Pug

For other uses, see Pug (disambiguation).

The Pug (Chinese: ; pinyin: B g qun) isa breed of dog with a wrinkly, short-muzzled face andcurled tail. The breed has a fine, glossy coat that comesin a variety of colours, most often fawn or black, and acompact square body with well-developed muscles.Pugs were brought from China to Europe in the sixteenthcentury and were popularized in Western Europe by theHouse of Orange of the Netherlands, and the House ofStuart.*[2] In the United Kingdom in the nineteenth cen-tury Queen Victoria developed a passion for Pugs whichshe passed on to other members of the Royal family.Known for being sociable and gentle companiondogs,*[3] Pugs remain popular into the twenty-first cen-tury, with some famous celebrity owners. A Pug wasjudged Best in Show at the World Dog Show in 2004.

1 Description

A fawn Pug puppy, Best in Puppies competition,

1.1 Physical characteristics

While the Pugs that are depicted in eighteenth centuryprints tend to be long and lean,*[2] modern breed pref-erences are for a square cobby body, a compact form, adeep chest, and well-developed muscle.*[4] Their smoothand glossy coats can be fawn, apricot fawn, silver fawn orblack.*[4]*[5] The markings are clearly defined and thereis a trace of a black line extending from the occiput to thetail.*[4] The tail normally curls tightly over the hip.*[2]

Pugs have two distinct shapes for their ears,roseandbutton. Roseears are smaller than the standardstyle ofbuttonears, and are folded with the front edgeagainst the side of the head. Breeding preference goes tobuttonstyle ears.*[6]Pugs' legs are very strong, straight, of moderate length,and are set well under. Their shoulders are moderatelylaid back. Their ankles are strong, their feet are small,their toes are well split-up, and their nails are black.*[4]The lower teeth normally protrude further than their up-per, resulting in an under-bite.*[1]

1.2 Temperament

The breed is often described as multum in parvo, ormuch in little, alluding to the Pug's remarkable person-ality, despite its small size.*[1] Pugs are strong willed butrarely aggressive, and are suitable for families with chil-dren. The majority of the breed is very fond of childrenand sturdy enough to properly play with them. Depend-ing on their owner's mood, they can be quiet and docilebut also vivacious and teasing.*[7] Pugs tend to have alazy nature and spend a lot of time napping. They areoften calledshadowsbecause they follow their own-ers around and like to stay close to the action,*[8] cravingattention and affection from their owners.*[9]*[10]

The breed has strong, straight legs set well under thebody and a tail that curls over the hip

Un-exaggerated wrinkles feature on the head

Eyes should be large with a rounded shape and darkin colour

A black Pug puppy

2 History

2.1 Chinese origins

In ancient times, Pugs were bred to be companions forruling families in China. The pet Pugs were highly val-ued by Chinese Emperors, and the royal dogs were keptin luxury and guarded by soldiers.*[11] Pugs later spreadto other parts of Asia. In Tibet, Buddhist monks keptPugs as pets in their monastries.*[12] The breed has re-tained its affectionate devotion to its owners since ancienttimes.*[13]

1

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2 2 HISTORY

William Hogarth with his Pug, Trump, in 1745.

A portrait of Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Golitsyna by Louis-Michel van Loo (1759)Moscow, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts

The early history of the Pug is not attested to in detail; it isaccepted that modern Pugs are descended from dogs im-ported to Europe from China in the 16th century. Similardogs were popular in the Imperial court during the SongDynasty.*[14]

A favourite Pug bitch depicted in 1802, by Henry BernardChalon

2.2 16th and 17th centuries

Pugs were popular at European courts, and reportedly be-come the official dog of the House of Orange in 1572 af-ter a Pug named Pompey saved the life of the Prince ofOrange by alerting him to the approach of assassins.*[1]A Pug travelled with William III and Mary II when theyleft the Netherlands to accept the throne of England in1688.*[2] During this period, the Pugmay have been bredwith the old type King Charles spaniel, giving the modernKing Charles Spaniel its Pug characteristics.*[15]The breed eventually became popular in other Euro-pean countries as well. Pugs were painted by Goya inSpain, and in Italy they rode up front on private carriages,dressed in jackets and pantaloons that matched those ofthe coachman. They were used by the military to trackanimals and people, and were also employed as guarddogs.*[2]

2.3 18th century to present day

The English painter William Hogarth was the devotedowner of a series of Pugs. His 1745 self-portrait,which is now in London's Tate Gallery, includes his Pug,Trump.*[16] The Pug was also well known in Italy. In1789, a Mrs. Piozzi wrote in her journal, The littlePug dog or Dutch mastiff has quitted London for Padua,I perceive. Every carriage I meet here has a Pug in it.*[17] The popularity of the Pug continued to spread inFrance during the eighteenth century. Before her mar-riage to Napoleon Bonaparte, Josphine had her Pug For-tune carry concealedmessages to her family while shewasconfined at Les Carmes prison, it having alone been givenvisiting rights.*[18]In nineteenth century England, the breed flourished un-der the patronage of Queen Victoria. Her many Pugs,which she bred herself, included Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fa-tima andVenus.*[2] Her involvement with dogs in general

