QFSK

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications Chapter 5

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques


Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques Binary Amplitude Shift KeyingBinary Amplitude Shift Keying

Pages 212Pages 212--219219


The analytical signal for binary amplitude shift keying The analytical signal for binary amplitude shift keying (BASK) is:(BASK) is:

ssBASKBASK(t(t) =) = ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) sin (2) sin (2 ffCC t)t) (S&M Eq. 5.1)(S&M Eq. 5.1)

The signal The signal ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) can be ) can be any twoany two shapes over a bit time shapes over a bit time TTbb butbut it is usually a rectangular signal of amplitude 0 for a it is usually a rectangular signal of amplitude 0 for a binary 0 and amplitude A for binary 1. Then BASK is also binary 0 and amplitude A for binary 1. Then BASK is also known as known as onon--off keyingoff keying (OOK).(OOK).

TTbb

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

MS Figure 3.5MS Figure 3.5


The binary amplitude shift keying (BASK) signal can be The binary amplitude shift keying (BASK) signal can be simulated in simulated in SimulinkSimulink..

ssBASKBASK(t(t) = ) = ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) sin 2) sin 2 ffCC t (S&M Eq. 5.1)t (S&M Eq. 5.1)

baseband binary PAM signal 0,baseband binary PAM signal 0,1 V, 1 V, rrbb = 1 kb/sec= 1 kb/sec

Sinusoidal carrier Sinusoidal carrier ffCC = 20 kHz, A= 20 kHz, Acc = 5 V= 5 V

MultiplierMultiplierBASK signalBASK signal


A BASK signal is a baseband binary PAM signal multiplied A BASK signal is a baseband binary PAM signal multiplied by a carrier (S&M Figure 5by a carrier (S&M Figure 5--3). 3). Unmodulated sinusoidal carrierUnmodulated sinusoidal carrier

Baseband binary PAM signalBaseband binary PAM signal

BASK signalBASK signal


The unipolar binary PAM signal can be decomposed into a The unipolar binary PAM signal can be decomposed into a polar PAM signal and DC level (S&M Figure 5polar PAM signal and DC level (S&M Figure 5--4). 4). Unipolar binary PAM signalUnipolar binary PAM signal

Polar binary PAM signalPolar binary PAM signal

DC levelDC level

0 0 1 V1 V

0.5 V0.5 V

0.5 V0.5 V


The spectrum of the BASK signal is (S&M Eq. 5.2):The spectrum of the BASK signal is (S&M Eq. 5.2):

SSBASKBASK(f(f) = ) = FF( ( ssASKASK(t(t) )) ) == FF( ( ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) sin (2) sin (2 ffCC t) )t) )SSBASKBASK(f(f) = 1/2 j) = 1/2 j (Sbaseband(f fC) + Sbaseband(f + fC) )

The analytical signal for the baseband binary PAM signal is:The analytical signal for the baseband binary PAM signal is:

ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) = ) = ssPAMPAM(t(t) + A/2 ) + A/2 (S&M Eq. 5.3)(S&M Eq. 5.3)SSbasebandbaseband(f(f) = ) = SSPAMPAM(f(f) + A/2 ) + A/2 (f) (f) (S&M Eq. 5.4)(S&M Eq. 5.4)

Therefore by substitution (S&M Eq. 5.5):Therefore by substitution (S&M Eq. 5.5):

SSBASKBASK(f(f) = 1/ 2j ( ) = 1/ 2j ( SSPAMPAM(f(f ffCC) + A/2 ) + A/2 (f (f ffCC) ) SSPAMPAM(f(f + + ffCC) ) A/2 A/2 (f + (f + ffCC) )) )


TheThe bibi--sided sided power spectral density PSD of the BASK power spectral density PSD of the BASK signal is (S&M Eq. 5.7):signal is (S&M Eq. 5.7):

GGBASKBASK(f(f) = 1/4 ) = 1/4 GGPAMPAM(f(f ffCC) + 1/4 ) + 1/4 GGPAMPAM(f(f + + ffCC))+ A+ A22/16 /16 (f (f ffCC) + A) + A22/16 /16 (f + (f + ffCC))

For a rectangular polar PAM signal (For a rectangular polar PAM signal ( A):A):

GGPAMPAM(f(f) = (A/2)) = (A/2)2 2 / r/ rb b sincsinc22 (( f / f / rrbb)) (S&M Eq. 5.8)(S&M Eq. 5.8)



The The singlesingle--sidedsided power spectral density PSD of the BASK power spectral density PSD of the BASK signal is:signal is:

GGPAMPAM(f(f) = (A/2)) = (A/2)22 / r/ rb b sincsinc22 (( f / rf / rbb))GGBASKBASK(f(f) = 1/2 ) = 1/2 GGPAMPAM(f(f + + ffCC) + A) + A22/8 /8 (f + (f + ffCC))

Carrier 20 kHzCarrier 20 kHz

sincsinc22rrbb = 1 kHz= 1 kHz


1 kHz1 kHz


The The bandwidthbandwidth of a BASK signal as a percentage of total of a BASK signal as a percentage of total power is power is double double that for the same bit rate that for the same bit rate rrbb = 1/= 1/TTbb binary binary rectangular PAM (MS Table 2.1 p. 22)rectangular PAM (MS Table 2.1 p. 22)

(MS Table 3.1 p. 91).(MS Table 3.1 p. 91).Bandwidth (Hz) Percentage of Total PowerBandwidth (Hz) Percentage of Total Power

2/2/TTbb 90%90%3/3/TTbb 93%93%4/4/TTbb 95%95%6/6/TTbb 96.5%96.5%8/8/TTbb 97.5%97.5%10/10/TTbb 98%98%


Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques Binary Phase Shift KeyingBinary Phase Shift Keying

Pages 219Pages 219--225225


The analytical signal for binary phase shift keying The analytical signal for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is:(BPSK) is:

ssBPSKBPSK(t(t) =) = ssbasebandbaseband sin (2sin (2 ffCC t + t + ) (S&M Eq. 5.11)) (S&M Eq. 5.11)ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) = + A b) = + A bii = 1 = 1 ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) = ) = A bA bii = 0 = 0

00+180+180 +180+180

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 00

MS Figure 3.13MS Figure 3.13TTbb00

00


The BPSK signal initial phase The BPSK signal initial phase = 0= 0, +A is a phase shift = , +A is a phase shift = 00 and and A is a phase shift = +180A is a phase shift = +180

ssBPSKBPSK(t(t) =) = ssbasebandbaseband sin (2sin (2 ffCC t) (S&M Eq. 5.11)t) (S&M Eq. 5.11)ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) = + A b) = + A bii = 1 = 1 ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) = ) = A bA bii = 0 = 0

00+180+180 +180+180

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 00

MS Figure 3.13MS Figure 3.13TTbb00

00


The binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signal can be The binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signal can be simulated in simulated in SimulinkSimulink..

baseband binary PAM signal baseband binary PAM signal 0,1 V, 0,1 V, rrbb = 1 kb/sec= 1 kb/sec

PM modulatorPM modulator

BPSK BPSK signalsignal

Fig312.mdlFig312.mdl


The Phase ModulatorThe Phase Modulatorblock is in theblock is in theModulation,Modulation,CommunicationCommunicationBlocksetBlockset but as anbut as ananalog analog passbandpassbandmodulatormodulator not not a digitala digitalbasebandbaseband modulator.modulator.


The Phase Modulator block has the parameters of a The Phase Modulator block has the parameters of a carrier frequencycarrier frequency ffCC in Hz, in Hz, initial phaseinitial phase in radians and the in radians and the phase deviation constantphase deviation constant in radians per volt (in radians per volt (radrad / V)./ V).

ffCC = 20 kHz= 20 kHzinitial phase initial phase oo = = phase deviation phase deviation kkpp = = / V/ V


The Random Integer Generator outputs 0,1 V and with a The Random Integer Generator outputs 0,1 V and with a initial phase = initial phase = and a and a phase deviation constant = phase deviation constant = /V, /V, the phase output the phase output of the BPSK signal is:of the BPSK signal is:

bbii = 0 = 0 = = + 0(+ 0(/V) = /V) = bbii = 1 = 1 = = + 1(+ 1(/V) = 2/V) = 2 = 0 = 0


The spectrum of the BPSK signal is (S&M Eq. 5.13):The spectrum of the BPSK signal is (S&M Eq. 5.13):

SSBPSKBPSK(f(f) = ) = FF( ( ssPSKPSK(t(t) )) ) == FF(s(sbasebandbaseband(t(t) sin 2) sin 2 ffCC t)t)SSBPSKBPSK(f(f) = 1/2 j) = 1/2 j (Sbaseband(f fc) + Sbaseband(f + fC) )

The analytical signal for the baseband binary PAM signal is:The analytical signal for the baseband binary PAM signal is:

ssbasebandbaseband(t(t) = ) = ssPAMPAM(t(t) ) (S&M Eq. 5.12)(S&M Eq. 5.12)SSbasebandbaseband(f(f) = ) = SSPAMPAM(f(f))

Note that there is Note that there is no DC levelno DC level in in ssPAMPAM(t(t) and therefore by ) and therefore by substitution:substitution:

SSBPSKBPSK(f(f) = 1/ 2j ( ) = 1/ 2j ( SSPAMPAM(f(f ffCC) ) SSPAMPAM(f(f + + ffCC) )) )


