjhch] fuEu ekuo fodkl ds ckotwn Hkh ykxw dh xbZ bldh otg lslekt ds vge eqís f'k{kk o LokLF; ij [kpZ ds Lrj esa Hkh deh vkbZ Fkh tks fd lekt vFkokHkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSaA D;ksafd Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa <k¡pkRed lq/kkj ekuofodkl dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ykxw djus pkfg,A nqHkkZX;o'k Hkkjr esa bl rjg dh dksf'k'kugha dh xbZA

bl izdkj vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dk Qk;nk vFkZO;oLFkk dks rHkh igq¡puk laHko gS tc ;s ns'k dsgj oxZ dks ns[kdj ykxw fd, tk,A vU;Fkk Hkkjrh; tula[;k tks 70 izfr'kr xk¡o eas jgrhgS ;fn mudks bu lq/kkjksa dk Qk;nk u feys rFkk ;s ns'k dh turk ds lkFk vU;k; gS rFkkeqëh Hkj yksx gh bldk vkuUn ys ik,¡xsA


Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj ,d ;wfuV ugha gS cfYd ;g nks Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gSµlaxfBr rFkkvlaxfBrA nksuksa ds chp dkQh varj gS vlaxfBr eqnzk cktkjksa dh vis{kk laxfBr {ks=k T;knklgh gSA nksuksa jk"Vªh; vkSj futh {ks=k okf.kT; cSad laxfBr {ks=k ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA nwljs {ks=ktSls fons'kh cSad] lgdkjh cSad vkSj RBI, Hkkjr ds ?kj foÙk iznku djusokys] fodkl foÙklaLFkk,¡ tSls IDBI, ICICI, IFCI vkSj fuos'k foÙk daiuhµLIC, GIC, UTI, ;s Hkh eqnzk cktkjds laxfBr {ks=k esa vkrs gSaA

bldk vfHkizk; eqnzk cktkj bl rjg dh i)fr rS;kj djrs gSa tgk¡ ,d rjQ m/kkj ysusokyky?kq&nj Ç.k izkIr djrk gS rFkk nwljh rjQ m/kkj ysusokys viuh lk[k ds fy, vFkok eqnzkds fy, m/kkj ysus dks <w¡<+rs gSaA lcls egÙoiw.kZ lk[kk okf.kT; cSad gSaA 1935 rd bl ns'kesa dsUnzh; cSad ugha FkkA Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj esa RBI gh ,d laxBu gSA ;g m/kkjd rFkk eqnzkcktkj dks fu;a=k.k djrk gSa] rFkk Bhd dk;Ziz.kkyh ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA vizSy 1998 esa RBIus fMLdkmaV ,aM QkbZusaUl gkml vkWQ bafM;k (DFHI) LFkkfir fd;k tks Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkjdk;ks± esa vFkok dk;Ziz.kkyh dks LFkkfir dj ldsA

Hkkjrh; vlaxfBr eqnzk cktkjHkkjrh; vlaxfBr eqnzk cktkjHkkjrh; vlaxfBr eqnzk cktkjHkkjrh; vlaxfBr eqnzk cktkjHkkjrh; vlaxfBr eqnzk cktkj(Indian Unorganised Money Market)

dqN ns'kh cSad (Indigenous Bank) rFkk eqnzk cktkj cM+s 'kgjksa esa fLFkr budh cSad fØ;k,¡dLcksa rFkk NksVs xk¡oksa esa Hkh gS tgk¡ vk/kqfud cSafdax lqfo/kk ugha gSA fdlku] dk'rdkj vkSjnwljs NksVs iSekus ds mRiknd ;gk¡ ls Ç.k lqfo/kk iznku djrs gSaA

Hkkjr esa dbZ izdkj ds xSj&laxfBr cSad gSA blesa lcls vf/kd Ç.k ;k foÙk daiuh] fpê QaMvkSj fuftlA foÙk daiuh ns'k ds gj dksus esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;s daiuh C;kt dh mPp nj tks36 ls 48 izfr'kr ds chp gSA buls ogh Ç.k ysrs gSa ftudks okf.kT; cSadks ls Ç.k ugha feyrkgSA

fpê QaM daiuh cpr laLFkku gSA RBI dk bl ij dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gSA fuf/k vkerkSj ijnf{k.k Hkkjr esa gSA ;s vkerkSj ij E;wpqvy QaM ds fy, gSaA vkerkSj ij e/;e oxZ ds yksxbldh lsok,¡ ysrs gSaA

ns'kh cSad (Indigenous Bank) futh QeZ gSa tks tek LohÑr djrh gS o Ç.k nsrh gS vkSj ,dcSad ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSaA bafMftfu;l cSad vlaxfBr {ks=k ls laca/k j[krs gSaA vk/kqfudcSfdax iz.kkyh LFkkfir gksus ij bUgsa dkQh /kDdk yxkA ;s vkerkSj ij ns'k ds if'peh onf{k.kh fgLls esa gSa tks ijEijkxr O;kikj iz.kkyh esa layXu gSaA ;s cSfdax ds lkFk xSj&cSfdaxdk;Z iz.kkyh esa Hkh lafyIr jgrs gSaA

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-21Hkkjrh; eqnzk ctkjHkkjrh; eqnzk ctkjHkkjrh; eqnzk ctkjHkkjrh; eqnzk ctkjHkkjrh; eqnzk ctkj(Indian Money Market)

Hkkjrh; eqnzk ctkj 173

eqnzk mèkkjd Hkh blh izdkj ls dk;Z djrs gSaA ;g Hkh xk¡o Lrj ij gh pkyw jgrs gSa rFkkC;kt dh Å¡ph nj o dbZ cqjkb;ksa esa lafyIr gSaA bl izdkj vlaxfBr {ks=k esa NksVs&m/kkj ysusokyksa dk 'kks"k.k jgrk gSA D;ksafd ;s dkuwu ds nk;js ls Hkh ckgj gSaA buds Åij bl rjgdk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gSaA

laxfBr eqnzk cktkjlaxfBr eqnzk cktkjlaxfBr eqnzk cktkjlaxfBr eqnzk cktkjlaxfBr eqnzk cktkj(Organised Money Market)

Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dk vk/kqfud {ks=k vPNh rjg laxfBr gSA dqN mPp fodflr foÙkh; {ks=kksadks NksM+dj Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dk laxfBr {ks=k vf/kd ns'kksa ds eqnzk cktkj dks NksM+djfodflr gSA laxfBr {ks=k esa RBI, SBI, okf.kT; cSad] fons'kh cSad] lgdkjh cSad] foÙkdkjiksjs'ku] E;wpqvy QaM vkSj DFHI gSaA

Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj ds laxfBr {ks=k eqEcbZ] dydÙkk] fnYyh] psUubZ] vgenkckn o caxykSj'kfey gSaA ;|fi ;s laxfBr {ks=k esa fLFkr cSad vPNh rjg fodflr gks pqds gSa ysfdu fQjHkh budh U;w;kdZ] ;k yanu eqnzk cktkj ls rqyuk ugha dj ldrsA vkerkSj ij Hkkjrh; eqnzkcktkj esa fuEu 'kkfey gSa (i) Vsªtjh fcy cktkj (ii) dkWy eqnzk cktkj (iii) okf.kT; fcy cktkj(iv) tek cktkj dk lVhZfQdsV (v) eqnzk cktkj E;wpqvy QaMA

dkWy eqnzk cktkjdkWy eqnzk cktkjdkWy eqnzk cktkjdkWy eqnzk cktkjdkWy eqnzk cktkj(Call Money Market)

fLFkr dkWy eqnzk cktkj vf/kdrj lHkh fodflr eqnzk cktkjksa esa gSA ;g foÙk i)fr dk lclsfodflr ek/;e gSA Hkkjr esa dky eqnzk cktkj ds dsUnz eqEcbZ] dydÙkk o psUubZ esa gSa] ;w0]Vh0] vkbZ0] LIC, GIC, IDBI, ukckMZ vkSj DFHI bu dkWy eqnzk cktkj esa m/kkj nsus dk O;kikjdj ldrs gaSA bldks vkarfjd cSad dkWy eqnzk cktkj Hkh dgrs gaSA ftlesa DFHI okf.kT; cSadlkFk dke djrs gSaA buds varxZr nykyksa dh vge~ Hkwfedk gS D;ksafd os cSad o foÙkh;laLFkkvksa ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA budh C;kt nj vf/kdrj budh rjyrk ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSADFHI dks 1988 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA ;g nksuksa txg m/kkj nsusokyk rFkk tek iw¡th ysusokyk dke dj ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; cSad ,lksfl;'ku }kjk fu/kkZfjr cSad nj ls bls eqDr djfn;k x;kA blds ;ksxnku ls dkWy eqnzk cktkj esa okf"kZd ysu&nsu eas o`f) gqbZA

ebZ 1990 esa] RBI us ukckMZ] G.I.C, IDBI cSdksa dk m/kkj nsus ds fy, 'kkfey gksus ij lgefrnhA ebZ 1989 esa] dky eqnzk nj ij lhferrk gVk nh xbZA vDVwcj 1993 esa 'kkfey gq,fodflr cSad vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkvksa dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij 1000 djksM+ #i;s m/kkj ysus dhlhek fu/kkZfjr dhA ;|fi dkWy eqnzk cktkjksa dh rjyrk o C;kt nj le;≤ ij cnyrhjgrh gSA 1999-2000 fofÙk; o"kZ esa ;g fxjkoV 25-35 izfr'kr dh Nw xbZ Fkh e/; uoEcj1999 ls dkWy eqnzk nj yxHkx 8 izfr'kr ds utnhd jgh gSA

[ktkuk fcy cktkj[ktkuk fcy cktkj[ktkuk fcy cktkj[ktkuk fcy cktkj[ktkuk fcy cktkj(Treasury Bill Market)

tks cktkj [ktkuk fcy dk ysu&nsu djrk gS mls [ktkuk fcy cktkj dgrs gSaA Hkkjr esa;g dkQh vfodflr gSA Vªstjh ¼[ktkuk½ fcy y?kq le; ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj dk nkf;ÙogSA vkerkSj ij [ktkuk fcy vfu;fer ?kkVk iwjk djus ds fy, ogk¡ iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa tgk¡ljdkj dh vk; [kpZ ls T;knk gksA Hkkjr esa vc rd ;g ljdkj dh fu;fer vk; gS D;ksafd


fudkyus dh vis{kk blesa tek o`f) yxkrkj c<+rh jgrh gSA RBI ¼fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;kdh ctk; fdlh ds ikl budh ek=kk T;knk ugha gSA½ okLro esa budk /kkjd RBI gh gS tksljdkj ds nsus ij [kjhnrk ;k cSadks }kjk ;k nwljksa }kjk iznku fd, x, [ktkuk fcyksa ijnksckjk dVkSrh Hkh djrk gSA bldh otg ls lkoZtfud ?kkVk dk ekSfnzdj.k gksus ij dherLQhfr dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gSA orZeku esa RBI, gh bu fcyksa dk lcls cM+k èkkjd gSAnwljs xSj foÙkh; laLFkku tks bls ugha j[k ldrs gSaµLIC, UTI, dkjikssjsV QeZ o xSj dkjiksjsVQeZA okf.kT; cSad] jkT; ljdkj budks T;knk ek=kk esa ugha j[k ldrhA vizSy 1997 ls blesadkQh ifjorZu fd;k x;k gSA vc bUgsa ¼,Mgksd vkSj ukWu&Vksi [ktkuk fcy½ dsUnz ljdkjds vfu;fer ?kkVs dks iwjk djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

orZeku esa fuEufy[kr izdkj ds fcy [ktkus gSaA

14 fnu ds e/;LFk fcy [ktkukfnu ds e/;LFk fcy [ktkukfnu ds e/;LFk fcy [ktkukfnu ds e/;LFk fcy [ktkukfnu ds e/;LFk fcy [ktkuk(14 day Intermediate Treasury Bills)

VSi&[ktkuk fcy ds [kRe gksus ij] dsUnz ljdkj us jkT; ljdkj fons'kh dsUnzh; ljdkj dksviuh cpr dk fuos'k djus ds fy, ;g ;kstuk ykxw dhA blds varxZr RBI ds lkFk lacaèkj[kusokys jkT;ksa] dsUnzh; cSadks dks gh ;s fcy csps tk ldsaxsA 14 fnu [kRe gksus ij budksgh ;s fcy csps tk ldsaxsA 14 fnu [kRe gksus ij budks nksckjk fjU;w fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fcyxSj&gLrkUrj.k vk/kkj ij U;wure jde 1,00,000 ds csps tk ldsaxsA

14 fnu vkcafVr [ktkuk fcyfnu vkcafVr [ktkuk fcyfnu vkcafVr [ktkuk fcyfnu vkcafVr [ktkuk fcyfnu vkcafVr [ktkuk fcy(14 day Auction Treasury Bill)

RBI us 1997 ls lkIrkfgd vk/kkj ij 14 fnu ds fy, vkcafVr [ktkuk fcy ;kstuk 'kq: dhAblds nksgjs mís'; FksµvFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, fofHkUu dk;ks± ds fy, udn izca/k djuk rFkk Ç.klaca/kh rÙoksa dh dherksa esa gksusokys ifjorZu dh tkudkjh j[kukA

182 fnu vkSj fnu vkSj fnu vkSj fnu vkSj fnu vkSj 364 fnu [ktkuk fcyfnu [ktkuk fcyfnu [ktkuk fcyfnu [ktkuk fcyfnu [ktkuk fcy(182 day and 364 day Treasury Bills)

182 fnu okyk fcy 26 ebZ 1999 rFkk 364 fnu okyk [ktkuk fcy vizSy 1992 esa 'kq: fd;kA;s nksuksa gh fcy vkcafVr fd, tk,¡xs ¼15 fnu ds fy,½A 1999-2000 esa 364 fnu [ktkuk fcyesa fLFkjrk FkhA

okf.kT; fcy cktkjokf.kT; fcy cktkjokf.kT; fcy cktkjokf.kT; fcy cktkjokf.kT; fcy cktkj(The Commercial Bill Market)

