A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PUMP INDUSTRY

YEAR

DISCRIPTION

2000 Egyptions invent the shadoof

200 BC Ctesibus invents the reciprocating pump ; Archimedean screw pump described by Archimedes

1580 Sliding vane pump invented by Ramelli

1593 Service invents the gear pump

1650 Otto van Guericke invents his piston vacuum pump

1674 Sir Samuel Morland patents the packed pluger pump

1790 Plenty Ltd established - Thomas Simpson establishes his pump business in London

1815 Hayward Tyler established

1830 Screw pump invented by Revillion

1834 Sulzer Brothers founded

1840 Henry R Worthington invents the first direct-acting stream pump

1848 Goulds Pumps foundes

1851 John Gwynne patents his centrifugal pump improvements

1853 Boremann Pumpen founded

1857 Roper Pump Company founded

1859 Jacob Edson invents the first reciprocating stream pump

1860 Allweiler founded - A.S. Cameron invents the first reciprocating stream pump

1862 Lawrence Pumps established - Philipp Hilge founded

1866 Lederle founded

1868 Sigma Lutin founded

1871 KSB established, Southern Cros established in Australia - George and James Weir set up the partnership that will become the Weir Group

1875 Hodgkin and Neuhaus, forerunner of SPP founded

1877 Ritz Pumpenfabrik established

1881 Halberg MA schienbau founded

1883 Holden & Brooke founded

1884 A W Chesterton founded

1888 Kirloskar Brothers Ltd founded

1890 Salmson starts making pumps in Paris

1893 Uraca Pumpenfabric founded

1894 Sero Pumpenfabric founded

1896 KSB opens UK subsidiary

1897 Worthington Pump Company and Thomos Simpson amalgamate to from Worthington Simpson Ltd.

1901 Flygts forerunner Stenberg founded

1905 Leistriz Company established

1906 Stuart Turner Ltd founded

1907 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries produced its first pump

1909 Fristam Pumpen and Ernst Vogel founded - Ingersoll Rand enters the pump business by acquiring the Cameron Steam Pump Works

1910 Dickow Pumpen and Hitachi founded

1911 Jeans Nielsen builds the first Viking internal gear pump, founded the Viking Pump Company

1912 Ebara Corporation founded

1916 Worthington Pump & Machinery Corporation acquire Worthington Simpson Ltd

1917 John Crane founded - Louis Berqeron invented the concrete volute pump and founded Bergeron S.A.

1918 Scanpump and CCM Sulzer founded

1919 Torishima Pump Mfg Co and Kawamoto Pump Mfg Co established

1920 Bombas Itur Werner Pumpen and SIHI established

1921 Labour founded

1923 Peerless founded

1924 Leistritz starts making screw pumps - Rheinhuette starts pump production

1927 Edur Pumpenfabrik founded

1928 Girdlestone Pumps founded

1929 Pleuger pioneers the submersible turbine pump motor - Stenberg and Flygt commence their cooperation

1930 Rene Moineau receives a dectorate for his thesis which will lead to the invention of the progressing cavity pump Ensival starts selling centrifugal pumps

1932 Sarlin Pumps founded - Bran + Luebbe founded

1933 Bush pump invented Gormann-Rupp established

1936 Robbins & Myers acquires North American license for the Moineau progressing cavity pumpMono Pump Ltd formed to manufacture and distribute Moinequ's pump design in the UK