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3.1 Common conditions 3

helped to establish the Kennel Club, which was formedin 1873.*[2] Queen Victoria favoured apricot and fawncolors. Queen Victoria's passion for Pugs were passedon to many other members of the Royal family, includ-ing her grandson King George V*[19] and his son KingEdward VIII. Many responded to the breed's image ofanti-functionalism and diminutive size during this pe-riod.*[20] In paintings and engravings of the 18th and19th centuries, Pugs usually appear with longer legs andnoses than today, and sometimes with cropped ears. Themodern Pug's appearance probably changed after 1860when a new wave of Pugs were imported directly fromChina. These Pugs had shorter legs and the modern-stylePug nose. The British aristocrat Lady Brassey is cred-ited with making black Pugs fashionable after she broughtsome back fromChina in 1886.*[1]*[2] Ear cropping wasmade illegal in 1895.*[21]

A fawn Pug

Pugs arrived in the United States during the nineteenthcentury and were soon making their way into the fam-ily home and the show ring.*[2] The American KennelClub recognized the breed in 1885. The Pug Dog Clubof America was founded in 1931 and was recognized bythe American Kennel Club that same year. In 1981, thePug Dhandys Favorite Woodchuck won the WestminsterKennel Club Dog Show in the United States, the only Pugto have won there since the show began in 1877.*[22] TheWorld Champion, or Best in Show at the 2004World DogShow held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was a Pug namedDouble D Cinoblu's Masterpiece.*[23]

3 Health problems

Since Pugs lack longer snouts and prominent skeletalbrow ridges, they are susceptible to eye injuries such asproptosis, scratched corneas, and painful entropion.*[2]They also have compact breathing passageways, leav-ing many prone to breathing difficulties or unable to ef-ficiently regulate their temperature through evaporationfrom the tongue by panting. A Pug's normal body tem-perature is between 101 F (38 C) and 102 F (39 C). If

this temperature rises to 105 F (41 C), oxygen demandis greatly increased and immediate cooling is required. Ifbody temperature reaches 108 F (42 C), organ failurecan occur.*[24] Their breathing problems can be wors-ened by the stresses of travelling in air cargo, which mayinvolve high temperatures. Following the deaths of Pugsand other brachycephalic breeds, several airlines eitherbanned their transport in cargo or enacted seasonal re-strictions.*[25]*[26]Pugs that live a mostly sedentary life can be prone toobesity, though this is avoidable with regular exerciseand a healthy diet.*[27] The median life span of Pugs is11 years, which is in line with other breeds of the samesize.*[28]

3.1 Common conditions

An overweight Pug. Sedentary Pugs can be prone to obesity.

Pugs, like other short-snouted breeds, have elongatedpalates. When excited, they are prone to "reverse sneez-ing" which causes them to quickly (and seemingly labo-riously) gasp and snort. The veterinary name for this ispharyngeal gag reflex and it is caused by fluid or debrisgetting caught under the palate and irritating the throat orlimiting breathing. Reverse sneezing episodes are usuallynot harmful, and massaging the dog's throat or coveringits nose in order to make it breathe through its mouth canoften shorten a sneezing fit.*[29]Some pugs are also born with stenotic nares which canalso inhibit their breathing. In serious cases, the pinchednostrils make breathing even more difficult for this breedand put added pressure on the larynx.*[30] In some cases,the dog could pass out from blocked airways. If this hap-pens, one should inquire with their veterinarian whether

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4 6 REFERENCES

or not surgery is needed to modify the breathing pas-sages.*[31]Eye prolapse is a common problem among Pugs andother brachycephalic breeds (see Brachycephalic syn-drome)*[32] and can be caused by a trauma to the heador neck, or even by the owner using a tight leash insteadof a harness.*[33] While the eye can usually be pushedback into its socket by the owner or by a vet, veterinaryattention is usually advisable. If the prolapse happens ona regular basis, the Pug might require surgery.*[34]Pugs have many wrinkles in their faces, so owners willoften clean inside the creases to avoid irritation and in-fection.*[35] If this is not done, the dog may develop acondition known as skin fold dermatitis.*[36]An abnormal formation of the hip socket, known as hipdysplasia, affected nearly 64% of Pugs in a survey per-formed by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals; thebreed was ranked the second worst-affected by this con-dition out of 157 breeds tested.*[37]Pugs are one of several breeds that are more suscepti-ble than other dogs to demodectic mange, also knownasdemodex. This condition is caused when parasiticmites, that are often present in a dog's skin without caus-ing symptoms, are allowed to do damage because theirhost has a weakened immune system. It is a problem formany young Pugs, although not usually a major one, andis easily treatable, but some are especially susceptible andpresent with a systemic form of the condition.*[38] Thisvulnerability is thought to be genetic and breeders willavoid producing puppies from adults who have this con-dition.*[39] In 2008, an investigative documentary car-ried out by the BBC found significant inbreeding betweenpedigree dogs, with a study by Imperial College, London,showing that the 10,000 Pugs in the UK are so inbredthat their gene pool is the equivalent of only 50 individu-als.*[40]