;g og cktkj fcy gS tgk¡ O;kikj fcy ;k okf.kT; fcyksa dk O;kikj fd;k tkrk gSA ;gog fcy gS tks ,d O;kikjh QeZ }kjk nwljh ij fudkyk tkrk gSA vf/kdrj ;s fcy ?kjsywysu&nsu ls iSnk gksrs gSaA bldk eq[; mís'; [kjhnnkjksa }kjk Hkqxrku nsjh dh otg lsfcØhdrkZ dks gksusokyh ijs'kkuh dks [kRe djus ds fy, /ku izca/k djuk gSA D;ksafd [kjhnnkjcgqr ckj Hkqxrku djus esa vfuPNk tkfgj djrs gSaA okf.kT; fcy lk[k dk ,d rÙo gS tksO;kikjh QeZ o cSad ds fy, ykHkdkjh gSA bu fcyksa dks fudkyusokys vkerkSj ij nksckjk cspusij ;k buds le; vof/k iwjk gksus ij cspus ij budh ykxr olwy dj ysrs gaSA dsUnzh; cSadds fy, Hkh bu fcyksa ds fy, foÙk izca/k esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha gksrhA blfy, RBI us Hkh budksfodflr djus ds fy, dkQh iz;Ru fd, gSaA tuojh 1952 esa ykxw dh xbZ iqjkuh fcy cktkjesa dkQh dfe;k¡ Fkh blfy, uoEcj 1970 esa RBI us ubZ fcy cktkj ;kstuk 'kq: dhA blds


vUrxZr dsoy lgh fcyksa dk gh O;kikj gksxk rFkk ;g nksckjk NwV dk Hkh izko/kku j[ksxhA;|fi ;g ;kstuk tks ns'k esa fcy cktkj dks fodflr djus ds fy, cukbZ Fkh lQy ughagks ikbZA bldh lcls cM+h leL;k udn izca/k ;k lk[k Hkqxrku ds fy, udn izca/k gS D;ksafdbldh udn izca/k dh ftEesnkjh cSadks ij jgrh gSA bldh lcls cM+h lQyrk mèkkj ysusokyksa }kjk foÙkh; Hkqxrku djus ls gSa vFkok le; ij Hkqxrku djus ij gSA blfy, tqykbZ1992 esa RBI us bl rjg dk izko/kku u j[kusokys cSadks dks bu fcyksa ds fy, foÙk nsus ijjksd yxk nh FkhA ;|fi fcy i)fr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vDVwcj 1997 esa RBI us cSdksadks funsZ'k fn, fd lk[k [kjhn dk 25 izfr'kr fcy ek/;e ls gksuk pkfg,A

tek cktkj dk izek.k i=ktek cktkj dk izek.k i=ktek cktkj dk izek.k i=ktek cktkj dk izek.k i=ktek cktkj dk izek.k i=k(The Certificate of Deposit (CD) Market)

fuf'pr le; ds fy, cSadks ds ikl QaM tek jgus ij ;g izek.k i=k cSad }kjk iznku fd;ktkrkA CDs ijEijkxr iz.kkyh dh rjg gS ysfdu y?kq&Lrj eqnzk cktkj esa budk lkSnk fd;ktk ldrk gSA ;|fi ;g eglwl fd;k x;k gS fd ;s iwjh rjg ls fodflr ugha gks ikbZARBI us bl i)fr dks lk[k dk foLrkj djus ds fy, 'kq: fd;k FkkA ;s CDs dsoy lsM;wYMdkWef'kZ;y cSadksa }kjk dsoy 25 yk[k rd iznku dh tk,xhA budh le; lhek iwjk gksus dhrhu eghus ds chp gksxhA 1993 esa N% foÙkh; laLFkkuµbaMLVªh;y MsoyiesaV cSad vkWQ bafM;k]baMLVªhy ØsfMV ,aM baosLVesaV dkWjiksjs'ku vkWQ bafM;k] baMLVªh;y Qkbusal dkWjiksjs'ku vkWQbafM;k] Leky baMLVªht MsoyiesaV cSad vkWQ bafM;k vkSj ,DliksVZ&bEiksVZ cSad vkWQ bafM;kdks 1 lky ls rhu lky ds fy, CDs iznku djus dh vuqefr nh xbZA cSad bu CDs ij Å¡phC;kt nj iznku djrs gSa blfy, tek djokus okys budks cSadks esa gh tek j[kuk pkgrs gSaA;|fi 1995-96 ls budh (CDs) dh C;kt nj esa dkQh lq/kkj vk;k vkSj tqykbZ 1996 esa CDsij vkSlr C;kt nj esa Hkkjh fxjkoV gqbZA

okf.kT; isij cktkjokf.kT; isij cktkjokf.kT; isij cktkjokf.kT; isij cktkjokf.kT; isij cktkj(The Commercial Paper Market (CP))

;g dkjiksVsV }kjk QaM c<+kus dk y?kq ek/;e gSA ok/ky desVh dh flQkfj'kksa ds ckn tuojh1990 esa Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj esa CP dks 'kq: fd;k x;kA CP dh lwph esa 'kkfey daiuh ftldhfØ;k'khy iw¡th 5 djksM+ ls de u gks] dks gh CP dks tkjh dj ldrh gSA CP dk iwjk gksusdk le; 3 eghus ls 6 eghus gS rFkk C;kt nj 9.35 ls 20.9 izfr'kr izfro"kZ gSA bldk eq[;mís'; dkjiksjsV {ks=k dks lLrk ykxr ij y?kq nj foÙk iznku djuk Fkk rkfd blls mudhfLFkfr esa lq/kkj gks ldsA

eqnzk cktkj E;wpqvy QaMeqnzk cktkj E;wpqvy QaMeqnzk cktkj E;wpqvy QaMeqnzk cktkj E;wpqvy QaMeqnzk cktkj E;wpqvy QaM(Money Market Mutual Funds (MMMFS))

MMMFS dh ;kstuk RBI }kjk 1992 esa 'kq: dh xbZA bldk mís'; O;fDrxr fuos'kd dksy?kq&Lrj ds fy, /ku iznku djuk FkkA bldh 'kq:vkr T;knk vkdk"kZd ugha Fkh blfy,bldks T;knk egÙo ugha feykA bl ;kstuk dks vkSj vkd"kZd cukus ds fy, RBI us uoEcj1995 esa dqN NwV FkhA MMMFs ij tks 50 djksM+ #i;s dh lhek fu/kkZfjr Fkh og gVk yhxbZ ckn esa tks le; lhek 45 fnu Fkh mls ?kVkdj 15 fnu dj fn;k x;kA bl izdkj RBIus blesa NwV nsdj bls vkSj izHkko'kkyh cukus dh dksf'k'k dhA


Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡(Characteristics of Indian Money Market)

Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dh ;fn fodflr ns'kksa ds eqnzk cktkj ls rqyuk dh tk, rks blesa dkQhdfe;k¡ gS tks bl izdkj gSaA

leUo; dh dehleUo; dh dehleUo; dh dehleUo; dh dehleUo; dh deh(Lack of Co-ordination)

tSlk ge igys gh crk pqds gSa Hkkjrh; eqnk cktkj nks Hkkxksa esa caVk gqvk gSµlaxfBr rFkkvlaxfBr {ks=kA ;fn budh dk;Ziz.kkyh ns[ksa rks nksukas fcYdqy foijhr gSA bu nksuksa esa lgefrdh ctk; izfrLi/kkZ gSA buesa ls dqN dk RBI ds lkFk Hkh dksbZ laca/k ugha gSA ;|fi brusn'kdksa ¼yxHkx N% n'kd½ ls RBI dh ekSfnzd uhfr ds ckn Hkh bldh C;kt nj uhfr izHkkohugha gSA blfy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd eqnzk cktkj esa iw.kZ:i ls leUo; ugh gSaA

C;kt nj <k¡pk cjkcj ughaC;kt nj <k¡pk cjkcj ughaC;kt nj <k¡pk cjkcj ughaC;kt nj <k¡pk cjkcj ughaC;kt nj <k¡pk cjkcj ugha(Unequal interest rate structure)

blds vUrxZr vkusokys fofHkUu foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dh C;kt nj Hkh cjkcj ugha gSA bldkvfHkizk; gS fd fofHkUu foÙkh; laLFkkuksa esa leUo; dh deh gSA bldh C;kt nj dk cjkcju gksus dk eq[; dkj.k gSA C;kt nj esa cgqr vf/kd NwV] okf.kT; cSdksa dh m/kkj rFkk tekC;kt nj esa vi;kZIrrk rFkk ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa ij de nj izkfIr vkfn gSaA budh otgls RBI dher fu;a=k.k ds fy, dsl fjtoZ js';ks (CRR) ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA Hkkjr esalgdkjh cSad] okf.kT; cSad rFkk LVsV cSad vkWQ bafM;k (SBI) ds dsoy C;kt nj gh fofHkUuugha gS cfYd buds fcy foÙk nj Hkh gqaìh ij ls fofHkUu gSA

eqnzk cktkj esa vi;kZIr QaMeqnzk cktkj esa vi;kZIr QaMeqnzk cktkj esa vi;kZIr QaMeqnzk cktkj esa vi;kZIr QaMeqnzk cktkj esa vi;kZIr QaM(Insufficient funds in the Money Market)

eqnzk cktkj vi;kZIr QaM dh leL;k ls xzflr gSA cktkj esa iwfrZ dh vis{kk Ç.k dh ek¡xT;knk gSA D;ksafd izfr O;fDr vk; de dh otg ls cpr dh ek=kk de gSA nwljk xjhchdh otg ls vf/kdrj la[;k esa tula[;k ds ikl cpr djus dh {kerk de gSA bldslkFk&lkFk yksxksa esa cSad vknrksa dh Hkh deh gSA bl izdkj ;fn cpr de gksxh rks fuos'kdh ek=kk vius vki gh de gksxhA vf/kdrj ns'k ds fgLlksa esa cSad lqfo/kkvksa dh Hkh deh gSblfy, yksx cpr dks vius vki bdëk dj j[krs gSA gkykafd cSadks dh la[;k esa lq/kkj gksusij blesa vUrj ns[kus dks feyk gS fQj Hkh ns'k esa Ç.k nsus okys QaMksa dh deh gSA

QaMks esa ekSleh izÑfrQaMks esa ekSleh izÑfrQaMks esa ekSleh izÑfrQaMks esa ekSleh izÑfrQaMks esa ekSleh izÑfr(Seasonal nature of fundss)

Hkkjr ,d Ñf"k iz/kku ns'k gSA blfy, Ñf"k dh ekSleh izd`fr gksus dh otg ls QaM dh izÑfrHkh ekSleh jgrh gS rFkk C;kt nj fLFkj u jgdj Åij uhps jgrh gSA blfy, vfrfjDr QaMksadh vko';drk jgrh gSA ;fn bl rjg dh vfrfjDr QaMksa dh leL;k iwjh ugha gksxh rksC;kt nj Hkh fLFkj ugha jg ldsxh tks fd cgqr vko';d gSA

Åij dgs x, vFkok fd, x, o.kZu ls irk pyrk gS fd eqnzk cktkj lqpk: :i ls viuhHkwfedk dk fuokZg ugha dj ik,A blfy, budh i)fr dks lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy,ljdkj rFkk RBI us dqN egÙoiw.kZ dne mBk, gSa tks bl izdkj gSa%µ


1. 1989 esa ljdkj us bu fcyksa ij ls LVSEi M~;wVh [kRe dj nh gSA tks fd ,dlcls cM+h #dkoV FkhA

2. eqnzk C;kt nj dks RBI }kjk ebZ 1989 ls vfu;fer fd;k gS ftlls blesa vkSjyphykiu vk,xkA

3. vizSy 1988 dks DFHI dks LFkkfir fd;k ftldk eq[; mís'; eqnzk cktkj ds vUrxZrlHkh foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks ykuk gSA

4. vkf[kjh RBI rFkk okf.kT; cSadks ds chp nksckjk [kjhn ds fy, leUo; LFkkfirdjuk gSA rkfd deh ds le; lEifÙk;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldsA


iw¡th dk vfHkizk; gS mRiknu esa /ku dk iz;ksx djuk vkxs /ku c<+kus ds fy,A izR;sd O;olk;esa foÙk dh vko';drk iwjh djus ds fy, eqnzk dh t:jr gSA eqnzk dks tehu] vkSj bekjr]e'khu o vkStkj vkfn ds mRiknu esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

,d O;olkf;d bdkbZ fofHkUu lk/kuksa ls iw¡th c<+k ldrk gSA nh?kZdkyhu QaM flD;ksfjVhdks tkjh dj ;k fuf'pr laLFkkuksa ls m/kkj ysdj tqVk, tk ldrs gSaA O;kikfjd bdkb;ksads lkFk&lkFk ljdkjsa Hkh vf/kd ek=kk esa QaM m/kkj ysrh gSaA bu QaMksa dks m/kkj nsusokysO;fDrxr fuos'kd] laLFkkxr fuos'kd] cSad vkSj vkS|ksfxd foÙkh; laLFkku gSA blesa nks laLFkku'kkfey gS eqnzk cktkj o iw¡th cktkj eqnzk cktkj vYi&dky ds fy, rFkk iw¡th cktkj dsek/;e rFkk nh?kZdky ds fy, /ku eqgS;k djkrs gaSA eqnzk cktkj dk ge igys gh o.kZu djpqds gSA nksuksa gh eqnzk o iw¡th cktkj Lora=k gSa bldh vkRefuHkZjrk dk eq[; dkj.k gSµD;ksafdiwrhZdrkZ nksuksa rjg ¼vYidky] nh?kZdky½ dk Ç.k nsuk pkgrs gSaA nksuksa cktkjksa ds chp /kudk vkokxeu LorU=k gS rFkk C;kt nj Hkh ,d nwljs ls izHkkfor jgrh gS] dqN laLFkk,¡ rksnksuks rjg ds cktkjksa esa viuh lsok,¡ iznku djrh gSA mnkjg.k ds rkSj ij okf.kT; cSad eqnzkcktkj ds lcls cM+s lgk;d gaSA mlh izdkj nyky Hkh ljdkj dh izfrHkwfr;ksa esa nh?kZdkyrFkk vYidky [kjhn csp djrs gSaA

iw¡th cktkj dk <k¡pkiw¡th cktkj dk <k¡pkiw¡th cktkj dk <k¡pkiw¡th cktkj dk <k¡pkiw¡th cktkj dk <k¡pk(Structure of Capital Market)

iw¡th cktkj dk nks Hkkxksaµ(i) foÙkh; laLFkk,¡µICICI, IFCI, SFCS, LIC, UTI vkfn rFkk (1)izfrHkwfr cktkj esa ckWVrs gSA izfrHkwfr cktkj esa nks 'kfey gS (ii) fxYV ,t ekfdZV dk erycljdkj }kjk ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa esa O;kikj djukA ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa esa dksbZ tksf[ke ughgSa D;ksafd ljdkj dHkh Hkh Hkqxrku ds fy, nks"kh ugha gksuk pkgrhA dkWjiksjsV cktkj ogcktkj gS tgk¡ izfrHkwfr;k¡ QeZ }kjk tkjh fd tkrh gS ;g QeZ }kjk LorU=k :i ls [kjhnho csph tkrh gSA blesa 'kk;n ck¡M vkSj fMcsapj gSaA blesa LVkWd ,Dlpsat f}rh; cktkj rFkku, bL;w izkFkfed cktkj esa 'kkfey gSA u, bL;w es u, 'ks;j] ck¡M o fMcsapj 'kkfey jgrsgSaA tks O;kikj c<+kus ds fy, QeZ }kjk tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa lwphxr 'ks;jck¡M o fMcsapj esa [kjhn o fcØh dh tkrh gSA ;g iw.kZ:i ls laxfBr {ks=k gSA

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-22Hkkjr esa iw¡th cktkjHkkjr esa iw¡th cktkjHkkjr esa iw¡th cktkjHkkjr esa iw¡th cktkjHkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj(Capital Market in India)

Hkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj 179

iw¡th cktkjksa dh lao`f)iw¡th cktkjksa dh lao`f)iw¡th cktkjksa dh lao`f)iw¡th cktkjksa dh lao`f)iw¡th cktkjksa dh lao`f)(Growth of Capital Markets)

1. ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k¡ cktkj ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k¡ cktkj ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k¡ cktkj ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k¡ cktkj ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k¡ cktkj (Government Securities Market): ;fn vkWdM+ksa dkvkadyu djsa rks ljdkjh izfrHkwfr cktkj ds izkFkfed bL;w esa 10 xquk o`f) gqbZgSA cSad o chek dkjiksjs'ku ds lkFk&lkFk foÙk dEiuh] dkjiksjsV rFkk foÙkh;laLFkkvksa us Hkh ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa esa fuos'k djuk vkjaHk fd;k gSA ljdkjhizfrHkwfr;ksa esa f}rh; cktkj ysu&nsu Hkh c<+k gSA ;g 1994 esa 'kq: gqvk Fkk rFkk50, 569 djksM+ #i;s Fkk 1999 esa ;g c<+dj 2, 27, 288 djksM+ #i;s gks x;kAbl ckr ls lkfcr gksrk gS fd ljdkj dk fuos'k vk/kkj c<+k gSA

2. dkjiksjsV izfrHkwfr cktkj dkjiksjsV izfrHkwfr cktkj dkjiksjsV izfrHkwfr cktkj dkjiksjsV izfrHkwfr cktkj dkjiksjsV izfrHkwfr cktkj (Corporate Securities Market): mnkjhdj.k ds ckn¼1991 ds ckn½ ebZ 29, 1992 ls iw¡th tkjh fu;a=k.k gVkus ds ckn dkjiksjsVizfrHkwfr;k¡ cktkj esa dkQh o`f) gqbZ gSA blds vUrxZr fuEu dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kgS ftldk ge igys o.kZu dj pqds gSaA

a) izkFkfed cktkj (Primary Market): blds vUrxZr futh {ks=k }kjk u, bL;wtkjh fd, tkrs gSaA 1990-91 esa fuft {ks=kksa }kjk tkjh ubZ iw¡th bL;w 4,32djksM Fks tks 1994-95 esa c<+dj 26,417 djksM+ #i;s ds gks x, iw¡th bL;wesa nks rjg ds 'kfey gSµ'ks;j o fMcsapjA mnkjhdj.k ls igys y?kq&LrjQaM c<+kus dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku fMcsapj Fks vkSj yxHkx iw¡th dk 70izfr'kr buls iwjk fd;k tkrk FkkA mnkjhdj.k ds i'pk; 'ks;j ls iw¡thvftZr djus dh ek=kk esa Hkh o`f) gqbZA ysfdu 1997-98 eass blesa mYVkifjorZu vk;kA lk/kuksa dk 37 izfr'kr 'ks;j ls rFkk 67 izfr'kr fMcsapjls tqVk;k x;kA ftlds ikl 'ks;j gSa mls 'ks;j /kkjd rFkk daiuh esafgLlsnkj dgrs gaSA budks oksV Mkyus dk vf/kdkj rFkk ykHkka'k ds :iykHk dk fgLlk feyrk gSA blh izdkj fMcsapj /kkjd dks dEiuh dhHkkxsnkjh esa dksbZ vf/kdkj ugh gSA fMcsapj dk eryc Ç.k gS ftldk C;ktfMcsapj /kkjd dks lkykuk ¼okf"kZd½ izkIr gksrk gSA ;g nks rjg dk gSrcnhy rFkk xSj&rcnhy rcnhy&'ks;j esa ifjofrZr rFkk xSj&rcnhy 'ks;jesa ifjofrZr ugha gksrkA

b) lkoZtfud {ks=k ck¡M (Public Secgtor Bonds): ;g nks izdkj ds gSaµdjeqDr o dj lfgr ck¡MA dj eqDr ckWM esa C;kt dh nj 9.5 ls 10.5 izfr'krrFkk dj lfgr ckWM esa C;kt dh nj 12 ls 15 izfr'kr gSA budks HkhQaM tqVkus ds fy, tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA

c) E;wpqvy QaM (Mutual Fund): E;wpqvy QaM (MFs) lk/kuksa dks c<+kus ds fy,lcls egÙoiw.kZ ;a=k lkfcr gq, gSaA ;g rHkh laHko gqvk tc lkoZtfud{ks=k cSdksa dks buesa O;kikj djus dh vuqefr nh xbZA 1997-98 esa budhla[;k 34 Fkh tks UTI, LIC, GIC rFkk futh {ks=k }kjk tkjh fd, x, FksA1997-98 rFkk 1998-99 esa E;wpqvy QaM 4,002 djksM+ vkSj 3,060 djksM+#i, ds QaM dks c<+kus esa dke;kc gq,A

2. f}rh; cktkjf}rh; cktkjf}rh; cktkjf}rh; cktkjf}rh; cktkj (Secondary Market): ge igys gh crk pqds gSa fd blesa ysunsuLVkWd ,Dlpsat ds rgr gksrk gSA bldks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS%µ


a) vkS|ksfxd izfrHkwfr cktkj vkS|ksfxd izfrHkwfr cktkj vkS|ksfxd izfrHkwfr cktkj vkS|ksfxd izfrHkwfr cktkj vkS|ksfxd izfrHkwfr cktkj (Industrial Security Market): blds vUrxZrvkS|ksfxd izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ysu&nsu gksrk gSA 1992-92 ds foÙkh; o"kZ dsnkSjku 'ks;j dherksa esa ifjorZu ls rFkk bdkb;ksa esa cM+s iSekus ij o`f)ls LVkWd cktkj esa dkQh mrkj&p<+ko gq,A ;|fi 1992-93 esa cktkj uhpsjgkA ysfdu 1993-94 esa lwpdkad 1331.7 rd c<+kA bldk eq[; dkj.kHkqxrku larqyu esa lq/kkj] dEifu;ksa ds v)Z&okf"kZd urhtksa esa c<+ksÙkjh rFkkfons'kh foÙk fuos'kdksa }kjk fuos'k c<+kuk FkkA ;|fi 1997 esa ,f'k;k foÙkladV c<+us ls Hkkjrh; LVkWd cktkj ij cqjk vlj iM+k vkSj fons'kh foÙkh;laLFkkuksa ds fuos'k esa Hkh rsth ls fxjkoV vkbZA bldk ,d vkSj Hkh dkj.kgS fd vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa deh ls vkfFkZd o`f) esa Hkh deh vkbZA

b) eqEcbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat eqEcbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat eqEcbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat eqEcbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat eqEcbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat (Mumbai Stock Exchange): eqEcbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsatij gypy gksus ij Hkh de ;k T;knk izHkko t:j iM+rk gSA vFkZO;oLFkkesa BSE dk cktkj iw¡thdj.k] GDP dk izfr'kr gS ;g iw¡th cktkj dho`f) dks ekius dk ,d ;a=k gSA

c) Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; LVkWd fofue; Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; LVkWd fofue; Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; LVkWd fofue; Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; LVkWd fofue; Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; LVkWd fofue; (National Stock Exchange of India[NSE]): NSE 1992 esa 'kq: gqvk rFkk bldks O;kikj izfØ;k twu 30, 1994esa 'kq: gqvkA 'kq: esa NSE dk Ç.k cktkj 'kq: gqvkA NSE dk bfDoVhcktkj esa izfØ;k uoEcj 3, 1994 esa 'kq: gqvkA ;g LVkWd ,Dlpsat bfDoVh;a=k] okjaV] fMcsapj rFkk izkFkfed 'ks;jksa esa O;kikj djus dh lqfo/kk iznkudjrk gSA NSE us ikjn'khZ dk;Ziz.kkyh viukbZ gqbZ gS ftlds rgr O;kikjhlnL;ksa ds vius dk;kZy; ls lapkj O;oLFkk ds rgr O;kikj dj ldrsgSA

Hkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj dh o`f) dks izHkkfor djusokys rÙoHkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj dh o`f) dks izHkkfor djusokys rÙoHkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj dh o`f) dks izHkkfor djusokys rÙoHkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj dh o`f) dks izHkkfor djusokys rÙoHkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj dh o`f) dks izHkkfor djusokys rÙo(Factors Affecting the Growth of Capital Market in India)

LVkWd ,DLpsat esa o`f) mnkjhdj.k ds ckn vkjEHk gqbZ gSA eqlhcrksa ¼>Vdksa½ ds ckn Hkh blesaO;kikj dk ysu&nsu dkQh c<+k gSA vc ge mu rÙoksa ¼?kVdksa½ dk o.kZu djsaxs ftUgksaus bldho`f) esa viuk ;ksxnku fd;kA

1. cSad vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk cSad vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk cSad vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk cSad vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk cSad vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Banks and FinancialInstitutions) : m|ksxksa dks nh?kZdky Ç.k iznku djus ds fy, ljdkj us IFCI¼baMLVªh;y QkbusaUl dkWjiksjs'ku dh LFkkiuk 1948 esa dhA blds lkFk gh dkQhfofÙk; laLFkku ICICI 1955 esa] IDBI 1964 esa] baMLVªh;y jhdUlVªDlu dkWjiksjs'kuvkWQ bafM;k (IRCI) 1971 eas] UTI 1964 esa] LIC rFkk blds lkFk 20 cSadks dkjk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;k tks 14 cSad 1969 esa 6 1980 esa jk"Vªh;Ñr fd;k bu lHkhlaLFkkuksa us Hkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj c<+kus esa dkQh enn dhA

2. dkuwuh cpko dkuwuh cpko dkuwuh cpko dkuwuh cpko dkuwuh cpko (Legal Protection) : ljdkj us 1956 esa dEiuh ,DV ikl fd;kftlds vUrxZr ljdkj dks bu dkjiksjsV ds fodkl rFkk fu;a=k.k ds iw.kZ vf/kdkjgSaA bl ,DV dks 1992 esa cny fn;k x;k D;ksafd ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd iw¡thcktkj dh o`f) esa ;g ,d #dkoV gSA

3. lsch dks LFkkfir djuk lsch dks LFkkfir djuk lsch dks LFkkfir djuk lsch dks LFkkfir djuk lsch dks LFkkfir djuk TO SET UP SEBI : ,D;qfjVh ,aM ,dlpsat cksMZ (SEBI1988 eas LFkkfir fd;k rFkk bldks oS/kkfurdrk 1992 esa djuk Fkk ftlesa ,D;ksfjfV

Hkkjr esa iw¡th cktkj 181

cktkj ek/;e ls lk/kuksa dk tqVk;k tk lds rFkk budk lgh rjhds ls iz;ksx fd;ktk,A

4. turk dk fo'okl c<+kuk turk dk fo'okl c<+kuk turk dk fo'okl c<+kuk turk dk fo'okl c<+kuk turk dk fo'okl c<+kuk (To Boost the confidence of Public) : mnkjhdj.kds ,dne ckn NksVs&NksVs fuos'kdksa us cSadks rFkk nwljs foÙkh; laLFkkvksa dh vis{kkviuk iSlk ;gk¡ fuos'k djuk vkjEHk fd;kA vf/kdrj dEifu;ksa ds lkoZtfud bL;wek=kk ls Hkh T;knk c<+sA ysfdu dqN o"kks± esa dEiuh ds ykHk esa fxjkoV rFkkvfu;ferk dh otg ls bldh lk[k dks /kDdk yxkA turk us viuk iSls budks[kjhnus dh ctk; ;k LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa yxkus dh ctk; cSadks esa tek djuk 'kq:dj fn;kA

blds ckotwn Hkh Hkkjrh; iw¡th cktkj dh dkQh leL;k,¡ jgh gS ysfdu ;svfèkdrj mnkjhdj.k ls igys dh gS tSls igys ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat (BSE) dkgh ,dkf/kdkj FkkA 'ks;j [kjhnus cspus okys ls cnyk ds rkSj ij nykyh dh tkrhFkhA ysfdu vc ljdkj us bldks etcwr djus ds fy, dne mBkus vkjaHk fd,gSA tks bl izdkj gSµ

1) Hkkjr ljdkj dh e/;e o nh?kZ&dky izfrHkwfr;ks dks vkcafVr djus dkrjhdk twu 3, 1992 esa 'kq: fd;kA dqN vkfo"dkfjd dk;Z tSls thjks dwiu]iw¡th lwpdkad fMCck] dk 'kqHkkjaHk rFkk Vªstjh fcy ds vkcaVu dks izfrHkwfr;ksaesa cnyk x;kA

2. izkFkfed nykyh dk rjhdk ekpZ 1995 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

3. fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k us E;wpqvy QaM dh lgk;rk djuk vkjEHk dhA

4. fons'kh laLFkku funs'kd dks 100 izfr'kr Ç.k QaM ds lkFk ljdkjhizfrHkwfr;k¡ o [ktkuk fcy esa fuos'k djus dh lgefrA

5. ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k¡ ij C;kt vk; dks mlh le; dV dkVus lacaèkhO;oLFkk ls eqDr fd;k x;kA

6. ftldk ge igys gh o.kZu dj pqds gSa 364 fnu ds [ktkuk fcy dk vkcaVudh O;oLFkk dh xbZA 14 fnu ds [ktkuk fcy dks Hkh 'kq: fd;k x;kA

lsch vkSj iw¡th cktkjlsch vkSj iw¡th cktkjlsch vkSj iw¡th cktkjlsch vkSj iw¡th cktkjlsch vkSj iw¡th cktkj(SEBI and Capital Market)

SEBI 1988 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k rFkk bls oS/kkfud ntkZ 1992 esa izkIr gqvkA bldk eq[;mís'; LVkWQ cktkj o izfrHkwfr cktkj esa O;kikj djuk Fkk] izfrHkwfr cktkj ds lkFk dkedjusokys nyky rFkk e/;LFkksa dks iathÑr djuk Fkk] Lo;a fu;fer laxBu dks fu;ferdjuk] fuos'kd dks f'k{kk vkSj e/;LFk dks Vªsfuax nsuk FkkA SEBI ds vUnj 1995 esa ifjorZudjds bls vf/kdkj fn, x, fd og iw¡th cktkj esa u, e/;LFkksa dks iathÑr dj ldsA bll'kfDrdj.k ds lkFk tks izfrHkwfr cktkj ds lkFk tqM+s vc SEBI budk lapkyu djrk gSA

bl izdkj SEBI us iw¡th cktkj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks lq/kkjksa ds fy, dbZ egÙoiw.kZ dne mBk,tks bl izdkj gSµ

1. SEBI us LVkWd ,Dlpsat dk fujh{k.k djus dh desVh dks okfil ys fy;k D;ksafddqN dk fujh{k.k igys gh gks pqdk FkkA


2. SEBI us izkFkfed cktkj dks lq/kkjus ds fy, dbZ mik; fd,A foKkiuksa ij fo'ks"k/;ku fn;k x;k rkfd fuos'kdksa dks xqejkg u fd;k tk ldsA

3. LVkWd nyky vkSj lc&nyky dks iathÑr djus ds fy, SEBI, 1992 ds rgr fy;kx;kA SEBI, ls izek.k i=k u ysus ij dksbZ Hkh nyky izfrHkwfr;ksa esa [kjhn] csp ughadj ldrkA

4. O;kikjh cSfdax Hkh SEBI ds vUrxZr ykbZ xbZA

5. SEBI us flrEcj 1992 esa fofÙk; laLFkkvksa ds fodkl ds fy, vyx ls funsZ'k tkjhfd, rkfd cktkj ls QaM c<+kus ds fy, QaM c<+kus esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh u gksA

6. ysunsu eas ikjnf'kZrk ykus ds fy, SEBI us nykyksa dks vius fy, rFkk vius xzkgdksads fy, vyx&vyx [kkrs [kksyus ds funsZ'k fn,A mUgsa vius xzkgdksa ds fy, 'ks;jdher rFkk nykyh vyx&vyx fn[kkuh pkfg,A mUgsa viuh dkfi;k¡ ¼[kkrkdkfi;ksa½ dk Hkh vkWfMV djkuk pkfg,A