TheThe bibi--sided sided power spectral density PSD of the BPSK power spectral density PSD of the BPSK signal is (S&M Eq. 5.13)signal is (S&M Eq. 5.13)

GGBPSKBPSK(f) = 1/4 (f) = 1/4 GGPAMPAM(f(f ffCC) + 1/4 ) + 1/4 GGPAMPAM(f(f + + ffCC))

For a rectangular polar PAM signal (For a rectangular polar PAM signal ( A):A):

GGPAMPAM(f(f) = A) = A2 2 / / rrbb sincsinc22 (( f / f / rrbb) (S&M Eq. 5.8 modified)) (S&M Eq. 5.8 modified)



The The singlesingle--sidedsided power spectral density PSD of the BPSK power spectral density PSD of the BPSK signal is:signal is:

GGBPSKBPSK(f) = 1/2 (f) = 1/2 GGPAMPAM(f(f + f+ fCC))GGPAMPAM(f(f) = A) = A2 2 / r/ rb b sincsinc22 (( f / rf / rbb))

No carrierNo carrier

sincsinc22rrbb = 1 kHz= 1 kHz



The The bandwidthbandwidth of a BPSK signal as a percentage of total of a BPSK signal as a percentage of total power is power is double double that for the same bit rate that for the same bit rate rrbb = 1/= 1/TTbb binary binary rectangular PAM (MS Table 2.1 p. 22) and the same as rectangular PAM (MS Table 2.1 p. 22) and the same as BASK (MS Table 3.1 p. 91)BASK (MS Table 3.1 p. 91)

(MS Tabl(MS Table 3.5 p. 100) e 3.5 p. 100) Bandwidth (Hz) Percentage of Total PowerBandwidth (Hz) Percentage of Total Power

2/2/TTbb 90%90%3/3/TTbb 93%93%4/4/TTbb 95%95%6/6/TTbb 96.5%96.5%8/8/TTbb 97.5%97.5%10/10/TTbb 98%98%


Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques Binary Frequency Shift KeyingBinary Frequency Shift Keying

Pages 219Pages 219--225225


The analytical signal for binary frequency shift keying The analytical signal for binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) is:(BFSK) is:

ssBFSKBFSK(t(t) =) = A sin (2A sin (2 ((ffCC + + ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii = 1= 1ssBFSKBFSK(t(t) = A sin (2) = A sin (2 ((ffCC ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii = 0= 0

ffcc + + ffffcc ff ffcc ff

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 00

TTbbffcc + + ffffcc ff



The BFSK signal initial phase The BFSK signal initial phase = 0= 0

ssBFSKBFSK(t(t) =) = A sin (2A sin (2 ((ffCC + + ff) t) if b) t) if bii = 1= 1ssBFSKBFSK(t(t) = A sin (2) = A sin (2 ((ffCC ff) t) if b) t) if bii = 0= 0

ffcc + + ffffcc ff ffcc ff

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 00

TTbbffcc + + ffffcc ff



The binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) signal can be The binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) signal can be simulated in simulated in SimulinkSimulink..

baseband binary PAM signal baseband binary PAM signal 0,1 V, 0,1 V, rrbb = 1 kb/sec= 1 kb/sec

FM ModulatorFM Modulator

BFSK BFSK signalsignal

Fig38.mdlFig38.mdl


The Frequency ModulatorThe Frequency Modulatorblock is in theblock is in theModulation,Modulation,CommunicationCommunicationBlocksetBlockset but as anbut as ananalog analog passbandpassbandmodulatormodulator not not a digitala digitalbasebandbaseband modulator.modulator.


The Frequency Modulator block has the parameters of a The Frequency Modulator block has the parameters of a carrier frequencycarrier frequency ffCC in Hz, in Hz, initial phaseinitial phase in radians and the in radians and the frequency deviation constantfrequency deviation constant in Hertz per volt (Hz/V).in Hertz per volt (Hz/V).

ffCC = 20 kHz= 20 kHzinitial phase = initial phase = 00frequency deviation =frequency deviation =

20002000


The Random Integer Generator outputs 0,1 V but is offset The Random Integer Generator outputs 0,1 V but is offset to to 1 1 and with a initial phase = and with a initial phase = 0 and a 0 and a frequency frequency deviation constant = deviation constant = 20002000 Hz/V, the frequency shift Hz/V, the frequency shift ff of of the BFSK signal is:the BFSK signal is:

bbii = 0 d= 0 dii = = 1 1 ff = = 0 0 1(2000 Hz/V) = 1(2000 Hz/V) = 2000 Hz2000 Hzbbii = 1 d= 1 di i = +1 = +1 ff = 0 + 1(2000 Hz/V) = +2000 Hz = 0 + 1(2000 Hz/V) = +2000 Hz


The BFSK signal can be The BFSK signal can be decomposeddecomposed as (S&M Eq. 5.14):as (S&M Eq. 5.14):

ssBFSKBFSK(t(t) =) = ssbaseband1baseband1(t) sin (2(t) sin (2 ((ffCC + + ff) t + ) t + ) +) +ssbaseband2baseband2(t) sin (2(t) sin (2 ((ffCC ff) t + ) t + ))

ffcc ffffcc + + ff ffcc ff ffcc + + ff ffcc + + ff

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1


The BFSK signal is the The BFSK signal is the sum sum of two BASK signals:of two BASK signals:

ssBFSKBFSK(t(t) =) = ssbaseband1baseband1(t) sin (2(t) sin (2 ((ffCC + + ff) t + ) t + ) +) +ssbaseband2baseband2(t) sin (2(t) sin (2 ((ffCC ff) t + ) t + ))

From the From the linearity propertylinearity property, the resulting , the resulting singlesingle--sidedsided PSD PSD of the BFSK signal of the BFSK signal GGBFSKBFSK(f(f) is the ) is the sum sum of two of two GGBASKBASK(f(f) ) PSDs with f = PSDs with f = ffCC ff::

GGBFSKBFSK(f(f) = (A/2)) = (A/2)22 / 2 / 2 rrbb sincsinc22 (( f / f / rrbb) + A) + A22/8 /8 (f)(f)

ffcc ++ ffffcc ff


The The singlesingle--sidedsided power spectral density PSD of the BFSK power spectral density PSD of the BFSK signal is:signal is:

GGBFSKBFSK(f(f) = (A/2)) = (A/2)2 2 / 2/ 2rrbb sincsinc22 (( ((ffCC + + ff)) / / rrbb) + A) + A22/8 /8 ((ffCC + + ff))+ (A/2)+ (A/2)22 / 2/ 2rrbb sincsinc22 (( ((ffCC ff)/ / rrbb) + A) + A22/8 /8 ((ffCC ff))

carrierscarriers

sincsinc22rrb b = 1 kHz= 1 kHz


ff = 2 kHz= 2 kHz


Minimum frequency shift keying (MFSK) for BFSK occurs Minimum frequency shift keying (MFSK) for BFSK occurs when when ff = 1/2Tb = rb/2 Hz.

GGBFSKBFSK(f(f) = (A/2)) = (A/2)2 2 / 2/ 2rrbb sincsinc22 (( ((ffCC + + ff)) / / rrbb) + A) + A22/8 /8 ((ffCC+ + ff) ) + (A/2)+ (A/2)22 / 2/ 2rrbb sincsinc22 (( ((ffCC ff)/ / rrbb) + A) + A22/8 /8 ((ffCC ff))

carrierscarriers

sincsinc22rrb b = 1 kHz= 1 kHz


ff = 500 Hz= 500 Hz


This BFSK This BFSK carrier frequency separationcarrier frequency separation 22f f = 1/= 1/TTbb = = rrbb Hz is Hz is thethe minimum possibleminimum possible because each carrier spectral impulse because each carrier spectral impulse is at the is at the null null of the PSD of the other decomposed BASK of the PSD of the other decomposed BASK signal and thus is called signal and thus is called minimum frequency shift keyingminimum frequency shift keying(MFSK). (MFSK).


22ff = 1000 Hz= 1000 Hzsincsinc22

carrierscarriers

rrb b = 1 kHz= 1 kHz


The The bandwidthbandwidth of a BFSK signal as a percentage of total of a BFSK signal as a percentage of total power is power is greatergreater than that of either BASK or BPSK by 2than that of either BASK or BPSK by 2ffHz for the same bit rate Hz for the same bit rate rrbb = 1/= 1/TTbb (MS Table 3.3 p. 95). (MS Table 3.3 p. 95).

For MFSK 2For MFSK 2ff = rrbb = 1/= 1/TTbb Hz. Hz.