1937 Sigmund Pump Warman International founded

1940 Grindex founded

1941 Britsh Pump Manufacturers Association founded

1945 Grundfos Pumps, Caprari and Flexibox founded

1946 Cornell Pump, Klaus Union, Totton Pumps founded

1947 HMD Seal/Less Pumps established Hyundai founded

1948 Stenberg Flygt AB design the first submersible drainage pump, Varisco commences pump production

1949 HMD supplies its first production magnet-drive pump

1951 Tsurumi and Netzsch Mohnopumpen founded

1952 Lewa and Rovatti founded

1953 Nikkiso established

1955 Wilden and DMW Corporation established Borg-Warner acquires Byron Jackson

1956 Flygt introduces the submersible sewage pump

1957 Richter Chemie-Technik founded

1959 ABS and Calped FOUNDED

1960 David Brown Pump division formed

1961 Ingersoll-Rand acquires the Aldrich Pump Company

1962 Acromet commences operations

1965 Warren Rupp founded Sulzer acquires majority interest in Weise & Monski

1966 ITT acquires Jabsco

1967 Scienco founded

1968 Johnson Pump International founded Weir acquires Harland Engineering and ITT Corporation acquires Flygt

1970 Weir buys Drysdate ; Ingersoll-Rand buys Sigmund Pump Ltd (GB) in Gateshead, UK

1971 Sihi takes over Halberg Turbonsan founded

1972 Seepex Seeberger founded

1973 Crest Pumps Ltd founded

1976 Worthington acquires Sier-Bath Pump Division from Gilbarco

1977 Ingersoll-Rand buys Western Land Roller Irrigation Pumps ; Sterling Fluid System (TBG) buys Peerless Pump

1979 SPPacquires Godiva Fire pumps

1981 Red Jacket and Hydromatic merge to form Marley Pump. Sterling Fluid Systems takes a half share in SIHI

1982 Pump Pompes Pumpen is relaunched as World Pumps Magazine Biwater acquires W Allwin Pump

1984 Sihi buys the canned motor programme of Bran & Lubbe

1985 Dresser Industries acquires Worthington Simpson Ltd.

1986 KSB acquires Pompes Guinard Pentair acquires FE Myers Goulds Pumps acquires Lowara 

1987 Weir buys Mather and Platt MAchinery Sihi France buys Schabaver

1988 Idex Corporation founded Braithwaite acquires SPP and sells off Godiva Fire Pumps

1989 Scanpump acquires ABS TBG acquires SPP Ltd part of Sterling Fluid Systems

1990 Dresser Industries acquires Mono Pumps Ltd Ingersoll=Rand acquires Scienco Ltd, Watson-Marlow bought by Spirax-Sarco

1991 Index acquires Corken;Baker Hughes acquires Geho

1992 Ingersoll-Rand and Dresser Industries merge their pump business to form Ingersoll Dresser PumpsWarman acquires Girdlestone Pumps ; Idex acquires Pulsafeeder and Johnson Pump (UK) Ltd ; Weir buys Floway ; BW/IP buys ACEC

1993 United Dominion acquires Marley Pump ; Vogel acquires Ochsner, Sterling Fluid Systems acquires Labour

1994 Weir acquires Enviro Tech Pumpsystem, Warman acquires Barrett Haentjens ; Idex acquires HAle Products ; Goulds acquires Vogel ; ITT buys Richter Chemie-Technik ; Sundstrand acquires HMD Seal/less Pumps

1995 BW/IP acquires the Wilson-Snyder centrifugal pump business from National Oilwell Durametallic acquires Pacseal and then is bought by Duriron

1996 Hayward Tyler sold by Sterling Fluid System, which buys the remaining half share in SIHI Grundfos acquires Interdab Pump Industry Analyst launched

1997 BW/IP acquires Stork Pump's engineered pumps business ; Johnson Pumps Durco and BW/IP merge to form Flowserve ITT Industries acquires Goulds ; Index acquires Blagdon Pumps ; Textron acquires Magg Pump System ; Spirax-Sarco acquires Bredel Pentair acquires General Signal's Pump Group ; Constellation Capital acquires Imo;

1998 Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon buys Wallwin Pumps from Biwater ; Textron buys David Brown Union Pumps ; Constellation Capital buys Allweiler, Glynwed acquires Friatec ; Sundstrand acquires Ansimag and Masco Weir buys Schabaver.

TIPS FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Pump Selection

Do not oversize pumps. This leads to uneconomical operation and generally narrows the safe operation range of capacities.

Do not try to select pumps with excessively low required NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head).

Do not falsify real available NPSH, trying to keep a margin up your sleeve. This leads to selection of pumps with excessively high Suction Specific Speeds and high minimum flows.

Do evaluate economical advantages of variable speed operation. It is more efficient and results in longer pump life.

Don't overestimate value of pump efficiency if it's obtained at cost of reliability.

Do not use a mechanical seal when packing is more than adequate for the intended service.

 Installation

Do provide sufficient submergence over intake piping to prevent vortex formation.

Do not use suction elbows in a plane parallel to the shaft; place them in the plane perpendicular to the shaft.

Do not use the pump casing as an anchor for the piping. If you use expansion joints, supports and anchor them independently of the pump.

Do provide adequate flow, pressure and temperature instrumentation for each pump.

Pump and driver alignment must be rechecked under normal operating conditions.

  Operation

Do not operate pumps below the recommended minimum flow.

Do not operate pumps with suction valve closed.

Do not run two pumps in parallel when a single pump can carry the reduced system load.

Do not stop a pump while it is activating. Reestablish normal operation first and then stop the pump if you have to.

A pump handle liquids. Keep air out.

Do not run a pump if excessive noise or vibration occurs.

Do run spare pumps occasionally to check their availability.

 Maintenance

Run a performance test at reasonable intervals of time, to follow effect of increased internal clearances.

Do not open pumps for inspection unless factual or circumstantial evidence warrants it.

Do not over lubricate grease lubricated bearings.

Do not overcool outer races of ball bearings. Inner races continue to expand and balls are squeezed out of shape.

Packing stuffing boxes is an art. Do not assign this to inexperienced personnel.

Do not tighten stuffing box glands excessively. Let enough leakage flow to cool and lubricate packing.

Do monitor the pressure drop across suction strainers. An excessive pressure drop indicates clogging and may reduce available NPSH to a dangerous degree.

Do keep an adequate stock of spare parts.