7. SEBI us LVkWd ,Dlpsat dks funsZ'k fn, fd og vius rFkk xzkgd ds chp 24 ?kaVsds vanj viuk Bsdk fu/kkZfjr dj ysaA blesa fcØh fØ;k ds fy, le; lhek rFkkxzkgd }kjk /ku nsus laca/kh O;oLFkk le; ij gksuh pkfg,A

8. tkjh djusokys cSad Hkh SEBI ds uhps yk, x, tSls UTI Hkh SEBI ds vUrxZr yk;kx;k gSA

9. flrEcj 1998 dks SEBI us bL;w tkjh djus ds fy, laLFkkxr [kpZ dh NwV nh xbZAmudks turk dks bfDoVh dk 25 izfr'kr vkWQj djus dh NwV Hkh nh xbZA

10. dEiuh vkWfMZusUl ¼vDVwcj 31, 1998 vkSj tuojh] 7, 1999½ us SEBI ds funsZ'k ijdaEifu;ksa }kjk vius csps x, 'ks;jksa dks nksckjk [kjhnus dh vuqefr iznku dhA

11. SEBI us 10 #i;s o 100 #i;s 'ks;j dher fuf'pr dh Fkh mls [kRe dj fn;kx;k vkSj dEiuh dks vius 'ks;j dh dher fuf'pr djus dh Lora=krk iznku dhA

12. SEBI us DysfDVo buosLVesaV Ldhe (CIS) ds fy, funsZ'k o fu;e vDVwcj 15, 1999esa fuf'pr fd,A ;fn dksbZ ,taslh izek.k i=k ugha gksrh gS rks og viuk dk;Z vkjaHkugha dj ldrhA ;fn os iz.kkei=k ds fcuk dke djrh gS rks mUgsa ;s /ka/kk can djdsfuos'kd dk iSlk okfil djuk gksxkA

lq/kkj izfØ;k ds ckn fd, x, laLFkkxr ifjorZu us Hkkjrh; iw¡th cktkj dksizHkkfor fd;k vkSj bu fofHkUu izHkkoksa us dqN lkyksa esa iw¡th cktkj dks vkSj rkdrojcuk fn;kA fuos'kdksa dh t:jr ds vuqlkj SEBI }kjk fofHkUu mik, fd, x,AtSls ge igys crk pqds gSa fd 1997-98 esa lwpdkad esa dkQh ifjorZu gqvk rFkklk/kuksa dk vkokxeu dsoy 3,138 djksM+ #i;s Fkk tks 90 ds n'kd esa lcls degSA bldk eq[; dkj.k fuos'kd dh de #fp fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA iw¡th cktkj esavfuf'pr okilh ls NksVs fuos'kdksa us izkFkfed rFkk f}rh; cktkj ls ckgj fudyukvkjaHk fd;kA nwljh rjQ Hkkjrh; laLFkkxr fuos'kdksa ds ikl QaM dh deh FkhAtks izHkkoh Ø; 'kfDr j[krs Fks os fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'kd FksA ;|fi bu laLFkkvksadh [kjhn csp fo'o Lrj ij gksrh gS ftlesa Hkkjrh; cktkj yxkrkj lhekar HkwfedkfuHkkrk gSA Hkkjr ns'k ds 10 Å¡p cktkjksa es ls gSA

fo'oO;kihdj.k vkSj MCY;w0Vh0vks0 183

Introduction

fo'oO;kikjhdj.k dk eryc gS fd ,d ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk lstksM+ukA Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa] Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd {ks=k eas fons'kh daifu;ksa dks lqfo/kk iznku djvFkZO;oLFkk dks fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k ds fy, [kksyukA vFkkZr~ cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dks Hkkjresa izos'k djus ij izfrca/k gVkuk (vFkkZr~ Qsjk (FERA) ds rgr #dkoV (izfrca/k) gVkdj)

fo'oO;kikjhdj.k dks pkj vaxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA (1) O;kikj vojks/kdksa dks [kRedjuk rkfd ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk csjksd&Vksd vknku iznku gks ldsA(ii) rduhd dk fuokZ/k izokg gks lds (iii) rFkk ,slh ifjfLFkfr dk;e djuk ftlesa fofHkUujkT;ksa esa iw¡th dk Lora=k:i ls izokg gks ldsA (iv) blds lkFk&lkFk ,slk okrkoj.k dk;edjuk pkfg, ftlesa fofHkUu ns'kksa esa Je dk fuckZ/k izokg gksA bl ljdkj us 1991 esa ubZvkfFkZd uhfr dk 'kqHkkajHk fd;kA 1991 dh vkfFkZd uhfr ds rgr gh ns'k dks fo'o ds lkFktksM+us dh ijaijk 'kq: gqbZA bl laca/k esa ge <k¡pkRed lq/kkjokys v/;k; esa O;kid :ils o.kZu dj pqds gSa rFkk fofHkUu v/;k; tks 1991 dh vfkFkZd uhfr ls izHkkfor jgs gSa muesaHkh bldk o.kZu dj pqds gSaA

fo'oO;kikjhdj.k dh rjQ dnefo'oO;kikjhdj.k dh rjQ dnefo'oO;kikjhdj.k dh rjQ dnefo'oO;kikjhdj.k dh rjQ dnefo'oO;kikjhdj.k dh rjQ dne(Step to initiate Globalisation)

fo'oO;kikjhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ljdkj us dbZ dne mBk,&

(1) #i;s dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk #i;s dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk #i;s dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk #i;s dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk #i;s dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk (Full Convertibility of Rupees) &&&&& lcls egÙoiw.kZdne ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk tksM+us ds fy, #i;s dksiw.kZ :i ls ifjofrZr fd;k x;k vFkkZr~ fcuk dk;kZy; #dkoV ds viuh fofue;nj dks fons'kh O;kikj esa fu/kkZfjr djus dh vkKk iznku djukA bl eki ds rgrfofue; fu;a=k.k ds Åij izfrca/k gVk;k x;kA igyk dne] IME us tqykbZ 1991

esa #i;s dk voewY;u 13 izfr'kr de djus ij tksj fn;kA ljdkj us LQhfr njdk y{; 9 izfr'kr j[kk rkfd IMF rFkk oYMZ cSad dks #i;s dh dher 22 izfr'krde djus dh t:jr iM+sA blfy, foÙk ea=kh us nks Lrjksa ij tqykbZ 1, 1991 rFkktqykbZ 3, 1991 dks #i;s dk voewY;u fd;kA blfy, IMF ij ljdkj }kjklgk;rk ds fy, tks 'krZ Fkksih xbZ Fkh og iwjh gqbZA

fiNys (xr) dqN o"kks± esa ljdkj us #i;s dk iw.kZ:i ls ifjorZu gksus ij vkxs

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-23fo'oO;kikjhdj.k vkSj MCY;w0Vh0vks0fo'oO;kikjhdj.k vkSj MCY;w0Vh0vks0fo'oO;kikjhdj.k vkSj MCY;w0Vh0vks0fo'oO;kikjhdj.k vkSj MCY;w0Vh0vks0fo'oO;kikjhdj.k vkSj MCY;w0Vh0vks0(Globalisation and WTO)


dne c<+k;k gSA ftldk ge igys gh o.kZu dj pqds gSaA v/;k; gS Hkkjr esa O;kikjlq/kkj (fons'kh O;kikj)A

(2) vk;krksa dk mnkjhdj.k vk;krksa dk mnkjhdj.k vk;krksa dk mnkjhdj.k vk;krksa dk mnkjhdj.k vk;krksa dk mnkjhdj.k (Liberalisation of Imports)— fo'oO;kikjhdj.k esavk;kr ds mnkjhdj.k ij Hkh tksj fn;k x;kA vxLr 13, 1991 esa O;kikj uhfrus 20 oLrqvksa ds vk;kr ij izfrca/k gVk fn;kA lkFk esa vk;kr dj dh ek=kk Hkh?kVkdj 255 ls 150 izfr'kr dh xbZA ;g 35 oLrqvksa ij FkhA ysfdu 1992-97 dhvk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa lHkh oLrqvksa& iw¡thxr oLrq,¡] dPpkeky rFkk mi;ksx oLrqvksa ds Lora=k vk;kr djus dh vuqefr iznku dhA

vk;kr dj ?kVkus ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr fons'kh laxBu dk lnL; cudj oLrqvksads vk;kr us Åij yxs izfrca/k dks [kRe djus 6 lky rd gVkus dh gkeh HkjhvkSj ;g le; 1997 ls 'kq: gks pqdk gSA ;w0,l0,0 dh vihy ds ckn tks Hkkjrds fo#) dh Fkh vc ;g izfrca/k vizSy 2001 ls iw.kZ :i ls [kRe gks pqdk gSAvk;kr dh mnkjhdj.k ds ihNs ;gh rdZ Fkk fd vk;kr c<+us ls varjkZ"Vªh; mi;ksxhiwathxr oLrqvksa ds lkFk rFkk fu;kZr djusokyh daifu;ksa ds ikl tks vkxr gS mlls?kjsyw {ks=k es mi;ksfxrk rFkk rduhd esa lq/kkj gksxkA

(3) fons'kh iw¡th ds fy, }kj [kksyuk fons'kh iw¡th ds fy, }kj [kksyuk fons'kh iw¡th ds fy, }kj [kksyuk fons'kh iw¡th ds fy, }kj [kksyuk fons'kh iw¡th ds fy, }kj [kksyuk (To Open doors for foreign capital)— fons'khiw¡th ds vkd"kZ.k ds fy, vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o ls tksM+us ds fy,]ljdkj us fons'kh fuos'kdksa ds fy, njokts [kksysA bldks ge Qsjk (FERA), Qsek(FEMA) rFkk fons'kh i¡wth o cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa okys v/;k; esa iw.kZ :i ls of.kZrdj pqds gSaA 1991 dh ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr esa ljdkj us Å¡ph rduhd m|ksxksa dhHkkjr esa fuos'k djus dh lwph tkjh dhA fnlacj 1996 rd 35 m|ksxksa dks viusvki RBI dh lgefr ij fons'kh fuos'k dks 51 izfr'kr c<+kus dh lgefr iznku dhAukS O;kikfjd ?kjksa esa ;g lhek c<+kdj 74 izfr'kr dj nh xbZA NRI vkfn dks 100

izfr'kr fuos'k djus dh lgefr Hkh iznku dh xbZ] ;g lqfo/kk dsoy fu;kZr ?kj]O;kikj] gkfLiVy] foeku m|ksx o gksVy esa gh iznku dh xbZA

fo'oO;kikjhdj.k ds izHkkofo'oO;kikjhdj.k ds izHkkofo'oO;kikjhdj.k ds izHkkofo'oO;kikjhdj.k ds izHkkofo'oO;kikjhdj.k ds izHkko(Effects of Globalisation)

(1) ckgjh {ks=k ckgjh {ks=k ckgjh {ks=k ckgjh {ks=k ckgjh {ks=k (External Sector)— fo'oO;kikjhdj.k dh izfØ;k 1991 esa vkjaHk gqbZA;fn bldk vkadyu fd;k tk, rks ckgjh {ks=k esa bldk izHkko lkQ fn[kkbZ nsrkgSA 1991 esa fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ ,d fcfy;u MkWyj Fks tks 2004 esa c<+dj 24 fcfy;uMkWyj gks x,A MkWyj dh dher esa fxjkoV gksus ij fu;kZr esa Hkh o`f) gqbZA ;|fivk;kr Hkh c<+s gSa fQj Hkh Hkqxrku larqyu fLFkfr [kjkc ugha gSA Hkkjr esa varjkZ"Vªh;fo'okl c<+k gSA bl izdkj xr rhu&pkj o"kks± esa izR;{k fuos'k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA

;|fi 1995 esa] pkyw [kkrk ?kkVk GDP dk 1.7 izfr'kr c<+k gS tks fd 1994-95esa 1.0 izf'kr FkkA 1996-97 ds vkfFkZd losZ{k.k esa dgk x;k gS fd bldks dksbZ [krjkugha gS D;ksafd ;g iwath ds ns'k esa vkokxeu ls vklkuh ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrkgSA HkaMkj ds de gksus ij Hkh ;g (fons'kh eqnzk laifÙk) 1995-96 esa 5.6 izfr'kr]1996-97 esa 4.5 izfr'kr rFkk 1998-99 esa ?kVdj 3.9 izfr'kr jg x,A blfy,Hkqxrku larqyu ds izca/ku esa ;g ,d cgqr cM+k dkj.k gSA


(2) Hkkjrh; {ks=k Hkkjrh; {ks=k Hkkjrh; {ks=k Hkkjrh; {ks=k Hkkjrh; {ks=k (Indian Sector) – fo'oO;kikjhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls Hkkjr esa xSjcjkcjh izfr;ksfxrk 'kq: gks xbZ gSA cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ rFkk Hkkjrh; {ks=k (m|ksxksa)ds chp izfr;ksfxrkA bldk eq[; dkj.k eYVh us'kuy dkiksZjs'ku (MNCs) dh vis{kkHkkjrh; O;kikj ds fy, iw¡th dh ykxr T;knk gSA D;ksafd C;kt dh nj Hkkjr esackgj dh vis{kk T;knk gSA jkT; ljdkjsa dqN {ks=kksa esa bl rjg dh j.kuhfr cukrhgSa tks MNCs ds i{k esa T;knk gS tSls ÅtkZ {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; Qeks± dks oks NwV ughanh tkrh gSA tks MNCs dks nh tkrh gSA MNCs ds i{k esa T;knk gS tSls mtkZ{ks=k esa Hkkjrh; QeksZa dks oks NwV ugh nh tkrh gSA tks MNCs dks nh tkrh gSAMNCs dh foÙkh; rkdr Hkkjrh; Qeks± dh vis{kk T;knk gSA os fdlh Hkh le;Hkkjrh; QeZ dks [kjhnus dh fLFkfr es gSA

blfy, fo'oO;kikhdj.k us u, lalkj dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA ,d ,slk lalkj tgk¡fons'kh iw¡th dk vkxeu T;knk rFkk ?kjsyw {ks=k us igyh ckj eglwl fd;k fd osfons'kh fuos'kdksa ls ykHk vftZr djusokys esa ugha cfYd mudk y{; cu x, gSafd fdl rjg ?kjsyw {ks=k dks gfFk;k fy;k tk,A MNCs ds vkus ls yxrk gS fdnksckjk bZLV bafM;k daiuh dk vkxeu gqvk gSA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu fo'o O;kikj laxBu fo'o O;kikj laxBu fo'o O;kikj laxBu fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO)(World Trade Organisation (WTO))

nwljs fo'o ;q) ds i'pkr cgqr ls ns'kksa us bdëk dke djus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dksLFkkfir djus dh ckr dghA bldk ifj.kke ;g fudyk fd 1947 esa GATT (tujy ,xzhesaVvkWu VSfjQl ,aM VsªM ij 23 ns'kksa us gLrk{kj fd, Hkkjr Hkh GATT dk lnL; FkkA le;ds lkFk GATT dh lnL;rk c<+rh xbZ vkSj 1994 esa 118 rd igq¡p xbZA GATT dk laca/kvk;kr dj ?kVkdj rFkk lnL; ns'kksa ds lkFk HksnHkko dh fLFkfr u j[kdj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjc<+kuk FkkA bldk eq[; mís'; lHkh ns'kksa dh ,d tSlh Hkkxhnkjh rFkk fons'kh O;kikj dksQSykuk FkkA GATT us Hkh Lora=k O;kikj dh odkyr dhA

bl izdkj GATT ds dbZ pØ pys igyk pØ cokuk esa 1947 esa 23 ns'kksa ds lkFk gqvkA blhizdkj pyrs gq, lkroka pØ ftls VksD;ks jkmaM dgk tkrk gSA 1973-79 esa VksD;ks esa gqvkAvkBok¡ o vkf[kjh pØ 1986 esa m#Xos esa gqvk ftls m#Xos jkÅaM dgrs gSaA blus yxHkx vkBlky fy, rFkk 1994 esa m#Xos jkÅaM ds vafre ,DV ij gLrk{kj fd, x, vkSj blds lkFkgh 104 ns'kksa ds gLrk{kj ds lkFk tuojh 1995 esa WTO dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;|fi GATT

