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Punjab insurgency

Sikhism

This article is part of

a series on Sikhism

Sikh Gurus

Guru Nanak

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Guru Granth Sahib

Adi Granth

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15 Bhagats

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Criticism

Sikhism portal

v t e[1]

The insurgency in the Indian state of Punjab originated in the late 1970s, as Sikh revolutionaries alongside Khalistan

proponents turned to militancy. The roots of the insurgency were very complex with the main factors being

inadequate recognition of Sikhism and the Punjabi language and alleged mistreatment from the Indian Congress

Government since its formation 1947. With all schools in Punjab teaching Punjabi children Hindi, parents and

community leaders started to become concerned.

The Punjabi Suba civil movement was started to address the language issue and restore Punjabi as the official

language of Punjab. The Punjabi Suba movement was banned by the government on April 14, 1955. During this time

the Sikhs were faced with much humiliation and difficulties including peaceful protesters and innocent pilgrims

being beaten, hit with bricks, arrested, and temple raids. Following the Indo-Pak war of 1965 Punjabi was finally

recognized as the official language of Punjab in 1966 when the Punjab land was further split into the states of

Himachal Pradesh, the new state Haryana and Current Day Punjab

However this did not solve all problems, the Sikh community still feeling alienated within India, put forward a

resolution to address all grievances they had with the nation state of India. In 1973, the Sikhs put forward the

Anandpur Sahib Resolution. Within this resolution were issues included both religious and political concerns. From

easy issues of recognizing Sikhism as a religion to allowing all states within India to set local state level policies and

not be forced to get permission from the central government. The Anandpur Resolution was rejected by the

government but the religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale joined the Akali Dal to launch the Dharam Yudh

Morcha in 1982, a peaceful march, in order to implement Anandpur Sahib resolution. Thousands of people joined

the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to demands such as a larger share of water for irrigation and

the return of Chandigarh to Punjab. The Congress government decided to repress the mass agitation with a heavy

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hand; over a hundred people were killed in the police firings.[2]

The security forces arrested over 30,000 Sikhs in

two-and-a-half months.[3]

After this Bhindranwale suggested it was time for a militant approach with the help of

arms and weapons to solve the problems of majority Punjab population leading to the beginning of the

insurgency.[citation needed]

On June 6, 1984 Bhindranwale was shot dead in Operation Blue Star and on October 31, 1984 Indira Gandhi was

murdered by her Sikh bodyguards Satwant Singh and Beant Singh. These two events played a major role to the Sikhand Anti-Sikh violence that would consume Punjab till the early 1990s.

[4]

Roots of Insurgency

Punjabi Suba Movement

In the 1950s and 1960s,linguistic issues in India caused civil disorder when the central government declared Hindi

as the national language of India. For demanding Punjabi to be the official language of the Punjab a total of 12000

Sikhs were arrested for their peaceful demonstrations in 1955 including several Akali leaders including Tara Singh,

Gurcharan Singh Tohra, and Jathedar of Akal Takht Achchhar Singh. The nationwide movement of linguistic groups

seeking statehood resulted in a massive reorganisation of states according to linguistic boundaries in 1956. At that

time, Indian Punjab had its capital in Shimla, and though the vast majority of the Sikhs lived in Punjab, they still did

not form a majority. But if Haryana and Himachal could be separated Sikhs could have a Punjab in which they could

form a majority of 60 per cent against the Hindus being 40 per cent. The Akali Dal, a Sikh dominated political party

active mainly in Punjab, sought to create a Punjabi Suba. This case was presented to the States Reorganisation

Commission established in 1953.

Economic impacts of the Green Revolution

While the Green Revolution in Punjab had several positive impacts, the introduction of the mechanized agricultural

techniques led to unemployment. The unemployed youth could have been absorbed by industrial development, but

the Indian government had been reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border

state with Pakistan. The resulting unemployed rural Sikh youth were drawn to the militant groups, and formed the

backbone of the militancy.

Jarnail Bhindranwale and the Akalis

The second reason was attempts made by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi to use Bhindranwale to

undermine the Akali Dal (Eternal Party), a political party. The strategy backfired when 13 Sikhs in Amritsars were

killed in Nirankari - Sikh clash .They were holding a demonstration against the Nirankaris who with the permission

of the than government holding a peaceful Congressional "Samagam" at the event of Baisakhi. Sucha clash took

violent shape and a total of 18 lives were lost by both thegroups. After that Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale came toknow about the real policy of Government and started challenging Indira Gandhi and the Indian government.

According to the government, Bhindranwale and his followers became a source of disruption and mayhem, but a

secret 3rd agency was also working to make Punjab situation unstable at the behest of the Government.

Bhindranwale gained a lot of support from the Sikhs, rural Sikhs especially, because they felt alienated from the

Indian government. Their disruptions became so bad that in 1984, Indira Gandhi had to order the Indian Army to

flush out Bhindranwale and his followers who were in the Harimandir Sahib complex, Sikhism's most holy shrine, in

Amritsar. The operation undertaken by the army was codenamed Operation Blue Star. Most Sikhs militants inside

the complex were killed and the Akal Takht was bombed. Bullet holes are still visible in the complex.

