Aquatic H2O – Pure Water Treatment Systems for the Aquarium Business
Pure water systems
Transcript of Pure water systems
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Pure water systems
By
Benjamin Slomka
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Who needs pure water?
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Reverse osmosis was developed by the NASA
for water recycling in the aerospace
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The food industry
• Vine concentration to reduce transport costs
• Preparation of soft drinks
• To test the quality of products
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Sea water desalination
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In analytical laboratories
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Electronic producer
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Pharma producers
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Cruise ships
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Aquarium operators / fish tanks
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What is pure water?
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Typical pressures and pore sizes
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Revers osmosis = final step?
• No reverse osmosis have not the ability to make the water pure enough.
• Water out of an reverse osmosis device still have a conductivity of 5µS/cm.
• To comparison pure water have a conductivity of 0,055 µS/cm; (18,2 MΩ).
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Calculation of the conductivity; X
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Analytical pure water types
In the GLP there exist a regulation for water of analytical grade. This regulation is written down in the „DIN ISO 3696„ or in ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).There differ three types of water.
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Analytical types of water. Parameter Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
pH-value at 25 ºC- - 5,0 to 7,5
Spec. electric conductivity µS/cm 25 ºC, max. 0,1 1,0 5,0
COD (O2-) amount mg/l max.- 0,08 0,4
absorption at 254 nm and a length at 1 cm, max. 0,001 0,01 -
Dry weight 110 ºC mg/kg, max.- 1 2
Silica (SiO2-) amount mg/l, max. 0,01 0,02 -
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Suggested application of type 3 water
- Washing of materials
- Preparation of buffers
- Water bathes
- and so on...
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Suggested application of type 2 water
For all standard analytical measurements
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Suggested application of type 1 water
For all critical applications like:
ICP-MS
HPLC-MS
AAS and others
Solvent preparation and dilutions
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„Type 4“It exist one more type pure water of importance. The so called „pyrogen free water“. This is a water which is used in biological analysis. Pyrogen free means that these water have no content of:
Pyrogens: This are chemicals which causes immune
reactions and are possible grow inhibitors for
micro-organism
Nucleic acids: Its clear in PRC reactions you don´t
want disturbing genes
Nuclease; an enzyme which can cut DNA
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How to get pure water?
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How to get ultra pure water?
Ultra pure water is produced in ultra pure water systems. It is a combined system of different stations. An example for a possible system is:
Inflow (drinking water) softener reverse osmosis ion-exchanger/Elix pH-controller UV-
disinfecting ion-exchanger ultrafiltration 0,5 µm ultrafiltration 0,2 µm storage tank
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SoftenerSoftener are the first step in an ultra pure water system.The function of a softener is the replacement of Ca2+ and Mg2+ against Na+. The aim of a softener is to protect the reverse osmosis membrane surface by precipitation of CaCO2 , MgOH2. The softener have no significant influence on TOC.
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Reverse osmosisReverse osmosis is a non porous filtration method. This is the most important treatment step. It works with high pressures up to 100 bar. Reverse osmosis is a cut off in the range of 300 Dalton.
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Ion exchanger / Elix
Ion exchanger remove the remaining ions from the water. This is done by resins that are optimally loaded with H+ and OH-
ions. Na+ and Cl- are also possible. The different to the softener is the salt concentration here are lesser.
In practise exist different types of ion-exchanger. There are
- the cation-anion exchanger,
- the mixed bed ion exchanger
- and the Elix.
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Cation-, anion-exchanger
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Mixed-bed ion exchanger
In a mixed-bed ion-exchanger the cation and anion resins are mixed in one tank. The theoretical description say this is the same like many ion exchanger in a row. The exchanging rate here is much more higher that in a normal ion exchanger. For condition the cation and anion resin the resin must be separated. This works gravimerical (cation-exchanger are lighter than water).
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Elix
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UV- Desinfection
-To avoid microbial grow is necessary to sterilise the water with a UV-lamp. Of course UV has no negative effect on the water like ozone, chlorine or other disinfectants.
-After this step two additional filtration's are following. This filters have a membrane with 0,5 µm and 0,2 µm pores.
-At least there is a additional resin which removes the last ions.
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...but remember this was only an example in practise it can be much more easier.
Thank you for your attention!