Except in an emergency, use original equipment manufacturer's replacement spares.

Consider upgrading material for parts that wear or corrode too rapidly. This lengthens interval between overhauls.

Do examine and recondition, if necessary, all metal-to-metal fits.

Do examine parts parts for corrosion, erosion or other damage.

Do check concentricity of all parts of the rotor before reassembly.

Do use new gaskets for complete overhaul.

PUMPING TERMINOLOGY

  A  ACCELERATOR - A pump inserted in a closed system to increase the rate of flow.

AFFINITY LAWS - The laws governing the performance of rotodynamic pumps of the same design but of different sizes. They enable the performance of full-size pumps to be accurately forecast from tests on models. They are                q/nd3        Q/ND3 and          h/n2d2       H/N2D2      where h and H are the heads                n and N the speeds                q and Q the quantities      and d and D the rotator diameters of the two pumps in the same system of units.

AIR CHAMBERS OR VESSEL - A vertical chamber with the upper end closed and lower end connected to the discharge branch of a pump. Whilst it contains air it tends to dump out pressure surges and pump pulsations.

ARCHIMEDEAN SCREW - An inclined helical screw rotating in a trough or the raising liquid from one level to another. One of the oldest types of pump and still used for land drainage.

 

  B  

BALANCE DISC - A disc fitted to one end of the shaft of a single or multi-stage centrifugal pump which is acted on by pressure to counteract the axial forces in the impellers.

BALANCE PIPE - The pipe taking the liquid leaking past the balance disc to the pump inlet.

BALANCE SUCTION - An arrangement whereby the axial forces on the impeller of a centrifugal pump are balance by making it symmetrical and having two suction branches.

BARREL - The cylindrical tube which envelops the ram of a plunger pump.

BERNOULLI'S EQUATION - States that-          V2/2g = P/p = Z = constant    where V = liquid velocity      p = density      P = Pressure      Z = height above datum

BELL MOUTH - An enlarged end to a suction pipe which ensure that the entering liquid accelerates gradually to the pipe velocity, so reducing friction losses.

BUCKET - The pumping element or piston packing of some types of plunger pumps, especially those intended for large volumes at low heads.

  C  

CAVITATION - The information of bubbles of air, steam or vapor due to the pressure falling too low. espectially at the inlet of the pump. The pressure at which cavitation occurs depends on the liquid and its temperature. If not checked it can cause severe shock and erosion or even break down. It can be prevented or cured reducing the suction lift.

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES - Performance curves of rotodynamic pumps on which effective head, discharge and efficiency are plotted for a number of speeds. They are issued by pump makers and are useful when choosing a pump for a particular application.

CLOSED VALUE OR SHUT-OFF PRESSURE - The pressure or head produced by a centrifugal pump at zero delivery when the power consumption is at a minimum. This does not apply to positive displacement or screw propeller pumps.

COUPLING,HYDRAULIC OR FLUID - A coupling for interposing between a prime mover and pump, consisting of an impeller driven by a prime-mover and a rotating casting party filled with oil, which drives the pump. A fluid coupling allow an electric motor to be started up under no load, damps out speed fluctuatuations and if of the scoop type, enables the pump speed to be varied to meet the requirements.

  D   

DESIGN POINT - The condition for which a pump is expressly designed and usually those at which it will be most efficient.

DISPLACEMENT - The quantity of liquid pumped for each revolution of a positive displacement pump.

DOUBLE ACTING - A reciprocatin pump with which delivers liquid on both directions of its stroke.

DUPLEX - A reciprocating pump with two pistons and cylinders in line on the same axis.

  E  

EFFICIENCY - The ratio of the effective work done by a pump to the power supplied to it. It does not include losses in the lines. For large pumps the efficiency may reach 88% falling for smaller sizes and viscous liquids.

EFFICIENCY, VOLUMETRIC - The ratio of the quantity actually delivered to theoretical displacement of a pump. A volumetric efficiency of 95% is common in a positive displacement pump, losses being due to imperfect suction, leakage and to the compressibility of the liquid.

EJECTOR - A device in which steam or water is forced through a jet and in so doing caused a suction which draws in liquid, mixes with it and then forces it forward. Although less efficient than conventional pumps, the absence of moving parts makes ejectors attractive for some applications.

EROSION - The warring away of parts by liquids, especially when carrying grit, etc.., flowing over them, or by cavitations. Erosion of impeller blades is often the limiting factor in the design of very high speed pumps.

  F  

FILTER - A device for removing solids from liquids. There are several type in general use including wire mesh, formed wire, felt, formed specially treated paper, sintered metal. The filter element is usually fitted in a container with inlet and outlet ports and with provision by-passing filter when blocked. Paper elements are often of the throw-away type.

FLOW, LAMINAR OR STREAMLINE - The flow of fluid below certain velocity, known as the critical, is said to be laminar because the original stratification of the fluid is not disturbed.