,d laxBu ugha Fkk] ;g ,d dkuwuh izca/k FkkA ;fn WTO ds Åij xkSj fd;k tk, rks yxrkgS fd ;g fodflr ns'kksa ([kkldj vesfjdk) }kjk izHkkfor jgk gSA lcls igys ge Hkkjrljdkj }kjk WTO dks dh xbZ ckrksa ij xkSj djsaxs rFkk mlds ckn Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ijiM+usokys izHkkoksa dk o.kZu djsaxsA

Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjr vkSj WTO(India and WTO)

(1) vk;kr dj Lrj vk;kr dj Lrj vk;kr dj Lrj vk;kr dj Lrj vk;kr dj Lrj (Tariff Level) – WTO ds lnL; cuus ds ckn Hkkjr vk;kr djLrj 67 izfr'kr j[kus ij izfrcaf/kr gS tcfd ;g m#Xos jkÅaM esa 6 izfr'kr FkkAHkkjr ekpZ 1995 ls 2005 rd xSj d`f"k mRiknksa ij 40 izfr'kr rd dh lhek vkSj


25 izfr'kr e/;LFk oLrq,¡ e'khujh o vkStkjksa ij dh xbZA d`f"k ij lgefr ds varxZr;g 100 ls 300 izfr'kr rd gks ldrh gS] mRiknu vf/kdrk lfClMh ;k vk;krdj esa deh ij dksbZ gkeh ugha Hkjh gqbZ gSA

(i) lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k lkoZtfud {ks=k (Public Sector) – buesa gfFk;kjksa rFkk xksyk&ck:n dsfuekZ.k] ijek.kq 'kfDr ds mRiknu o fu;a=k.k rFkk jsy ifjogu ds LokfeRovkSj izca/k laca/kh m|ksx 'kkfey fd, x,A ;gk¡ ;g Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;kfd ljdkj fdlh Hkh ,sls m|ksx dks vius gkFk esa ys ldrh gS] tks jk"Vªdh lqj{kk ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ gksA

(2) ek=kkRed izfrca/k ek=kkRed izfrca/k ek=kkRed izfrca/k ek=kkRed izfrca/k ek=kkRed izfrca/k (Quantitative Restrictions) – ek=kkRed izfrca/k vFkok QRs

Hkqxrku larqyu ds vk/kkj ij 1997 esa 2714 vk;kr js[kk ij fd;k x;kA Hkqxrkularqyu izfrca/k desVh dh flQkfj'kksa ij Hkkjr us vesfjdk dks NksM+dj bu ns'kksads lkFk O;kikj laca/kks ij lgefr trkbZA ;g le; dsoy 6 lky ds fy, Fkktks 1997 esa 'kq: gqvkA ysfdu bl desVh us vesfjdk dh ckr ekudj ;gizfrca/k 6 o"kZ ls Hkh de dj fn;k tks vesfjdk ds i{k rFkk Hkkjr ds fo#) FkkAblds varxZr Hkkjr dks vizSy 1, 2001 rd lHkh izfrca/k gVkus FksA ,fDte ikWfylhds rgr 714 oLrqvksa ij izfrca/k gVk, x, rFkk ckdh 715 oLrqvksa ij izfrca/k vizSy1, 2001 rd pysxkA

(3) xSVl xSVl xSVl xSVl xSVl (GATTs) – tujy ,xzhesaV vkWu VªsM bu lfoZlst+ (GATTs) ds varxZr Hkkjrus 33 fØ;kvksa esa fons'kh lsok izos'k djus dh vuqefr iznku dhA Hkkjr ljdkjds }kjk bldk pquko jk"Vªh; fgr dks ns[kdj fd;k tk,xkA

(4) fVªil fVªil fVªil fVªil fVªil (TRIPs) – blds varxZr vesfjdk rFkk lksfo;r la?k us f'kdk;r dh fdHkkjr vkfVZdy 70.8 rFkk vkfVZdy 70.9 (tks esy ckWDl LFkkfir djus o cktkjvf/kdkj) nsus ls lacaf/kr gS dks LFkkfir djus esa vlQy jgk gSA blds rgr Hkkjrljdkj us 1999 esa isVsaV vesaMesaV ,DV ikl fd;kA tks cktkj vf/kdkj iznku djrkgSA TRIPs ds varxZr udy vkfn jksdus ds fy, 1957 ds dkWihjkbV ,DV dkscnydj (ifjofrZr) djds 1994 esa TRIPs dh t:jrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, iklfd;kA varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu ds vuqlkj O;kikj fpg~u ,DV 1958 egÙoiw.kZ gSA

(5) fVªel fVªel fVªel fVªel fVªel (TRIMs) – blds varxZr fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds ikl 31 fnlacj] 1999 rdik¡p lky dk le; gSA ftlds varxZr os ,xzhesaV esa fn, x, eki dks ykxw djusdk izca/k dj ldrh gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us nks TRIMs cuk, ,d tks yksdy Lrjij nokb;ksa ds mRiknu dh t:jrksa dks /;ku esa j[ksxk rFkk nwljk bu t:jrksadks iwjk djus ds fy, miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dh 22 fØ;kvksa ds mRiknu esa fuos'k djsxkA

;g ckrsa Hkkjr us WTO dks vk'oklu fn;k fd og iwjk djsxkA vc ge Hkkjrds fy, WTO ds Qk;nksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA

Hkkjr dks ykHkHkkjr dks ykHkHkkjr dks ykHkHkkjr dks ykHkHkkjr dks ykHk(Benefits to India)

oYMZ cSad] OECD vkSj GATT us vankt+k yxk;k fd m#Xos jkÅaM iSdst dks ykxw djus dsckn ns'k dh vk; esa 213 vkSj 273 fcfy;u ds chp tqM+sxhA GATT us crk;k fd ;g c<+ksÙkjh


diM+k (60 izfr'kr), d`f"k] ou vkSj vPNh mRiknu (20 izfr'kr) vkSj [kkus dh oLrq,¡ (19

izfr'kr) dh o`f) gksxhA Hkkjr ljdkj ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ns'k bu oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr djus esaizfr;ksfxrk gSA blfy, Hkkjr dks bu {ks=kksa esa Qk;nk gksxkA ;g ekuk x;k gS fd Hkkjr dkns'k ds fu;kZr esa fgLlk 0.5 izfr'kr ls 1.0 izfr'kr c<+us dh vk'kk gSA ysfdu dbZvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us bl ij vk'kadk trkbZ gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd GATT ds bu vankt+ksa dh viusvki esa fo'oluh;rk ugha gSA ;fn Lrj dks ns[ksa rks Hkkjr esa fu;kZr ?kVk gSA

eYVhQkbcj ,jstesaV (MFA) dks 2005 rd [kRe djus ls Hkkjr ds fu;kZr esa o`f) gksxhD;ksafd Hkkjr diM+s dk fu;kZr djrk gSA fodflr ns'kksa us bls 15 o"kZ rd ds le; dh ek¡xdh Fkh ysfdu vYifodflr ns'k tSls Hkkjr uss bls 10 o"kZ rd dk le; j[kus dh ckr dghgSA ;fn bldk vkadyu fd;k tk, rks ;g Hkh fodflr ns'kksa ds i{k esa gSA dkj.k T;knkdksVk (49 izfr'kr) fodflr ns'kksa ds ikl gS tks 2005 rd gh [kRe gksxk (10ok¡ o"kZ)A ;fn;g dksVk gVk Hkh fn;k rks ;g dsoy vdsys Hkkjr ds fy, ugha gksxk cfYd gj ,d ds fy,gksxkA

Hkkjr vk'kk djrk gS fd d`f"k fu;kZr ds volj lq/kj ldrs gSaA d`f"k ds ?kjsyw dher degksus rFkk O;kikj ij izfrca/k gVus ij d`f"k dh oYMZ izkbl c<+sxhA nwljk Hkkjr lksprk gSfd vesfjdk rFkk ;wjksfi;u ns'kksa esa lfClMh ?kVus ij d`f"k fu;kZr ls vk; c<+sxhA mlds lkFktks d`f"k ij lgefr dh xbZ gS mldks PDS esa fd;k x;k cnyko izHkkfor ugha djsxkA

Hkkjr dks gkfuHkkjr dks gkfuHkkjr dks gkfuHkkjr dks gkfuHkkjr dks gkfu(Disadvantages to India)

lcls egÙoiw.kZ tks Qk;nk ns[kk x;k gS og ;g gS fd blls O;kikj dk Lrj c<+sxkA bldsifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr dks fu;kZr ls vk; c<+sxhA ;|fi ;g eglwl fd;k x;k gS fd ;s dsoyvolj gh fn[kkbZ nsaxs D;ksafd diM+s ij fu;kZr mnkjhdj.k 2005 rd de gh fn[kkbZ nsrkgSA dj de gksus ij Hkh Hkkjr dks de Qk;nk gksxk D;ksafd blesa fu;kZr djus dh {kerk degSA lcls cM+k uqdlku TRIPs, TRIMs dks geus nwljs ns'kksa dks lsokvksa esa fuos'k djus dhvuqefr nh gS blls ns'k dh Lora=krk dks [krjk rFkk nwljs ns'kksa dk gLr{ksi Hkh c<+sxkA

TRIPs ds varxZr tks izksVsD'ku vkWQ baVysDpqvy izkWiVhZ jkbV~l& isVsaV] dkWihjkbV] O;kikjfpg~u vkfn lc cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ds gd esa rFkk fodflr ns'kksa ds gd esa gSA ;g ftudsikl iSaVsaV vf/kdkj gS muds gd esa gSA tks TRIPs esa le>kSrk gqvk gS og Hkkjr ds fo#)gSA D;ksafd Hkkjr esa 1970 iSaVsaV jkbV ,DV dsoy Hkkstu] dSfedy rFkk nokb;ksa esa isVsaVizfØ;k nsus dh ckr djrk gS tcfd TRIPs le>kSrs ds varxZr buesa mRiknu isVsaV dk Hkhizko/kku gSA

TRIPs le>kSrk lk/kkj.kr;k 20 o"kZ ds le; dh ckr djrk gS tcfd Hkkjr 14 o"kZ ds le;ds i{k esa gSA Hkkjr lkoZtfud :fp ds vuqlkj bu isVsaV dk iz;ksx djrk gS tcfd TRIPs

le>kSrs esa ,slk dksbZ izko/kku ugha gSA d`f"k {ks=k ea baVysDpqvy izkWiVhZ esa jkbV ds c<+kus lsHkkjr ij blds xyr izHkko iM+saxs D;ksafd Hkkjr esa ikS/kksa dk rFkk chtksa dk mRiknu vf/kdrjturk ds gkFk esa gSA bl rjg dk dke d`f"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa laLFkkuksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSftldk mís'; ykHk dekuk ugha cfYd tula[;k dks [kk/kkUu ds fy, vkRe fuHkZj cukuk gSA

blh izdkj TRIMs ds varxZr Hkh fodflr ns'k tks pkgrs Fks ogh mUgsa feykA ;fn Hkkjr ds


fopkj ls ns[kk tk, rks bls cSysal (le;k;h) djus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu cukuk pkfg,A;|fi bl ekeys esa TRIMs fcYdqy pqi gSA blesa dsoy O;kikj ls lacaf/kr fuos'k izfrca/kgVkus dk izko/kku gS tks vYifodflr ns'kksa esa fons'kh fuos'kdksa ds i{k esa ns[kk tk, rks ;gvkRefuHkZjrk laca/kh <k¡ps dks izHkkfor djsxk tks yksdy Lrj ij feyusokyh rduhd rFkk lk/kuksa ij fuHkZj gSA ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ;g vYifodflr ns'kksa fofue; HkaMkj [kkyh djusdk Hkh dkj.k cu tk, ftlls Hkqxrku larqyu izHkkfor gksxkA

lsok,¡lsok,¡lsok,¡lsok,¡lsok,¡(Services)

tSls ge igys gh crk pqds gSa fd tSls fodflr lsok,¡& cSafadax] chek] nwjHkk"k vkfn dksfodflr ns'k rFkk vYifodflr ns'kksa esa dkQh varj gSA blfy, ;fn lsokvksa esa 'kkfey fd;kx;k rks ;g fodflr ns'kksa ds gd esa gksxkA vk¡dM+s crkrs gSa fd 1993 esa lsokvksa dk oYMZVªsM $ 1000 fcfy;u Fkk ftldk $ 950 fcfy;u dsoy fodflr ns'kksa dk Fkk vFkok 95

izfr'krA ;fn ;w:x;s jkÅaM esa bl rjg dk le>kSrk fd;k tkrk gS rks m#Xos jkmaM esa blrjg dk le>kSrk fd;k tkrk gS rks blls vYifodflr ns'kksa dk fgLlk vkSj de gksxkAvYifodflr ns'kksa esa lsok m|ksx izkjafHkd Lrj ij gS] ;fn bl rjg ds u, le>kSrs gksaxs rksbldh mUufr dks /kDdk yxsxkA Hkkjr dh ;s vf/kdrj lsok,a tSls cSafdax lekt dY;k.k dks/;ku esa j[kdj cukbZ xbZ gS tSls 1969 esa 14 cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;k FkkA fons'khdaifu;ksa ds vkus ij Hkkjrh; cSad bl rjg ds lkekftd dY;k.k ds mís'; dks iwjk djusesa vleFkZ gksaxsA

bu lc ckrksa ij xkSj fd;k tk, rks ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd WTO ds ik¡p lky iwjk gksus ijD;k lgh jgk gSA fodflr ns'kksa ds chp] fodflr rFkk vYifodflr ns'kksa ds chp blds ykxwgksus ij >xM+s c<+s gSaA GATT ds 47 o"kZ ds le; esa dsoy 200 >xM+ksa (fojks/k / ds ekeys Fkstcfd WTO ds dqN lky ckn gh igys rhu o"kks± esa bl fojks/k esa 118 f'kdk;rsa 83 ekeyksaesa ntZ dh xbZA vYifodflr ns'k vius vkidks Bxk eglwl djrs gSa D;ksafd mudks fons'khns'kksa ds fy, cktkj [kksyus ij etcwj fd;k x;k gSA tSlk ge igys gh crk pqds gSa fd ;gfodflr ns'kksa ds i{k esa rFkk vYifodflr ns'kksa ds foi{k esa gSA TRIPs, TRIMs le>kSrksads ckjs esa ge igys gh crk pqds gSaA lsok {ks=k esa fons'kh fuos'k ds D;k uqdlku gksaxs] bldkHkh o.kZu dj pqds gSaA Hkqxrku larqyu fLFkfr rFkk vkRefuHkZjrk ij geyk dks Hkh ge of.kZrdj pqds gSaA ,xzhesaV vkWu ,xzhdYpj (AOA) dh ;g fodflr ns'kksa ds i{k eas rFkk vYifodflrns'kksa ds foi{k esa gaS dks Hkh of.kZr dj pqds gSaA bldk lcls egÙoiw.kZ eqík ;g gS fd AOA

vYifodflr ns'kksa dh [kk|kUu lqj{kk ds ckjs esa ckr ugha djrk tcfd vYifodflr ns'kksads lkeus [kk|kUu lqj{kk egÙoiw.kZ eqík gSA [kk|kUu oLrqvksa ds fy, vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk ns'kds fy, ?kkrd fl) gks ldrh gSA bldh otg ls fodflr ns'kksa dk vYifodflr ns'kksa esagLr{ksi c<+sxkA Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa PL480 ds rgr e¡xok, tkusokys [kk|kUu vk;kr ds ckjsesa bldk ifj.kke igys gh ns[k pqds gSa D;ksafd fodflr ns'k vius LokFkZ ds fy, vYifodflrns'kksa dk jktuSfrd iz;ksx djrs gSaA