Bandwidth (Hz) Percentage of Total PowerBandwidth (Hz) Percentage of Total Power

22f f + + 2/2/TTbb 90%90%22ff ++ 3/3/TTbb 93%93%22ff ++ 4/4/TTbb 95%95%22ff ++ 6/6/TTbb 96.5%96.5%22f f ++ 8/8/TTbb 97.5%97.5%22f f ++ 10/10/TTbb 98%98%


Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques Coherent Demodulation ofCoherent Demodulation ofBandpass SignalsBandpass Signals

Pages 225Pages 225--236236


The development of the optimum receiver for The development of the optimum receiver for bandpass bandpass signalssignals utilizes the utilizes the same conceptssame concepts as that for the optimum as that for the optimum baseband receiverbaseband receiver::

Optimum FilterOptimum Filter o bh (t) = k s(iT t)

Correlation ReceiverCorrelation Receiver


The optimum filter The optimum filter HHoo(f(f) and the correlation receiver ) and the correlation receiver are equivalent here also, with sare equivalent here also, with s11(t) = (t) = s(ts(t) for ) for symmetrical symmetrical signalssignals and and r(tr(t) = ) = s(ts(t) + ) + n(tn(t) where ) where is the communication is the communication channel attenuation and channel attenuation and n(tn(t) is AWGN. The energy per bit ) is AWGN. The energy per bit EEbb and the probability of bit error and the probability of bit error PPbb is (S&M p. 226):is (S&M p. 226):

b bb b

iT iT2 2

(i-1)T (i-1)T

= s(t) s(t) dt = s (t) dtbE

2 = Q bb

o

EPN


The matched filter or correlation receiver is a The matched filter or correlation receiver is a coherent coherent demodulationdemodulation process for bandpass signals because not process for bandpass signals because not only is bit time (only is bit time (TTbb) as for baseband signals required but ) as for baseband signals required but carrier carrier synchronizationsynchronization is also needed. Carrier is also needed. Carrier synchronization requires an estimate of the synchronization requires an estimate of the transmitted transmitted frequencyfrequency ((ffCC) and the ) and the arrival phasearrival phase at the receiver (at the receiver ():):

1s (t) = sin(2 t + )C f


BPSK signals are symmetrical with:BPSK signals are symmetrical with:ss1T1T(t) = (t) = ss2T2T(t) = A sin(2(t) = A sin(2 ffc c t) S&M t) S&M EqsEqs. 5.15. 5.15--5.195.19

[ ][ ]

i2

(i-1)

i 2 22 2

(i-1)

= A sin (2 t) dt

A A= 1 cos (4 t) dt = 2 2

b

b

b

b

T

b, BPSK CT

Tb

b, BPSK CT

E f

TE f

2 2 2 A = Q = Qb bb, BPSK

o o

E TPN N


For this analysis of For this analysis of EEb, PSKb, PSK for BPSK signals it is assumed for BPSK signals it is assumed that the transmitter produces an that the transmitter produces an integer numberinteger number of cycles of cycles within one bit period within one bit period TTbb::

[ ]

i2 2

(i-1)

i2 2 2 2

(i-1)

A= 1 cos (4 t) dt2

A A= cos (4 t) dt2 2

b

b

b

b

T

b, BPSK CT

Tb

b, BPSK CT

E f

TE f

00

S&M Eq. 5.17S&M Eq. 5.17


However, even for a nonHowever, even for a non--integer number of cycles within integer number of cycles within one bit period one bit period TTbb if 1 / if 1 / ffCC = = TTCC



and sand s11(t) = sin (2(t) = sin (2 ffc c t)t)

i

i i 1(i-1)

a (i ) = s (t) s (t) dt b

b

T

bT

T

= 2 1opt a (i )+ a (i ) = 02b bT T

S&M Eq. 4.67S&M Eq. 4.67

S&M Eq. 4.71S&M Eq. 4.71



=opt 0

S&M Figure 4S&M Figure 4--1616


For this analysis of For this analysis of EEd, ASKd, ASK for BASK signals it is assumed for BASK signals it is assumed that the transmitter produces an that the transmitter produces an integer numberinteger number of cycles of cycles within one bit period:within one bit period:

[ ]

i2 2

(i-1)

i2 2 2 2

(i-1)

A= 1 cos (4 t) dt2

A A= cos (4 t) dt2 2

b

b

b

b

T

d, BASK CT

Tb

d, BASK CT

E f

TE f

00

S&M Eq. 5.27S&M Eq. 5.27


BASK OOK signals are BASK OOK signals are not not symmetrical with:symmetrical with:ss1T1T(t) = A sin(2(t) = A sin(2 ffcctt) ) ss2T2T(t) = 0(t) = 0 S&M S&M EqsEqs. 5.22, 5.23. 5.22, 5.23

and sand s11(t) = sin(2(t) = sin(2 ffcctt) s) s22(t) = 0(t) = 0

[ ]

i

i i 1 2(i-1)

i2

1 1 2(i-1)

a (i ) = s (t) s (t) s (t) dt

A a (i ) = A s (t) dt = a (i ) = 0 2

b

b

b

b

T

bT

Tb

b bT

T

TT T

S&M Eq. 5.24S&M Eq. 5.24--5.265.26

2 1opt

a (i )+ a (i ) A = =

2 4b b bT T T


BASK signals BASK signals in generalin general may may notnot be symmetrical with:be symmetrical with:ss1T1T(t) = A(t) = A11 sin(2sin(2 ffc c t) st) s2T2T(t) = A(t) = A22 sin(2sin(2 ffc c t)t)

and sand s11(t) (t) ss22(t) = sin (2(t) = sin (2 ffc c t) where the amplitude is arbitrary.t) where the amplitude is arbitrary.

( ) = = 1 22 1opt A + Aa (i )+ a (i ) 2 4 bb bTT T

[ ]

i

i i 1 2(i-1)

i2 i

i i 1(i-1)

a (i ) = s (t) s (t) s (t) dt

Aa (i ) = A s (t) dt = 2

b

b

b

b

T

bT

Tb

bT

T

TT

S&M Eq. 4.67S&M Eq. 4.67

S&M Eq. 4.71S&M Eq. 4.71


BFSK signals are BFSK signals are notnot symmetrical with:symmetrical with:ssTT(t(t) = A sin(2) = A sin(2 ((ffcc ff)) t) S&M Eq. 5.30t) S&M Eq. 5.30

[ ]if and

b

b

iT2

(i-1)T

2 2b 1 2

= A (sin (2 + ) t sin (2 ) t )) dt

= A T + = n / = n /

d, BFSK C C

d, BFSK C b C b

E f f f f

E f f T f f T

= 2 2 A = Q Q

2 2 d, FSK b

b, BFSKo o

E TPN N

S&M Eq. 5.31S&M Eq. 5.31S&M Eq. 5.32S&M Eq. 5.32


For this analysis of For this analysis of EEd, FSKd, FSK for BFSK signals it is assumed for BFSK signals it is assumed that the transmitter produces an that the transmitter produces an integer numberinteger number of cycles of cycles within one bit period:within one bit period:

+

i2 22 2

(i-1)

i2 2

(i-1)

i2 2

(i-1)

A= A cos (4 ( + ) t) dt2

A cos (4 ( ) t) dt2

A sin (2 ( ) t) sin (2 ( ) t) dt

b

b

b

b

b

b

T

d, BFSK b CT

T

CT

T

C CT

E T f f

f f

f f f f

00S&M Eq. 5.31S&M Eq. 5.31

00

00


BFSK signals are BFSK signals are notnot symmetrical with:symmetrical with:ssTT(t(t) = A sin(2) = A sin(2 ((ffc c ff)) t) S&M Eq. 5.30t) S&M Eq. 5.30

and sand s11(t) (t) ss22(t) = sin(2(t) = sin(2 ((ffcc + + ff) t)) t) sin(2sin(2 ((ffcc ff) t)) t)

S&M Eq. 5.31S&M Eq. 5.31

S&M Eq. 5.33S&M Eq. 5.33

[ ]

i

i i 1 2(i-1)

i2 i

i i i(i-1)

a (i ) = s (t) s (t) s (t) dt

Aa (i ) = A s (t) dt = 2

b

b

b

b

T

bT

Tb

bT

T

TT

( )if

1 22 1opt

1 2

A Aa (i )+ a (i ) = = = 0

2 4 A = A

bb b TT T


A comparison of coherent BPSK, BFSK and BASKA comparison of coherent BPSK, BFSK and BASKillustrates the functional differences, but BFSK and BASK illustrates the functional differences, but BFSK and BASK uses uses EEdd and not and not EEbb::

2 2 2 A = Q = Qb bb, BPSK

o o

E TPN N

2 2 A= 2

bb, BPSK

TE

2 2 A = Q = Q

2 2 d, FSK b

b, BFSKo o

E TPN N

2 2= Ad, BFSK bE T

2 2 A = Q = Q

2 4 d, ASK b

b, BASKo o

E TPN N

2 2 A= 2

bd, BASK

TE


The normalized The normalized EEb, FSKb, FSK = = EEb, PSKb, PSK = = 2 2 AA2 2 TTbb / 2 / 2 (S&M Eq. (S&M Eq. 5.24) and 5.24) and EEb, ASKb, ASK = = 22 AA2 2 TTbb / 4/ 4 (S&M Eq. 5.36) so that:(S&M Eq. 5.36) so that:

Thus there are Thus there are no practical advantagesno practical advantages for either coherent for either coherent BFSK or BASK and BPSK is preferred (S&M p. 236).BFSK or BASK and BPSK is preferred (S&M p. 236).