FLOW, TURBULENT - Flow becomes turbulent above a certain velocity which is usually less than that prevailing in hydraulic pipes. There is some increase in fluid friction when flow changes from laminar to turbulent.

  G  

GASKET - Usually understood to mean a sheet of material, often with several holes, which is placed between two relatively fixed metal joint faces to prevent leakage.

GLAND - A device for sealing a cylindrical part where it passes through the wall of a pressure vessel. Glands can be arranged to seal a fixed part or a moving part such as piston or rotating shaft. Typical examples of the letter are stuffing boxes & face seals.

  H  

HEAD - The vertical distance between a pump and its suction or discharge points; the pressure equivalent to the height of a column of liquid.

HEAD, DELIVERY - The pressure at the pump outlet measured in feet of water.

HEAD, SUCTION - The head at the pump inlet measured in feet of water. If the suction pipe is below the pump the head may be negative.

HEAD, MANOMETRIC - A head as indicated by a pressure gauge, usually expressed in terms of the height of a liquid column, e.g. feet of water.

  I  

IMPELLER - A steam operated jet instrument which uses the latent heat oft the steam to produce kinetic energy. The steam jet produces a vacuum which draws in water with which it mixes and the energy in the steam is then able to produce a pressure higher than the original steam pressure. It is chiefly used for filling low pressure boilers, using steam from the boiler itself.

  L  

LEAK-OFF - When a high pressure turbine pump operates under closed valve conditions, the heat produced by churning is considerable. A leak off value is opened thermostatically under these conditions to ensure sufficient circulation through the pump.

LIQUID - Anything which can be pumped.

LIQUID-VOLATILE - A liquid which vaporized at a relatively low temperature and which may, therefore, cause trouble through cavitations unless care is taken.

  P  

PACKING - Any soft material used for preventing leakage between the metal parts of a pump.

PACKING LESS - A term usually applied to electrically driven pumps where the pump and motor rotor are in one casing.

PRESSURE - The force exerted by a fluid when compressed or by a columns of liquid. It is measured as weight per unit area, e.g. pounds per sq. in (psi) or by feet of columns of liquid it will support e.g. feet of water equals 0.433 psi.

PRESSURE, ABSOLUTE - Pressure measured from an absolute vacuumed as datum, Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi absolute when the barometer is 30 in. mercury. Phenomena such as cavitation and vapor pressure depend on the absolute pressure of the liquid.

PRESSURE, GUAGE - The pressure as shown by an ordinary pressure gauge which uses the prevailing atmospheric pressure as a datum.

PRESSURE,VAPOUR - The pressure exerted by a liquid in a partially filled closed vessel which contains nothing but the liquid and its vapour. Vapour pressure varies with temperature and for water is :-

0.25 psi absolute at 60 F

0.97 psi absolute at 100 F

 3.7 psi absolute at 150 F

PRIMING - Filling a pump with liquid when it unable to produce a sufficient vacuum to draw in liquid when dry.

PRIMING METHODS - These include the water ring pump and the ejector either of which produce a sufficient vacuum to draw up water from depths up to 25 ft. If a foot value is fitted to the suction pipe, priming can be carried out by admitting water through the delivery pipe or a special connection on the pump casing.

PROPELLer - A screw - impeller which moves the liquid axially.

PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) - A plastic which has remarkable qualities of chemical resistance and freedom from friction. It is used for impregnating asbestos gland pickings materials where its properties have proved very beneficial. Also known by its trade names of Flu on & Teflon.

PTECE (Polytrifluorochloroethylene) - A plastic similar to PTFE with superior mechanical but inferior chemical qualities.

PUMP AIR OPERATED - A liquid pump in which the motive power is provide by compressed air. It is usually in the form of two cylinders in line, one for air and one for liquid, together with value gear to give a reciprocating motion.

PUMP AXIAL FLOW - The pumping element is of screw propeller type and is usually housed in a cylindrical casing.

PUMP, BILGE - A pump specially constructed for dealing with the dirty sea water in ship' holds etc.

PUMP, BOILER FEED - Any pump intended for supplying a boiler with water, usually hot and including duplex, ram and multi-stage centrifugal types.

PUMP BOOSTER - A pump inserted in a pipe-line to increase the velocity of liquid flowing through it. Usually of the centrifugal or axial type.

PUMP BORE HOLE - Usually refers to a vertical pump immersed below the bore hole low water level. The pump is either driven from the surface by long shaft running inside the rising main or is made in a unit a submersible electric motor.

PUMP, CENTRIFUGAL - Kinetic energy is imparted to the liquid by a rotating impeller and this is transformed to pressure in a specially shaped casing or volute, which gradually increases in area and reduces the velocity.

PUMP, CHAIN - Covers several different types of apparatus where an endless chain runs over pulleys and carries cups or is fitted with discs which run inside a vertical tube.

