Pyroelectric Energy H arvesting D evices
description
Transcript of Pyroelectric Energy H arvesting D evices
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Pyroelectric Energy Harvesting Devices
Student Design Team:
Trent Borman1, John Etherington2, Thomas Geske1, Joshua Grindeland2
Faculty Advisors & Clients:Scott Beckman1 and Sumit Chaudhary2
Donor:Pete Onstad (to foster EE/MSE senior design collaboration)
1 Department of Material Science and Engineering; Iowa State University; Ames, Iowa; USA2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Iowa State University; Ames, Iowa; USA
MAY14-25
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MAY14-252
Problem StatementConvert waste thermal energy to electricity.
Design a system to utilize the pyroelectric effect in materials with high entropy transitions.
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MAY14-253
Market Survey• Waste heat is abundant• No clear industry leader in thermal energy to
electric energy conversion• Modern high entropy materials exceed bulk
ceramics in performance
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MAY14-25
Background &Motivation
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Coupling Thermal and Dielectric Properties
MAY14-25
A pyroelectric crystal spontaneously changes polarization when its temperature is changed
The electrocaloric effect is when a crystal spontaneously changes temperature when its polarization changes
The pyroelectric effect allows us to convert between thermal energy and electrical energy
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Basic Operation of Engines and Refrigerators
MAY14-25
Refrigerator
System
ThermalReservoir
(Cold)
ThermalReservoir
(Hot)
Environment
Work
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MAY14-257
Basic Operation of Engines and Refrigerators
Engine
System
ThermalReservoir
(Cold)
ThermalReservoir
(Hot)
Environment
Work
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MAY14-258
Engine & Refrigerator in Phase Space
Engine Refrigerator
Pres
sure
VolumePr
essu
reVolume
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MAY14-259
Common Engineering Principles• A material is used to transfer heat between
thermal reservoirs• Complementary adiabatic processes facilitate the
thermodynamic cycle
Equilibrate with hot thermal reservoir
Equilibrate with cold thermal reservoir
Adiabatic Transformation
Adiabatic Transformation
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10 MAY14-25
Example: Perovskite pyroelectric crystal: ABO3
Figure courtesy of Dr. Beckman
BaTiO3
-ΔT
-ΔT-ΔT
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Electric Field
Pola
rizati
on
MAY14-25
Electric work
Thigh
Tlow
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The ordering of atomic scale dipoles causes a change in the entropy
The change entropy requires a change in heat
In an adiabatic system, this causes a change in temperature
MAY14-25
Why does this work?
Field Direction-ΔT
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MAY14-2513
Pyroelectric vs. Thermoelectric• Oscillating thermal
cycle• Dipole orientation• Applied electric field• Exhibited by few
materials
• Static thermal gradient• Charge carrier motion• No applied field• Exhibited by all
materials
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What can we use to get a larger change in entropy?
MAY14-25
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Liquid Crystals
Nanostructures
Polymers
Figure from Longyi Bao Nanotechnology (2013)
MAY14-25
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Material Effect
Figure from Yyang340 - Wikipedia
Electric FieldP
olar
izat
ion
MAY14-25
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MAY14-25
Goals & Progress
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MAY14-2518
Functional Requirements• Demonstrate the pyroelectric effect in liquid
crystals and polymers• Convert waste heat to electrical work• Measure properties of specimens• Design a switching and harvesting circuit• Expose pyroelectric device to a thermal cycle• Withstand 400V across element
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MAY14-2519
Non-functional Requirements• Well documented for future work• Modular for varying pyroelectric materials• Scalable to significant current and power levels• Safety
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MAY14-2520
Deliverables• Pyroelectric specimens
• Liquid crystal cells• P(VDF-TrFE) films
• Characterization circuit• Electrical property measurements
• Harvesting circuit• Microcontroller code
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MAY14-2521
Risks• High risk project utilizing new, unproven materials
and techniques• Potentially transformative for thermal energy
harvesting industry
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MAY14-2522
Work breakdownTrent Borman
-Group leader
-Liquid crystal device fabrication
-P(VDF-TrFE) device fabrication
-Material electrical property curves
-Management of bill of materials
John Etherington
-Project timeline
-Communication (weekly report)
-Control systems and control code
-Circuitry design
Joshua Grindeland
-Web page design
-Circuitry design
-Pspice circuit design
-Electrical device research
Tommy Geske:
-Bibliography and Sourcing
-Liquid crystal device fabrication
-P(VDF-TrFE) device fabrication
-Thermodynamic curve generation
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MAY14-2523
System Block Diagram
Microcontroller
SwitchingControl
Produced EnergySource/Load Switching
Circuit
VHigh VLow
ΔQIndependent Frequency Adjustment
TempReading
Pyroelectric MaterialContact
Contact
Heat Transfer System(pyroelectric device housed
within)
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MAY14-2524
