Putting Science into Standards (PSIS) Workshop 2016 · Putting Science into Standards (PSIS)...
Transcript of Putting Science into Standards (PSIS) Workshop 2016 · Putting Science into Standards (PSIS)...
JRC Petten ● 22-23 September 2016
Putting Science into Standards (PSIS)
Workshop 2016 "Driving Towards Decarbonisation of Transport:
Safety, Performance, Second life and Recycling of Automotive
Batteries for e-Vehicles"
Session 2:
Performance assessment of automotive batteries
Standardisation:
Grietus MULDER– VITO/EnergyVille
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1. Usefulness of standards for research projects
2. Tests for ageing modelling: a different approach for the ageing tests in standards
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Contents
Publications on standards from European Research projects
Conclusion on usefulness standards for research projects, excluding battery ageing
Existing standards with battery ageing
Approach in scientific projects
Proposition for an ageing test
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Publications on standards from European Research projects
Article: comparison of automotive battery test standards and enhanced characterisation methodology
Enhanced test methods to characterise automotive battery cells,
Grietus Mulder, Noshin Omar, Stijn Pauwels, Filip Leemans, Bavo Verbrugge, Wouter De Nijs, Peter Van den Bossche, Daan Six, Joeri Van Mierlo,
Journal of Power Sources, Volume 196, Issue 23, December 2011, Pages 10079-10087
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.07.072
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Publications on standards from European Research projects
Report: Review of standards to derive test protocol in Spicy project
Characterisation tests, ageing tests, abuse&reliability tests, analysis of EV logging data
SPICY Deliverable D6.1: Test protocols definition for WP6 (including critical review of protocols)
July 2015
VITO, CIDETEC, CEA, TUM, PROLLION
zenodo.org/record/46146/files/SPICY_D6.1_M3_vfinal.pdf
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Report : FP7 Mat4Bat Deliverable D5.1: List of relevant regulations and standards
Regulation and directives
Characterisation tests (including materials), ageing tests, abuse&reliability tests
Labelling
April 2016
VITO, KIT
Public, will appear at Zenodo.org
Publications on standards from European Research projects
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Draft standard document for stationary batteries
A risk assessment of large-scale, stationary, grid-connected Lithium ion storage systems.
10 risks selected
Test protocol
Laboratory tests
April 2015
VITO, VDE, CEA, DNV GL, Liacon, ABB, Umicore
Contents have been send to IEC TC21 & SC21A
Public
http://www.stallion-project.eu/images/documents/D5.5%20Draft%20standard%20document%20for%20stationary%20batteries.pdf
Publications on standards from European Research projects
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Battery standards website made and maintained in the Stallion & Mat4Bat projects
Batterystandards.energyville.be Batterystandards.vito.be
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Battery standards website made and maintained in the Stallion & Mat4Bat projects
Batterystandards.energyville.be Batterystandards.vito.be
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Characterisation tests
Emphasis is on system level for specific EV applications
Downsizing to module and cell with freedom to the manufacturer by a dimensioning parameter
Comparison between cells is not possible
Charge behaviour is not studied, however important e.g. for brake energy recuperation
Not enough tests to characterise a battery (cell) for battery management systems
Conclusion on use of standards in European R&D projects
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Material characterisation tests
Tests defined for nano-materials
Tests are equally valid for ‘above nano/ micro scale’ materials
More tests methods are broadly used for material characterisation
Post-mortem analyses
Safety tests
A difference is made in standards between abuse, reliability and even safety and protection tests
The since the criteria seem arbitrary and changing from standard to standard.
So, they can be taken together as safety tests
Conclusion on use of standards in European R&D projects
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Battery labelling
IEC 62620 (Large format secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications)
Designation example: INR50/150/M/-30NA/75
New materials can not be designated: e.g. silicon is not included in the standard as anode material
Conclusion on use of standards in European R&D projects
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Safety (reliability & abuse) tests
ARC test lacks in ISO and IEC standards
a discussion is possible if this is about characterisation or abuse, but it is important to know when a battery can undergo thermal runaway
In short circuit tests, the resistance is chosen very differently in the standards, sometimes hardly representing a short circuit
The Stallion project made a precise study on this.
Anyway, almost no hazardous effects occur anyway
Conclusion on use of standards in European R&D projects
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Safety (reliability & abuse) tests
Internal short circuit tests, two methods prescribed
From the Stallion study on this topic:
More methods have been given
Provoking an internal short circuit by a nail peneration appears difficult.
