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Transcript of Pushpa Final Corrected Report
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MTech. 1st
stage Project Report, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay, October 2010
Arm Simulator for Blood Pressure Measurement
Pushpa Gothwal (09307054)
Supervisor: Prof. P.C. Pandey
Abstract: Arm simulator is a device for simulating behavior of the arm for testing and
calibrating a noninvasive blood pressure meter. It can also be used as an instrument aid
in teaching the healthcare professionals to correctly use a blood pressure meter. The
objective of the project is to design and build a low cost artificial arm for BP
measurement using Koroktoff sound as well as Ossilometric method. For generating
Koroktoff sound or pressure pulses in arm, 8 bit PIC microcontroller is used. Theses
sounds or pulses are generated based on the BP parameters set through an external
control panel, and in response to time varying pressure under the cuff as dynamically
sensed by a pressure sensor. Korotkoff sound is generated using a digital-to-analog
convertor (DAC). In the first stage of the project, microcontroller based simulator
circuit is bread-boarded and a program has been written which can be used for setting
the values of systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, heart rate, arrhythmia, and pulse
volume within their respective pre-specified ranges.
1. IntroductionMeasurement of blood pressure (BP) is the most commonly used tool for assessing a patients
cardiovascular system. It gives certain important information about patients abnormal blood
pressure such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure).
Abnormal blood pressure is also known as a silent killer, because the condition generally
does not have any symptoms. Therefore it is very important to regularly monitor the blood
pressure. For accurate reading of blood pressure, the measuring instrument should be tested
and calibrated. Testing of blood pressure instrument is very difficult with living subject
because pressure level may become different at different times. Also, pressure reading varies
depending upon the certain physiological factor such as sleep, body position, smoking,
emotional state, etc. Taking multiple readings of the same subject to test the precision of the
instrument or for comparing readings from two instruments may leads to change in the BP
value. Hence, this method of calibration is tedious, time consuming, and unreliable. The
purpose of this project is to develop a low cost microcontroller based arm simulator which
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can be used for simulating blood pressure reading over full clinical range along with different
types and rates of heart beat.
2.
Physiology of the Heart
Cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels that circulate blood
throughout the body. The blood transports nutrients and oxygen to tissue and removes the
carbon di oxide and waste product from it. Heart is a muscular organ which pumps the blood
throughout the body. The heart consists of four chambers, left atrium, left ventricle, right
atrium and right ventricleas shown in Fig. 2.1 [1]. Right atrium has sinoarterial node which
generates the impulses and atrioventrical node (AV) conduct those impulses. Blood enters
into the right atrium through two venacova, superior venacova (which leads from the bodys
upper extremities such as head and neck) and inferior venacova (which leads from the bodys
lower extremities). The incoming blood fills the right atrium and the coronary vein also gets
emptied into the right atrium. When the right atrium is full, it contracts and forces blood
through tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial
pressure the tricuspid valve closes and pressure in the ventricle forces to open the semilunar
pulmonary valve. By opening the pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery circulate the
deoxygenated blood into the lungs. In the lungs red blood cells are recharged with oxygen
and give up carbon di oxide. The oxygenated blood enters into the left atrium through
pulmonary vein and then it is pumped via mitral valve into the left ventricle by the
contraction of arterial muscle. When the left ventricle muscle contracts, it closes the mitral
valve. Build up of pressure in the ventricle forces the aortic valve to open. Then the blood
flow in aorta from ventricle circulates inside the whole body .This cycle of blood circulation
is repeated with beats of the heart [1].
Cardiac cycle is the sequence of coordinating events which take place during heart
beat. Each cardiac cycle consists of two major periods- systolic and diastolic. Systolic is
defined as the period of contraction of heart specifically ventricle muscle. Diastolic is the
period of dilation of the heart chambers as they fill with blood. Various changes occur in
different chamber of heart during each heart beat.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atrium -
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Fig.2.1 Labeled diagram of heart [1]
Fig.2.2 Various events during cardiac cycle [5]
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3.Blood pressure measurement techniquesBlood pressure is measured either using invasive (direct) or non-invasive (indirect) methods.