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Militancy

A section of Sikhs turned to militancy in Punjab; some Sikh militant groups aimed to created an independent state

called Khalistan through acts of violence directed at members of the Indian government, army or forces. Others

demanded an autonomous state within India, based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. A large numbers of Sikhs

condemned the actions of the militants.

By 1983, the situation in Punjab had become highly volatile. In October 1983, some Sikh militants stopped a bus and

shot six Hindu bus passengers. On the same day, another group of extremists killed two officials on a train.:174

The

Congress(I)-led Central Government dismissed its own Punjab's government, declaring a state of emergency, and

imposed the President's Rule in the state. During the five months preceding Operation Blue Star, from 1 January

1984 to 3 June 1984, 298 people had been killed in various violent incidents across Punjab. In five days preceding

the Operation, 48 people had been killed in the violence.:175

Operation Bluestar

Operation Bluestar which occurred between 3rd8 June 1984 was an Indian military operation, ordered by Indira

Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, to eliminate Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale from the Golden Temple in Amritsar.Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was accused of amassing weapons in the Sikh temple and starting a major armed

uprising.[5]

The government seemed unable to stop the violence in Punjab, Haryana, and Delhi. Indira Gandhi ordered the army

to storm the temple complex in Punjab.Operation Blue Star was a mixed success. A variety of army units along with

paramilitary forces surrounded the temple complex on 3 June1984. The army kept asking the militants to surrender,

using the public address system, but according to civilians inside the complex no announcements were made and the

Army termed everyone inside the complex as enemies. The militants were asked to send the pilgrims out of the

temple premises to safety, before they start fightingthe army. However, nothing happened till 7 PM. General Brar

then asked the police if they could send emissaries inside to help get the civilians out, but the police said that anyone

sent inside would be killed by the militants. They believed that the militants were keeping the pilgrims inside to stop

the army from entering the temple. Finally, around a hundred sick and old people were let out. These people

informed the army that the others were not being allowed to come out. The army had grossly underestimated the

firepower possessed by the militants. Thus, tanks and heavy artillery were used to forcefully suppress the anti-tank

and machine-gun fire. After a 24 hour firefight, the army finally wrested control of the temple complex. According

to the Indian Army, 136 army personnel were killed[6]

and 249 injured. while insurgent casualties were 493 killed

and 86 injured. Unofficial figures go well into the thousands. Along with insurgents, many innocent worshipers were

caught in the crossfire. The estimates of innocent people killed in the operation range from a few hundred of people.

Anti-Sikh massacre

The Operation Bluestar inflamed the Sikh community. Many saw it as an attack on their religion and beliefs.

On 31 October 1984, the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi was gunned down byher two Sikh bodyguards. In

the wake of Indira Gandhi's assassination, rioting mobs allegedly led by Congress leaders, who are still facing the

court cases, rampaged through the streets of Delhi and other parts of India over the next few days, killing several

thousand Sikhs. The police "worked to destroy a lot of the evidence about who was involved with the killings by

refusing to record First Information Reports" Hundreds more were refused because the victims wanted to name

Congress leaders like Sajjan Kumar, HKL Bhagat and Jagdish Tytler. Human Rights Watch reports "In the months

following the killings, the government sought no prosecutions or indictments of any persons, including officials,

accused in any case of murder, rape or arson." Hundreds of murders are yet to be even registered by police. The New

Delhi Police was reported to be doing nothing to stop the rioting, as was the state and central government.[]

It wasonly after three days of rioting in the capital of the country that army was called in to restore order. As violence rose,

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Punjabi Hindus were killed in just retaliation and fled their home state Punjab.

After the riots

The Anti-Sikh riots across Northern India had repercussions in Punjab. A small number ofHindus were killed by

ragtag gangs of Sikh militants. Trains were attacked and people were shot after being pulled from buses. In 1987, 32

Hindus were pulled out of a bus and shot near Lalru in Punjab by Sikh and Muslim militants.[7] According to Human

Rights Watch "In the beginning on the 1980s, Sikh separatists in Punjab attacked non-Sikhs in the state,.[8]

Indira Gandhi's son and political successor, Rajiv Gandhi, tried unsuccessfully to bring peace to Punjab (He was not

able to do so because his life was abruptly ended in an LTTE planned explosion. Between 1987 and 1991, Punjab

was placed under an ineffective President's rule and was governed from Delhi. Elections were eventually held in

1992 but the voter turnout was poor. A new Congress(I) government was formed and it gave the police chief of the

state K.P.S. Gill a free hand.