The nail type has a large influence
Experience on safety devices
From the experiments in the Stallion study
Safety devices, esp. overpressure device, appears sometimes not to work and therefore to worsten the hazardous situation
Conclusion on use of standards in European R&D projects
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1. Usefulness of standards for research projects
2. Tests for ageing modelling: a different approach for the ageing tests in standards
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Ageing tests in the standards
The standards related to the use of lithium ion batteries in automotive application and describing the ageing tests are:
IEC 62660-1 (performance testing for lithium-ion cells);
ISO 12405-1 (lithium batteries for vehicles, high power applications);
ISO 12405-2 (lithium batteries for vehicles, high energy application);
DOE Battery test manual for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (INL/EXT-07-12536).
SAE J2288: Life Cycle Testing of Electric Vehicle Battery Modules
Outside automotive
IEC 61960 (Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications);
IEC 62620 (Large format secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications)
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Ageing tests in the standards
Cyclelife tests for HEV and BEV
Repetition of 1 or 2 discharge profiles: “dynamic discharge capacity test”
Certain SOC window (e.g. 100-20%), maybe at elevated temperature (45 °C)
Typical profile voltage response
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Ageing tests in the standards
Calendar life tests
Charge retention test, storage life test, SOC loss at storage
Different SOC levels and temperatures, depending on standard
Outside automotive:
Cyclelife tests with constant current discharge (typically C/5)
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: how
Also cycle life and calendar life tests, but differently
Cycle life
No dynamic profile
Constant (dis)charge, several C-rates
Several SOC-windows
Calendar life
Several SOC levels, several temperatures
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: how
From: Validated Battery Models
http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/201605-
External/SessionIII_Validated%20battery%20models.pdf
Graphical presentation from a scientific project:
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: how
Deriving empirical ageing laws
Cycle life tests:
Q = (𝒂 𝑻𝟐 + 𝒃 𝑻 + 𝒄)𝒆𝒙𝒑[ 𝒅𝑻+𝒆 ∗(𝑪−𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆)]
Calendar life tests:
𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒕 = 𝒂 ⋅ 𝒕 − 𝒃
With 𝒃 𝑻 = 𝑲𝒃 ⋅ 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝑬𝒃
𝑹⋅
𝟏
𝑻−
𝟏
𝑻𝟎
and a T, SoC = Ka SoC ⋅ exp −Ea SoC
R⋅
1
T−
1
T0
Ka SoC = ka,1 ⋅ 𝑆𝑂𝐶 +ka,2
Ea SoC = ea,1 ⋅ 𝑆𝑂𝐶 +ea,2
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: how
Input for physics-chemical ageing modelling
Modelling of growth of SEI layer and connected loss in Li-ions
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: sources
Projects that use this approach
FP7 Mat4Bat
CEA, VITO, Solvay, ZSW, Macro, KIT, Imerys, Renault, Cegasa, CIC Energigune, EIGSI, INSA, Cidetec, Solvionic, Directaplus, Newcastle university, Kurt Salomon
Spicy
CEA, TEKNA, KIT, Kurt Salomon, TUM, belife, EMPA, CIDETEC, Prollion, PEP, Hahn Schikard, VITO, Recupyl
NAIADES
CEA, CSIC, CNRS, VITO/EnergyVille, Chalmers, VDE, Solvay, SAFT, Estabanell, MAST,
Batteries2020
IKERLAN, Umicore, Leclanché, Fiat, Abengoa, Aalborg University, IME, RWTH ISEA, VUB, Eurobat
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: sources
Scientific papers on this approach
Experimental law M. Ecker, N. Nieto, S. Käbitz, J. Schmalstieg, H. Blanke, A. Warnecke, et al., Calendar and cycle life study of Li(NiMnCo)O2-based 18650 lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources. 248 (2014) 839–851. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.143.
J. Schmalstieg, S.Käbitz, M.Ecker, D.Uwe Sauer, A holistic aging model for Li(NiMnCo)O2 based 18650 lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources 257 (2014) 325e334
A. Barré, F. Suard, M. Gérard, M. Montaru, D. Riu, Statistical analysis for understanding and predicting battery degradations in real-life electric vehicle use, J. Power Sources. 245 (2014) 846–856. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.07.052.
M. Broussely, S. Herreyre, P. Biensan, P. Kasztejna, K. Nechev, R.. Staniewicz, Aging mechanism in Li ion cells and calendar life predictions, J. Power Sources. 97-98 (2001) 13–21. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00722-4.
P. Gyan, Experimental study and modelling of calendar ageing of lithium-ion batteries for EV and HEV applications : SIMCAL Project, (2014) 78280.
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects
Scientific papers on this approach
Physics based modelling G. Ning, R.E. White, B.N. Popov, A generalized cycle life model of rechargeable Li-ion batteries, Electrochimica Acta, 2005, pp. 2012-2022
L. Liu, J. Park, X. Lin, A.M. Sastry, W. Lu, A thermal-electrochemical model that gives spatial-dependent growth of solid electrolyte interphase in a Li-ion battery, Journal of Power Sources, 2014, pp. 482-490
T. Waldmann, M. Wilka, M. Kasper, M. Fleischhammer, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Temperature dependent ageing mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries – A Post-Mortem study, J. Power Sources. 262 (2014) 129–135. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.112.