3.2 Serious issues

Pugs can suffer from necrotizing meningoencephalitis(NME), also known as Pug dog encephalitis (PDE), aninflammation of the brain and meninges.*[41] NME alsooccurs in other small dogs, such as the Yorkshire Terrier,Maltese, and Chihuahua.*[41] There is no known cure forNME, which is believed to be an inherited disease.*[42]Dogs usually die or have to be put to sleep within a fewmonths of onset, which, in those susceptible to this con-dition, is typically between six months and seven years ofage.*[43]This breed, along with other brachycephalicdogs (e.g., boxers, bulldogs), are also prone tohemivertebrae.*[44]*[45] The curled tail of a Britishbulldog is an example of a hemivertebrae, but whenit occurs not in the coccygeal vertebrae but in otherareas of the spine, it can cause paralysis. The condition

occurs when two parts of a spinal vertebra do not fuseproperly while a young Pug is still growing, resulting inan irregularly shaped spinal cavity which can put pressureon the spinal cord.*[46]

4 Historical depictions of Pugs Children of theMarquis de Bthunewith a Pug 1761

A male Pug 1802

Portrait of Sylvie de la Rue circa 1810

Young Lady in a Boat with a Pug by James Tissot1870

Engraving of the PugsPunch and Tettyfrom the1859 bookThe Dog in Health and Disease

Pug from 1915

Pug photo, ca 1900. Note the small head and thelong legs.

A Pug by Carl Reichert (1836-1918)

5 See also Companion dog

Lap dog

Order of the Pug

6 References[1] American Kennel Club - Pug History. AKC.org.

American Kennel Club. Retrieved 19 August 2006.

[2] Farr, Kendall; Montague, Sarah (1999). Pugs in Public.New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, a division of U.S.Media Holdings. ISBN 1-55670-939-0.

[3] Morn, September (2010). Our Best Friends: The Pug.Pittsburgh: ElDorado Ink. p. 11. Retrieved 2 April 2015.

[4] American Kennel Club - Pug. AKC.org. op. cit. Re-trieved 14 October 2008.

[5] Color: The colors are fawn or black. The fawn colorshould be decided so as to make the contrast completebetween the color and the trace and mask.]

[6] Ears. Pugs.org. Pug Dog Club of America. Retrieved14 October 2008.

[7] Pug Temperament and Personality. PugInforma-tion.org. Retrieved 26 December 2009.

[8]Pug - Temperament & Personality. www.petwave.com.PetWave Corporation. Retrieved 13 July 2014.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_prolapsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachycephalic_syndromehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachycephalic_syndromehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrinklehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_dysplasia_(canine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_dysplasia_(canine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedic_Foundation_for_Animalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_Dogs_Exposedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_meningoencephalitishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Terrierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_(dog)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(dog)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_euthanasiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalic_index#Brachycephalic_animalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_(dog)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldoghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemivertebraehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_columnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tissothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_doghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap_doghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Pughttp://www.akc.org/breeds/pug/history.cfmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Kennel_Clubhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55670-939-0https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TBwwEZsjJp4C&pg=PA11&dq=pug+sociable&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x40cVeCCD4bZauyQgYgG&ved=0CCIQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=pug%2520sociable&f=falsehttp://www.akc.org/breeds/pug/http://www.pugs.org/IS/ears.htmhttp://www.puginformation.org/pug-temperament-character.htmlhttp://www.petwave.com/Dogs/Breeds/Pug/Personality.aspx

5

[9] Pugminded: Personality. pugminded.com.

[10] Belmonte, Brenda (2004). The Pug Handbook. NewYork: Barron's Educational Series Inc. p. 13.

[11] Morn, September (2010). Our Best Friends: The Pug.Pittsburgh: ElDorado Ink. p. 15. Retrieved 24 July 2015.

[12] Morn, September (2010). Our Best Friends: The Pug.Pittsburgh: ElDorado Ink. p. 15. Retrieved 24 July 2015.

[13] Morn, September (2010). Our Best Friends: The Pug.Pittsburgh: ElDorado Ink. p. 14. Retrieved 24 July 2015.

[14] Collier, V. W. F. (1921). Dogs of China & Japan, innature and art. W. Heinemann, London. p. 147. TheLo-chiang dog was a " pai " dog and consequently small,short-headed,andshort-leggedbefore A.D. 1000.It was very possibly the Chinese Pug and appears to havebeen fashionable at the Chinese court from the beginningof the eighth century to the middle of the eleventh centurypossibly even to the removal of the capital from Hsianfuto Peking, about A.D. 1153.

[15] Moffat, Norma. Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: YourHappy Healthy Pet (2nd ed.). Howell Book House. p.19. ISBN 0-471-74823-4.