PUMP, DIAPHRAGM - A flexing diaphragm operated either mechanically or fluctuating air or liquid pressure. The diaphragm serves instead of a piston but as there are no sliding parts, it is very suitable for contaminated liquids, chemicals, etc.

PUMP, GEAR - This pump has two or more meshing gears, one of them being driven and others idlers. Liquid is entrained in the tooth spaces and carried round in them from the inlet to outlet port.

PUMP, GLANDLESS - Usually an electric driven pump where the motor is immersed in the liquid being pumped and the stator winding is arranged round the outside of the pressure-tight casing.

PUMP, GRAVEL - A modification of a centrifugal pump, designed to pass water-borne gravel and similar abrasive substances.

PUMP, LIQUID METAL - An axial flow pump where the liquid metal is rotary motion by induced current from an enveloping stator winding on the squirrel cage motor principle and is propelled forward by guide vanes. The metals usually pumped are mercury and sodium/potassium mixture.

PUMP, METERING - The liquid is delivered in an accurately measured amount, usually adjustable.

PUMP, MIXED FLOW - A pump where the characteristics and centrifugal pump are combined. The impeller is shaped so that the first part of the flow is axial and the remainder radial or at an angle. For a given size a mixed flow pump can be run faster that a centrifugal pump.

PUMP, MUD - A special multi-throw ram pump for the mud used when drilling oil wells.

PUMP, MULTI-STAGE - A centrifugal pump where a number of impellers are mounted on one shift, passages taking the liquid from periphery of one stage to the inlet eye of the next. By this means very high pressure can be attained.

PUMP, POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT - A ram, piston diaphragm, gear or similar pump, where the liquid is trapped by the pump parts so that the rate of discharge varies only with the speed and is almost unaffected by pressure.

PUMP, POWDER - One capable of propelling air-borne powder.

PUMP, PROPELLER - Another name for an axial flow pump.

PUMP, RAM - Any pump which uses a reciprocating piston or ram, but usually taken to mean a slow speed high pressure pump of this type.

PUMP, ROTODYNAMIC - The opposite of a positive displacement pump;  The liquid is acted on by rotation blades and the rate of discharge is dependent to a large extend on the pressure.

PUMP, SCREW - The pumping element is a comparatively long screw which meshes with two or three similar screws, but of opposite hand, to provide the liquid moves axially. Liquids with high viscosity such as fuel oil can be pumped.

PUMP, SEMI-ROTARY - A hand operated pump with a vane which moves backward and forwards in a shaped casing.

PUMP, STEAM - Usually refers to a duplex pump with liquid and steam cylinders in line and with a common piston rod.

PUMP, SUBMERSIBLE - An electrically driven pump capable of running when fully submerged in water. This type normally made for installing at bottom of boreholes.

PUMP, TURBINE - A centrifugal pump where vanes take the place of the volute. In practice, vanes are only used in multi-stage pumps. 

PUMP, UNSHAKEABLE - One from of sewage pump.

PUMP, VERTICAL - A rotodynamic pump where the main shaft is vertical, or a ram pump with vertical cylinders.

PUMP, WATER RING - A rotor fitted with radial vanes revolves in an eccentric casing which is partly filled with water. When the pump is in operation the water forms an annular ring which is capable of an appreciable centrifugal pump shafts for priming the main pump.

  R  

RAM - The reciprocating element of a single acting pump which operates through a pressure-tight gland and there is a clearance between ram and cylinder.

RAM, HYDRAULIC - A device for lifting water from a river or other continuous supply where the kinetic energy is used to pressurize a proportion of the water flowing through it.

REYNOLDS NUMBERS - A dimensionless number used in consideration of fluid flow and given by the formula                                 Velocity x pipe diameter Reynolds number = -------------------------                                    Kinematics viscosity

Where the Reynolds number is below 2000 laminar flow is certain to exist; at higher values it may be either laminar or turbulent but the higher the number the less likely it is to be laminar.

  S  

SEAL - Any device for preventing the passage of pressure between two parts, whether fixed or moving.

SEAL, FACE - A shift seal which has two faces, one fixed and other stationary, held in contact by a spring and by the pressure. Any wear is taken up automatically This type of seal is preferred where no leakage can be tolerated and where a seal that requires no adjustment is necessary.

SHADUF - A contrivance for raising water by a bucket on a counterpoised pivoted rod.

SIPHON - A pipe or passage in the form of an inverted "U".

SIPHON, DISCHARGE - A siphon fitted to the delivery end of a low lift pump and terminating below the water level of the outflow channel to prevent back flow when the pump is stopped without the use of value or loss of efficiency. It effectively prevents back flow when the pump is stopped without the use of values-a vacuum breaker admitting air to empty the siphon.

SPECIFIC SPEED - All geometrically similar rotodynamic pumps have the same specific speed which is given in British units by-

        Ns = NQ/H         Ns = specific speed.         N = RPM.         Q = Output in gallons per minute at maximum efficiency.         H = total gauge head in feet at maximum efficiency.