WTO dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk lcls T;knk la'k; iSnk djusokyh fLFkfr fodflr ns'kksa rFkkvYifodflr ns'kksa ds chp >xM+s fuiVkusokyh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa gSA ;g lkQrkSj ij fodflrns'kksa ds i{k esa rFkk xjhc ns'kksa ds fo#) gSA D;ksafd ;g ge >xM+s fuiVkus dh ckr djrs


gSa rks nks cjkcj i{kksa ds chp (nks rkdroj O;kikjh lk>snkjksa) >xM+k lgh :i ls fuiVk;ktk ldrk gS u fd ,d rkdroj o detksj oxZ ds chpA fiNys dqN ekeyksa esa vesfjdhizca/kdksa dk ncko lkQ fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vYifodflr ns'kksa esa nks egÙoiw.kZ eqís Je Lrj(Standard) rFkk i;kZoj.k gSA fodflr ns'k tSls cky Je] Je Lrj vkfn dks O;kikj ds lkFktksM+us dh odkyr djrs gSaA mudk ekuuk gS fd cky Jfedksa dks dke dh ctk, Ldwy tkukpkfg,A ;|fi ;g ek¡x lgh gS ysfdu vYifodflr ns'kksa dh leL;k,¡ vyx gSaA ;s blokLrfodrk dks vuns[kk djrs gSaA D;ksafd ;fn cPps dke dh ctk, Ldwy tk,¡xs rks bllsmuds ifjokj dh vk; uhps vk,xh vkSj tks ifjokj igys gh xjhc gaS oks vkSj Hkh xjhch dhvoLFkk esa gksaxsA ckaXykns'k dh fLFkfr dks ge vPNh rjg tkurs gSa lksfo;r la?k us cky Jedh otg ls xkjesaV m|ksx dks vyx dj fn;k D;ksafd ogk¡ ;s cky Je djrs FksAvf/kdrj cPpksa ds dke [kRe gks x, gaS rFkk os vkSj Hkh [kjkc dke tgk¡ osru de feyrkgS pys x, gSaA dqN rks xyr /ka/kksa esa Hkh 'kkfey gks x, gSaA vYifodflr ns'k bl rjg dhfLFkfr esa ugha gS fd os bl rjg ds Je Lrjksa dks fu/kkZfjr dj ldsaA blh izdkj i;kZoj.klaca/kh Lrj fu/kkZj.k esa Hkh leL;k gSA izks0 txnh'k Hkxorh ds vuqlkj bldk lcls cM+kuqdlku vYifodflr ns'kksa dks gh Hkqxruk iM+sxk rFkk os gh bldh pisV esa vk,¡xsA D;ksafd;s ns'k bldh ctk; ihus ds ikuh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj djus ij [kpZ djuk pkgsaxs] u fdi;kZoj.k lq/kkj ds fy,A

TRIPs, lsok,¡] d`f"k] Je Lrj fu/kkZj.k rFkk i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/kr ckrsa tks WTO esa fu/kkZfjrdh xbZ gSA Hkkjr dks mlds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg, rFkk Hkfo"; esa mHkjusokyh pqukSfr;ksa dklkeuk djus ds fy, jk"Vªh; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; uhfr fu/kkZfjr djuh pkfg, rHkh Hkkjr dheksy&Hkko djus dh {kerk c<+sxhA


fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k (RBI) dh LFkkiuk vizSy 1, 1935 dks gqbZA 1947 esa vktknh feyusds i'pkr~ tuojh 1, 1949 dks bldks jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA

nwljs dsUnzh; cSadksa dh rjg RBI Hkh lHkh rjg ds ijEijkxr dsfUnz; cSafdax dk;Z djrkgSA ysfdu Hkkjr dh vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkk dh izo`fÙk gksus dh otg ls ;g fodklkReddk;Z Hkh djrk gSA RBI ds eq[; dk;Z djsalh uksV iznku djuk] ljdkj dk cSadj] cSadksadk cSad fofue; izca/ku rFkk fu;a=k.k] lk[k fu;a=k.k] Ñf"k foÙk] rFkk vk¡dM+ksa dk bdëkdjuk rFkk izdkf'kr djuk gSA ljdkj Hkh RBI ls u dsoy ekeyksa rFkk vkfFkZd leL;kvksads ckjs esa Hkh lykg ysrh gSA ;g ns'k dh ;kstuk izfØ;k Hkh vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

RBI dh ekSfnzd uhfr dh ekSfnzd uhfr dh ekSfnzd uhfr dh ekSfnzd uhfr dh ekSfnzd uhfr(Monetary Policy of RBI)

ekSfnzd uhfr dks jsxqysVjh ikWfylh Hkh dgk tkrk gS tcfd dsUnzh; cSad vkfFkZd mís'; iwjkdjus ds fy, bldh eqnzk dh iwfrZ ij fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA ;g rÙo dsoy fodflr ns'kksaij ykxw gS tcfd vYifodflr ns'k tSls Hkkjr esa ;g dsoy eqnzk dh iwfrZ dks cuk, j[kusds fy, gh lhfer ugha jgrhA fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k dh ekSfnzd uhfr ds lUnHkZ esa ;gvYifodflr ns'kksa dh t:jrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cukbZ tkrh gSA RBI dk dsoy lk[kij izfrca/k yxkuk gh ugha gS cfYd c<+rh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa dsUnzh; cSad dk dk;Z vuqRikndfØ;kvksa dks NksM+dj ;k fu;af=kr djds mRiknd fØ;k,¡ tSls Ñf"k rFkk m|ksx esa bldhc<+h gqbZ lk[k t:jrksa dks iwjk djuk gSA blfy, cSad us bls lk[k dk uke fn;k gSA Hkkjresa ekSfnzd uhfr dk eq[; mís'; dher fLFkjrk] lkekftd U;k; rFkk foÙkh; laLFkku gSaA;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr ekSfnzd uhfr dk iz;ksx jk"Vªh; vkfFkZd rFkk mís'; iwjk djus ds fy,le;≤ ij fd;k gS tks fd bl uhfr ij cxSj ckr dk ncko gSA blfy, Hkkjr esaekSfnzd uhfr dk mís'; dsoy lk[k fu;a=k.k ugha gSA ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd Hkkjresa vkfFkZd uhfr dk mís'; dher fLFkjrk rFkk vkfFkZd lao`f) gS rFkk bu mís';ksa dh izkfIrds fy, eqnzk dh iwfrZ dk jsxqys'ku djuk vko';d gSA

RBI dk eqnzk dh iwfrZ rFkk lk[k ij iwjk fu;a=k.k j[kus ds fy, bls uksV Nkius dkvf/kdkj gSA ;g fu.kZ; djus ds fy, fd dSls RBI bu mís';ksa dks izkIr djus esa lQy gSrks gesa ns'k esa fofHkUu izdkj dh eqnzk ds pØh; izokg dh egÙkk dks tkuuk gksxkA vf/kdrjns'kksa esa fofue; dk ek/;e yhxy Vs.Mj euh ¼flDds o dkxt ds uksV½ gSA vf/kdrj ns'kksaesa bldh vis{kk Hkqxrku pSd }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

orZeku esa Hkkjr esa djsalh uksV rFkk pSd nksuksa dk iz;ksx Hkqxrku ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-24RBI dh ekSfnzd uhfr dk voyksdudh ekSfnzd uhfr dk voyksdudh ekSfnzd uhfr dk voyksdudh ekSfnzd uhfr dk voyksdudh ekSfnzd uhfr dk voyksdu(Review of Monetary Policy of RBI)

RBI dh ekSfnzd dk voyksdu 191

flDdksa dk eqnzk esa FkksM+k fgLlk gS rFkk ;g FkksM+k Hkqxrku djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

RBI }kjk djsalh dk fu;a=k.k }kjk djsalh dk fu;a=k.k }kjk djsalh dk fu;a=k.k }kjk djsalh dk fu;a=k.k }kjk djsalh dk fu;a=k.k(Control of Currency by the RBI)

djsalh ds fu;a=k.k dk eryc gS djsa djaslh uksV o flDdksa dh iwfrZ ij fu;a=k.kA tSls geigys Hkh crk pqds gS fd flDds dh ek=kk de gS blfy, blds fy, vFkok bldks fu;af=krdjus ds fy, dksbZ Lis'ky eki dh vko';drk ugha gSA djsalh dh ek=kk dk fu;a=k.k djukcgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS rFkk RBI dks bldks bL;w djus esa ,dkf/kdkj gSA RBI lksus ds fjtoZds vk/kkj ij fdrus Hkh uksV Nki ldrk gSA bldh ,d gh 'krZ gS fd lksuk o fons'khfjtoZ 200 djksM+ #i;s ls uhps ugha fxjus pkfg, ftlesa lksuk dk fgLlk ges'kk 115 djksM+gksuk pkfg,A

uksV Nkius dk rjhdk cgqr vklku gS cSd (RBI) cSfdax foHkkx ls izfrHkwfr;k¡ vkfn bL;wfoHkkx dks gLrkUrfjr dj nsrk gS rFkk ftrus dh Hkh izfrHkwfr;k¡ gSa mruh gh ek=kk esa uksVksadks Nki fn;k tkrk gSA RBI [kktkuk fcy ds vk/kkj ij Hkh uksV Nki ldrk gSA ;|fiRBI dh lQyrk ij dbZ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us iz'u fpg~u yxk, gSa mudk ekuuk gS fd blsdher LQhfr dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS dqN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd dher LQhfrdh fLFkfr ljdkj mRiUu djrh gSA muds vuqlkj RBI iw.kZ:i ls ljdkj ds vk/khu gSrFkk ;g dksbZ Hkh uhfr LorU=k :i ls ykxw ugha dj ldrk tcfd ljdkj ;kstukvksa dsvUrxZr ?kkVs dh voLFkk esa gSA ;|fi ns'k esa nks ekSfnzd laxBu gSA ,d gS dsUnz ljdkjrFkk nwljk RBI vkSj bu nksuksa esa dsUnz ljdkj T;knk 'kfDr'kkyh gSA

eqnzk dh iwfrZ ds fu/kkZj.k esa ljdkj rFkk fofHkUu ekSfnzd laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk le>us dsfy,] eqnzk xq.kd izfØ;k fjtoZ eqnzk ds lk/ku rFkk fjtoZ eqnzk ds rÙo dks le>uk vko';dgSA fjtoZ eqnzk dks izkFkfed eqnzk ;k eqnzk vk/kkj Hkh dgrs gSaA cSadksa dh eqnzk dh tek voLFkkfjtoZ ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;|fi flDds RBI dk nkf;Ro ugha gSA ;g ljdkj dh rjQdsoy tkjh djrk gSA uksV j[kus dh ftEesnkjh RBI dh gSA RBI ds ikl cSadksa dh tekHkh gSA ;|fi Hkkjr esa fjtoZ eqnzk ¼jf{kr eqnzk½ ds eq[; rÙo gS& (i) RBI ds lkFk cSdksadh tek] (ii) eqnzk dk pyu vkfnA

1990-91 ls jf{kr eqnzk esa rsth ls o`f) gqbZ rFkk blus eqnzk dh iwfrZ dk cM+s iSekus ij foLrkjfd;k gS jf{kr eqnzk c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk ekSfnzd laLFkkvksa dk v/;;u Hkh vko';d gSA tSlkfd ge igys Hkh crk pqds gSa fd djsalh RBI tkjh djrk gS rFkk flDds o ,d #i;s dk uksVdsUnz ljdkj tkjh djrh gSA ;g Hkh /kkj.kk gS fd RBI gh eqnzk dk lcls cM+k fu;a=kd gSAysfdu ;g lgh ugha gS D;ksafd RBI dsoy djsalh uksV tkjh djrk gS ysfdu ;g iw.kZ :ils ljdkj ds fu;a=k.k esa dke djrk gS D;ksafd ljdkj }kjk fn, x, lHkh Vªstjh fcyksa dksbls [kjhnuk iM+rk gSA bldh tek iw¡th Hkh jf{kr eqnzk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA rFkk bldk dqNfgLlk turk ds ikl djsalh uksV ds :i esa jgrk gSA jf{kr eqnzk esa fuEu 'kkfey gSa] cSdksa dksRBI dh lk[k O;kikfjd {ks=k dks] RBI dh dqy fons'kh eqnzk laifÙkA

RBI }kjk lk[k dk fu;a=k.k}kjk lk[k dk fu;a=k.k}kjk lk[k dk fu;a=k.k}kjk lk[k dk fu;a=k.k}kjk lk[k dk fu;a=k.k(Control of Currency by the RBI)

Hkkjr esa RBI dks lk[k fu;a=k.k ds fy, dkQh vf/kdkj izkIr gS ysfdu lk[k dh iwfrZ ijRBI dk fu;a=k.k dkQh detksj gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dk vfodflr


gksuk gSA ijEijkxr {ks=k esa Hkh ns'kh cSad rFkk euh ySaMj dk iwjk fu;a=k.k gSA RBI fuEurjhdksa ls lk[k dk fu;a=k.k djrk gS&

1. cSad nj uhfrcSad nj uhfrcSad nj uhfrcSad nj uhfrcSad nj uhfr (The Bank Rate Policy) & nwljs cSdksa dh rjg] RBI Hkh lk[k dkfu;a=k.k cSd nj dh lgk;rk ls djrk gSA ;|fi v)Z fodflr ns'kksa esa fofu;ksxdk izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, C;kt dh nj dk <k¡pk lgk;d ugha gSA ysfdu RBIC;kt nj c<+kdj gh lk[k dk fu;a=k.k djrk gSA 1980 ds nkSjku C;kt 10 izfr'krFkh ;g tqykbZ 1991 esa 11 izfr'kr rFkk vDVwcj 8, 1991 esa c<+kdj 12 izfr'kr dhxbZA ;g dher LQhfr dks fu;a=k.k djus dk RBI dk vkStkj FkkA ysfdu Hkkjresa ftl rjg dh fLFkfr gS mls cSad C;kt nj ls fu;a=k.k djuk eqf'dy gS D;ksafdHkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj lgh ugha gSA HkwrioZ RBI xouZj us dgk Fkk c<+h C;kt dsoyyksxksa ds fy, ,d flXuy gS ;g LQhfrdkjh izHkkoksa dks fu;af=kr ugha dj ikrhA