For routine clinical measurement, indirect method is preferred over direct method. It this
method, The skin need not be punctured for taking the BP reading. It is a less accurate
method because the pressure is measured indirectly and it also depends on patient position. It
is generally measured with the patient sitting quietly and comfortably with the back support
for five minutes and the arm is supported at the level of the heart. The patient should not take
any caffeine or drugs or smoking before the readings. Direct method give accurate blood
pressure measurement but it requires catheterization, hence it is not used for routine clinical
measurement. This method is used in intensive care unit (ICU) and coronary care unit (CCU)
for continuous monitoring of blood pressure. Noninvasive instrument includes the (i)
auscultation method, (ii) ossilometric method, (iii) ultrasonic method, and (iv) tonometry
method.
3.1. Invasive Method (Direct)
For taking direct measurement, a catheter or a needle type probe is inserted directly into the
area of interest through arteries or vein [3]. Two types of catheters are available. One of them
is the catheter tip probe in which the sensor is mounted on the tip of the probe. In this
pressure exerted on the sensor is converted into proportional electrical signal. The other one
is fluid filled catheter probe where pressure is exerted by fluid filled column to the external
transducer, which converts the pressure into the electrical signal. The electrical signal is then
amplified and processed to give systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure value and visualization
of pulse contour.
3.2. Noninvasive Method (Indirect)
(i) Auscultation Method:
This method is also known as sphygmomanometer method for indirect blood pressure
measurement. The blood pressure is measured using an inflating cuff with squeeze bulb,
mercury manometer, and stethoscope as shown in Fig. 3.2.[3]. The cuff is wound around the
arm (which should be at about heart level) and a stethoscope is placed on the brachial artery.
The cuff is inflated to a pressure above the systolic pressure so that flow of blood is occluded.
The cuff is deflated slowly, and stethoscope is used to listen the sound from the artery. The
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point at which sound is heard known as the systolic pressure. This sound arises because the
blood flow is converted from laminar to turbulent form. The pressure below the sounds
disappear is the diastolic pressure. this sound arises because blood flow is converted into
turbulent form to laminar form. When the pressure is below the systolic pressure, but above
the diastolic pressure, a clear tapping sound is heard with the heart beat. The sounds are heard
in five phase- (i) initial 'tapping' sound (cuff pressure = systolic pressure), (ii) sounds increase
in intensity, (iii) sounds at maximum intensity, (iv) sounds become muffled, and (v) sounds
disappear. This technique does not require any expense. However, it cannot be used in noisy
environment. In this technique mechanical error can get introduced e.g. mercury leakage, air
leakage, obstruction in the cuff etc. It does not give accurate results for infants and
hypotensive patients.
Fig. 3.2 Auscultation method for indirect blood pressure measurement [3]
(ii) Oscillometric Method
The ossilometric method works on the same principle as the auscultator method but it does
not use stethoscope as shown in Fig. 3.3. When the cuff pressure is in between the systolic
and diastolic pressure, each cardiac cycle causes a small change in the cuff pressure, which
has the appearance of oscillations. These oscillations, caused by the blood flow in artery
below the cuff, are sensed using a pressure transducer. The appearance and end of the
oscillation indicate the time at which the cuff pressure shows the systolic and diastolic
pressure. The readings are not affected by high environment noise such as emergency andclinical room. The method can be used to reliably measure the mean arterial pressure. In this
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method, excessive movement of patient or vibration during measurement may result in
inaccurate reading.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3.3 Oscillometric method of blood pressure measurement (a) Cuff placement
(b) Oscillation in cuff pressure [3]
Fig. 3.3 (b) shows that oscillation in cuff pressure. The point of maximum oscillation
corresponds to the mean arterial pressure. The point at which oscillation begins to increase
rapidly is known as the systolic pressure and the mean arterial pressure at which oscillation is
decreasing rapidly is known as the diastolic pressure.
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(iii) Tonometry Method
As shown in Fig.3.4, this method uses a flat plate to compress the surface of the skin directly
over a superficial artery, supported from below by a bone (radial artery). An arterial rider,
cylindrical in shape, senses the radial stress of the artery by means of a sensor array. Effect of
skin tension in vertical direction is set to zero by the side plate. The arterial rider strain gauge
sensor detects the arterial pulsation. For estimating pressure, force is divided by contact area
of arterial rider. This method is non-invasive and non-painful and can be used to monitor
blood pressure continuously. It has relatively high cost and the wrist movement of patient may
gives inaccurate reading.