If the speed of a pump is fixed by the prime mover and the other factors are also known, then the most suitable type of pump can be determined by calculating the specific speed.

STUFFING BOX - A gland on a pump shaft or ram containing a soft packing which can be compressed by a sleeve and screw.

SUCTION - In pump it is usually refers to any phenomenon which tends to draw liquid into the pump.

SUCTION LIFT - The height of a pump above the surface of the liquid which it is pumping (or the equivalent). The maximum suction lift is theoretically equal to the barometric pressure less the pipe friction. In practice it ranges from about 25 feet for a positive displacement or centrifugal pump to five feet or less for an axial flow pump.

SURGE - If moving column of liquid has its velocity reduced, the accompanying loss of energy usually reappears as an increase of pressure which may be sufficient to cause damage to piping and pump. Surges can be caused by shutting a value, stopping a pump or by breaking of the column of liquid.

SURGE CHAMBER - An open topped vertical pipe of comparatively large diameter tce-ed into the delivery line close to pump and higher than the maximum delivery head Pressure surges can to a certain extend, be dissipated in the chamber.

  V  

VACUUM - Usually understood to mean any pressure less than atmospheric and measured either in inches of mercury or feet of water.

VACUUM BREAKER - A device fitted to the top of a siphon tube which automatically admits air when the main flow stops, so preventing liquid from flowing backwards.

VACUUM GUAGE - A "pressure" guage of the Bourdon or diaphragm type of measuring sub-atmospheric pressures or vacua.

VANE - An element of a pump intended to separate one part from another or to guide the flow of liquid.

VALVE, AUTOMATIC - Usually one which is operated by a change in the velocity or the direction of flow of the liquid.

VALVE, FOOT - A return value fixed to the end of pump suction pipe to prevent the pipe and pump emptying when the pump stops.

VALVE, REFLUX - A non return or one-way valve.

VISCOSITY - When a liquid flows, a shed force which resists the motion is developed between the particles of the liquid. The magnitude of the force depends on the characteristics of the liquid and the velocity. The absolute dynamic viscosity of the liquid is given in poises, and is defined as the tangential force on unit area of either of two parallel plans at unit velocity in its own plane relative to the other. If the force is one dyne when the area is 1 sq. cm. per sec.., the viscosity is one poise.

For practical purposes it is usual to consider the kinematics viscosity where-

                                                Absolute kinetic viscosityabsolute dynamic viscosity = -----------------------------------                                                                  Density

This is usually measured in centistokes.

Practical viscosity measurement are made by measuring the-time taken for the liquid to flow through an orifice under specific conditions. These are given as Redwood (English) and Saybolt (American) seconds and are the viscosity figures usually quoted in practice when specific an oil. As viscosity varies appreciably with temperature, the temperature must always be stated.

VOLUTE - The portion of the casing of centrifugal or similar rotodynamic pump which joins the impeller chamber to the delivery pipe. It gradually increases in area and so reduces the liquid velocity to that in the delivery pipe, the effect being to convert most of the kinetic energy imparted by the impeller to pressure.

LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDS ON PUMPS

IS No. Description

IS:1520-1980 Horizontal pumps for clear, cold, fresh, water.

IS:1520-1977 Technical requirements for rotodynamic special purpose pumps.

IS:6595-1993 Horizontal centrifugal pumps for clear, cold, fresh water for agricultural purposes.

IS:8034-1989 Submersible pump sets for clear, cold, fresh water.

IS:8418-1977 Horizontal centrifugal self priming pumps.

IS:8472-1977 Regenerative self priming pumps for clear, cold, fresh water.

IS:9079-1989 Mono set pumps for clear, cold, fresh water for agricultural purposes.

IS:9137-1978 Code for acceptance tests for centrifugal mixed flow and axial pumps.

IS:9301-1984 Deep well hand pumps.

IS:9542-1980 Horizontal centrifugal mono set pumps for clear, cold, fresh water.

IS:9694-1980(Pt I, II, III & IV)

Code of practice for the selection, installation, operation and maintenance of horizontal centrifugal pumps for agricultural applications:Part I selection

IS:9694-1980 Part II Installation.

IS:9694-1980 Part III Installation.

IS:9694-1980 Part IV Maintenance.

IS:10572-1983 Methods of sampling pumps.

IS:10804-1986 Recommended pumping system for agricultural purposes.

IS:10805-1986 Foot-valve, reflux valve or non-return valve and bore valve to be used in suction lines of agricultural pumps.

IS:10981-1983 Code of acceptance test for centrifugal mixed flow and axial pumps.

IS:11004-1985 (Pt I & II) Code of practice for installation and maintenance of deep well hand pumps : Part I-Installation.

IS:11004-1985 Part II-Maintenance.

IS:11346-1985 Testing set up for agricultural pumps.

IS:11501-1986 Engine mono set pumps for clear, cold, fresh, water for agricultural pumps.

