QB SKIN-2

1. This is another name for the subcutaneous layer. A) Dermis B) Epidermis C) Stratum corneum D) Stratum basale E) Hypodermis

2. This layer of the skin is composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. A) Epidermis B) Dermis C) Hypodermis D) Subcutaneous layer E) Corpuscle

3. Keratin A) is a protein. B) is secreted by plasma cells to help protect the body from viruses. C) is made by melanocytes only. D) is both a protein and made by melanocytes only. E) All of these choices are correct.

4. This pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light. A) Keratin B) Melanin C) Melatonin D) Carotene E) Collagen

5. This epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance. A) Langerhans cells B) Keratinocytes C) Melanocytes D) Merkel cells E) Podocytes

6. This layer of epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes. A) Stratum basale B) Stratum spinosum C) Stratum granulosum D) Stratum lucidum E) Stratum corneum

7. This layer of the epidermis contains layers of flattened keratinocytes that are going through apoptosis. A) Stratum basale B) Stratum spinosum C) Stratum granulosum D) Stratum lucidum E) Stratum corneum

8. The stratum lucidum A) contains lamellar granules. B) lies just above the stratum basale. C) is the layer used in a skin graft. D) is present only in thick skin. E) can consist of up to 25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes.

9. Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus, which is the thickening of the ________ of the epidermis. A) stratum basale B) stratum spinosum C) stratum granulosum D) stratum lucidum E) stratum corneum

10. The process of keratinization involves A) synthesizing new pigment in the skin. B) cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin. C) changes occurring in thin skin only. D) both synthesizing new pigment in the skin and cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin. E) none of these answer choices are correct.

11. This layer of the skin is composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers. A) Hypodermis B) Basement membrane C) Epidermis D) Dermis E) Subcutaneous (subQ) layer

12. Describe how fingerprints are formed and what they are used for.

13. Albinism is the inherited inability to produce A) melanin. B) carotene. C) both melanin and carotene. D) keratin. E) creatinine.

Melissa Cleaver

14. Characteristics of thick skin include: A) Found in the palms, soles of the feet and fingertips. B) Does not contain hair follicles. C) Contains more sweat glands than thin skin. D) Contain epidermal ridges. E) All of these choices are correct

15. Which of the following structures found in the skin plays an important role in thermoregulation? A) Merkel cells B) Sebaceous glands C) Sweat glands D) Nails E) Fingerprints

16. Which of the following structures found in the skin help prevent water loss and inhibit bacterial growth on the surface of the skin? A) Arrector pili B) Lunula C) Sweat glands D) Hair follicles E) Oil glands

17. Describe the structure and function of arrector pili.

18. This is fine nonpigmented hair that covers the body of the fetus. A) Alopecia B) Vellus C) Lanugo D) Papilla E) Lunula

19. This type of exocrine gland is a simple, branched acinar gland connected to a hair follicle. A) Sebaceous gland B) Sudoriferous gland C) Both sebaceous gland and sudoriferous gland D) None of these answers are correct

20. This is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts. A) Sweat B) Lanugo C) Vellus D) Sebum E) Mucus

21. This type of exocrine gland is a simple, coiled tubular gland that is found throughout almost the entirety of the skin. A) Sebaceous gland B) Eccrine sweat gland C) Apocrine sweat gland D) Ceruminous gland E) None of these answer choices are correct.

22. List and briefly describe the major functions of the skin.

23. Briefly describe the steps in epidermal wound healing.

24. Briefly describe the steps in deep wound healing.

25. In this type of scar, the scar tissue extends beyond the boundary of the injury into normal tissue. A) Hypertrophic scar B) Keloid scar C) Proliferative scar D) Inhibitory scar E) Granuloma

26. In the diagram of skin shown below, where is the sebaceous gland? A) C B) D C) E D) F E) H

27. In the diagram of skin shown below, where is the apocrine sweat gland? A) C B) D C) E D) F E) H

28. In the diagram of skin shown below, which labeled structure generates fingerprints? A) A B) B C) G D) H E) None of these answer choices are correct.