(iv) Ultrasonic Method (Doppler method)
Doppler sensor is used to detect motion of the blood vessel to determine blood pressure as
shown in Fig. 3.5. A compression cuff is placed over the arm with 8 MHz transmitting and
receiving crystals [4]. Ultrasound source transmits signal on the blood vessel and the
reflected signal is transduced by the receiving crystal, and then amplified. The reception of
reflected signal indicates the closing and opening of artery. Frequency difference between
transmitted and reflected signal is proportional to the blood velocity and velocity of wall
motion. For the cuff pressure between diastolic and below systolic pressure, the blood vessels
open and close with each heart beat, because artery pressure oscillates between cuff external
pressure. As the cuff pressure further increases, the time between opening and closing artery
Fig.3.4 Tonometry method for blood pressure measurement [4]
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Fig. 3.5 Ultrasonic method for indirect blood pressure measurement [4]
decreases until they coincide. The reading at point is known as the systolic pressure. The cuff
pressure futther decreases, the time between opening and closing artery increases until they
coincide. The reading at point is known as the diastolic pressure. This method can be used in
noisy environment and it can be used with infant and hypotensive subject. Movement by the
patients change the alignment between the sensor and vessel thus the reflected signal does not
give correct reading.
4. Blood pressure simulatorA BP simulators is used to test and calibrate the BP monitor by assessing the repeatability
and stability. In clinical environment, simulators are used as part of the quality assurance in
for quick testing of BP monitors [8]. Two basic type of simulator have been developed, limb
simulator and waveform simulator as shown in Fig. 4.1. A limb simulator models the
artificial limb (arm). Waveform simulator generates pressure waveforms. Arm simulatoris in
the form of inner cylinder filled with water and K-sounds are generated by transducer. An
outer layer of water is in flexible form that transmits the sound waves to pressure cuff and
transducer. A waveform simulator generates Ossilometric waveform, which is fed into the
cuff tubing of the tested monitor. The most commercial available simulators are BP Pump 2
and Cufflink by Fluke Biomedical, SmartArm and AccuPulse by Clinical Dynamics, QA-1290 by Metron and SimCube SC-1 by Pronk Technologies. The simulators suffer from a
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number of disadvantages such as, large size, lack of flexibility in settings. Hence for the
measurement of blood pressure under different cardiovascular condition, a compact portable
BP simulator is needed.
4.1 Calibration
Accuracy of blood pressure measurements is dependent upon the deflation rate. For
calibrating any instrument, pressure gauge reading is compared with a standard mercury
sphygmomanometer and T connector is used between gauge and instrument. Any offset error
if found should be corrected. For finding how much offset is needed, apply the cuff to the
simulated arm. Set the simulator systolic pressure to 150 mmHg and set the diastolic pressure
to 70 mmHg. Proceed with a simulated blood pressure measurement. Note the differencebetween the gauge and the simulator reading. Example, if the blood pressure reading was
taken and the sound started at 148 mmHg, and then the offset is +2 mm. If the sound started
at 152 mmHg, the offset is2. For diastolic pressureif sound stopped at 72 mmHg, the offset
is2 or if the sound stopped at 68 mmHg, the offset is +2. [10]
Fig. 4.1 Two basic types of simulator for testing of BP measurement (a) limb simulator,
(b) waveform simulator [8].
4.2 Earlier work
An arm simulator for blood pressure measurement was reported by Glover in [6]. It uses
ossilometric method for blood pressure measurement. Generation of simulated pulse is shown
in Fig. 4.2. Pulse rate, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure for the simulator are selected
by user. The cuff gets inflated by the pump in the monitor, till the brachial artery gets
occluded. The cuff is deflated in steps by valve located in monitor. Applied cuff pressure isdetected by transducer located in monitor. The transducer converts the pressure signal into
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electrical signal. This monitor contains the amplitudes of detected pulses and stores them
along with corresponding value of cuff pressure. This data is then reviewed and the pressure
level at which maximum pulse amplitude has occurred is determined. The cuff pressure is
also applied on both side of a diaphragm located in pulse chamber. The cuff pressure is
further applied on pressure transmitter of the simulator which converts it into electrical
signal. This signal is then given to both procceser and control circuit which control the valve
opening and closing. Output of the processer is fed to electrical pulse generator which
produces pulses at selected rate and varying amplitude depending upon the cuff pressure
created by monitor. In this way, blood pressure reading is simulated. When processer
activates pulse geneartor, it supplies pulse signal to valve control circuit for closing the valve.