2 2 2 A = Q = Qb, PSK bb, BPSK

o o

E TPN N

2 2 A= 2

bb, BPSK

TE

2 2 A = Q = Q2

b, FSK bb, BFSK

o o

E TPN N

2 2 A= 2

bb, BFSK

TE

2 2 A = Q = Q4

b, ASK bb, BASK

o o

E TPN N

2 2 A= 4

bb, BASK

TE


For the same For the same PPbb BPSK uses the least amount of energy, BPSK uses the least amount of energy, BFSK requires twice as much and BASK four times as much BFSK requires twice as much and BASK four times as much energy:energy:

2 2 2 A = Q = Qb, PSK bb, BPSK

o o

E TPN N

2 2 A = Q = Q2

b, FSK bb, BFSK

o o

E TPN N

2 2 A = Q = Q4

b, ASK bb, BASK

o o

E TPN N

Argument of Argument of Q should be Q should be as as largelarge as as possible to possible to minimize minimize PPbb


Chapter 3Chapter 3

Bandpass Modulation and Bandpass Modulation and DemodulationDemodulation Optimum Bandpass Receiver:Optimum Bandpass Receiver:The Correlation ReceiverThe Correlation Receiver

Pages 81Pages 81--8585


The matched filter orThe matched filter orcorrelation receivercorrelation receiverfor for bandpass bandpass symmetricalsymmetricalsignals signals can becan besimulated insimulated inSimulink:Simulink:



The matched filter orThe matched filter orcorrelation receivercorrelation receiverfor for bandpass bandpass asymmetricalasymmetricalsignals signals can alsocan alsobe simulatedbe simulatedinin Simulink:Simulink:



The The alternatealternate butbutuniversal universal structurestructurewhich can be usedwhich can be usedfor both asymmetricfor both asymmetricor symmetric binaryor symmetric binarybandpass signals canbandpass signals canbe simulated inbe simulated inSimulink:Simulink: MS Figure 3.3MS Figure 3.3


Chapter 3Chapter 3

Bandpass Modulation and Bandpass Modulation and DemodulationDemodulation Binary Amplitude Shift KeyingBinary Amplitude Shift Keying



Binary ASK (OOK) coherent digital communication system Binary ASK (OOK) coherent digital communication system with BER analysis:with BER analysis:


ThresholdThreshold


The BER and The BER and PPbb comparison (MS Table 3.2, p. 91): comparison (MS Table 3.2, p. 91):

Table 3.2Table 3.2 Observed BER and Theoretical Observed BER and Theoretical PPbb as a as a Function of Function of EEd d / N/ Noo in a Binary ASK Digital in a Binary ASK Digital Communication System with Optimum ReceiverCommunication System with Optimum Receiver

EEd d / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb 00 001212 2.9 2.9 1010--33 2.53 2.53 1010--331010 1.12 1.12 1010--22 1.25 1.25 1010--2288 3.46 3.46 1010--22 3.75 3.75 1010--2266 7.65 7.65 1010--22 7.93 7.93 1010--2244 1.335 1.335 1010--11 1.318 1.318 1010--1122 1.863 1.863 1010--11 1.872 1.872 1010--1100 2.387 2.387 1010--11 2.394 2.394 1010--11


Chapter 3Chapter 3

Bandpass Modulation and Bandpass Modulation and DemodulationDemodulation Binary Phase Shift KeyingBinary Phase Shift Keying



Binary PSK coherent digital communication system with Binary PSK coherent digital communication system with BER analysis:BER analysis:



The BER and The BER and PPbb comparison (SVU Table 3.5, p. 167): comparison (SVU Table 3.5, p. 167):

Table 3.5Table 3.5 Observed BER and Theoretical Observed BER and Theoretical PPbb as a as a Function of Function of EEb b / N/ Noo in a Binary PSK Digital in a Binary PSK Digital Communication System with Optimum ReceiverCommunication System with Optimum Receiver

EEb b / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb 00 001010 00 4.05 4.05 1010--6688 1 1 1010--44 2.06 2.06 1010--4466 2.5 2.5 1010--44 2.41 2.41 1010--3344 1.31 1.31 1010--22 1.25 1.25 1010--2222 3.35 3.35 1010--22 3.75 3.75 1010--2200 8.19 8.19 1010--22 7.93 7.93 1010--22


Chapter 3Chapter 3

Bandpass Modulation and Bandpass Modulation and DemodulationDemodulation Binary Frequency Shift KeyingBinary Frequency Shift Keying



Binary FSK coherent digital communication system with Binary FSK coherent digital communication system with BER analysis:BER analysis:


ffCC++ff

ffCCff


The BER and PThe BER and Pbb comparison (MS Table 3.4, p. 98): comparison (MS Table 3.4, p. 98):

Table 3.4Table 3.4 Observed BER and Theoretical Observed BER and Theoretical PPbb as a as a Function of Function of EEd d / N/ Noo in a Binary FSK (MFSK) Digital in a Binary FSK (MFSK) Digital Communication System with Optimum ReceiverCommunication System with Optimum Receiver

EEdd//NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb 00 001212 2.5 2.5 1010--33 2.5 2.5 1010--331010 1.29 1.29 1010--22 1.25 1.25 1010--2288 3.50 3.50 1010--22 3.75 3.75 1010--2266 8.04 8.04 1010--22 7.93 7.93 1010--2244 1.352 1.352 1010--11 1.314 1.314 1010--1122 1.833 1.833 1010--11 1.872 1.872 1010--1100 2.456 2.456 1010--11 2.393 2.393 1010--11


The BER and PThe BER and Pbb performance comparison for BASK, performance comparison for BASK, BPSK and BFSK (MFSK): BPSK and BFSK (MFSK):

EEd d / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb1010 1.12 1.12 1010--22 1.25 1.25 1010--2 2 BASKBASK88 3.46 3.46 1010--22 3.75 3.75 1010--22

EEb b / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb1010 00 4.05 4.05 1010--6 6 BPSKBPSK88 1 1 1010--44 2.06 2.06 1010--44

EEd d / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb1010 1.29 1.29 1010--22 1.25 1.25 1010--2 2 BFSKBFSK88 3.50 3.50 1010--22 3.75 3.75 1010--22


BER and PBER and Pbb comparison using comparison using EEbb with with EEbb, , ASKASK = = 22 AA22 TTbb2 2 / 4/ 4and thus reduced by 10 log (0.5) and thus reduced by 10 log (0.5) 3 dB or3 dB or::

BASK performs better than BFSK but BPSK is the best. BASK performs better than BFSK but BPSK is the best.

EEb b / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb77 1.12 1.12 1010--22 1.25 1.25 1010--2 2 BASKBASK55 3.46 3.46 1010--22 3.75 3.75 1010--22

EEb b / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb1010 00 4.05 4.05 1010--6 6 BPSKBPSK88 1 1 1010--44 2.06 2.06 1010--44

EEb b / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb1010 1.29 1.29 1010--22 1.25 1.25 1010--2 2 BFSKBFSK88 3.50 3.50 1010--22 3.75 3.75 1010--22


Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques Differential (Noncoherent) PhaseDifferential (Noncoherent) PhaseShift KeyingShift Keying

Pages 267Pages 267--271271


Differential (noncoherent) phase shift keying (DPSK) is Differential (noncoherent) phase shift keying (DPSK) is demodulated by using the received signal to derive the demodulated by using the received signal to derive the reference signal. The DPSK reference signal. The DPSK protocolprotocol is:is:

Binary 1Binary 1: Transmit the carrier signal with the : Transmit the carrier signal with the same phasesame phaseas used for the previous bit.as used for the previous bit.

Binary 0Binary 0: Transmit the carrier signal with its : Transmit the carrier signal with its phase shifted phase shifted by 180by 180 relative to the previous bit. relative to the previous bit.


The oneThe one--bit delayed reference signal rbit delayed reference signal rii--11(t) is derived from (t) is derived from the received signal the received signal rrii(t(t) and if the carrier frequency ) and if the carrier frequency ffCC is an is an integral multiple of the bit rate integral multiple of the bit rate rrbb::

The output of the integrator for a binary 0 and binary 1 The output of the integrator for a binary 0 and binary 1 then is then is z(iz(iTTbb) = ) = 22 AA22 TTbb / 2 (S&M / 2 (S&M EqsEqs. 5.91 and 5.93). 5.91 and 5.93)

i 1i 1

r (t) = A sin (2 (t ) + )r (t) = A sin (2 t + )

C b

C

f Tf

S&M S&M EqsEqs..5.88 and 5.895.88 and 5.89


DPSK signals have an equivalent bit interval DPSK signals have an equivalent bit interval TTDPSKDPSK = 2 = 2 TTbb. . The probability of bit error for DPSK signal is different thanThe probability of bit error for DPSK signal is different thanthat for coherent demodulation of symmetric or asymmetric that for coherent demodulation of symmetric or asymmetric signals and is: signals and is:

2 2

1 1= exp = exp 2 2 2

A =2

b, DPSKDPSKb, DPSK

o o

bb, DPSK

EEPN N

TE S&M Eq. 5.102S&M Eq. 5.102


Chapter 3Chapter 3

Bandpass Modulation and Bandpass Modulation and DemodulationDemodulation Differential Phase Shift KeyingDifferential Phase Shift Keying

Pages 130Pages 130--135135


Binary DPSK Binary DPSK noncoherentnoncoherent digital communication system digital communication system with BER analysis:with BER analysis:


oneone--bitbitcontinuouscontinuous

delaydelayBPFBPF


Binary DPSK Binary DPSK noncoherentnoncoherent digital communication system digital communication system differential binary encoder differential binary encoder Simulink SubsystemSimulink Subsystem::


XORXOR

one bitone bitsample delaysample delay


Simulink Logic andSimulink Logic andBit OperationsBit Operationsprovides theprovides theLogical OperatorLogical Operatorblock:block:


Simulink Logical OperatorSimulink Logical Operator blocks can be selected to blocks can be selected to provide multiple input AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, provide multiple input AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, NXOR, and NOT functions:NXOR, and NOT functions:


The The Logic and Bit OperationsLogic and Bit Operationscan be configured as can be configured as scalarscalarBoolean binary (0, 1)Boolean binary (0, 1) ororMM--ary (0, 1ary (0, 1MM1)1) vectorvectorlogic functions. Here scalarlogic functions. Here scalarBoolean binary data is used.Boolean binary data is used.