[16] William Hogarth. The Painter and his Pug, 1745. TateGallery, London, England. www.tate.org.uk. Retrieved 9April 2013.

[17] Maggitti, Phil (2000). Pugs: Everything about Purchase,Care, Nutrition, Behavior, and Training. Barron's Edu-cational Series. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7641-1045-0. Re-trieved 17 January 2010.

[18] Katharine Macdonogh (August 1996). Prison Pets inthe French Revolution. History Today 46.

[19] Royal Collection - The Duke of York holding a pug.royalcollection.org.uk.

[20] Yang, C. (2012). Culture in Miniature: Toy Dogs andObject Life. Eighteenth Century Fiction, 25(1), 139-174.

[21] Pugs in Art. The Bulldog Information Library. Re-trieved 17 January 2010.

[22] Cunliffe, Juliette. History of the Pug. DogChan-nel.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.

[23]PugWinsWorld Championship Show. PugNews.com.20 April 2004. Retrieved 26 December 2009.

[24] Keeping your Pug cool during the dog days of summer. OwnedByPugs.com. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 26 Decem-ber 2009.

[25] Air Travel and Short-Nosed Dogs FAQ. AmericanVeterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 7 July 2014.

[26] Haughney, Christine (26 October 2011). Banned byMany Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private. The NewYork Times. Retrieved 7 July 2014.

[27] Obesity in Pugs. PugInformation.org. Retrieved 26December 2009.

[28]2004KC/BSAVAPurebred DogHealth Survey(PDF).Retrieved 4 August 2010.

[29] Lundgrun, Becky (26 June 2006). Reverse Sneezing(Pharyngeal Gag Reflex)". VeterinaryPartner.com. Re-trieved 26 December 2009.

[30] Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome. Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals.ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare.Retrieved 11 September 2014.

[31]Stenotic Nares in Dogs. Pet Health Network. 29 August2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[32] Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome. Genetic WelfareProblems of Companion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Uni-versities Federation for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 11September 2014.

[33] Dogs 101 Pug Video

[34] Traumatic eye prolapse by Jeff Grognet, D.V.M.,B.Sc.(Agr.)

[35] Pug Health Guide. Pugs.org. op. cit. Retrieved 14October 2008.

[36] Skin Fold Dermatitis. Genetic Welfare Problems ofCompanion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federa-tion for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 11 September 2014.

[37] Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed.OFFA.org. Ortheopedic Foundation for Animals. Re-trieved 14 October 2010.

[38] Demodex Mange in Pugs. PugVillage.com. Retrieved26 December 2009.

[39] Demodectic Mange in Dogs PetMDArticle by T. J. Dunn,Jr., DVM. Retrieved 9 April 2013.

[40] Pedigree dogs plagued by disease. BBC News. 19August 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2009.

[41] Cynthia M. Kahn, BA, MA, ed. (2010). The Merck Vet-erinary Manual (10th ed.). Kendallville, Indiana: CourierKendallville, Inc. pp. 1119, 1158. ISBN 0-911910-93-X.

[42]Slide 1. Pugs.org. op. cit. Retrieved 14 October 2008.

[43] Pug Dog Encephalitis. PugPlace.com. Retrieved 26December 2009.

[44] Hemivertebrae. Genetic Welfare Problems of Com-panion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation forAnimal Welfare. Retrieved 11 September 2014.

[45]Hemivertebrae. barkbytes.com. Retrieved 14 October2008.

[46] Pug Health Management. MyDogBreed.com. Re-trieved 26 December 2009.