Processor always gets current value of cuff pressure along with preset value of systoic,
diastolic, and mean atrial pressure, then it computes the required pulse amplitude according
to the line equation. Pulse rate genearted is determined by the set heart rate.
Fig. 4.2 Block diagram of blood pressure simulator arm [6]
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5. Design approachIn the block diagram as shown in Fig. 5.1 the microcontroller is the central control unit of the
simulator. For a very compact design, the microcontroller should have sufficient
programmable ROM, data RAM, parallel I/O ports, UART, and a programmable
timer/counter for handling all the operations without requiring additional chips. Arm
simulator will be in the form of a cylinder. The cuff containing the transducer is placed
surrounding the cylinder and the transducer kept between cuff and cylinder converts pressure
variations to voltage. The voltage corresponding to the pressure variation is given as input to
the amplitude calculator, which also takes as input the following parameters systolic pressure
(SP), diastolic pressure (DP), and the mean atrial pressure (MAP). These parameters are input
through a keypad. The entire scheme can be implemented using microcontroller with on chip
ADC and DAC. The pressure variations are given as input to the ADC of the microcontroller.
The program converts these pressure variations into varying amplitude pulses which is
converted to sound using an appropriate audio module.
Fig. 5.1 Block diagram of the arm simulator
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Fig. 5.2 K-sound amplitude as a function of cuff pressure
5.1 Hardware block of the simulator
In the first stage designed the simulator circuit, shown in Fig. 6.3, consists of keypad and LCD
interfacing with the microcontroller. The microcontroller PIC16F1936 is used for processing
purpose. It use has resulted in a simple circuit because it has on chip like DAC, timers, ADC, etc.
Microcontroller uses timer to generate pulses which vary with the beat rate selected by user.
Minimum beat rate is 20 beats/ minute and maximum beat rate is 150 beats/ minute and it varies in
steps of 5 beats/ minute. Port pins PC.4PC.7 of microcontroller are connected to up, down, left,
and right keys respectively.
Pressure
sensorMicrocontroller
Keypad LCD
DAC out
Pulses
ADC in
Fig. 5.3 Block diagram of simulator
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5.2 Pin assignment of the microcontroller
A 28 pin microcontroller IC (MCP16F1936) has been used for the testing of the simulator
circuit. The user interface unit consists of four keys and a 16x2 LCD. The LCD is interfaced in
four bit form to reduce the no. of port pins. The pin assignment is given in Table 4.1 and is also
shown in Fig. 6.3. The display unit has option to change mode of operation, systolic pressure,
diastolic pressure, heart rate, arrhythmia, and pulse volume. There are four keys increment,
decrement, left and right. Key 1 and 2 are for selecting the parameter and key 3 and 4 are to
change the selected parameter value. Choices available for the different parameters selection
are listed below:
Systolic pressure- 0230 mmHG, increase or decrease in step of 5, with default value as
120.
Diastolic pressure- 0140 mmHG, increase or decrease in step of 5, with default value as
80.
Heart rate- 20150 Beats/minute, increase or decrease in step of 5.
Arrhythmia- 04, increase or decrease in step of 1.
Pulse volume- 51, increase or decrease in step of 1.