IS:12225-1987 Jet centrifugal pump combination.

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CHART

Disclaimer *The below information is compiled from numerous sources and believed to be reliable to this date. Consideration Must be given to pump selection when the chemical is abrasive or viscous. Pressure should also be considered. Please consult the manufacturer/supplier for final selection, PUMPS INDIA does not take responsibility of any kind.

PUMP MATERIAL FOR THE VARIOUS CHEMICALS*

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

CHEMICALS CONDITIONS EPOXYALL IRON

ALL BRONZE

304 SS

316 SS

NICKEL CI

HAST. PP PVDF TT

Acetaldehyde - * - - - - - - - * *

Acid accetic Cold - - - - - - * - * *

Acid Benzoic - - - - - - - * - * *

Acid Citric - * - - - - - * * * *

Acid Fatty - - - * * * - * - * *

Acid Hydrochloric Dil & Cold * - - - - - - * * *

Acid Hydrofluric Anhydrous with hydrocarbon

* - * - - - - * * *

Acid Mine water - - - * - * - - - - -

Acid Mixed Sulphuric nitrate - * - * * * - - - *

Acid Nitric dil * * - * - * - - * *

Acid Oxilic Cold - - - * * - - - - *

Acid Phasphoric - - - - - * - - - - *

Acid Sulphuric Up 10% Sol. - * - - - * - - * *

Acid Sulphuric Up 75% Sol. * * - - - * - - * *

Acid Sulphuric(oleum) Fuming - - - - * * - - * *

Acid Sulphurous - * - * - * - - * - *

Alcohols - * - * - - - * * * *

Aluminum choloride - * - - - * - * * * *

Aluminum sulphate Pure Aq.Sol. * - - * * * * * * *

Ammonia anhyodrous - * * - - * - * * - -

Ammonia Carbonate Aq.Sol. - * - * * - - * * -

Ammonia Chloride Aq.Sol. - * - * * * * * * -

Ammonia phoshate Aq.Sol. * * - * * * * * * -

Ammonia sulphate Aq.Sol. * * - - * * - * * -

Asphalts - * - - - * - - * - *

Beer - - - * * * - * * - -

Benzene - * * - * * - - - * *

Benzol - * * - * * - - - * *

Brine acidic - - - - - * - * * * *

Brine alkaline - - * - - * - * * * *

Brine chilling - - * - - - - * * * *

Brine Sea Water - * * * - * - * * * *

Butane - * * - * * - - - * *

Calcium Chloride - * - * * * * * * * *

Calcium hypochlorite Aq.Sol. * * - - * - * * * *

Cane Juice - * - * - - - - - - -

Carbon bisulphide - - * * * * - - - - -

Carbon tetrachloride Aq.Sol. - * * * * - * - * *

Cellulose acetate Aq.Sol. - - - - * - - - * -

Chlorobenzene - * * * * * - * - * *

Chloroform - - - * - * - - - * -

Copper chloride Aq.Sol. - - - - * - - * * *

Copper sulphate Aq.Sol. - - - * * - - * * *

Ethane - * * - - - - - - - -

Ethylene chloride Cold - - * - * - - - * *

Ferric chloride Aq.Sol. * - - - - - - - * *

Ferrous chloride Cold Aq.Sol. * * - - - - - - * *

Ferrous sulphate Aq.Sol. - - - * * - - * * *

Fruit juices - - - * * * - - * * -

Gasoline - * * - * * - * - * -

Glcerol(Glycerine) - * * * * * - * * * *

Heptane - * * - - - - - - * *

Hexane - * * - * * - * - * *

Hydrogen peroxide Aq.Sol. - - * * * - * * * *

Lime Water(milk of lime) - * - - * - - - - - -

Magnesium chloride Aq.Sol. - - - * * - - - * *

Magnesium Sulphate(Epsom salt)