7 External links Pugs at DMOZ

http://pugminded.com/pugpersonality.htmlhttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0Ci-1Qz2n3MC&pg=PA13&dq=pug+craves+attention&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8jlkVfXrM4utU-P8gKAJ&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=pug%2520craves%2520attention&f=falsehttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TBwwEZsjJp4C&pg=PA15&dq=Pugs+Chinese+Emperors&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBGoVChMI9qGe1__zxgIVTAnbCh2KbwqB#v=onepage&q=Pugs%2520Chinese%2520Emperors&f=falsehttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TBwwEZsjJp4C&pg=PA15&dq=pug+tibet&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBGoVChMI_Zr1xvnzxgIVMUrbCh3LUwKH#v=onepage&q=pug%2520tibet&f=falsehttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TBwwEZsjJp4C&pg=PA14&dq=pug+ancient+breed+Asia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAGoVChMIsYu1jP7zxgIV6wfbCh3exAwE#v=onepage&q=pug%2520ancient%2520breed%2520Asia&f=falsehttps://archive.org/details/dogsofchinajapan00collrichhttps://archive.org/details/dogsofchinajapan00collrichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-74823-4http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hogarth-the-painter-and-his-pug-n00112http://books.google.com/?id=j8GNxljDbA0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=pug&cd=38#v=onepage&q=pughttp://books.google.com/?id=j8GNxljDbA0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=pug&cd=38#v=onepage&q=pughttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-1045-0http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?searchText=photo&x=0&y=0&object=2107790&row=81http://www.bulldoginformation.com/pugs-in-art.htmlhttp://www.dogchannel.com/dog-books/dog-breed-books/pug-black.aspxhttp://www.pugnews.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=53http://www.ownedbypugs.com/index.php/articles/archives/keeping_your_pug_cool_during_the_dog_days_of_summer/https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/Short-nosed-Dogs-and-Air-Travel-FAQs.aspxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Associationhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://www.puginformation.org/obesity-in-pugs.htmlhttp://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/download/1615/hspug.pdfhttp://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2335http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2335http://www.ufaw.org.uk/BAOSPUG.phphttp://www.pethealthnetwork.com/dog-health/dog-diseases-conditions-a-z/stenotic-nares-dogshttp://www.ufaw.org.uk/BRACHYCEPHALICOCULARPUG.phphttp://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/dogs-101/videos/pug.htmhttp://www.fleetfiretimbers.com/FFT/Articles/Traumatic%2520eye%2520prolapse.htmhttp://www.pugs.org/indexhealth.htmhttp://www.ufaw.org.uk/SKINFOLDDERMATITISPUG.phphttp://www.offa.org/stats_hip.htmlhttp://www.pugvillage.com/demodex_mange.htmhttp://www.petmd.com/dog/general-health/evr_dg_demodectic_mange_in_dogs#.UWQrN70XmSohttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7569064.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911910-93-Xhttp://www.pugs.org/health/PDEslideshow_files/v3_document.htmhttp://www.petplace.com/dogs/pug-dog-encephalitis/page1.aspxhttp://www.ufaw.org.uk/Hemivertebrae.phphttp://www.barkbytes.com/medical/med0038.htmhttp://www.mydogbreed.com/pug/pug-health.phphttps://www.dmoz.org/Recreation/Pets/Dogs/Breeds/Toy_Group/Pughttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ

6 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text Pug Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pug?oldid=672888305 Contributors: Kowloonese, William Avery, D, Sannse, Paul A, JeffTL,