Table 5.1 Assignment of pins for various functions on the microcontroller
Port Pin Function
PA.1PA.4 LCD data pins
PA.5 Enable of LCD
PA.6 RS of LCD
PA.7 RW of LCD
PB.1 Square wave
PB.2 Non periodic pulse
PC.4 Increment key
PC.5 Decrement key
PC.6 Left key
PC.7 Right key
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PC.0
PA.6
EN
PC.3
PA.7
PC.2DB 5
DB 6
DB 4
RS
DB 7
DB 1
DB 0
VSS
VEE
VCC
NC
NC
NC
NC
10 k
330
PC.1
11
12
13
14
9
10
PB.0
PB.1
PB.2
PB.3
PB.4
PB.5
PB.6
PB.7
PA.5
PA.4
PA.3
PA.1
RW
PA.2
PA.0
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
DAC out
PC.7
PC.6
PC.5
PC.4
VPP
VDD
VSS
VSS
U2
S4
S3
S2
S1
7
6
5
3
4
2
1
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
18
17
16
15
19
8
14
13
12
11
6
4
10
9
8
7
3
2
5
1
20
GND
GND
GND
GND
C2= 0.1 F
LCDD
I
SPLAY
JHD
162A
5 V
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R3= R4= R5 = R6= 10 k
PIC16F1936
DB 3
DB 2
NC
NC
NC
5 V
R7
10 k
ADC in
GND
Fig.5.4 LCD and Keypad interfacing with microcontroller
5.3 Software
The functioning of keys and LCD display are controlled by software. The simulator has two
modes of operation: (i) Definition mode (ii) Operating mode. In definition mode all the keys
are active and we can select and change all the five parameters. The user can select or change
the mode and parameters following the algorithm as given below.
1. Start.2. Default operation mode is definition mode; user can go to operation mode by
pressing key1 or 3.
3. Check for key press.4. In definition mode all the parameters can be incremented or decremented by pressing
key 1 or 3.
5. In operating mode, key 1 and 3 will not work and it generates non periodic pulsewave according to heart beat. Check for key press.
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6. If key is pressed then do work accordingly. If left or right key is pressed then select the parameter, go to step 3. If up or down key is pressed then increment or decrement selected parameter
respectively, go to step 3.
7. Display current setting on LCD for the user.8. Go to step 3.
6. Summary and future workWe are designing a microcontroller based low cost portable arm simulator, which pressure
pulses will simulate. First stage includes study of the earlier method of simulating pressure
pulses, available products of arm blood pressure simulator. A designed is simulator in which
user can select the specify parameter and change the parameter value by keypad and generate
the varying amplitude of the K-sounds in response to variation in the sensed pressure. For
testing purpose pulses are output in place of K-sound. The output of pressure sensor was
simulated by a potentiometer.
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`
Appendix: BP simulator
1. No 600 blood pressure simulator Arm [15] - This arm uses Auscultation method for
measuring blood pressure. It also simulates the palpation of the radial pulse, and varies
systolic and diastolic pressures from 0300 mm HG in two mm increments, variable
amplitude of sound heard, sound jack for group listening, auscultatory gap setting, and heart
rate settings.
2. (i) BPT-001 Blood Pressure Simulator [16] - This Blood Pressure Simulator simulates
the five Korotkoff phases. It cost is 795$.It also provides the following features-
Systolic and diastolic settings
On or off of ausculatory gap
Adjust volume
Adjust pulse rate
(ii)BPK3-001 Blood Pressure Training Arm - This arm designed for training the procedureof NIBP measurement with an electronic trainer. Its cost is 940$. It also provides the
following features Palpable antecubital pulse
Blood Pressure Trainer with LCD guided operation
Systolic, diastolic, heart rate, and auscultatory gap are programmable.
Representation of both systolic and diastolic pressures
Indication of gauge reading as pressure is increased ordecreased
Adjustable volume
3. NASCO Life/form Blood Pressure Simulator (lf03204) [11] - The NASCO Life/form
Blood Pressure simulator is programmed to demonstrate the 5 Korotkoff phases, including an
auscultatory gap, which can be heard during auscultation of a subject, while measuring the
subjects blood pressure. This simulator digitally records the pressure sound by varied pulse
rate and volume. It also provides the following features
Calibration of simulator
Setting of palpation
Extra speaker to hear korotkoff sound
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Setting of systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse rate, and pulse volume.
4. SimCube NIBP Simulators [13] - Simcube NIBP Simulators are compact, handheld,
affordable and easy to use. It simulates real-life oscillometric pulses by varying both the size
and shape of the wave as cuff pressure changes. It also provides the following features
It providesNIBP Simulations forAdult, Neonatal, hypertensive, and hypotensive subject.