B.Y. Liaw, R.G. Jungst, G. Nagasubramanian, H.L. Case, D.H. Doughty, Modeling capacity fade in lithium-ion cells, J. Power Sources. 140 (2005) 157–161. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.08.017.
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: results
Exemplary test set-ups
Cyclelife test scheme
Calendar life test scheme
Charge C-rate
T [°C]1C ≡ 16A 2C ≡ 32A 3C ≡ 48A
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1C/1C SOC = 0-80% x2 |VITO
1C/1C SOC = 10-90% x2 |CEA
1C/1C SOC = 20-100% x2 |VITO
1C/1C SOC = 0-100% x2 | EIGSI
2C/1C SOC = 0-80% x2 |VITO
2C/2C SOC = 10-90% x2 |CEA
2C/1C SOC = 20-100% x2 |VITO
3C/1C SOC = 0-80% x2 |VITO
3C/3C SOC = 10-90% x2 |CEA
3C/1C SOC = 10-90% x2 |CEA
3C/1C SOC = 20-100% x2 |VITO
3C/1C SOC = 0-100% x4 | EIGSI
251C/1C SOC = 10-90% x2 |CEA
1C/1C SOC = 0-100% x2 | KIT
2C/1C SOC = 10-90% x3 |ZSW
2C/1C SOC = 0-100% x2 | KIT
3C/1C SOC = 10-90% x2 |ZSW
3C/1C SOC = 0-100% x3 | KIT
5 1C/1C SOC = 10-90% x2 |CIDETEC 2C/1C SOC = 10-90% x2 |CIDETEC 3C/1C SOC = 10-90% x2 |CIDETEC
SOC [%]
T [°C]50 90 100
60 x2 |VITO x2 |VITO x3 |VITO
45 x2 | CEA x3 | CEA x3 | CEA
25 x3 | EIGSI X3 | EIGSI x3 | EIGSI
5 x2 |CIDETEC x3 |CIDETEC
Source: Poster Mat4Bat: Calendar life and life-
cycling ageing modelling of a commercial
lithium ion battery @ ABAA8
Source: Schmalstieg, Journal of
Power Sources, 257, 325-334, 2014
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: results
Some test result of cyclelife test
Source: Internal workshop deliverable 9.7
http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/201
605-Internal/BATT2020-
INTERNAL%20WORKSHOP_2405_EM_V2.
pptx
Source: Schmalstieg, Journal of
Power Sources, 257, 325-334, 2014
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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: results
A test result for calendar life tests
Including data fitting to derive according to a phenomenological law
0 100 200 300 400-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
R2=0.62
t / days
R2=0.64
Qlo
ss,C
V,1
C / A
h
T=5°C
SoC=50%
SoC=100%
0 100 200 300 400-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
R2=0.96
t / days
R2=0.95
R2=0.96
Qlo
ss,C
V,1
C / A
h
T=25°C
SoC=50%
SoC=90%
SoC=100%
0 200 400 600-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
R2=1.00
t / days
R2=0.99
R2=0.95
Qlo
ss,C
V,1
C / A
h
T=45°C
SoC=50%
SoC=90%
SoC=100%
0 100 200 300 400-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
R2=0.89
t / days
R2=0.96
R2=0.84
Qlo
ss,C
V,1
C / A
h
T=60°C
SoC=50%
SoC=90%
SoC=100%
From: Validated Battery Models
http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/
201605-
External/SessionIII_Validated%20battery
%20models.pdf
Source: Poster Mat4Bat: Calendar life
and life-cycling ageing modelling of a
commercial lithium ion battery @ ABAA8
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A more generic ageing approach that enables a model for ageing behaviour has an advantage over specific drive cycles and power trains.
Out of the model the ageing can be derived for specific drivelines and car usage.
Ageing tests in the scientific projects: results
From: Validated Battery Models
http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/201605-
External/SessionIII_Validated%20battery%20models.pdf
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Proposition for ageing tests in standards
Classic approach by specific drive cycles
Ageing tests by IEC, ISO, etc. cover many tests and are still not representative for the electric drivelines and car usage.
Depending on the driveline the power of the battery or the energy becomes more important.
Car owners that drive a lot on motorways using fast charging age the battery differently from those who drive within their city.
Added value of the scientific approach
Predictive value for many possible cycles, not just for 1 condition
A more generic ageing approach that enables a model for ageing behaviour would be better.