;|fi vkfFkZd lq/kkj ds ckn RBI us foÙkh; {ks=k lq/kkj ds :i esa cSad nj uhfrdks ekSfnzd rFkk lk[k uhfr dks fu;a=k.k djus ds fy, rFkk cSad nj uhfr dks izHkkohcukus ds fy, dne mBk, gaSA bl ubZ Hkwfedk esa cSad nj dks ?kVkdj 7 izfr'krdj fn;k gSA cSad nj esa vfUre dVkSrh vizSy 1, 2000 dks gqbZ FkhA

2. [kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡[kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡[kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡[kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡[kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡ (Open Market Operations) & bldh t#jr tc eglwldh xbZ tc lk[k fu;a=k.k esa cSd nj uhfr detksj lkfcr gqbZA cSad nj rFkk [kqyscktkj dh fØ;k,¡ ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA ;|fi Hkkjr tSls v)Z fodflr ns'k esacSad nj uhfr dk izHkko ugha gS D;ksafd eqnzk cktkj dh izÑfr vfodflr gSA blizdkj [kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡ egÙoiw.kZ gSaA Hkkjr esa ljdkj izfrHkwfr cktkj iw.kZ:ils fodflr gSA RBI Act ds }kjk RBI ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k¡ Vsªtjh fcy vkSj nwljhLohÑr izfrHkwfr dh [kjhn ls csp dk dk;Z dk lapkyu djrk gSA RBI dks Hkh y?kqLrj ds O;kikfjd fcy [kjhnus cspus dk vf/kdkj gSA [kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡ cSdnj uhfr ls T;knk izHkkoh gS D;ksafd RBI dks O;kikfjd cSadksa ij fuHkZj ugha jgukiM+rk ysfdu cSd nj esa ,slk ugha gSA vc RBI udn nsdj ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k¡ugha [kjhnrk cfYd ;g Lohp VªkatsDlu ds rgr [kjhnrk gS ftldk mís'; rjyrkesa vfu;af=kr c<+ksÙkjh dks jksduk gSA

3. udn jf{kr vuqikrudn jf{kr vuqikrudn jf{kr vuqikrudn jf{kr vuqikrudn jf{kr vuqikr (Case Reserve Ratio (CRR)) & lk[k fu;a=k.k dk ;g HkhegÙoiw.kZ ;a=k gSA RBI ,DV 1962 ds rgr] RBI dks O;kikfjd cSdksa ds fy, CRRdks 3 ls 15 izfr'kr ds chp fuf'pr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA ;g 1970 rFkk 1980esa LQhfr fu;a=k.k ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA

;|fi ujflage desVh us uoEcj 1991 esa CRR dk LQhfr fu;a=k.k esa iz;ksx djusdh odkyr ugha dhA muds erkuqlkj Å¡ph CRR cSd ykHk dks izHkkfor djrk gS;g cSd ij O;kikfjd {ks=kksa dks _.k ij Å¡ph C;kt nj ysus ij Hkh ncko MkyrkgSA blfy, 1996 esa CRR ?kVkdj 13 izfr'kr dj fn;k x;k tks 1995 esa 14 izfr'krFkkA CRR esa vfUre dVkSrh 8 izfr'kr viSzy 2000 dks dh xbZA bl dVkSrh ls udndh ek=kk c<+us ls O;kikfjd cSadksa dh m/kkj nsus dh {kerk Hkh c<+hA

4. lkafof/kd rjyrk vuqikr lkafof/kd rjyrk vuqikr lkafof/kd rjyrk vuqikr lkafof/kd rjyrk vuqikr lkafof/kd rjyrk vuqikr (Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)) & caSd jsxqys'ku¼veSMeSUV½ ,DV 1962 ds rgr cSdksa dks viuh dqy ek¡x o nkf;Ro dk U;wure 25izfr'kr SLR ds :i esa j[kuk gSA bl ,DV ds rgr RBI dks SLR 40 izfr'kr c<+kus

RBI dh ekSfnzd dk voyksdu 193

dh vktknh gS ;fn ;g rjyrk fu;a=k.k ds fy, vko';d gS rks] flrEcj 22, 1990dks RBI us O;kikfjd cSadksa dh dqy ek¡x rFkk le; nkf;Ro dk 38.5 izfr'kr c<+kfn;kA bldk eq[; dkj.k Hkh LQhfrdkjh ncko de djuk FkkA

ujflage desVh us bldk leFkZu ugha fd;k D;ksafd mldk ekuuk Fkk fd dsUnz ojkT; ljdkj ds ctV ds fy, lk/ku tqVkus dk ,d ;a=k cu x;k gSA blfy,bldks 38.5 izfr'kr ls ?kVkdj 25 izfr'kr dj fn;kA

5. p;fur lk[k fu;a=k.kp;fur lk[k fu;a=k.kp;fur lk[k fu;a=k.kp;fur lk[k fu;a=k.kp;fur lk[k fu;a=k.k (Selctive Credit Control) & bldk eq[; mís'; eq[;mís';ksa ds fy, lk[k tqVkuk gSA ek=kkRed lk[k fu;a=k.k dh ctk; p;fur lk[kfu;a=k.k iz.kkyh lgh gSA 1956 ls igys RBI us bls fodflr ugha fd;k FkkA bldsrgr RBI O;kikfjd cSadksa dks funsZ'k nsrh gS dkSu&ls _.kksa dk ysu&nsu ugha djukA;|fi p;fur lk[k uhfr ds rgr mRiknu ds fy, lk[k] fu;kZr rFkk oLrqvksa dsvknku&iznku ij izfrca/k ugha gS D;ksafd blls vFkZO;oLFkk izHkkfor gksrh gSA

1996-97 esa bldk mnkjhdj.k dj fn;k x;k fd cSad nky] rsy rFkk cht rsyij _.k iznku dj ldrs gaSA ;|fi blls dher izHkkfor gksus dk rFkk LQhfrc<+us dk [krjk FkkA

blfy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd ekSfnzd uhfr dk eq[; mís'; vFkZO;oLFkk esa lao`f) dk c<+kukFkkA ;|fi RBI dh ekSfnzd uhfr dks ljdkj us LQhfr ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k djus dh NwV ughanh Fkh D;ksafd ;g Mj Fkk fd dgha vFkZO;oLFkk dh ijeksVeSUl dks /kDdk u yxsA ekSfnzduhfr dk xSj ljdkjh {ks=kksa dks lk[k iznku djus dk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ dne FkkA

;|fi 1991 esa vkfFkZd lq/kkj dk;ZØe esa CRR rFkk SLR rFkk caSd nj esa dVkSrh djus lslkQ fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd ekSfnzd uhfr vkS|ksfxd o`f) dh lgk;rk ds fy, lk[k dk foLrkjdjuk pkgrh FkhA dher fLFkjrk dks cuk, j[kus ls ;g vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa Å¡ph nj ls o`f)djus dh lgk;d gSA

;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa ekSfnzd uhfr dh Hkwfedk lhfer gSA ;fn'krks± dks lgh :i ls ykxw fd;k tk, rks ekSfnzd uhfr vFkZO;oLFkk esa lqpk::i ls dk;Z djusij izsfjr dj ldrh gSA cSadksa ds jk"Vªh;dj.k ds i'pkr~ ekSfnzd uhfr dk xSj ljdkjh {ks=kdks /ku eqgS;k djkuk jk"Vªh; vkfFkZd uhfr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ;a=k cu x;k FkkA bl izdkjge dg ldrs gSa fd RBI dh ekSfnzd uhfr vFkZO;oLFkk esa dher fLFkjrk cuk, j[kus rFkkvkfFkZd o`f) c<+kus esa lgk;d gSA vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa dks de C;kt nj ij _.k iznkudj ;gfuos'k ds jkLrksa dk foLrkj djrh gSA

ekSfnzd uhfr dk voyksdu djrs gq, ,l0 pØorhZ us 1985 esa RBI dks viuh fjiksVZ lkSaihrFkk lq>ko fn;k dh ekSfnzd rFkk jktLo uhfr ds chp leUo; gksuk pkfg,] eqnzk iwfrZ dkfu;eu] dher fLFkjrk cuk, j[kuk] C;kt nj uhfr rFkk lk[k dk iz;ksx vkfn ekSfnzd uhfrds eq[; mís'; gksus pkfg,A bldh flQkfj'ksa fuEu FkhA

1. ekSfnzd uhfr dk eq[; mís'; dher fLFkjrk cuk, j[kuk gksuk pkfg,A

2. ctV ?kkVk iwjk djus ds fy, foÙk izfØ;k dk lapkyu ekSfnzd uhfr }kjk ughagksuk pkfg,A

3. desVh us ;g Hkh flQkfj'k dh fd cSadksa dks viuh m/kkj nj fu/kkZfjr djus dh


LorU=krk gksuh pkfg,A dsoy p;fur {ks=kksa esa gh C;kt nj esa NwV nsuh pkfg,A

4. desVh ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa eqnzk cktkj ds <k¡ps esa ifjorZu djuk pkfg,A mudsfopkj ls Vªstjh fcy cktkj] dkWy eqnzk cktkj] O;kikfjd foÙk cktkj dks y?kqLrj ij lk/ku tqVkus ds fy, vge Hkwfedk fuHkkuh pkfg,A

bl izdkj ekSfnzd uhfr dks izHkkoh cukus ds fy, rFkk bldk fu;a=k.k c<+kus rFkk lk[kfu;a=k.k o fodkl izfØ;k c<+kus ds fy, bu lq>koksa ij xkSj djus dh vko';drk gSA D;ksafdekSfnzd uhfr dk iz;ksx ;fn vPNs ds fy, fd;k tk, rks ;g vPNh gS ;fn ge bldk iz;ksx[kjkc ds fy, djrs gS rks vFkZO;oLFkk ij blds nq"ifj.kke Hkh ns[kus dks feysaxsA

Hkkjr esa dher Lrj 195

vkfFkZd lao`f) rFkk vkfFkZd thou esa dher fLFkjrk ,d t:jh 'krZ gSA dherksa esamrkj&p<+ko ls vfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr jgrh gS tks fodkl izfØ;k ds fy, lgh ugha gSaA;fn dherksa esa rsth ls o`f) gksrh gS rks bldk uqdlku xjhcksa dks lgu djuk iM+rk gSvFkok xjhcksa ds fy, ;g ?kkrd gSA cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknd vius mRikndksa dhek¡x dk iw.kZ:i ls v/;;u djus ds ckn gh QSlyk djrk gSA blfy, tks Hkh dher esaifjorZu gksrk gSA mldk mRiknu eas mlh le; izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ipkl ds n'kdls dherksa esa yxkrkj o`f) gqbZ gSA dher mrkj&p<+ko dk vlj mRiknd rFkk miHkksxdÙkkZnksuksa ij gh iM+rk gS ysfdu lcls T;knk uqdlku xjhc miHkksxdÙkkZ dks gksrk gS D;ksafddher c<+us ij mldh okLrfod vk; de gks tkrh gSA

;fn ;kstuk ds vUrxZr dher vk¡dM+ksa dk vkadyu djsa rks 1950-51 ls vc rd dher Lrjesa fxjkoV fjdkWMZ dh xbZ gSA dher lwpdkad uacj ¼vk/kkj o"kZ 1961-62 = 100½ tks 1950-51 esa 89 Fkk ?kVdj 1955-56 esa 74 gks x;kA blfy, lk/kkj.k dher Lrj esa izfro"kZ 3.2izfr'kr dh fxjkoV gqbZ gSA 1956-57 ls 1963-64 esa dher Lrj esa Bhd&Bkd o`f) gqbZ blle; esa dher Lrj okf"kZd nj ij 5.1 izfr'kr c<+kA ;fn dher y?kq&dky esa c<+rh gSrks blls vFkZO;oLFkk xM+cM+k tkrh gSA ysfdu nh?kZdky esa c<+us ij bruk T;knk varj ughaiM+rkA bl nkSjku [kk|kUu oLrqvksa dh rFkk vkS|ksfxd dPps eky dh dher fufeZr oLrqvksadh vis{kk rsth ls c<+hA bu o"kks± esa Ñf"k mRiknksa esa Hkh dkQh o`f) gqbZA 1964-65 esalk/kkj.k dher Lrj izfro"kZ vkSlr nj ls 9.1 izfr'kr c<+kA bl c<+h dher ls yksxksa dksdkQh raxh gqbZA ;|fi ;s dher ,d nj ls ugha c<+hA 1964-65 ls 1967-68 rd dhersa11.0 izfr'kr izfro"kZ ls c<+hA 1971-72 ls 1974-75 esa ns'k dks Å¡ph LQhfr dh n'kk ls xqtjukiM+kA 1991-92 esa Hkh LQhfr dh nj 13.7 izfr'kr FkhA 1998 esa LQhfr dh nj 6.4 izfr'krFkhA LQhfrdkjh ncko dh otg ls 1997-98 esa izkFkfed mRiknksa esa rsth ls o`f) gqbZA blizdkj ge dg ldrs gaS fd ns'k esa dher uhfr dk mís'; ek¡x o iwfrZ esa bl rjg larqyuiSnk djuk gS fd ftlls vFkZO;oLFkk ij bldk _.kkRed izHkko u iM+saA dher uhfr dkeq[; mís'; ek¡x o iwfrZ esa larqyu cuk, j[kuk gSA izHkkoh ekax esa o`f) gksus ij lk/kkj.kdher esas c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA ysfdu ek¡x c<+us ij ;fn iwfrZ esa c<+ksÙkjh u gks rks LQhfr dhfLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gSA bldks fuEu rjhds ls of.kZr fd;k x;k gS&

1. lkoZtfud [kpZ esa o`f)lkoZtfud [kpZ esa o`f)lkoZtfud [kpZ esa o`f)lkoZtfud [kpZ esa o`f)lkoZtfud [kpZ esa o`f) (Increase in Public Expenditure) & Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud[kpZ igys gh c<+ pqdk gSA vYi&fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk esa ubZ laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiukls lkoZtfud [kpZ c<+uk ykteh gSA 1950-51 ls 198-99 rd dsUnz rFkk jkT;ljdkj ds [kpZ eas ns'k ds NNP dk 10.6 izfr'kr ls 56.6 izfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZgSA orZeku esa ljdkj dk 45 izfr'kr [kpZ xSj fodkl dk;ks± ij [kpZ gksrk gSA

vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;vè;k;-25Hkkjr esa dher LrjHkkjr esa dher LrjHkkjr esa dher LrjHkkjr esa dher LrjHkkjr esa dher Lrj(Price Trends in India)


blfy, bruk cM+k [kpZ xSj&fodkl oLrqvksa ij [kpZ gksus ls vFkok vuqRikndfØ;kvksa ij [kpZ gksus ls dherksa esa o`f) gksrh gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k xSj&fodflrdk;ks± ij [kpZ gksus ls yksxksa dh Ø; 'kfDr c<+us ls oLrqvksa dh ek¡x Hkh c<+ tkrhgS rFkk ml fglkc ls oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ esa o`f) ugha gksrhA blfy, ljdkj ds cxSjlksps&le>s [kpZ ls ljdkjh [kpZ c<+us ls tks vkerkSj ij C;kt ds :i esa fn;ktkrk gS ftlls ctV ?kkVk c<+us ls LQhfrdkjh ncko mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA

2. ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk (Deficit Financing) & tc ljdkjh vk; ls ljdkjh [kpZT;knk gS rks ljdkj cSadksa ls m/kkj ysdj ?kkVk iwjk djrh gSA lk/kuksa dks c<+kusds izfØ;k dks ?kkVk foÙk O;oLFkk dgrs gSaA ljdkj yksxksa ij dj Hkkj yxkdj?kkVk iwjk djrh gSA ysfdu ;fn foÙk ?kkVk cgqr T;knk gS rks ;g U;k;laxr ughagSA f}rh; rFkk r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa foÙk ?kkVk 954 djksM+ #i;s rFkk 1133djksM+ FkkA bl rjg ds foÙk ?kkVk dk eryc gS ns'k esa lao`f) /khjs gS vkSj ;gLQhfr dk dkj.k cu tkrk gSA ;g fLFkfr 1990-91 esa rks vkSj Hkh [kjkc Fkh D;ksafdml o"kZ ctV ?kkVk 34,669 djksM+ #i;s FkkA ;|fi ljdkj us 1991-92 eas bldksfu;af=kr djus dh dksf'k'k dh rFkk ;g de gksdj 7,081 djksM+ gks x;k ysfduvkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ;g fLFkfr dkcw ls ckgj gks xbZ vkSj ctV ?kkVk bl;kstuk ds vUrxZr 61,134 djksM+ FkkA ;s Fks ek¡x dh rjQ ¼ek¡x c<+us ls½ vFkZO;oLFkkij izHkkoA vc ge iwfrZ i{k dk o.kZu djsaxs fd ;g dSls dher dks izHkkfor djrkgSA

t:jh oLrqvksa dh tek[kksjh t:jh oLrqvksa dh tek[kksjh t:jh oLrqvksa dh tek[kksjh t:jh oLrqvksa dh tek[kksjh t:jh oLrqvksa dh tek[kksjh (Hoarding of Essential Articles) & dhersa c<+usij vFkok Ñf"k Qly ds Qsy gksus ij vFkok ekSle gkykr Bhd u gksus ij cM+sfdlku o Fkksd O;kikjh tks Ñf"k oLrqvksa ds nyky gSa os oLrqvksa dh tek[kksjh djukvkjEHk dj nsrs gSa fd Hkfo"; esa bu oLrqvksa dh dhersa c<+saxhA ;fn bu mRikndksarFkk e/; vkneh dk O;ogkj xyr ugha gS u gh vuSfrd gS D;ksafd ;gh rks iw¡thokndk ea=k gSA tc mRiknu de gks rFkk lkFk esa tek[kksjh Hkh gks rks dhersa viusvki c<+ tkrh gSaA ;|fi Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds le; ls gh tek[kksjh ,dvke ckr jgh gSA 1991 esa Hkh dher c<+us dk ;g eq[; dkj.k jgk FkkA 1998eas Hkh tek[kksjh dh otg ls I;kt dh dhersa vkleku Nw xbZ FkhA

3. vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa viw.kZ c<+ksÙkjhvkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa viw.kZ c<+ksÙkjhvkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa viw.kZ c<+ksÙkjhvkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa viw.kZ c<+ksÙkjhvkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa viw.kZ c<+ksÙkjh (Inadequate Rise in Industrial Product)&vYifodflr ns'kksa tula[;k ncko ls ek¡x esa yxkrkj o`f) gksrh jgrh gS ysfduljdkj dk dkQh iSlk vuqRiknd fØ;kvksa ij [kpZ gksrk gS tSls lfClMh nsuk vkfnA,slh voLFkk esa mRiknd fØ;kvksa ij de [kpZ ls mRiknu dh ek=kk ek¡x dh vis{kkugha c<+ ikrh] dkj.k & ek¡x vf/kd iwfrZ de vkSj ;g dher o`f) dk dkj.k curhgSA

4. Ñf"k dher uhfrÑf"k dher uhfrÑf"k dher uhfrÑf"k dher uhfrÑf"k dher uhfr (Agricultural Price Policy) & Hkwfe lq/kkj vFkok tehankjh izFkk[kRe gksus ij ,d u;k oxZ cM+s fdlku ds :i esa mHkj dj vk, gaSA oSls rks Hkkjrh;Ñf"k dk thou fuokZg [ksrh dk uke fn;k gSA ysfdu cktkj vkf/kD; esa lcls T;knk;ksxnku cM+s fdlkuksa dk gSA

D;ksafd ;s ljdkj ij dhersa c<+kus dk ncko Mkyrs gSa rFkk voSèkkfud rjhds tSlstek[kksjh vkfn Hkh djrs gSaA ljdkj us fdlkuksa ds fy, U;wure dher fuf'pr


dh gqbZ gS ftlls mUgsa mRiknu c<+us ls dksbZ tksf[ke ugha mBkuk iM+rk D;ksafdljdkj bls vius vki [kjhn ysrh gSA blfy, ;gh dkj.k gS fd fdlku ljdkjij yxkrkj dher c<+kus ds fy, ncko Mkyrs jgrs gSaA

5. Ñf"k mRiknu esa vfLFkjrkÑf"k mRiknu esa vfLFkjrkÑf"k mRiknu esa vfLFkjrkÑf"k mRiknu esa vfLFkjrkÑf"k mRiknu esa vfLFkjrk (Unstability in Agriculature Production) & ;|fixr dqN o"kks± esa Ñf"k mRiknu esa dkQh o`f) gqbZ gS ysfdu fQj Hkh Hkkjrh; d`f"kdh izo`fÙk ekSleh gS rFkk vf/kdrj [ksrh o"kkZ ij fuHkZj djrh gS ,slh voLFkk esaÑf"k mRiknu esa fLFkjrk ugha jgrh vkSj ;g dher o`f) dk dkj.k cu tkrh gSAysfdu tks Jfed vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa dke djrs gSa os Hkh Ñf"k oLrqvksa esa dher c<+usij vius ekfyd ls etwnjh c<+kus dh ckr djrs gSA blfy, xr dqN o"kks± esa ftuo"kks± esa Ñf"k oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa deh vkbZ gS ml o"kZ vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh dhersac<+h gSA

ysfdu c<+h dherksa dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA D;ksafdvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd FkksM+h dher o`f) rks vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, Bhd gSD;ksafd ;g fuos'k ds }kj [kksyrh gSA ftlls jkstxkj rFkk vk; nksuksa esa o`f) gksrhgSA ysfdu mPp xfr ls c<+h gqbZ dher fodkl esa ck/kd gSA fuEu dkj.kksa }kjkge dher o`f) dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij iM+usokys izHkkoksa dk o.kZu djsaxsA

1. vk; vlekurkvk; vlekurkvk; vlekurkvk; vlekurkvk; vlekurk (Income Inequalities) & ;fn dhersa yxkrkj c<+rh gSrks vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk; rFkk /ku esa vlekurk c<+rh gSA ftu yksxksa dhvk; fuf'pr gS tSls Jfed] ljdkjh deZpkjh] v/;kid vkfn dh dhersac<+us ij mudh Ø; 'kfDr ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk gSA mRiknd rFkk O;kikjhHkkjh ek=kk esa ykHk dekrs gSaA vFkZO;oLFkk dk /ku dqN gh yksxksa ds gkFkksaesa fleVdj jg tkrk gSA ;|fi dhersa c<+us ij Jfed oxZ T;knk etnwjhdh ek¡x djrk gS ysfdu ;g vko';d ugha gS fd dher c<+us ls etnwjhHkh c<+ tk,A ,slh voLFkk esa xjhc oxZ rFkk e/;e oxZ filrk gS rFkkcM+s fdlku] O;kikjh rFkk mRiknd cM+h dher ls ykHk dekrs gaSA

2. fodkl esa #dkoVfodkl esa #dkoVfodkl esa #dkoVfodkl esa #dkoVfodkl esa #dkoV (Hindrance in Development) & cM+h dherges'kk fodkl esa #dkoV curh gSA dhersa c<+us ls pkyw izkstsDVksa dhykxr c<+ tkrh gS rFkk ;g le; ij iwjss ugha gks ikrsA dhersa c<+us ijcpr Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa cpr ?kjsyw {ks=k }kjk dh tkrh gSAblfy, dher c<+us ij ;g {ks=k eglwl djrk gS fd mudh cpr dkewY; de gks jgk gS vkSj ;s cpr djuk de dj nsrs gSaA ;|fi fodflrns'kksa esa futh {ks=k LQhfr ds le; Hkkjh cpr djrk gS ysfdu Hkkjr esa,slk ugha gSaA

3. larqyu dk myVk izHkkfor gksuklarqyu dk myVk izHkkfor gksuklarqyu dk myVk izHkkfor gksuklarqyu dk myVk izHkkfor gksuklarqyu dk myVk izHkkfor gksuk (Balance of Payment AffectedAdversely) & dher o`f) dh leL;k flQZ Hkkjr dh gh ugha ;g iwjsns'k dh leL;k gSA ysfdu Hkkjr esa dhersa c<+us ls Hkqxrku larqyu izHkkforgSS D;ksafd dhersa c<+us ij ns'k dh oLrqvksa dh ek¡x vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esade jgrh gSA blds lkFk Hkkjr vk;krd nwljs ns'k dh oLrqvksa dks viusns'k dh vis{kk lLrh ikrs gSaA dkj.k vk;kr vf/kd fd;k fu;kZr de rFkkHkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k [kM+h gks tkrh gSA


dher fu;a=k.k ds fy, ljdkjh uhfrdher fu;a=k.k ds fy, ljdkjh uhfrdher fu;a=k.k ds fy, ljdkjh uhfrdher fu;a=k.k ds fy, ljdkjh uhfrdher fu;a=k.k ds fy, ljdkjh uhfr(Government Policy to Control Price)

ljdkj us 1962 ds i'pkr~ gh dher fu;a=k.k ij /;ku nsuk vkjEHk fd;k gSA ljdkj usdher fu;a=k.k ds fy, dbZ mik; fd, gSaA Hkkjr esa dher o`f) rFkk nwljs ns'kksa dh dhero`f) ds chp dkQh varj gSA blfy, fodflr ns'kksa us dher fu;a=k.k ds tks dk;Z fd, gaSos gekjs ns'k esa izHkkoh ugha gSA Hkkjr esa vFkok v/kZ&fodflr ns'kksa esa dher fLFkj djus dkeq[; rjhdk gS eqnzk iwfrZ ij izfrca/k yxkukA ljdkj dk ekuuk gS fd dher dks dsoy eqnzkrFkk jktdks"kh; eki }kjk fu;af=kr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;|fi ljdkj us foÙk ?kkVk dedjus ds fy, xSj&fodkl [kpZ esa deh dh gSA blds fy, ljdkj us fuEu dne mBk,gSaA

1. ekSfnzd mik;ekSfnzd mik;ekSfnzd mik;ekSfnzd mik;ekSfnzd mik; (Monetary Measures) & dher fu;a=k.k ds fy, ljdkj us RBI

dh ekSfnzd uhfr dk voewY;u dj 1980 esa CRR dks c<+k;k rkfd O;kikfjd cSadlk[k dk foLrkj u dj ldsaA D;ksafd Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgk¡ cSad nj uhfr rFkk[kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡ iw.kZ:i ls lgh ugha gS ogk¡ CRR ij fuHkZj jguk etcwjhgSA SLR dks Hkh nks voLFkkvksa esa c<+k;k x;kA 35 izfr'kr 28 tqykbZ 1984 dksrFkk 36 izfr'kr dj fn;kA ;|fi ujflage desVh us CRR rFkk SLR ij fuHkZjjgus okyh uhfr dks ?kVk fn;k gS bldk o.kZu ge RBI dh ekSfnzd uhfrokys v/;;u esa dj pqds gSa ysfdu ;fn ge RBI dh ekSfnzd uhfr dks ns[ksa rks og T;knkizHkkoh lkfcr ugha D;ksafd RBI ljdkj ds funsZ'k ij dke djrk gSA ;g rHkh laHkogS tc RBI dks ekSfnzd i)fr ls dk;ks± ij fu;a=k.k rFkk ns[kHkky ds fy, iw.kZLora=krk gksA

2. jktdks"kh; uhfrjktdks"kh; uhfrjktdks"kh; uhfrjktdks"kh; uhfrjktdks"kh; uhfr (Fiscal Policy) & bldk Hkh jktdks"kh; uhfrokys v/;k; esa o.kZudj pqds gSaA jktdks"kh; uhfr dks dher fu;a=k.k ds fy, izHkkoh rkSj ij iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA ;|fi vYifodflr ns'kksa esa bldk izHkko de fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;|filjdkj us ges'kk dgk gS fd mlus xSj&fodflr [kpZ ,d lhek rd fd;k gSAfuth {ks=k esa m|ksxksa dks fofHkUu dj ykHk fn;k gSA blls iwfrZ dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkjgksxkA ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk dks jksdus ds izca/k fd, gSa ;|fi ;g dguk eqf'dygS fd ljdkj us dher fu;a=k.k ds bu mik;ksa dk iwoZ :i ls ikyu fd;k gSA;|fi foÙk ?kkVk esa deh vkbZ gS tks 1992-93 esa GDP dk 5.1 izfr'kr Fkk ysfdu1993-94 esa ;g foÙk ?kkVk c<+dj GDP dk 6.4 izfr'kr gks x;k ;|fi 1998-99

esa ;g GDP dk 5 izfr'kr FkkA

3. tek[kksjh rFkk dkyk&cktkjh ij fu;a=k.ktek[kksjh rFkk dkyk&cktkjh ij fu;a=k.ktek[kksjh rFkk dkyk&cktkjh ij fu;a=k.ktek[kksjh rFkk dkyk&cktkjh ij fu;a=k.ktek[kksjh rFkk dkyk&cktkjh ij fu;a=k.k (To Control as Hoarders and BlackMarkters) & ljdkj us vko';d oLrqvksa dh tek[kksjh rFkk dkyk&cktkjh jksdusds fy, lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh 'kq: dh rFkk mu oLrqvksa dk vk;krfd;k ftudh ek=kk de FkhA ;|fi lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds rgr mRiknu]LVkWd] ;krk;kr rFkk bu vko';d oLrqvksa ds forj.k esa leUo; gksuk pkfg,A dsUnzrFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds chp Hkh lkoZtfud foÙk iz.kkyh ds rgr leUo; gksukpkfg,A


bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ esa deh gksus ls dherksa esa o`f) gkstkrh gSA bl izdkj ljdkj us bl deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, lkoZtfud foÙk iz.kkyh vkjaHkdhA bl iz.kkyh ds rgr miHkksDrkvksa dks lkekU; dherksa ij oLrq,¡ miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA;g i)fr dher dks fu;a=k.k djus es dkjxj lkfcr gqbZ gSA bl izdkj bldk o.kZuigys Hkh fd;k tk pqdk gS fd FkksM+h dher o`f) vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, ykHkdkjh gSysfdu Å¡ph dher o`f) vFkZO;oLFkk ds larqyu dks fcxkM+ nsrh gSA mRiknd rFkk miHkksDrkdh #fp dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dherksa esa fLFkjrk gksuh vko';d gS rHkh ns'k dk fodkl laHkogksxkA

Qklhokn Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfr - Maharshi Dayanand University Economic... · 4 jktuhfr foKku M.A....

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Transcript of Qklhokn Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfr - Maharshi Dayanand University Economic... · 4 jktuhfr foKku M.A....