Digital Manometer
12-lead ECG: 10 different Heart Rates, synchronized with NIBP
Respiration: 3 rates, plus a sequence of 7 different rates
Pacer Simulation
Peak Detect- For checking overpressure limits in 0.5 mmHg steps
Leak Test Mode- It measures leak rate of a NIBP monitor, cuff, and hose
Automated Alarm Test Mode- Tests heart rate alarms
5. Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Simulator (Rigel 311c) - It uses ossilometric waveforms
for accurate calibration of NIBP monitors. It provides graphic representation of the inflation
and deflation process. It displayed/ measured following parameters dynamic NIMP cuff
pressure waveform, measurement time ( in seconds), maximum inflation Pressure (in mmHg
typical), inflation time, inflation Rate (mmHg/sec), minimum Pressure, deflation time,
deflation Rate. It also provides the following features
It provides NIBP Simulations forAdult, Neonatal
Digital Manometer, Leak Test
6. Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Simulators (1000 series) [13] - The Model NIBP-1000
Series is a family of Microprocessor based, High Precision Non-Invasive Blood Pressure
(NIBP) Simulators. The units are small, easy to use and have multiple features to fit many
different applications. The NIBP-1020, offers ECG waveforms that are full QRS and
respiration waveforms that look real. The NIBP-1030 offers Invasive Blood Pressure,
Temperature, Arrhythmias and a Leak Rate test mode. The graphics display not only provides
multiple screens that give the pressure digitally in mmHg, but also offers views of the plot of
the overall pressure or a close-up of the BP waveform. This model comes in different series
with more features. The following are highlights of some of the main features
NIBP(1010) -
Large graphics display with cursor selection of options and setup of parameters Full range manometer
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Adult, neonatal, hypertensive and hypotensive modes
Digital pressure envelope offset
Optional peak pressure detect with simple reset
Digital calibrationno pots to turn
Flash programmable
NIBP(1020)- It provide all the basic model features plus:
Ecg output with full nsr waveform
Sinusoidal respiration simulation
Ecg test waveforms
Pace waveform
Optional peak pressure detect with ecg alarm test
Ecg syncronized with blood pressure
NIBP (1030) - It has all the 1020 model features plus-
Synchronized invasive blood pressure output
Static Invasive blood pressure simulation
Leak rate test
Ecg arrhythmia waveforms
Ecg arrhythmia sequence
7. Cufflink Noninvasive blood pressure analyzer [10] - This Analyzer uses oscillometric
method for simulation and generate BP waveforms for seven adult, five neonate, and 5
arrhythmias. The different systolic/diastolic pressure gradients simulate a physiological range
of normal, hypotensive, and hypertensive adult or neonate patients. An internal pump
pressurizes the NIBP system under test. Use the Analyzers digital manometer instead of a
mercury column for doing pressure measurements. The Analyzer facilitates overpressure
testing of NIBP monitors by automatically detecting and displaying the overpressure point.
The Analyzer has the following standard features:
Dynamic oscillometric noninvasive blood pressure simulation
Automated static pressure measurements, leakage testing, and relief-valve testingFive automated NIBP testing autosequencesFive arrhythmia selectionsAdult and neonatal NIBP selectionsAdjustable heart rate values
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8. BP Pump 2 Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Simulator and tester [10] - This simulator
include multi-purpose test instrument for use with oscillometric Non-Invasive Blood Pressure
Monitors (NIBPMs). The Tester provides dynamic blood pressure simulations, static
calibration, automated leak testing, and pressure relief valve testing. The following models
are available:
(i) BP Pump 2L (Basic Model)
(ii) BP Pump 2M (High-Accuracy Model)
The model has the following key features
Pressure leaktesting on cuff, tubing, and connections
Relief valve testing on the patient monitor
Pressure gauge measurements
Pressure source capability
NIBP simulations including adult, neonate, arrhythmias, and respiratory artifacts
Auto sequences with optional reports
Internal Adult and Neonatal Cuff simulation
ECG synchronization with non-invasive output
External wrist cuff simulations
\
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References
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Physiology, 5th ed., New Delhi: Jaypee, 2010, pp. 500-504.