Out of the model the ageing can be derived for specific drivelines and car usage.
This is important for the industry
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Proposition for ageing tests in standards
This is important for the industry
Thus, it should be standardised
Needed: derivation of a minimum viable test scheme to obtain
empirical law
Physics-based ageing prediction
The methodological approach is established by several projects and papers
Possible committees
CLC/TC21X Secondary cells and batteries
IEC SC21A Batteries with alkaline and other non-acid electrolytes
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Grietus Mulder Researcher Smart Grids & Electricity storage EnergyVille / VITO Thor park André Dumontlaan 67 B-3600 Genk [email protected] +32 14 33 58 59
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Topics of main standardisation groups
IEC TC21 Secondary cells and batteries
IEC 61427 series Batteries for renewable energy storage
IEC 62485 series Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations (with parts for Li-ion, lead-acid,…)
IEC/EN 60952 series Aircraft batteries
IEC/EN 60896 series Stationary lead-acid batteries
IEC/EN 60254-1 Lead-acid traction batteries
IEC/EN 61056 series General purpose lead-acid batteries (valve-regulated types)
IEC 62660 series Secondary lithium-ion cells for the propulsion of electric road vehicles
Under development Flow battery systems for stationary applications
Under development Secondary high temperature cells and batteries
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Topics of main standardisation groups
IEC SC21A Batteries with alkaline and other non-acid electrolytes
IEC/EN 61233 series Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in portable applications
IEC 62620 Large format secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications
IEC 62619 Safety requirements for large format secondary lithium cells and batteries for stationary and motive applications
IEC 61960 series Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications
IEC/EN 61951 series Portable sealed rechargeable single cells (NiCd, NiMH)
IEC/EN 60622 Sealed nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells
IEC/EN 60623 Vented nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells
Under development Secondary lithium batteries for use in road vehicles not for the propulsion
Under development Safety requirements for secondary lithium batteries for use in road vehicles not for the propulsion
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Topics of main standardisation groups
IEC TC120 Electric energy storage (EES) systems
All under development :
IEC 62933-1 Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Terminology
IEC 62933-2 Electric Energy Storage (EES) systems - Unit parameters and testing methods of electrical energy storage (EES) system - Part 1: General specification
IEC 62933-3 Planning and installation of electrical energy storage systems
IEC/TS 62933-4 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems - Guidance on environmental issues
IEC/TS 62933-5 Safety considerations related to the integrated electrical energy storage (EES) systems
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Topics of main standardisation groups
IEC TC69 Electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks IEC 61851 series Electric vehicle conductive charging system
IEC 61980 series Electric vehicle wireless power transfer (WPT) systems
IEC TS 62763 Pilot function through a control pilot circuit using PWM (pulse width modulation) and a control pilot wire
IEC 62576 Electric double-layer capacitors for use in hybrid electric vehicles - Test methods for electrical characteristics
Under development IEC 62840 series Electric vehicle battery swap system
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Topics of main standardisation groups
IEC TC113 Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems
IEC TS 62607 series Nanomanufacturing - Key control characteristics
IEC 62565 series Nanomanufacturing - Material specifications
IEC/TS 62876 series Nanotechnology - Reliability
ISO/TS 80004 series Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary
For battery materials: Nano-enabled energy storage, under development
IEC TS 62607-4 series Nanomanufacturing - Key control characteristics
Part 4-1: Cathode nanomaterials for nano-enabled electrical energy storage - Electrochemical characterisation, 2-electrode cell method
Part 4-2: Physical characterization of nanomaterials, density measurement
Part 4-3: Nano-enabled electrical energy storage - Contact and coating resistivity measurements for nanomaterials
Part 4-4 Thermal Characterization of Nanomaterials, Nail Penetration Method
Part 4-5 Cathode nanomaterials - Electrochemical characterisation, 3-electrode cell method
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Topics of main standardisation groups
ISO TC22 Road vehicles
ISO 12405-1 series Electrically propelled road vehicles -- Test specification for lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems
Part 1: High-power applications
Part 2: High-energy applications
Part 3: Safety performance requirements
ISO/NP 6469 series Electrically propelled road vehicles -- Safety specifications
ISO/IEC PAS 16898 Electrically propelled road vehicles - Dimensions and designation of secondary lithium-ion cells
Under development
ISO/DIS 18300.2 Electrically propelled road vehicles -- Specifications for lithium-ion battery systems combined with lead acid battery or capacitor
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Topics of main standardisation groups
CENELEC
CLC/TC21X Secondary cells and batteries
EN 50272 series Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations.
CLC/TC301 Road vehicles
EN 1987 series Electrically propelled road vehicles - Specific requirements for safety.
For batteries is of interest:
Part 1: on board energy storage