The XOR logic generates the DPSK The XOR logic generates the DPSK source codingsource coding::

Table 3.16Table 3.16 Input Binary Data Input Binary Data bbii, Differentially Encoded , Differentially Encoded Binary Data Binary Data ddii, and Transmitted Phase , and Transmitted Phase ii (Radians) for a (Radians) for a DPSK Signal.DPSK Signal.

bbii ddii--11 ddii ii oneone--bit startupbit startup11 0 0

11 11 11 00 XOR logicXOR logic00 11 00 0 0 10 0 100 00 11 0 0 0 1 00 1 011 11 11 00 1 0 01 0 000 11 00 1 1 11 1 100 00 11 0011 11 11 0011 11 11 00


The The Signal ProcessingSignal ProcessingBlocksetBlockset provides theprovides theFilteringFiltering, , Analog FilterAnalog FilterDesignDesign block:block:


The The Signal Processing Signal Processing BlocksetBlockset provides the analog provides the analog bandpass filter (BPF) specified as a 9bandpass filter (BPF) specified as a 9--pole Butterworth pole Butterworth filter with cutoff frequencies of 19 kHz and 21 kHzfilter with cutoff frequencies of 19 kHz and 21 kHz centered centered around the carrier frequency around the carrier frequency ffCC = 20 kHz.= 20 kHz.

rad/s


The Butterworth BPF is used for the The Butterworth BPF is used for the noncoherent receivernoncoherent receiver. . The The coherent receivercoherent receiver uses the uses the integratorintegrator as a as a virtual virtual BPFBPF::

MS Figure 3.12 MS Figure 3.12 PSKPSK

MS Figure 3.33 MS Figure 3.33 DPSKDPSK


The BER and The BER and PPbb comparison (MS Table 3.17, p. 134): comparison (MS Table 3.17, p. 134):

Table 3.17Table 3.17 Observed BER and Theoretical Observed BER and Theoretical PPbb as a as a Function of Function of EEb b / N/ Noo in a Binary DPSK Digital in a Binary DPSK Digital Communication System with Noncoherent Correlation Communication System with Noncoherent Correlation Receiver Receiver

EEb b / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb 00 001212 00 6.6 6.6 1010--881010 2 2 1010--44 2.3 2.3 1010--5588 5.1 5.1 1010--33 1.8 1.8 1010--3366 2.61 2.61 1010--22 9.3 9.3 1010--3344 7.91 7.91 1010--22 4.06 4.06 1010--2222 1.559 1.559 1010--22 1.025 1.025 1010--1100 2.393 2.393 1010--11 1.839 1.839 1010--11

Statistical variationStatistical variationdue to small sample due to small sample

sizesize


BER and BER and PPbb comparison between noncoherent, source comparison between noncoherent, source coded DPSK and coherent BPSK:coded DPSK and coherent BPSK:

BPSK performs better than DPSK but requires a coherent BPSK performs better than DPSK but requires a coherent reference signal. DPSK performs nearly as well as BPSK reference signal. DPSK performs nearly as well as BPSK at high SNR. at high SNR.

EEb b / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb1212 00 6.6 6.6 1010--8 8 DPSKDPSK1010 2 2 1010--44 2.3 2.3 1010--5588 5.1 5.1 1010--33 1.8 1.8 1010--33

EEb b / / NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb1010 00 4.05 4.05 1010--6 6 BPSKBPSK88 2 2 1010--44 2.06 2.06 1010--4466 2.5 2.5 1010--33 2.41 2.41 1010--33


Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques MM--ary Bandpass Techniques:ary Bandpass Techniques:Quaternary Phase Shift KeyingQuaternary Phase Shift Keying

Pages 274Pages 274--286286


Quaternary phase shift keying (MQuaternary phase shift keying (M--ary, M = 2ary, M = 2nn = 4 or QPSK) = 4 or QPSK) source codes source codes dibits dibits bbii--11bbii as a as a symbolsymbol with one possible with one possible protocolprotocol as:as:

bbii--11bbii = = 11 A sin(211 A sin(2 ffC C t + 45t + 45))bbii--11bbii = = 10 A sin(210 A sin(2 ffC C t + 135t + 135))bbii--11bbii = = 00 A sin(200 A sin(2 ffC C t + 225t + 225))bbii--11bbii = = 01 A sin(201 A sin(2 ffCC t + 315t + 315))

The The Gray codeGray code is used asis used asfor Mfor M--ary PAM to improve ary PAM to improve the BER performance bythe BER performance bymitigating adjacent symbolmitigating adjacent symbolerror. The symbols are besterror. The symbols are bestdisplayed as a constellation plotdisplayed as a constellation plot S&M Figure 5S&M Figure 5--36 36 modifiedmodified

+


Quaternary phase shiftQuaternary phase shiftkeying (QPSK) displayedkeying (QPSK) displayedas a as a constellation plotconstellation plot

Note the signs on theNote the signs on thesine reference axes.sine reference axes.

S&M Figure 5S&M Figure 5--36 36 modifiedmodified

+

coscos

sinsinconstellation pointsconstellation pointsConstellationConstellationGeminiGemini


Chapter 3Chapter 3

Bandpass Modulation and Bandpass Modulation and DemodulationDemodulation Multilevel (MMultilevel (M--ary) Phase Shiftary) Phase ShiftKeyingKeying

Pages 117Pages 117--123123


The QPSK signal can be simulated in The QPSK signal can be simulated in SimulinkSimulink using using SubsystemsSubsystems to simplify the design.to simplify the design.

44--level Gray coded level Gray coded symbol to bitsymbol to bit

44--level Gray coded level Gray coded bit to symbolbit to symbol


QPSK IQPSK I--Q correlation Q correlation receiverreceiver


The random binary data source is converted to an M = 4 The random binary data source is converted to an M = 4 level Gray encoded symbol by a level Gray encoded symbol by a Simulink SubsystemSimulink Subsystem..



The M = 4 level symbol (0, 1, 2 and 3) is Gray encoded by The M = 4 level symbol (0, 1, 2 and 3) is Gray encoded by a a Lookup Table Block Lookup Table Block from the from the Simulink Simulink BlocksetBlockset..



The M = 4 level symbolThe M = 4 level symbol(0, 1, 2 and 3) is Gray(0, 1, 2 and 3) is Grayencoded by a encoded by a LookupLookupTable Block Table Block from thefrom theSimulink Simulink BlocksetBlockset..


The M = 4 level symbol (0, 1, 2, and 3) is Gray encoded by The M = 4 level symbol (0, 1, 2, and 3) is Gray encoded by a a Lookup Table Block Lookup Table Block by by mappingmapping [0, 1, 2, 3] to [0, 1, 3, 2][0, 1, 2, 3] to [0, 1, 3, 2]

Gray coding 00 0001 0110 1111 10


The M = 4 level symbolThe M = 4 level symbolis inputted to the Phaseis inputted to the PhaseModulator block with aModulator block with acarrier frequency carrier frequency ffCC ==20 kHz, initial phase20 kHz, initial phaseoo = = /4/4 and a phaseand a phasedeviation factordeviation factorkkpp = = /2 / V/2 / V


The M = 4 level symbol (0, 1, 2, 3) and the carrier The M = 4 level symbol (0, 1, 2, 3) and the carrier frequency frequency ffCC = 20 kHz, initial phase = 20 kHz, initial phase oo = = /4/4 and a phase and a phase deviation factor deviation factor kkpp = = /2 / V produces the phase shifts:/2 / V produces the phase shifts:

ddii = 0 = 0 = = /4 + 0(/4 + 0(/2) = /2) = /4/4ddii = 1 = 1 = = /4 + 1(/4 + 1(/2) = 3/2) = 3/4/4ddii = 2 = 2 = = /4 + 2(/4 + 2(/2) = 5/2) = 5/4/4ddii = 3 = 3 = = /4 + 3(/4 + 3(/2) = 7/2) = 7/4/4 MS Figure 3.22MS Figure 3.22


The modulation The modulation phase shifts are the phase angle phase shifts are the phase angle of the of the sinusoidal carrier A sin (2sinusoidal carrier A sin (2 ffC C t + t + ) in QPSK.) in QPSK.

ddii = 0 = 0 = = /4 + 0(/4 + 0(/2) = /2) = /4/4 45ddii = 1 = 1 = = /4 + 1(/4 + 1(/2) = 3/2) = 3/4 135/4 135ddii = 2 = 2 = = /4 + 2(/4 + 2(/2) = 5/2) = 5/4 225/4 225ddii = 3 = 3 = = /4 + 3(/4 + 3(/2) = 7/2) = 7/4 315/4 315