29. In the diagram of skin shown below, where is the reticular region of the dermis? A) E B) F C) G D) H E) A

30. In the diagram of skin shown below, where is the arrector pili muscle? A) C B) D C) E D) F E) G

31. In the photomicrograph of a portion of thick skin shown below, which layer is the stratum spinosum? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

32. In the photomicrograph of a portion of thick skin shown below, which layer is only seen in thick skin? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

33. In the photomicrograph of a portion of thick skin shown below, which layer is the stratum basale? A) A B) B C) D D) E E) F

34. In the diagram of a hair root shown, where is the cortex? A) B B) C C) D D) E E) F

35. In the diagram of a hair root shown, where is the dermal root sheath? A) C B) D C) E D) F E) G

36. In the diagram of a hair root shown, where is the cuticle of the hair? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

37. In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown, where is the eponychium (cuticle)? A) A B) B C) E D) F E) G

38. In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown, where is the hyponychium (nail bed)? A) B B) C C) E D) F E) G

39. In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown below, where is the nail root? A) A B) C C) E D) F E) G

40. In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown below, where is the nail matrix? A) A B) C C) E D) F E) G

41. In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown, where is the lunula? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

42. Which of the following best describes the events occurring at point B in the diagram of deep wound healing shown below? A) Blood clot is forming. B) New collagen fibers are forming. C) Damaged blood vessels are being repaired. D) Epithelium is migrating across wound. E) Scar tissue is forming.

43. Which of the labeled cells in the diagram of deep wound healing shown below has phagocytic properties? A) C B) E C) F D) All of these answer choices are correct. E) Both E and F

44. Which of the following best describes the events occurring at point A in the diagram of deep wound healing shown below? A) Blood clot is forming. B) New collagen fibers are forming. C) Damaged blood vessels are being repaired. D) Epithelium is migrating across wound. E) Scar tissue is forming.

45. Describe the structural characteristics of the epidermis that contribute to its ability to protect the surface of an animal.

46. Describe the major differences between thin skin and thick skin.

47. John has just been brought into the emergency room following a fiery explosion at a chemical plant. He is diagnosed with third degree burns over the anterior surfaces of his arms and trunk. What specific structural damage has occurred to his skin? What risks to John's life have resulted from this damage?

Melissa Cleaver

48. Which structure is an eccrine sweat gland? A) A B) F C) G D) H E) I

49. Which structures are dermal papillae? A) A B) F C) G D) H E) I

50. Meissner's corpuscle would be found in which region of the skin shown in the figure? A) B B) D C) E D) J E) None of these answer choices are correct.

51. Which letter is pointing to the subcutaneous layer of the skin in the figure? A) C B) E C) B D) J E) I

52. Which structure in the figure is a receptor sensitive to pressure? A) A B) G C) F D) H E) I

53. Which structures in the figure are sensitive to warmth, coolness and itching? A) A B) G C) F D) H E) J

54. Which structure in the figure detects touch sensations? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) G

55. Which structure in the figure produces a protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes and chemicals? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

56. Which structure in the figure produces a pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs UV radiation? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) G

57. In the diagram, which layer is the stratum granulosum? A) E B) F C) G D) H E) I

58. In the diagram, which layer is the stratum corneum? A) E B) F C) G D) H E) I

59. In the diagram, which structure is directly destroyed by electrolysis? A) A B) B C) C D) F E) G

60. In the diagram, which is the internal root sheath? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) G

61. In the diagram, which is the external root sheath? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) G

62. In the diagram, which is the hair matrix? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) G

63. In the diagram, which is a melanocyte? A) A B) B C) E D) F E) G

64. In the diagram, which is the papilla of the hair? A) A B) C C) E D) F E) G

65. Which condition results from androgens inhibiting hair growth in genetically predisposed adults? A) hirsutism B) pallor C) jaundice D) male-pattern baldness E) erythema

66. Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive body hair caused by tumors in adrenal glands, testes or ovaries? A) hirsutism B) pallor C) jaundice D) androgenic alopecia E) erythema

67. Which condition is due to a buildup of bilirubin pigment in the skin? A) hirsutism B) pallor C) jaundice D) androgenic alopecia E) erythema

68. Which of the following terms refers to redness of the skin such as seen in patients with inflammation, infection or heat exposure? A) hirsutism B) pallor C) jaundice D) androgenic alopecia E) erythema

69. Which of the following terms refers to paleness of the skin such as seen in patients with shock or anemia? A) hirsutism B) pallor C) jaundice D) androgenic alopecia E) erythema

70. Which of the following terms refers to an inflammation of the skin characterized by patches of redness, blistering, and extreme itching? A) papule B) laceration C) keratosis D) frostbite E) eczema