Gill was ruthless against civilians and insurgents alike, and his methods severely weakened the insurgency

movement. However, Gill's reign is regarded as one of the bloodiest in the history of the country, thousands of

innocent Sikhs were killed in fake encounters and countless disappeared from their homes in the dark. His police

force was also accused of crimes such as rape and torture of women and children according to several reports by

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.[9]

Timeline

Date Event Source

Nov 1, 1966 Sikh majority Punjab state created (India split Punjab into three states (Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pardesh)[10]

March 1972 Akalis routed in Punjab elections, Congress wins

October 17,

1973

Akalis demand autonomy[11]

April 25,

1980

Baba Gurbachan Singh of Sant Nirankari sect shot dead.[12]

June 2, 1980 Akalis lose election in Punjab[13]

Aug 16, 1981 Militants in Golden Temple meet foreign correspndents[14]

Sept 9, 1981 Jagat Narain, Editor, Hind Samachar group murdered.[15]

Sept 29, 1981 Separatists Hijack Indian Jetliner to Pakistan[16]

Feb 11, 1982 US gives Visa to Jagjit Singh Chauhan[17]

April 26,

1982

Cows' heads thrown in temple,[18][19]

Apr 11, 1982 USA Khalistani G.S. Dhillon Barred From India[20]

July 1982 Chief Minister Darbara Singh escape assassination attempt[21]

Aug 4, 1982 Akalis demand autonomy and additional regions for Punjab[22]

Oct 11, 1982 Sikh stage protests at the Indian Parliament

Nov 1982 Longowal threatens to disrupt Asian Games[23]

Oct 1983 6 Hindu passengers killed[24]

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Feb 27, 1983 Sikhs permitted to carry daggers in domestic flights[25]

May 3, 1983 Bhindranwale, living in Golden Temple, talks of violence[26]

Oct 14, 1983 A festival bombed in Chandigarh[27]

Oct 18, 1983 Hindus protest bomb attack on temple[28]

Oct 1983 Hindus pulled off from trains and buses and killed[29]

Oct 7 1983 Darbara Singh removed, all religious demands met

Feb 9, 1984 A wedding procession bombed[30]

Feb 14, 1984 Militants shoot and kill 5 from Golden Temple[31]

Feb 19, 1984 Sikh-Hindu Clashes Spread in North India[32]

Feb 24, 1984 6 more people killed in Punjab[33]

Feb 29, 1984 Arsenal in the Golden Temple; by this time, the Temple had become the center of the 19-month-old uprising by the

militant Sikhs

[34]

April 3, 1984 Young militants cause fear and instability in Punjab[35]

April 8, 1984 Longowal writes- he cannot control anymore[36]

April 15,

1984

Man shot dead in temple[37]

April 17,

1984

Deaths in factional fighting[38]

May 27, 1984 Ferosepur politician killed[39]

June 2, 1984 Total media and the press black out in Punjab, the rail, road and air services in Punjab suspended. Foreigners' and NRIs'

entry was also banned and water and electricity supply cut off.

June 3, 1984 Army controls Punjab security[40]

June 5, 1984 Heavy fighting, Punjab shut-down from outside world.[41]

June 6, 1984 20 Sikhs killed in Punjab following June 3 invasion, daylong battle in Amritsar[42]

June 7, 1984 Harmandir Sahib over taken by army.[43]

June 7, 1984 Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale dead[44]

June 8, 1984 27 Sikhs killed in protests in Srinagar, Ludhiana, Amritsar after Government forces fired on protesters[45]

June 9, 1984 Weapons seized, troops fired on[46]

June 10, 1984 Reports of anti-Sikh riots and killings Delhi[47]

June 11, 1984 Negotiators close to a settlement on waters[48]

June 12, 1984 Sikh alienation, deserters,[49]

October 31,

1984

Indira Gandhi killed[50]

November 1,

1984

Mass Sikh killings begin in Delhi

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November 3,

1984

Indian National Army and local police units manage to simmer the Anti Sikh Violence, a total of 2,733 Sikhs were killed

in Delhi and more Sikh 2,000 killed in other towns and cities scores of Sikh women raped Sikh property worth crores of

rupees looted or sacked.

20 August

1985

Sant Harchand Singh Longowal assassinated[51]

September 29,

1985

60% vote, Akali Dal won 73 of 115 seats, Barnala CM

[52]

December 1,

1986

Militants kill 24 Hindu passengers[53]

May 19, 1987 General Secretary CPI(M)Comrade Deepak Dhawan murdered brutually at Village Sangha. Tarn Taran

March 25,

1988

Militants kill other Sikhs[54]

July 11, 1990 Sikh Who Promoted Truce Is Shot to Death[55]

June 25, 1989 27 Swayamsevaks of the RSS who were participating in the daily shakha conducted at Nehru Park, Moga were shot dead

by some Khalistani terrorists who came on motorcycles, raised provocative slogans and started firing indiscriminately.

June 16, 1991 80 killed by militants on two trains[56]

February 25,

1992

Congress sweeps Punjab Assembly elections[57]

September 3,

1995

CM Beant Singh killed in blast[58]

1997 SAD and BJP win state elections[59]

June 2001 Chauhan return to India[60]

February 26,

2002

Congress wins majority in assembly[61]

April 4, 2007 Jagjit Singh Chauhan, Sikh Militant Leader in India, Dies at 80

|+ Punjab Insurgancy Chronology Outline

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