Aq.Sol. - * - - * - - - * *

Milk - - - * * * - - * * *

Molasses - * - * * * - - * * *

Naptha Liquid with dissolved H2S

- - - * * - - - * *

Nickel chloride - - - - * * - - * * *

Nickel sulphate - - - - * * - - * * *

Oil Coconut - * * * * * * - * * *

Oil Crude Cold or Hot * * - * * - - - * *

Oil Kerosene - * * - * * - - - * *

Oil Linseed - * * * * * - - - - -

Oil Lubricating - * * - - - - - - - -

Oil Mineral - * * - - - - - - * *

Oil Oliver - * * - - - - - * - -

Oil Palm - * * * * * * - - - -

Oil Paraffin Cold or Hot * * - - - - - - - -

Oil Petrolium ether - * * - * * - - - - -

Oil Quenching - * * - - - - - - - -

Oil Rapeseed - - - * * * - - - - -

Oil Soyabean - * * * * * - - * - -

Oil Turpentine - * * * - - - - - - -

Phenol - - - - - - - - * * *

Potash Plant liquor - - * * * * - * * -

Potash alum Ag.Sol. - - * - - * * - - -

Potassium Chlorate Aq.Sol. - - - * * - - * * *

Potassium Hydroxide Aq.Sol. - * - * * - - * * *

Potassium Nitrate Aq.Sol. * * - - * - - * * *

Potassium Permanganate - - * - * - - - - * *

Propane Aq.Sol. * * - - - - - - * *

Sewage - * * * * * - - * * *

Silver Nitrate Aq.Sol. - - - * * - - * * *

Soap,Liquor - - * - - * - - * * *

Soad ash Cold - * - - - - - * * *

Soda ash Hot - - - * * - - * * *

Sodium bicorbonate Aq.Sol. - * - * * - - * * *

Sodium Carbonate Aq.Sol. - * - * * - - * * *

Sodium Chloride <3.1% Cold * - * - - - * * * *

Sodium Chloride >3.1% Cold - - * * * - * * * *

Sodium Hydroxide Aq.Sol. * * - - - - - * * *

Sodium nitrate Aq.Sol. - * - * * - - * * *

Sodium silicate - * - - - - - - * * *

Sodium sulphate Aq.Sol. - - * * * - - * * *

Starch - * - * * * * - - - -

Sugar Aq.Sol. - - * * * * - * * -

Urea Solution 75% Sol. - - - - * - - * * *

Vegetable juices - - - * - * - - - - -

Vinegar - - - * - * * - * * *

Water boiler feed Not evaporated pH 8.5

- * - - * - - - - -

Water high make up pH 8.5 * - - - - - - - - -

Water low make up Evaporated - - - * * - - - - -

TT - Titanium PP - Polypropylene PVDF - Polyvinylidene Fluoride

USEFUL PUMP DATA

Effect of Small Change of Pump Speed 1. The capacity varies directly as the speed. 2. The head varies as the square of the speed. 3. The break horsepower varies as cube of the speed.

Effect of Small Change of Impeller Diameter 1. The capacity varies directly as the diameter. 2. The head varies as the square of the diameter. 3. The break hoarse power varies as the cube of the diameter.

Effect of Specific GravityBreak hoarse power varies directly with specific gravity. If the liquid has a specific gravity other than water (1.0) multiply the break HP for water by the specific gravity of liquid to be handled. A centrifugal pump will always develop the same head in feet no matter what the specific gravity of the liquid pumped. However, the pressure (In pounds per square inch) will be increased or decreased in direct proportion to the specific gravity.

Effect of Viscosity Viscous liquid tend to reduce capacity pump capacity, head and efficiency and to increase pump break hourse power and increase pipe line friction. Consult manufacturers for recommendation when pumping viscous liquids.

Effect of Altitude Suction lift data are based on values at sea level. Therefore, above sea level the total suction lift must be reduced.

Effect of Hot Liquids Hot liquid vaporize at higher absolute pressures than cold liquids, therefore the suction lift must be reduced when handling hot liquids with a high vapor pressure or a high temperatures the liquid must flow to the pump suction under pressure.

Selection of pumping Unit In order to select appropriate pump the following data is essential.

1. Capacity required in term of L.P.H. or G.P.H. 2. Discharge head, i.e. highest level up to which water is to be supplied + friction loss, if any. 3. Suction lift, i.e. lowest water level from which water is to be drawn.

If the source of supply is a well, following information should be available:

4. Diameter in case of tube well) 5. Standing water level. 6. Lowest water level while pumping and in summer. It is also desirable to ascertain the yield of the well to ensure that pump

capacity matches with the yield.

Some useful data on selection of Pump :- 1. In cites, every individual person consumes app. 150 to 200 lit per-day. In village, it may be assumed to be 40 to 60 lit per

persons per day.

Other data of consumption of water.

Animal ConsumptionHorse 50 liters per dayMilk Cow 140 liters per daySheep 10 liters per dayPoultry (Per 100) 20 liters per day

2. Height of an average story can be assumed to be 10' to 12'. 3. To find the capacity (in gallons) of an overhead tank. Multiply the length by the width by depth in feet. This will give the

volume in cubic feet. Multiply this volume by 7.5 to get capacity in U.S. gallons.

Formulas and Conversions Factors Pipe velocity (ft. per second)=

          40 x G.P.M.                            321 x G.P.M.      ________________         =       _______________           (pipe diameter)2                         pipe area

                                              (Pipe velocity ft. per second)2 Velocity head (feet) =   ________________________________                                                               64.4

                                          G.P.M. x head in ft. x specific gravity Water horsepower =   _____________________________________                                                          3960

                                                           G.P.M. x head in ft. x specific gravity Break horsepower (Pump) =   ___________________________________                                                                   3960 x pump efficiency

Efficiency (pump) =

            G.P.M. x head in ft. x specific gravity                      W.H.P.        _____________________________________ =   ___________                      3960 x B.H.P.                                                   B.H.P.