The QPSK signal can be resolved into InThe QPSK signal can be resolved into In--phase (I, cosine) phase (I, cosine) and Quadrature (Q, sine)and Quadrature (Q, sine)components. For example,components. For example,if if = = /4 = 45/4 = 45::

ss11(t) = A sin(2(t) = A sin(2 ffC C t + 45t + 45) =) =

A /A /2 [ I sin (22 [ I sin (2 ffCC t)t)+ Q cos (2+ Q cos (2 ffCC t) ] =t) ] =

A /A /2 [ sin (22 [ sin (2 ffC C t)t)+ cos (2+ cos (2 ffC C t) ]t) ]

S&M Figure 5S&M Figure 5--36 36 modifiedmodified

sin Insin In--phasephase

cos

Quadrature

constellationconstellationPlotPlot

+


The QPSK signal is derived from Gray coded dibits with The QPSK signal is derived from Gray coded dibits with 00 00 00 (0), 01 00 (0), 01 01 (1), 10 01 (1), 10 11 (3) and 11 11 (3) and 11 10 (2)10 (2). .

rrbb = 1 kb/sec= 1 kb/sec

QPSK signalQPSK signal

3 2 0 2 0 1 1 3 2 0 2 0 1 1 22

5 V, 5 V, ffCC = 2 kHz, = 2 kHz, rrSS = 500 Hz= 500 Hz

10 11 10 11 1111 01 01 0101 1111

00 00 0000

TTS S = = 2 msec2 msec

DelayDelayM = 4M = 4


The QPSK signal can be decomposed into I and Q BPSK The QPSK signal can be decomposed into I and Q BPSK signals which are signals which are orthogonalorthogonal to each other.to each other.

QPSK signal, QPSK signal, ffCC = 2 kHz, = 2 kHz, rrSS = 500 b/sec= 500 b/sec

Binary PSK signal, sine carrierBinary PSK signal, sine carrier (I)(I)

Binary PSK signal, cosine carrier (Q)Binary PSK signal, cosine carrier (Q)

5 V5 V

5 / 5 / 2 = 3.536 V2 = 3.536 V

5 / 5 / 2 = 3.536 V2 = 3.536 V

TTS S = 2 msec= 2 msec


The The orthogonalityorthogonality of the I and Q components of the QPSK of the I and Q components of the QPSK signal can be exploited by the signal can be exploited by the universal coherent receiveruniversal coherent receiver. . The orthogonal I and Q components actually occupy the The orthogonal I and Q components actually occupy the same spectrumsame spectrum without interference. The coherent without interference. The coherent reference signals are:reference signals are:

Quadrature InQuadrature In--phasephasess11(t) = cos (2(t) = cos (2 ffCC t + t + ) s) s22(t) = sin (2(t) = sin (2 ffCC t + t + ))



The orthogonality of the QPSK signals can be shown by The orthogonality of the QPSK signals can be shown by observing the output of the quadrature correlator to the I observing the output of the quadrature correlator to the I and Q signal.and Q signal.

i

1 I Q (i-1)

i

1 I(i-1)

i2

Q(i-1)

1 Q

Az (n ) = d sin(2 t) + d cos(2 t) cos (2 t) dt2

Az (n ) = d sin(2 t) cos (2 t) dt + 2

A d cos (2 t) dt2

A z (n ) = d2 2

S

S

S

S

S

S

T

S C C CT

T

S C CT

T

CT

SS

T f f f

T f f

f

TTzz11(nT(nTSS))

S&M Eq. 5.109S&M Eq. 5.109

0


The probability of bit error The probability of bit error PPbb and the energy per bit and the energy per bit EEbb for a for a QPSK signal is the same as that as for a BPSK signal but QPSK signal is the same as that as for a BPSK signal but with a I and Q carrier amplitude of A / with a I and Q carrier amplitude of A / 22 ..

zz11(nT(nTSS))

S&M Eq. 5.117S&M Eq. 5.117

2 2

2 2

2 A = Q = Q

2 A = Q = Q2

b, PSK bb, BPSK

o o

b, QPSK Sb, QPSK

o o

E TPN N

E TPN N

2 2

2 2

A= 2

A= 4

bb, BPSK

Sb, QPSK

TE

TEnote TS

note TS


Since Since TTSS = 2 = 2 TTb b BPSK and QPSK have the same BPSK and QPSK have the same PPbb but but QPSK can have QPSK can have twicetwice the data rate the data rate rrbb = 2 = 2 rrS S within the within the samesamebandwidth because of the orthogonal I and Q components.bandwidth because of the orthogonal I and Q components.

zz11(nT(nTSS))

2 2 2 A = = Q = Qb bb, BPSK b, QPSK

o o

E TP PN N

2 2 A= =2

bb, BPSK b, QPSK

TE E


QPSK coherent digital communication system with BER QPSK coherent digital communication system with BER analysis:analysis:


44--Level Gray codedLevel Gray codedbit to symbolbit to symbol

44--Level Gray codedLevel Gray codedsymbol to bitsymbol to bit


QPSK coherent digital communication system uses aQPSK coherent digital communication system uses a44--level Gray coded bit to symbol converter level Gray coded bit to symbol converter SimulinkSimulinkSubsystemSubsystem. .



QPSK coherent receiver uses an IQPSK coherent receiver uses an I--Q correlator Q correlator Simulink Simulink SubsystemSubsystem MS Figure 3.24MS Figure 3.24


The IThe I--Q correlation receiver is the Q correlation receiver is the universal universal structure with structure with an integration time equal to the an integration time equal to the symbol time Tsymbol time TSS..


correlation receivercorrelation receiver


The output of the IThe output of the I--Q correlation receiver is a Q correlation receiver is a dibitdibit and and converted to an M = 2converted to an M = 2n n = 4 level symbols (0, 1, 2, and 3).= 4 level symbols (0, 1, 2, and 3).

dibits Mdibits M--ary scaling ary scaling MS Figure 3.24MS Figure 3.24

correlation receivercorrelation receiver


The BER and PThe BER and Pbb comparison for 4comparison for 4--PSK (QPSK): PSK (QPSK):

Table 3.11Table 3.11 Observed BER and Theoretical UpperObserved BER and Theoretical Upper--Bound Bound of of PPbb as a Function of as a Function of EEb b / N/ Noo in a Gray coded 4in a Gray coded 4--PSK PSK (QPSK) Digital Communication System with Optimum (QPSK) Digital Communication System with Optimum ReceiverReceiver

EEdd//NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb 00 001212 00 1010--881010 00 1010--6688 2 2 1010--44 1010--4466 2.3 2.3 1010--33 2.4 2.4 1010--3344 1.20 1.20 1010--22 1.25 1.25 1010--2222 3.62 3.62 1010--22 3.75 3.75 1010--2200 7.65 7.65 1010--22 7.85 7.85 1010--22


The The singlesingle--sidedsided power spectral density PSD of the QPSK power spectral density PSD of the QPSK signal uses signal uses rrss = = rrb b /2 and is:/2 and is:

GGQPSKQPSK(f(f) = 1/2 ) = 1/2 GGPAMPAM(f(f -- ffCC))GGPAMPAM(f(f) = A) = A2 2 / / rrss sincsinc22 (( f / f / rrss))

No carrierNo carrier

SincSinc22rrss = 500 s/sec, = 500 s/sec, rrbb = 1 kb/sec= 1 kb/sec



The The singlesingle--sidedsided power spectral density PSD of BPSK has power spectral density PSD of BPSK has double double the bandwidth than that for QPSK for the same bit the bandwidth than that for QPSK for the same bit rate rate rrbb = 1/= 1/TTbb,,

No carrierNo carrierSincSinc22

rrbb = 1 kHz= 1 kHz



The The bandwidthbandwidth of a QPSK signal as a percentage of total of a QPSK signal as a percentage of total power is power is half half that for the same bit rate rthat for the same bit rate rb b = 1/T= 1/Tbb BPSK BPSK signal since signal since rrss = = rrb b /2 or /2 or TTss = 2= 2TTbb (MS Table 3.9). (MS Table 3.9).