Design Stages1. Pyroelectric specimens2. Characterization circuit3. Harvesting circuit
1
2 3
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Polymer Specimens• P(VDF-TrFE)• Spin coating• 1.2 micron thickness• ITO substrate• Pinholing shorts ITO to top
electrode• Process being refined
MAY14-25
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Polymer Specimen Troubleshooting• Solvents• Atmospheric conditions• Contacts• Thickness
Currently in contact with a group which creates PVDF films at Nebraska
Purchasing commercial polymer films to test concepts
MAY14-25
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MAY14-2527
Barium Titanate Multi-layer Capacitors• Backup if high risk organic materials do not work• Confirm functionality of harvesting circuit• Well documented in literature• Preliminary testing of BaTiO3 MLCs show high
breakdown resistance
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Liquid Crystal Specimens• Commercial cells• 5CB liquid crystal• Increasing polarization
with electric field• Frequency tuning
MAY14-25
Instec Inc. Type SA and SB Liquid Crystal Cell
Structure of 5CB Liquid Crystal
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MAY14-2529
Liquid Crystal Specimens
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MAY14-2530
Liquid Crystal Troubleshooting• Applying 210V results in breakdown preventing the
voltage from rising above 150V in the future• 400V breakdown observed by other groups
• Solutions investigated• New liquid crystals (hygroscopic)• Other liquid crystals (longer chain length)• External contacts (prevent conduction)• Increase temperature (phase change)
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MAY14-2531
Liquid Crystal Troubleshooting
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32 MAY14-25
0.1µF
8MΩ
22kΩ VV
The values of the resistors and capacitor will be modified to match the various pyroelectric samples.
Characterization: Sawyer-Tower
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Harvester: Switch-level Model
MAY14-25
PyroelectricHarvesting
Load
PyroelectricBeyond
Curie Temp
Harvesting Load
PyroelectricHarvesting
Load
PyroelectricHarvesting
Load
1 2
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VLow
VLow VHigh
VHigh
Increase Applied Voltage
Heat Pyroelectric
Connect to Load
Cool & Connect to
Voltage
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34 MAY14-25
Harvesting Circuit
vRL
100k
DeviceTemp
+-
USBPWR
RESET3.3v5vGNDGNDVIN
A0A1A2A3A4A5
AREFGND
1312
~11~10~9
8
7~6~5
4~3
2Tx> 1Rx< 0
POWER
ANALOG
DIG
ITAL
(PW
M~)
RESET
Arduino UNO
ICSP
TMP36
+-
47k
240
100µ 330k
1k
100
100
Vcontrol
10kOffsetNull
Vs
Vs
10k 5M 1µ
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MAY14-2535
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MAY14-2536
Results
Voltage
Current
Device Characteristics
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Future Work - Concept SketchThe device consists of three
subsystems:
Mechanical/Heat Transfer – Piston, stepper motor, silicone oil, heat sink, heating band.
Material – Pyroelectric material and contacts.
Electrical – Thermocouples, harvesting circuit, switching circuit, and motor controller.
MAY14-2537
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MAY14-2538
Conclusion• Electrical characterization has preliminary results,
but is an ongoing project• Preliminary circuits designed• Heat transfer system will be explored later
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MAY14-2539
Acknowledgements• We would like to thank Scott Beckman and Sumit
Chaudry for their role as our advisors
• We would like to thank our client Pete Onsted for his generous donation to foster collaboration between materials science and electrical engineering
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MAY14-25
Additional Information
40
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MAY14-2541
Safety• High voltages
• Lockout tag out• Insulating gloves
• Temperatures• Heat resistant gloves• Oil resistant clothing• Safety goggles
• Chemicals• Chemical resistant gloves• Storage and disposal plan• Fume hood• Safety goggles
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MAY14-2542
Cost Analysis – Liquid Crystals
Supplier Name Unit Quantity Price Subtotal
Sigma Aldrich4’-Pentyl-4biphenylcarbonitrile Gram 1 $ 72.30 $ 72.30
Sigma Aldrich4’-Hexyl-4biphenylcarbonitrile Gram 1 $ 90.20 $ 90.20
Sigma Aldrich4’-Octyl-4biphenylcarbonitrile Gram 1 $ 84.80 $ 84.80
Instec Inc.Homeotropic alignment LC cells Holders 20 $ 14.00 $ 280.00
Total $ 527.30
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MAY14-2543
Cost Analysis – PolymerSupplier Name Unit Quantity Price Subtotal
Delta Technologies
ITO coated glass slides Piece 20 $ 8.00 $ 160.00
Piezotech PVDF-TrFE 70/30 Gram 2 $ 10.00 $ 20.00
Sigma AldrichN,N-Dimethylformamide Liter 1 $ 85.40 $ 85.40
Fisher Scientific
1oz/30mL Polypropylene Bottles 12ct Pack 2 $ 12.53 $ 25.06
Total $ 290.46
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MAY14-2544
Cost Analysis – Lab Supplies
Supplier Name Unit Quantity Price SubtotalFisher Scientific
Acetone (Certified ACS) 4L Bottle 1 $ 22.06 $ 22.06
Fisher Scientific
Methanol (Certified ACS) 4L Bottle 1 $ 16.12 $ 16.12
Fisher Scientific Best Butyl II Gloves Pair 1 $ 50.47 $ 50.47 Fisher Scientific
4.4 x 8.4 Lint Free Wipers 280ct Box 2 $ 3.82 $ 7.64
Fisher Scientific
Cotton-Tipped Wooden Applicators 1000ct Pack 1 $ 7.71 $ 7.71
Fisher Scientific
Graduated Disposable Pipettes 500ct Box 1 $ 14.29 $ 14.29
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MAY14-2545
Cost Analysis – Lab Supplies
Supplier Name Unit Quantity Price SubtotalChem Stores
Disposable Nitrile Gloves 50pr/box Box 2 $ 6.04 $ 12.08
Ted Pella Inc.