Maximus Rex, Francs2000, Nufy8, Chris 73, HaeB, Lyellin, DocWatson42, Elf, Ich, Everyking, Duncharris, Bovlb, Foobar, Coralys,Mckaysalisbury, Bobblewik, ChicXulub, Toytoy, Sonjaaa, Bob Wallace, Yossarian, JulieADriver, Kareeser, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis,Lacrimosus, Kathar, Discospinster, Vague Rant, NrDg, Max Terry, Sbo, Lachatdelarue, GaiusKnight, Jmatthew3, El C, Gershwinrb, Jp-gordon, Adambro, Bobo192, Kizzle, Smalljim, Cmdrjameson, Reuben, , Zetawoof, Hagerman, Cyrillic, Alansohn, Trysha,Andrewpmk, Eitan1989, Logologist, Lectonar, Jackliddle, Ynhockey, Bart133, Snowolf, Ianang, Yuckfoo, RainbowOfLight, Ianblair23,SteinbDJ, Dwbird2, Djsasso, Kitch, Ron Ritzman, Angr, Alvis, Woohookitty, Oliphaunt, Qaddosh, SP-KP, NeoChaosX, WadeSimMiser,MONGO, Hailey C. Shannon, Prashanthns, Gimboid13, Dysepsion, Tslocum, BD2412, Anarchivist, FreplySpang, Canderson7, Ketil-trout, Sj, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Jake Wartenberg, Ikh, Dcoryh192, ScottJ, Reinis, Calvinlough, FlaBot, Latka, Godlord2, Crazy-computers, Alhutch, Nivix, RexNL, Gurch, Terrx, Silivrenion, Sherool, FeldBum, Gdrbot, Geg, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, QuentinX, Peregrine Fisher, Rtkat3, Xcrivener, Brandmeister (old), Phantomsteve, WritersCramp, ZacharyS, Anders.Warga, Akamad, Stephenb,Calicore, CambridgeBayWeather, Rsrikanth05, Wimt, Ugur Basak, Anomalocaris, NawlinWiki, JD79, Wiki alf, Lemonade51, Merman,Irishguy, Malcolma, D. F. Schmidt, JHCaufield, Dissolve, DeadEyeArrow, Tekana, David Underdown, Ceilmary, Shirley Ku, Shell66,Scottdwhite, Zzuuzz, Tacubus, Closedmouth, SMcCandlish, Reyk, BrownHornet21, Rlove, Robertcornell68, SDS, Benandorsqueaks, NickMichael, Eggyacid, Fonteyol, Veinor, Sarah, SmackBot, Pwt898, Reedy, McGeddon, Shoy, C.Fred, Kilo-Lima, Bmearns, Hardyplants,Kintetsubuffalo, HalfShadow, Demolition18, Commander Keane bot, Gilliam, Duke Ganote, Ohnoitsjamie, Betacommand, Malatesta,Mr. Ash, Durova, Amatulic, Chris the speller, Keegan, Persian Poet Gal, Thumperward, Lilengine, Miquonranger03, MidgleyDJ, MosheConstantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Neo-Jay, TheFeds, Leoni2, Mattweng, J. Spencer, Ctbolt, Kaya~enwiki, Tshrinivasan, Sparsefarce,Colonies Chris, Blagov, Rockfan, RuudVisser, Maquilavicki, George Ho, Lenin and McCarthy, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Robogun,Miguel1626, Tamfang, OrphanBot, Onorem, Skidude9950, Bgbabu, Pnkrockr, Addshore, Kcordina, Mr.Z-man, Anthon.Eff, Ganley894,Tinctorius, RaCha'ar, Dreadstar, Stormj, UltimateXiphias, Scharks, Ace ETP, Toadsboon, Pugpugpug, Lambiam, ArglebargleIV, LtPow-ers, Blaze33541, Kuru, Carnby, Timdownie, Wtwilson3, Joelmills, Ian Dalziel, Camcorderman, BillFlis, Dicklyon, Canid~enwiki, 2T,Tigrisnaga, Allamericanbear, Dekuntz, Ryulong, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Vashtihorvat, Mfield, Smarty pants94, Iridescent, Pugman,The Giant Puffin, Blakegripling ph, IvanLanin, HongQiGong, Blehfu, Dpeters11, Nukethebridge, Tawkerbot2, Emote, Beckilee, JForget,Linuxerist, Pigstinky, Kayserc, CmdrObot, Rupisis, Ale jrb, Ninetyone, JohnCD, Neoyamaneko, CWY2190, Dbzsamuele, R9tgokunks,NE Ent, Auger Martel, Jac16888, Slazenger, HalJor, Cydebot, Nbound, Warhorus, MantaRay, Gogo Dodo, Corpx, Tawkerbot4, Chris-tian75, Evolve17, FastLizard4, Chachilongbow, SpK, Nuwewsco, UberScienceNerd, Casliber, Strongfaithin1, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Jed-ibob5, Mojo Hand, Soonerstar21, Dalahst, Tapir Terrific, Electron9, Tellyaddict, Me pnoy~enwiki, AgentPeppermint, Philippe, SeanWilliam, Icep, Escarbot, Stui, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, Majorly, Kyleownz34, Seaphoto, Dr who1975, Jj137, Darklilac, Silver Ookami,Ex-Nintendo Employee, Qwerty Binary, Myanw, Ingolfson, DCincarnate, Gatemansgc, Jamon8888, Antiscian, 100110100, Kerotan,F.Shelley, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Acroterion, Bencherlite, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, AuburnPilot, Fusionmix, Apollyon48, JNW, CattleGirl,BobTheMad, Steven Walling, TinaSparkle, Kc600, ArchStanton69, Hybscher, Novickas, Chris G, DerHexer, Edward321, Floria L, Gkin-drick, Stupefaction, Strider01, Gjd001, MartinBot, Prgrmr@wrk, Chromega, NAHID, Pupster21, Rettetast, Anaxial, Keith D, Jschott780,Mschel, Alro, CommonsDelinker, Josewiki, Smokizzy, Peanutty, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, Trusilver, Numbo3, Cop 