[2] C. Guyton, Physics of blood, blood flow, and pressure: Hemodynamics, Textbook of
Medical Physiology, 7th ed., Philadelphia: saunders, 1986, pp. 206-209.
[3] Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, 2nd ed., Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2009,
pp. 218-227.
[4] J. G. Webster,Blood pressure and sound,MedicalInstrumentation Application and
Design, 2nd ed., Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin company, 1992, pp. 394-401.
[5] J. J. Carr and J. M. Brown, Physiological pressure and other cardiovascular
measurement,Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, 4th
ed., Delhi: PearsonEducation, 2001, pp.234-245.
[6] W.Glover and R. Medero,Arm Simulator for an Ossilometric blood pressure monitor,
U.S. Patent 4,464,123, August 7, 1984.
[7] K. Ruiter and W. W. Ruiter,Compact Ossilometric blood pressure simulator, U.S.
Patent apl. 20100076713, 30 June, 2008.
[8] G.Gersak, A. Zemva, and J. Drnovsek. (2009, October) A procedure for evaluation of
non-invasive blood pressure simulators. Med Biol. Eng Comp.[online].47(12), pp.1221-
1228,Available: http://www.springerlink.com/content/351052r33660n551/fulltext.pdf.
[9] F. Leo and Jr. Costello,Ossilometric Noninvasive Blood Pressure Simulator, U.S.
Patent 5,027, 641, July 2, 1991.
[10] Fluke Biomedical, Cufflink NIBP analyzer Available online :
http://assets.fluke.com.cn/evtmanuals/bppump2_omeng0000.pdf.
[11]Nasco Life/form, LF03204U blood pressure simulator, Available online:
http://www.enasco.com/pdfs/lf03204.pdf.
[12] Clinical Dynamics , AccuPulse NIBP Simulator Available online:
http://www.clinicaldynamics.com/pdfs/NIBP/AccuPulseSpecSheet.pdf.
[13] PronkTechnologies Inc., Sim cube NIBP simulator, Available online:
http://www.pronktech.com/simcube-nibp-simulator-pronk.htm.
[14] Rigel medical,BP-SIM Handheld NIBP Simulator Available online:
http://www.rigelmedical.com/products/nibp_simulators.asp.
[15] Simulaids, No 600 Blood Pressure Simulator Arm Available online:
http://www.simulaids.com/PDF/BloodPressureSimulatorArm.pdf.
http://assets.fluke.com.cn/evtmanuals/bppump2_omeng0000.pdfhttp://www.enasco.com/pdfs/lf03204.pdfhttp://www.enasco.com/pdfs/lf03204.pdfhttp://www.pronktech.com/simcube-nibp-simulator-pronk.htmhttp://www.rigelmedical.com/products/nibp_simulators.asphttp://www.simulaids.com/PDF/BloodPressureSimulatorArm.pdfhttp://www.simulaids.com/PDF/BloodPressureSimulatorArm.pdfhttp://www.rigelmedical.com/products/nibp_simulators.asphttp://www.pronktech.com/simcube-nibp-simulator-pronk.htmhttp://www.enasco.com/pdfs/lf03204.pdfhttp://assets.fluke.com.cn/evtmanuals/bppump2_omeng0000.pdf -
7/27/2019 Pushpa Final Corrected Report
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[16] Pinnacle technology group, BPT-001 Blood Pressure Simulator Available online:
http://www.pinnacletec.com/pdf/pinnacle_catalog.pdf.
1
2
CON3
J3
1
2
CON3
J3
AGND
A3V3
DGND
C16
100uFC17
0.1uF
C18
0.1uFC19
100uF
C20
0.1uFC21
100uF
C15
100uFC14
0.1uF
C13
100uFC110.1uF
C12
0.1uF
C10
100uF
R2
0 0hm
R2100K
R210K
R2
0 ohm
IN OUT
GND
IN OUT
GND
IN
GND
Vout
Vout
GND
Vout
VoutIN
D3V3
1
1
3
3
2
2
2
4
2
4
1
1
3
3
D5V
A5V
LM7805
LM7805
LM1117
LM1117
U3 U4
U5 U6
BAT
http://www.pinnacletec.com/pdf/pinnacle_catalog.pdfhttp://www.pinnacletec.com/pdf/pinnacle_catalog.pdf