Carbon Conductive Sheet Pack/10 1 $ 39.75 $ 39.75
Ted Pella Inc.
Copper Conductive Tape Roll 1 $ 41.25 $ 41.25
Ted Pella Inc.
Double Sided Kapton Tape Roll 1 $ 52.10 $ 52.10
Ted Pella Inc.
PELCO Water Based Carbon Paint 50g Bottle 1 $ 9.95 $ 9.95
Ted Pella Inc.
PELCO Colloidal Silver Paste 25g Bottle 1 $ 59.50 $ 59.50
TOTAL $ 332.92
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MAY14-2546
Cost Analysis - ElectricalSupplier Name Unit Quantity Price Total
Sparkfun Arduino Uno Board 1 $ 29.95 $ 29.95
Digkey 35V - 1uF - MLC - X7R Capacitor 5 $ 0.23 $ 1.13
Digikey DC/DC 1kV converter Unit 1 $ 189.02 $ 189.02
Digikey Transistor Optocoupler 6-DIP 10 $ 0.94 $ 9.40
Digikey 3 Row solderless BB Board 1 $ 122.04 $ 122.04
Digikey Temperature Sensor Unit 3 $ 1.42 $ 4.26
DigikeyK-type Temperature Probe Unit 3 $ 14.95 $ 44.85
DigikeyK-type Thermocouple female sockets Unit 3 $ 7.10 $ 21.30
Digikey AC/DC wall pack Unit 1 $ 4.68 $ 4.68
TOTAL $ 426.63
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MAY14-2547
Adiabatic Electrocaloric Effect
Pyroelectric Coefficient
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Manual Heat Transfer System• Manual rotation between cold and hot plates.
Figure from Olsen Journal of Energy (1982)
MAY14-25
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Regenerative Heat Transfer System
Figure from Olsen Journal of Energy (1982)
Utilize a series of materials with a gradient of transition temperatures to maximize efficiency
MAY14-25
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Automated Heat Transfer System
Figure from Olsen, Bruno, Briscoe, Dullea Ferroelectrics (1984)
MAY14-25
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Polymer Spin Coating
• 3-4 drops of solution.• 5 wt% at 750-1250 rpm for
30-45s.• 10 wt% at 2000-3000 rpm for
30s, and 750 rpm for 60s.• 10 wt% at 3000 rpm for 30s
has uniform 1.2 micron thickness.
• Annealed for 30m at 80°C
MAY14-25
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Preliminary Polymer Characterization
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
P(VDF-TrFE) Polarization - Electric Field
250 kV/cm 150 kV/cm
Electric Field (kV/cm)
Pola
rizati
on (μ
C/cm
2)
MAY14-25
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MAY14-2553
Polymer Micrographs• Presence of pinholes and photoresist.
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Liquid Crystal Material• Nematic liquid crystals were chosen due to their
significant entropy change.• 4'-Pentyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile (5CB) was chosen
due to literature on electrocaloric effect.• 4’-Hexyl-4biphenylcarbonitrile, and
4’-Octyl-4biphenylcarbonitrile were also purchased for their higher transition temperature.
Structure of 5CB Liquid Crystal
MAY14-25
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Preliminary Liquid Crystal Characterization
• Shows increasing polarization with increasing field as expected.
• Max polarization should occur at max field.
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800-2.5
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.55CB Polarization vs Electric Field
200 kV/cm 300 kV/cm 400 kV/cm 500 kV/cm600 kV/cm
Electric Field (kV/cm)
Pola
rizati
on (μ
C/cm
2)
MAY14-25
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Ceramic Nanosheets• Liquid crystal holders• Preliminary characterization in
progress
Nakato et al.Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2011)
MAY14-25
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MAY14-25
• Arduino Uno• Meets our specification• Low cost• Large user community,
base code• Compatible with our
stepper motor and driver
Isolator Trigger & Stepper Control
Thermocouples
57
Microcontroller
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MAY14-2558
Thermocouple Testing