663, Headwork, Paris1127,Gyurika, Pianopuppy2004, Pikminlover, McSly, Ignatzmice, Balthazarduju, NewEnglandYankee, Bexpo12, Ontarioboy, SardonicRick,2812, Juliancolton, DorganBot, Ken Dailey, Ja 62, Dorftrottel, Useight, Stromcatraina, CardinalDan, Wikieditor06, Lights, Deor, Flakige,Flyingidiot, TheRhani, Kelapstick, Jeff G., Abhinav619, All19, Pittles78, Philip Trueman, Dsussner, Balagopal.k, MeStevo, Good-man.m.w~enwiki, Technopat, NPrice, Anonymous Dissident, Editor8290, Aymatth2, Dathangy, Lradrama, Sintaku, Brunton, Martin451,Buttercup sophi, Pennstatephil, Leafyplant, Sanfranman59, LeaveSleaves, Optigan13, TRoss902, Gollytolly, Tom Morgstar, Stampspin-sclips, Kimallen, FunkReverend, Lerdthenerd, Michaeldrayson, SQL, Dan9186, Falcon8765, Enviroboy, Vector Potential, Mimi1969,Kymme, Bine Mai, The Devil's Advocate, Insanity Incarnate, Monty845, Nagy, Batsofdoom, Logan, Cheeky09, Mjd34, Scottywong,PericlesofAthens, Nationwidesports, Wynnv777, NHRHS2010, Hmwith, Rypcord, Tadpole-Rulz, SMC89, SieBot, Aasp76, Frosty976,Augustus Rookwood, Kbrown2729, Lemonflash, Rob.bastholm, Dawn Bard, Jbmurray, Concretecutter, Swaq, Yintan, Akriloth2160,Ri3mannZeta, Nancylevine, Flyer22, Qst, Jetset59, Ferret, Lbuxx, Bigdaddy1981, Lhubbard111, Oxymoron83, Actressgeek, KPH2293,Alex.muller, Brandonm0720, La Parka Your Car, Breedertrainer, Mgnparrothead, Mygerardromance, Vanished User 8902317830, Night-fall20252, Susan118, Superbeecat, Pdeq, Bpeps, Elggup, Jsolovit, Emvolkman, Hafwyn, Mews1979, ClueBot, Moon7043, Vrmlguy, LAX,QueenofBattle, GorillaWarfare, Wikivato, Snigbrook, Falldownthestairs, Rjd0060, Da gr8 1, Wonderllama13, Emma.jones.00, Farmer-man, Softnfluffy, Lordprash, Meekywiki, Franamax, Drmies, Sevilledade, Mild Bill Hiccup, Rkellycloset, Giggleshits, Kvandy, Hafspa-jen, CounterVandalismBot, Scruffy Carter, Grandeurkennel, Cliffsteinman, Blanchardb, MichelleArthur, Neverquick, Megf, Hwoodbamf,Excirial, Act sing dance14, Alexbot, Jusdafax, DoctorNobody, Bonathan, Sam.jeremiah, 7&6=thirteen, Razorflame, Redthoreau, Dek-isugi, Puglepirate9, Random86, Muro Bot, La Pianista, Stevehancock, Yomangan, Thingg, Aitias, Redsoxboy33, Yopug, Princesszelda325,Dave6661, Apparition11, Brambleberry of RiverClan, SteelMariner, DumZiBoT, Hethurs, Shawnregan, Crazy Boris with a red beard,GM Pink Elephant, CaptainVideo890, TimTay, XLinkBot, Piktor08, Rror, WikHead, Pokemonpwns, NellieBly, Hafsbro, Noctibus,Rex Cherry, Gangwarilydeweybeach, Addbot, ERK, Nugebro3, Dumbo78, Pitchingfever10, Dolores Luxedo, Some jerk on the Internet,Captain-tucker, Pic Editor96, JackUKElliott, Manutrish, Blethering Scot, Imxinfinite, TutterMouse, Fieldday-sunday, Paulduv, Canadi-anLinuxUser, Sarahjle, Pug power, Mjr162006, Glane23, Alan Blake, Favonian, Puglover007, AtheWeatherman, JGKlein, Gamehobo, 5albert square, Lol at you maytie, Tide rolls, Krano, Zorrobot, Team4Technologies, Ben Ben, Legobot, Tucson Arizona Mexico, Luckas-bot,Yobot, Bennett12345, Ptbotgourou, Senator Palpatine, Playclever, Cuttymcstab, Bdog9121, 34joey, Darx9url, Gobbleswoggler, Wash-burnmav, Ajh16, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Daisyotis, Tempodivalse, Chagousa, Dmarquard, AnomieBOT, Thorvaldsson, 1exec1,BlackRaspberry, Rjanag, Jim1138, Otis123, Keithbob, Collieuk, Userresuuser, Ubergeekguy, Crecy99, Bluerasberry, Mokoniki, Materi-alscientist, Suicidalxlizzy, Citation bot, Beamer18, Bob Burkhardt, Neckercube, Pitke, Stazey, GB fan, Frankenpuppy, Neurolysis, Arthur-Bot, Xqbot, Kariann, Jockinmystyles, Autumnwashere, Domchol, Furriness, Cwolf160, Grim23, Nikijo76, Cyphoidbomb, AbigailAber-nathy, Gatorgirl7563, J04n, Abce2, Puggiver, Oloz, Greeneggsandcheese, White whirlwind, Abuk SABUK, Hally613, Miyagawa, AnkaFriedrich, Spongefrog, Dan6hell66, Calibrador, Pepper, Gtwkndhpqu, PRProgRock, Recognizance, BulsaraAndDeacon, Chancethepug,Amolnaik3k, Vortexor, Bensword, Citation bot 1, Bunyk, Flowerfairy136, Killerbites, Redrose64, Simple Bob, WQUlrich, Pekayer11,Skelwor, Pinethicket, Edderso, Sciencebuddy189, Jack1755, Ppandm, MJ94, Mutinus, SpaceFlight89, Mattylon, Jenny2513, Meaghan,Yoc2007, RandomStringOfCharacters, Robo Cop, Pugstub, Pokepal101, Petulapuglover, White Shadows, Mfadmiral, P1x3l, Tampabay-girl1, Lotje, WithiNightation, Callanecc, Randomstuff3, Trickytext, Sheythemeteorologist, River6969us, Begoon, 777sms, Bluefist, ReaperEternal, Merlinsorca, Proki, Jhenderson777, Tara223, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth, TheMesquito, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Andrea105,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pug?oldid=672888305