2/2/TTss 1/1/TTbb 90%90%3/3/TTss 1.5/1.5/TTbb 93%93%4/4/TTss 2/2/TTbb 95%95%6/6/TTss 3/3/TTbb 96.5%96.5%8/8/TTss 4/4/TTbb 97.5%97.5%10/10/TTss 5/5/TTbb 98%98%


Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques MM--ary Bandpass Techniques:ary Bandpass Techniques:88--Phase Shift KeyingPhase Shift Keying

Pages 286Pages 286--292292


MM--ary phase shift keying (M = 8 or 8PSK) source codes ary phase shift keying (M = 8 or 8PSK) source codes tribitstribits bbii--22bbii--11bbii as a as a symbolsymbol with one possible with one possible protocolprotocol as:as:

bbii--22bbii--11bbii = = 000 A sin(2000 A sin(2 ffC C t + 0t + 0))bbii--22bbii--11bbii = = 001 A sin(2001 A sin(2 ffC C t + 45t + 45))bbii--22bbii--11bbii = = 011 A sin(2011 A sin(2 ffC C t + 90t + 90))bbii--22bbii--11bbii = = 010 A sin(2010 A sin(2 ffC C t + 135t + 135))bbii--22bbii--11bbii = = 110 A sin(2110 A sin(2 ffC C t + 180t + 180))bbii--22bbii--11bbii = = 111 A sin(2111 A sin(2 ffC C t + 225t + 225))bbii--22bbii--11bbii = = 101 A sin(2101 A sin(2 ffC C t + 270t + 270))bbii--22bbii--11bbii = = 100 A sin(2100 A sin(2 ffC C t + 315t + 315))

I, Q = 0, I, Q = 0, 1/1/2, 2, 1 1 s(ts(t) =) = A [ I sin (2A [ I sin (2 ffC C t) + t) +

Q cos (2Q cos (2 ffC C t) ]t) ] S&M Figure 5S&M Figure 5--4343

sin Insin In--phasephase

Quadrature

cos

Constellation PlotConstellation Plot


The correlation receiverThe correlation receiverfor 8for 8--PSK uses fourPSK uses fourreference signals:reference signals:

ssrefref nn(t(t) = ) = sin (2sin (2 ffC C t + t +

n 45n 45 + 22.5+ 22.5))

n = 0, 1, 2, 3n = 0, 1, 2, 3 = 22.5= 22.5, 67.5, 67.5,,

112.5112.5, 157.5, 157.5

S&M Eq. 5.124S&M Eq. 5.124


The output from any one of the four correlators is:The output from any one of the four correlators is:

i

1(i-1)

i i

1(i-1) (i-1)

1

z (n ) = A sin (2 t + ) sin (2 t + )dt

Az (n ) = cos ( ) dt cos (4 t + + ) dt2

A z (n ) = cos ( )2

S

S

S S

S S

T

S C CT

T T

S CT T

SS

T f f

T f

TT

zz11((nnTTSS))

S&M Eq. 5.125S&M Eq. 5.125

0


The correlator output is > 0 if | The correlator output is > 0 if | | < 90| < 90 and < 0 if notand < 0 if notbecause of the cos (because of the cos ( ) term. For example, if s) term. For example, if s66(t) is (t) is received, the received, the ABCDABCD correlator sign output is: correlator sign output is: +. The +. The patterns of signs are unique and can be decoded to bpatterns of signs are unique and can be decoded to bii--22bbii--11bbii

(S&M Tab(S&M Tables 5les 5--7 and 57 and 5--8)8)

zz11((nnTTSS))A: A: ssrefref 11(t)(t)

B: B: ssrefref 22(t)(t)

C: C: ssrefref 33(t)(t)

D: D: ssrefref 44(t)(t)


The probability of The probability of symbol errorsymbol error PPSS for coherently for coherently demodulated Mdemodulated M--ary PSK is:ary PSK is:

22

22

A 2Q sin M 4M

2Q 2 log M sin M 4M

SS coherent M-ary PSK

o

bS coherent M-ary PSK

o

TPN

EPN

S&M Eq. 5.126S&M Eq. 5.126


EEb b / / NNo o dBdB

PPss


The probability of The probability of symbol errorsymbol error PPSS for coherently for coherently demodulated Mdemodulated M--ary PSK is:ary PSK is:


EEbb//NNo o dBdB

PPss


The probability of symbol error The probability of symbol error PPSS must be related to must be related to probability of bit error probability of bit error PPbb for consistency. If for consistency. If Gray codingGray coding is is used, assume that errors will only be due to used, assume that errors will only be due to adjacent adjacent symbolssymbols. Thus each symbol error produces only one bit in. Thus each symbol error produces only one bit inerror and logerror and log22 (M (M 1) correct bits or:1) correct bits or:

However for MHowever for M--ary PSK with M > 4 the assumption of errors ary PSK with M > 4 the assumption of errors being due to only adjacent symbols is invalid. For the being due to only adjacent symbols is invalid. For the worst case there are M worst case there are M 1 incorrect symbols and in M / 2 of 1 incorrect symbols and in M / 2 of these a bit will different from the correct bit so that:these a bit will different from the correct bit so that:

2

1= log Mb errors due to adjacent symbols S

P P S&M Eq. 5.127S&M Eq. 5.127

21 M

log M 2 (M 1)S b SP P P S&M Eq. 5.129S&M Eq. 5.129


Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques MM--ary Bandpass Techniques:ary Bandpass Techniques:Quaternary Frequency Shift KeyingQuaternary Frequency Shift Keying

Pages 292Pages 292--298298


The analytical signal for quaternary (MThe analytical signal for quaternary (M--ary, M = 2ary, M = 2nn = 4) = 4) frequency shift keying (QFSK or 4frequency shift keying (QFSK or 4--FSK) is:FSK) is:

ss44--FSKFSK(t) =(t) = A sin (2A sin (2 ((ffCC + 3+ 3ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii--11bbii = 11= 11ss44--FSKFSK(t) = A sin (2(t) = A sin (2 ((ffCC + + ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii--11bbii = 10= 10ss44--FSKFSK(t) = A sin (2(t) = A sin (2 ((ffCC ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii--11bbii = 00 = 00 ss44--FSKFSK(t) = A sin (2(t) = A sin (2 ((ffCC 33ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii--11bbi i = 01= 01

ffCC + 3+ 3ff ffCC 33ff ffCC + + ffffCC ff ffCC + 3+ 3ff11 00 01 10 1111 00 01 10 11



Chose Chose ffCC and and ff so that if there are a whole number of half so that if there are a whole number of half cycles of a sinusoid within a symbol time cycles of a sinusoid within a symbol time TTSS for M = 4 forfor M = 4 fororthogonality of the signals so that a correlation receiver orthogonality of the signals so that a correlation receiver can be utilized.can be utilized.

ss44--FSKFSK(t) =(t) = A sin (2A sin (2 ((ffCC + 3+ 3ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii--11bbii = 11= 11ss44--FSKFSK(t) = A sin (2(t) = A sin (2 ((ffCC + + ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii--11bbii = 10= 10ss44--FSKFSK(t) = A sin (2(t) = A sin (2 ((ffCC ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii--11bbii = 00 = 00 ss44--FSKFSK(t) = A sin (2(t) = A sin (2 ((ffCC 33ff) t + ) t + ) if b) if bii--11bbi i = 01= 01



The correlation receiverThe correlation receiverfor 4for 4--FSK uses fourFSK uses fourreference signals:reference signals:

ssrefref nn(t(t) = ) = sin (2sin (2 ((ffCC + n + n ff)) t)t)

n = n = 1, 1, 33



The probability of The probability of symbol errorsymbol error PPSS for coherently for coherently demodulated Mdemodulated M--ary FSK is:ary FSK is:

=

2

S coherent M-ary FSK

S coherent M-ary FSK

2

AP (M 1) Q M 42

P

(M 1) Q log M M 4

s

o

b

o

TN

EN

S&M Eq. 5.132S&M Eq. 5.132


EEbb/N/No o dBdB

PPss


The probability of The probability of symbol errorsymbol error PPSS for coherently for coherently demodulated Mdemodulated M--ary FSK is:ary FSK is:


EEbb//NNoodBdB

PPss


Chapter 3Chapter 3

Bandpass Modulation and Bandpass Modulation and DemodulationDemodulation Multilevel (MMultilevel (M--ary) Frequencyary) FrequencyShift KeyingShift Keying

Pages 110Pages 110--116116


44--FSK coherent digital communication system with BER FSK coherent digital communication system with BER analysis:analysis:



The dibits are converted to a symbol and scaled. The data The dibits are converted to a symbol and scaled. The data is is not not Gray encoded. For MGray encoded. For M--ary FSK symbol errors are ary FSK symbol errors are equally likely among the M equally likely among the M 1 correlators and there is 1 correlators and there is no no advantageadvantage to Gray encoding.to Gray encoding.



44--FSK coherent digital communication system with BER FSK coherent digital communication system with BER analysis:analysis:

44--FSK correlation receiverFSK correlation receiver



44--FSK coherent digital communication system with BER FSK coherent digital communication system with BER analysis:analysis: 44--FSK correlation receiverFSK correlation receiver



The 4The 4--FSK correlationFSK correlationreceiver has fourreceiver has fourcorrelators with ancorrelators with anintegration time equalintegration time equalto the to the symbol time Tsymbol time TSS..


The symbols are converted to dibits. The original data is The symbols are converted to dibits. The original data is not not Gray encoded and is therefore Gray encoded and is therefore notnot Gray decodedGray decoded..



The BER and PThe BER and Pbb comparison for 4comparison for 4--FSK: FSK:

Table 3.10Table 3.10 Observed BER and Theoretical Upper Bound Observed BER and Theoretical Upper Bound of of PPbb as a Function of as a Function of EEb b / N/ Noo in 4in 4--level FSK Digital level FSK Digital Communication System with Optimum ReceiverCommunication System with Optimum Receiver

EEdd//NNoo dBdB BERBER PPbb 00 001212 00 1010--881010 00 1010--6688 1 1 1010--44 1010--4466 5.1 5.1 1010--33 4.8 4.8 1010--3344 2.26 2.26 1010--22 2.52 2.52 1010--2222 5.97 5.97 1010--22 7.54 7.54 1010--2200 1.209 1.209 1010--11 1.586 1.586 1010--11


The The singlesingle--sidedsided power spectral density PSD with a power spectral density PSD with a minimum carrier frequency deviation (MFSK) for Mminimum carrier frequency deviation (MFSK) for M--ary ary FSK is FSK is ff = 1/2= 1/2TTS S = = rrSS/2. /2. For MFSK the carriers should be For MFSK the carriers should be spaced at multiples of 2spaced at multiples of 2f = 1/f = 1/TTSS == rrSS (S&M Eq. 5.131 is(S&M Eq. 5.131 isincorrectincorrect). Here ). Here ff = 2 = 2 rrSS = 1 kHz

SincSinc22rrss = 500 s/sec, = 500 s/sec, rrbb = 1 kb/sec= 1 kb/sec


f f = 1 kHz= 1 kHzM = 4M = 4


The The bandwidthbandwidth of a Mof a M--ary FSK signal as a percentage of ary FSK signal as a percentage of total power (MS Table 3.9). total power (MS Table 3.9).