71. Which of the following terms refers to a Hardened and thickened area of skin resulting from persistent pressure and friction? A) callus B) blister C) wart D) papule E) fever blister

72. Which of the following terms refers to an irregular tear of the skin? A) abrasion B) papule C) keloid D) laceration E) cyst

73. Which of the following terms refers to reddened, elevated, and itchy patches of skin commonly caused by emotional stress, physical trauma, or certain food allergies? A) wart B) hives C) papule D) cyst E) eczema

74. You stepped on a nail. List the sequential layers (or strata) of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to finally reach the dermis. A) basale, spinosum, granulosom, corneum B) granulosom, spinosum, lucidum, corneum, basale C) corneum, lucidum, granulosom, spinosum, basale D) corneum, granulosom, spinosum, basale E) corneum, granulosom, lucidum, spinosum, basale

75. Which of the following skin disorders involves inflammation of sebaceous glands caused by bacteria which thrive in the lipid-rich sebum? A) alopecia B) acne C) vitiligo D) pressure ulcer E) eczema

76. “Goose bumps” are caused by A) contraction of arrector pili muscles. B) secretions from the sudoriferous glands. C) contraction of dermal papillae. D) stimulation of hair root plexus. E) secretions from the sebaceous gland.

77. Describe the structure and function of the different types of exocrine glands found in the skin

78. The hair root plexus functions to A) support the growing hair. B) cause the hair shaft to become erect. C) stimulate sweat secretion. D) give rise to the hair matrix. E) assist hair in touch perception.

79. Which of the following chemicals does NOT contribute to the color of human skin? A) carotene B) hemoglobin C) pheomelanin D) eumelanin E) melatonin

80. Which of the following best describes events that lead to the tanning of skin that occurs after exposure of the skin to the sun's UV radiation? A) UV radiation stimulates increased numbers of melanocytes in the skin. B) UV radiation stimulates increased numbers of keratinocytes in the skin. C) UV radiation stimulates increased production of melanin by melanosomes. D) UV radiation inactivates tyrosinase activity in melanocytes. E) UV radiation stimulates increased production of carotenes by keratinocytes.

81. Which of the following is a common characteristic of thin skin? A) Hairless. B) Contains a stratum lucidum. C) High density of sensory receptors. D) Presence of sebaceous glands. E) Contains epidermal ridges.

82. Which of the primary germ layers of the embryo does the epidermis of the skin develop from? A) Endoderm B) Ectoderm C) Mesoderm D) All of these choices are correct. E) Both endoderm and ectoderm.

83. During embryonic development, which of the following accessory structures of the skin develops as an outgrowth of epithelial cells from the sides of a hair follicle? A) eccrine sweat glands B) apocrine sweat glands C) sebaceous glands D) fingernails E) arrector pili muscles

84. When a person's body becomes too warm, how does the integumentary system work with other body systems to maintain homeostasis? A) Increased secretion of perspiration helps cool the body. B) Fewer waste products are secreted in sweat, so the kidneys work harder. C) Blood vessels in the skin constrict and increase blood flow to the core. D) Too little vitamin D is made, resulting in rickets. E) Infections increase because the skin becomes more permeable.

Melissa Cleaver

Answer Key

1. E2. A3. A4. B5. A6. A7. C8. D9. E

10. B11. D12. epidermal ridges develop during the third or fourth fetal month as the epidermis conforms to the contours of the

underlying dermal papillae of the papillary region. The ridges increase the surface area of the epidermis and thus increase the grip of the hand or foot by increasing friction. Because the ducts of sweat glands open on the tops of the epidermal ridges as sweat pores, the sweat and ridges form fingerprints upon touching a smooth object. The epidermal ridge pattern is genetically determined and is unique for each individual allowing these patterns to be used to identify individuals.

13. A14. E15. C16. E17. Arrector pili are smooth muscles that extend from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath

around the side of the hair follicle. In its normal position, hair emerges at an angle to the surface of the skin. Under physiological or emotional stress, such as cold or fright, autonomic nerve endings stimulate the arrector pili muscle to contract, which pulls the hair shafts perpendicular to the skin surface. This action causes “goose bumps” because the skin around the shaft forms slight elevations.