8.2 Images 7

The Utahraptor, Altes2009, Alph Bot, Scarlett 001, Giggity69, Cwhale780, EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, PamelaBMX, GA bot, Immunize,P1X3L PWNY, Angrytoast, Lros79, Minimac's Clone, Passionless, Tommy2010, The Blade of the Northern Lights, Schdeb, Mz7, Tfuni-cello, The Phantom In Church, Richard asr, ZroBot, John Cline, Traxs7, Cosmoskramer, Bulgers, Audelio3, Sagaciousphil, Robertbob-bobby, SandorKrasna, Vetcontributor, Malikloveslacee, DJp001122, H3llBot, EWikist, Wayne Slam, OnePt618, Mayeaj, Jcolemanparrott,Awesomehead mcgee, L Kensington, Deutschgirl, Acroterian, Marshmellows2260, Nye453, Hannahl00990, Awesomekid12, Jpluta, She-ababylv, Peter Karlsen, DASHBotAV, AHonerkamp, Slycoper, Kuhdfgiedkvlhdsoklm, 2010tempest, ClueBot NG, Cwmhiraeth, Glugnose,Buckrogers231, LogX, Gilderien, RockerMama, Augenesburg, Brutus1996, Bped1985, Hendersonbill4sup, Vacation9, Littlehales64, Snot-bot, Macdonaldbf, Bull0120, Fiberglasstoe, Anupmehra, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, !1QqAaZz, Coolkid5810, Egross21,Collingwoodcove, Tyagirl100, Murman12345, Lowercase sigmabot, Kittyeggrolls, Smac1818, Nnp1264, Juro2351, PTJoshua, Mrbines,Wiki13, Wikiyeahbaby, MusikAnimal, Frze, Rookie3232, Golden Sugarplum, Cold Season, Piguy101, Luchador54, EMC47, Myedit11,Zone1997, Glacialfox, Minsbot, Rcunderw, Jacobsfault, Cosmorox, EricEnfermero, BattyBot, Angela and ally, Tonyenlow, Eliasmedici1,Reddragon2, Colefredlow1, Youps22, Judsonlostthatfight, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, MJponys, EuroCarGT, NikanaStarkiller, RSMRecords, Chuckyisevil, Poppywilding, Lugia2453, Sriharsh1234, Jo-Jo Eumerus, Ciospo, Meehabababa, Animal Welfare Science, I amOne of Many, Petercannon usf, Melonkelon, Eyesnore, Tentinator, Everymorning, Jakec, EvergreenFir, Priyanshu7, Kushaan, ElHef,The Herald, My name is not dave, ProfesorByars, Ginsuloft, D Eaketts, Allan Jacobsen Is A Handsome YEAH, Som tanders, Jackm-cbarn, BoomDigity, Kind Tennis Fan, Xidrep~enwiki, Chiswckchap, Jimmypt, Emma.dunn96, Otto1943, Maryanne818, Hakuna mattarta,St170e, Monkbot, Redijedi258, Manuelaguirre, Vieque, Carlistheboss, PugNugget, Cphwb556, Wasana16, Kasunkasun, Zoyaisadonkey,SLKWR303, Pug men, Dat1HungryCow, Occults, Fusionpower58, Franklin7, Mstauss, Jakesnash, Merhababuarada, MLG pug, Nancy-Roque, Jnm230, KasparBot, KingCopper55, Pugducjenwib, Oidfhgo and Anonymous: 1421

8.2 Images File:Bonny_Bonita.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Bonny_Bonita.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Con-tributors: Own workvon mir selbst Original artist: Berko

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

File:Henry_Bernard_Chalon_-_A_favourite_Pug_bitch_(1802).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Henry_Bernard_Chalon_-_A_favourite_Pug_bitch_%281802%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Bonhams London 17March 2013, auction 20784, lot 99Original artist: Henry Bernard Chalon

File:Louis-Michel_van_Loo_Princess_Ekaterina_Dmitrievna_Golitsyna.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Louis-Michel_van_Loo_Princess_Ekaterina_Dmitrievna_Golitsyna.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:http://www.reprodart.com/cgi-bin/rd Original artist: Louis-Michel van Loo

File:Mops_555.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Mops_555.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors: Own work Original artist: Pleple2000

File:Pug_in_Tallinn.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Pug_in_Tallinn.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Own work Original artist:

File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

File:William_Hogarth_006.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/William_Hogarth_006.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed byDIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: William Hogarth

8.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Bonny_Bonita.JPG//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Berkohttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Henry_Bernard_Chalon_-_A_favourite_Pug_bitch_%25281802%2529.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Henry_Bernard_Chalon_-_A_favourite_Pug_bitch_%25281802%2529.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Louis-Michel_van_Loo_Princess_Ekaterina_Dmitrievna_Golitsyna.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Louis-Michel_van_Loo_Princess_Ekaterina_Dmitrievna_Golitsyna.jpghttp://www.reprodart.com/cgi-bin/rdhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Mops_555.jpg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Pleple2000https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Pug_in_Tallinn.JPG//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Rei-arturhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/William_Hogarth_006.jpg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3936122202https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/DescriptionPhysical characteristicsTemperamentHistoryChinese origins16th and 17th centuries18th century to present dayHealth problemsCommon conditionsSerious issuesHistorical depictions of PugsSee also ReferencesExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license