2( M 2( M 1) 1) f f + + 4/4/TTss 95%95%2 (M 2 (M 1) 1) f f + + 6/6/TTss 96.5%96.5%2 (M 2 (M 1) 1) f f + + 8/8/TTss 97.5%97.5%2 (M 2 (M 1) 1) ff + + 10/10/TTss 98%98%

For MFSK: For MFSK: ff = 1/2= 1/2TTSS = = rrSS/2/2M = 2M = 2n n and and rrSS = = rrbb/n/n


Chapter 5Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques MM--ary Bandpass Techniques:ary Bandpass Techniques:Quadrature Amplitude ModulationQuadrature Amplitude Modulation

Pages 298Pages 298--301301


The analytical signal for quadrature amplitude modulation The analytical signal for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) has I(QAM) has I--Q components:Q components:

ssQAMQAM(t(t) = I sin (2) = I sin (2 ffCCtt) + Q cos (2) + Q cos (2 ffCCtt))

A QAM signal has A QAM signal has both both amplitudeamplitude and and phasephasecomponents which can becomponents which can beshown in the shown in the constellationconstellationplotplot..

S&M Figure 5S&M Figure 5--5353I

Q

16-ary QAM


An MAn M--ary PSK signal also has Iary PSK signal also has I--Q components but the Q components but the amplitude is amplitude is constantconstant and only the phase and only the phase variesvaries::

ssQAMQAM(t(t) = I sin (2) = I sin (2 ffCCtt) + Q cos (2) + Q cos (2 ffCCtt))


II

QQ

II

QQ

1616--ary ary PSKPSK

1616--ary ary QAMQAM


The The orthogonalityorthogonality of the I and Q components of the QAM of the I and Q components of the QAM signal can be exploited by the signal can be exploited by the universal coherent receiveruniversal coherent receiver. . The orthogonal I and Q components actually occupy the The orthogonal I and Q components actually occupy the same spectrumsame spectrum without interference. The coherent without interference. The coherent reference signals are:reference signals are:

Quadrature InQuadrature In--phasephasess11(t) = cos (2(t) = cos (2 ffCCtt) s) s22(t) = sin (2(t) = sin (2 ffCCtt))



An An upperupper--boundbound for the probability of for the probability of symbol errorsymbol error PPSS for for coherently demodulated Mcoherently demodulated M--ary QAM is:ary QAM is:

4 S coherent M-ary QAM

3 P Q(M 1)

s

o

EN S&M Eq. 5.135S&M Eq. 5.135

QAM BER curveQAM BER curve M = 256M = 256

M = 4M = 4


An MAn M--ary QAM constellation plot shows the ary QAM constellation plot shows the stabilitystability of the of the signaling and the signaling and the transitiontransition from one signal to another:from one signal to another:

256256--ary QAMary QAM1616--ary QAMary QAM


Chapter 3Chapter 3

Bandpass Modulation and Bandpass Modulation and DemodulationDemodulation Quadrature AmplitudeQuadrature AmplitudeModulationModulation

Pages 123Pages 123--130130


QAM coherent digital communication system with BER QAM coherent digital communication system with BER analysis:analysis:


1616--QAM correlation QAM correlation receiverreceiver

4 bit to I,Q symbol 4 bit to I,Q symbol

QAMQAM

1616--level symbol to bitlevel symbol to bit


QAM coherent digital communication system with BER QAM coherent digital communication system with BER analysis: 4 bit to Ianalysis: 4 bit to I--Q symbol SQ symbol Simulink imulink subsystem.subsystem.



QAM coherent digital communication system with BER QAM coherent digital communication system with BER analysis: Table 3.12 I and Q output amplitudesanalysis: Table 3.12 I and Q output amplitudes

Input IInput I Q Q InputInput I I QQ InputInput II QQ00 11 11 55 1 31 3 1010 33 1111 33 11 66 3 13 1 1111 33 3322 1 1 33 77 3 33 3 1212 11 1133 33 33 88 1 1 11 1313 33 1144 11 11 99 1 1 33 1414 11 33

1515 33 22


I LUT I LUT 1 to 1 to 33Q LUTQ LUT

symbol 0 to 15symbol 0 to 15


QAM coherent digital communication system with BER QAM coherent digital communication system with BER analysis: QAM modulator Sanalysis: QAM modulator Simulink imulink subsystem.subsystem.



QAM coherent digital communication system with BER QAM coherent digital communication system with BER analysis: 16analysis: 16--QAM correlation receiver SQAM correlation receiver Simulink imulink subsystem.subsystem.



QAM coherent digitalQAM coherent digitalcommunication systemcommunication systemwith BER analysis:with BER analysis:Table 3.14 I, Q Symbol LUTTable 3.14 I, Q Symbol LUT1616--level output amplitudeslevel output amplitudes

II QQ OutputOutput II QQ OutputOutput11 11 1111 33 11 1111 22 99 33 22 0011 33 1414 33 33 4411 44 1515 33 44 6622 11 1010 44 11 3322 22 88 44 22 2222 33 1212 44 33 5522 44 1313 44 44 77


QAM coherent digital communication system with BER QAM coherent digital communication system with BER analysis: 16 level symbol to 4 bit Sanalysis: 16 level symbol to 4 bit Simulink imulink subsystem.subsystem.



The The singlesingle--sidedsided power spectral density PSD of the 16power spectral density PSD of the 16--ary ary QAM has a bandwidth of 1/M that of a PSK signal with the QAM has a bandwidth of 1/M that of a PSK signal with the same data rate same data rate rrbb..

SincSinc22

rrss = 250 s/sec, = 250 s/sec, rrbb = 1 kb/sec= 1 kb/sec

MS Figure 3.32MS Figure 3.32no discrete no discrete component at fcomponent at fCC = = 20 kHz20 kHz


BPSK PSDBPSK PSDrrbb = 1 kb/sec= 1 kb/sec

1616--ary QAM PSDary QAM PSD

rrbb = 1 kb/sec M = 4 = 1 kb/sec M = 4 rrSS = 250 s/sec= 250 s/sec

1 kHz1 kHz

250 Hz250 Hz


The The bandwidthbandwidth of an Mof an M--ary QAM signal as a percentage of ary QAM signal as a percentage of total power is 1/ntotal power is 1/n that for the same bit rate that for the same bit rate rrb b = 1/= 1/TTbb BPSK BPSK signal sincesignal since rrss = = rrbb/n or /n or TTss = n= nTTbb where M = 2where M = 2nn (MS Table (MS Table 3.14). 3.14).


2/2/TTss 2/n2/nTTbb 90%90%3/3/TTss 3/n3/nTTbb 93%93%4/4/TTss 4/n4/nTTbb 95%95%6/6/TTss 6/n6/nTTbb 96.5%96.5%8/8/TTss 8/n8/nTTbb 97.5%97.5%10/10/TTss 10/n10/nTTbb 98%98%


1616--QAM coherent digital communication system receivedQAM coherent digital communication system receivedII--Q components can be displayed on as a Q components can be displayed on as a signal trajectorysignal trajectoryor or constellation plotconstellation plot ..

Figure 3.42Figure 3.42

realreal--imaginary (a + b j) imaginary (a + b j) conversion to complexconversion to complexpolar (M polar (M exp(jexp(j)) conversion)) conversion


The The RealReal--Imaginary toImaginary toComplexComplex conversion blockconversion blockis in the is in the Math OperationsMath Operations,,Simulink Simulink BlocksetBlockset



The constellation plotThe constellation plot(scatter plot) and(scatter plot) andsignal trajectory aresignal trajectory areCommComm Sinks Sinks blocksblocksfromfrom thetheCommunicationsCommunicationsBlocksetBlockset



The 16The 16--ary QAM Iary QAM I--Q component constellation plot withQ component constellation plot withEEbb//NNo o (MS Figures 3.43, 3.45)(MS Figures 3.43, 3.45)..

signal pointssignal points

signal transitionssignal transitions

decision boundariesdecision boundaries


The 16The 16--ary QAM Iary QAM I--Q component constellation plot withQ component constellation plot withEEbb//NNoo = = 12 dB, 12 dB, PPbb 1010--44 (MS Figures 3.44, 3.46 (top))(MS Figures 3.44, 3.46 (top))


The 16The 16--ary QAM Iary QAM I--Q component constellation plot withQ component constellation plot withEEbb//NNo o = 6= 6 dB, dB, PPbb = 3.67= 3.67 x 10x 10--4 4 (MS Figures 3.44, 3.46 ((MS Figures 3.44, 3.46 (botbot))))


End of Chapter 5End of Chapter 5

Digital Bandpass ModulationDigital Bandpass Modulationand Demodulationand DemodulationTechniquesTechniques

QFSK

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