18. C19. A20. D21. B22. The functions of the skin include: 1) Thermoregulation: The skin thermoregulates in response to increased

temperature by secreting sweat onto its surface and then increasing blood flow to the surface leading to cooling of the blood. In response to low temperatures, production of sweat is decreased and blood flow is diverted from surface to conserve heat. 2) The skin contains 8-10% of the blood and thus serves as a blood reservoir. 3) The skin covers the body and provides protection using keratin, lipids, secretions like oil and sweat, and immunological defenses. 4) The skin can detect and respond to cutaneous sensations. 5) The skin helps in excretion and absorption. 6) The skin also can synthesize vitamin D.

23. In response to an epidermal injury, basal cells of the epidermis surrounding the wound break contact with the basement membrane. The cells then enlarge and migrate across the wound. The cells appear to migrate as a sheet. When epidermal cells encounter each other they stop migrating due to contact inhibition. Migration of the epidermal cells stops completely when each is finally in contact with other epidermal cells on all sides. Epidermal growth factor is also secreted to stimulate the basal stem cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved into the wound. Epidermal cell division eventually regenerates the strata of the epidermis.

24. In deep wound healing, a blood clot forms during the inflammatory response and loosely unites the wound edges. Then in the migratory phase the clot becomes a scab and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound. Fibroblasts migrate along fibrin threads and begin synthesizing scar tissue and damaged blood vessels begin to regrow. During this phase, the tissue filling the wound is called granulation tissue. The proliferative phase is characterized by extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns, and continued growth of blood vessels. During the maturation phase, the scab sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to normal thickness. Collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number and blood vessels are restored to normal.

25. B26. A27. D28. A29. D30. B31. D32. B

33. D34. A35. D36. C37. B38. E39. A40. C41. C42. D43. E44. A45. Multiple layers of cells in stratified squamous epithelium help resist friction. Keratin of intermediate filaments

provides strength to tissue by binding cells tightly together and to underlying tissue, thus creating a barrier to microbes. Lamellar granules of keratinocytes produce a lipid-rich, water-repellent (sealant) to protect from dehydration and entry of foreign materials. Melanin, produced by melanocytes, protects underlying tissue from UV light. Sebum secreted onto the surface helps protect from dehydration and microbial invasion. Langerhans cells participate in immune response to microbial invasion.

46. Thick skin is found on palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles, while thin skin is found in all other areas. Thick skin is 4-5 × thicker than thin skin. The stratum lucidum is present exclusively in thick skin. Also, the stratum spinosum and stratum corneum are thicker in thick skin. Thick skin exhibits epidermal ridges, more sweat glands and a higher density of sensory receptors. Thin skin has hair follicles and sebaceous glands, while thick skin does not.

47. John has lost approximately 27% of his skin's surface area (according to the Rule of Nines), which leads to severe systemic effects. The epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer and associated structures have been destroyed. Sensory function is lost. Loss of epidermis (and so, lost keratin and Langerhans cells) makes John susceptible to microbial invasion. Loss of keratinized structures and lamellar granules allows for extreme loss of water, plasma, and plasma proteins, which causes shock; leading to dehydration, reduced blood volume and circulation, decreased urine output and diminished immune responses.

48. C49. E50. B51. B52. C53. A54. C55. A56. D57. C58. E59. E60. B61. C62. E63. D64. C65. D66. A67. C68. E69. B70. E71. E72. D73. B74. C75. B76. A

77. Sebaceous glands are oil glands. They are connected to hair follicles (with few exceptions). The secreting portion lies in the dermis and opens into the neck of a hair follicle. They are absent in the palms and soles. The secretory product of sebaceous gland is known as sebum. Sebum prevents the hair from drying and becoming brittle. Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands. They release sweat into hair follicles or onto the skin surface through pores. There are two types of sweat glands: Eccrine and Apocrine. Eccrine sweat glands are distributed throughout the skin including the palm and the soles. The sweat produced by these glands contains water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose and lactic acid. The main function of eccrine glands is to regulate body temperature. Apocrine sweat glands are predominantly found in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae and the bearded region of the face. The sweat produced by apocrine glands is lightly viscous and appears milky or yellowish in color. They contain similar type of material found in eccrine glands with an addition of lipids and proteins. Upon interaction with bacteria on the surface of the skin, the components are metabolized causing the distinct body odor. Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands found in the external ear. They produce the ear wax knows as cerumen which is a combined secretion of ceruminous and sebaceous glands.

78. E79. E80. C81. D82. B83. C84. A

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