including the co-polarization and cross-polarization in the H-plane

(xz plane) and E-plane (yz plane). The main purpose of the radia-

tion patterns is to demonstrate that the antenna actually radiates over

a wide frequency band. It can be seen that the radiation patterns in x

z plane are nearly omni-directional for the two frequencies.

4. CONCLUSION

In this article, we propose a novel design of UWB slot antenna

with multi-resonance and dual band-notch function. The pre-

sented antenna can operate from 2.43 to 15.03 GHz with two

rejection bands around 3.264.16 and 5.16.05 GHz. The

designed antenna has a small size of 20 20 0.8 m3. The

size of the designed antenna is smaller than the UWB antennas

with band-notched function reported recently. Simulated and ex-

perimental results show that the proposed antenna could be a

good candidate for UWB applications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are thankful to Microwave Technology (MWT) Com-

pany staff for their beneficial and professional help (www.micro-

wave-technology.com).

REFERENCES

1. M. Ojaroudi and A. Faramarzi, Multi-resonance small square slot antenna

for ultra-wideband applications, Microwave Opt Tech Lett 53 (2011).

2. J.Y. Sze and K.L. Wong, Bandwidth enhancement of a microstrip

line-fed printed wide-slot antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 49

(2001), 10201024.

3. Y.W. Jang, Experimental study of large bandwidth three-offset

microstrip line-fed slot antenna, IEEE Microwave Wireless Com-

pon Lett 11 (2001), 425426.

4. A. Dastranj, A. Imani, and M. Naser-Moghaddasi, Printed wide-

slot antenna for wideband applications, IEEE Trans Antennas

Propag 56 (2008), 30973102.

5. R. Rouhi, Ch. Ghobadi, J. Nourinia, and M. Ojaroudi, Ultra-

wideband small square monopole antenna with band notched func-

tion, Microwave Opt Tech Lett 52 (2010), 20652069.

6. S. Yzadanifard, R.A. Sadeghzadeh, and M. Ojaroudi, Ultra-wide-

band small square monopole antenna with variable frequency

band-notch function, Prog Electromagn Res C 15 (2010), 133144.

7. Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS), version 13,

Ansoft Corporation, Canonsburg, PA, 2010.

VC 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

COMPACT MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FORMOBILE COMMUNICATION

Samiran Chatterjee,1 Kalyanbrata Ghosh,2 Joydeep Paul,2

S. K. Chowdhury,3 Debasree Chanda (Sarkar),4

and P.P. Sarkar41Department of ECE, Brainware Group of Institutions, Barasat,West Bengal, India; Corresponding author:samiranengineer@gmail.com2Department of ECE, Aryabhatta Institute for Engineering andManagement, Durgapur, Panagarh, West Bengal, India3Department of ECE, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, Nadia,West Bengal, India4USIC Department, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, WestBengal, India

Received 16 August 2012

ABSTRACT: A single layer, single feed compact rectangular

microstrip antenna is proposed. Resonant frequency has been reduced

drastically by cutting unequal rectangular slots at the edge of the patch.

Two rectangular slots are introduced at the left and right side of the

patch to reduce the resonant frequency. The widths of the rectangular

slots are different to improve the gain bandwidth performance of the

antenna. The antenna size has been reduced by 73.9% when compared

to a conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The

characteristics of the designed structure are investigated by using

Method of Moment-based electromagnetic solver, IE3D. There is a

reasonable agreement between these simulated data and measured

values. An extensive analysis of the return loss, radiation pattern, gain,

and efficiency of the proposed antenna is shown in this paper. The

simple configuration and low profile nature of the proposed antenna

leads to easy fabrication and make it suitable for the applications in

Wireless communication system. Mainly, it is developed to operate in

the mobile communication range of 900 MHz1.8 GHz. VC 2013 Wiley

Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:954957, 2013; View

this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27517

Key words: compact; patch; slot; resonant frequency; mobile

communication

1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, demand for small antennas in wireless commu-

nication has increased the interest of research work on compact

microstrip antenna design among microwaves and wireless engi-

neers [1]. To support the high mobility necessary for a wireless

telecommunication device, a small and light weight antenna is

likely to be preferred. For this purpose, compact microstrip

antenna is one of the most suitable devices. The development of

antenna for wireless communication also requires an antenna

with more than one operating frequency. This is due to many

reasons, mainly because there are various wireless communica-

tion systems and many telecommunication operators using vari-

ous frequencies. Therefore, one antenna that has multiband char-

acteristic is more desirable than having one antenna for each

frequency band. To reduce the size of the antenna, one of the

effective techniques is cutting slot in proper position on the

microstrip patch [24]. There are so many antennas which

are used to reduce the size of the antenna. Reducing the size of

the antenna means the resonant frequency of slotted antenna is

drastically reduced compared to conventional antenna [57].

Other than slotted antenna, there are antennas like Dielectric Res-

onator Antenna (DRA), Fractal Antenna, etc. [813]. Fractal

antennas are difficult to design, and DRA requires high dielectric

constant substrates which are not readily available.

Compact microstrip antenna is a topic of intensive research

in recent years because of increasing demand for small antennas

used in various types of communications including mobile com-

munication [14, 15]. The size of the antenna may be effectively

reduced by cutting rectangular slots on printed antennas. The

work to be presented in this paper is also a compact printed

antenna obtained by cutting rectangular slots which gave a reso-

nant frequency much lower than the resonant frequency of the

conventional printed antenna with the same patch area. The

work to be presented in this paper is also a compact microstrip

antenna design obtained by cutting rectangular slots on the patch

to increase the return loss and gain bandwidth performance of

the antenna. To reduce the size of the antenna, substrates are

chosen with higher value of dielectric constant [1619]. Our aim

is to reduce the size of the antenna as well as increase the oper-

ating bandwidth. The proposed antenna (substrate with er 4.4)

presents a size reduction of 73.9% when compared to a conven-

tional rectangular microstrip patch. The simulation has been car-

ried out by IE3D [20] software which uses the Method of

Moment (MOM) method and verified by measurements. Due to

954 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 55, No. 5, May 2013 DOI 10.1002/mop

the small size, low cost, and light weight, this antenna is a good

candidate for the application of mobile communication in the

frequency range of 900 MHz1.8 GHz.

2. ANTENNA STRUCTURE

The configuration of the conventional printed antenna is shown in

Figure 1 with L 24 mm, W 30 mm, substrate (PTFE) thick-

ness h 1.5875 mm, and dielectric constant er 4.4. Coaxial

probe-feed (radius 0.5 mm) is located at W/2 and L/3.

The dielectric material selected for this design is an FR4 ep-

oxy with dielectric constant (er) 4.4 and substrate height (h)

1.6 mm. Co-axial probe feed of radius 0.5 mm with a simple

ground plane arrangement is used at point (0,4) where the cen-

ter of the patch is considered at point (0,0). Figure 2 shows the

configuration of Antenna 2 designed with similar PTFE

substrate. Two unequal rectangular slots whose dimensions and

the location of coaxial probe-feed (radius 0.5 mm) are shown

in the Figure 2. The configuration of Antenna 2 is designed with

a similar substrate. The antenna is also a 30 mm 24 mm rec-

tangular patch. The location of coaxial probe-feed (radius 0.5

mm) is also shown in Figure 2.

3. SIMULATED RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

In this section, various parametric analysis of the proposed

antenna are carried out and presented.

Several parameters of the antenna have been investigated to

improve bandwidth as well as gain and return loss performance

of the antenna. Optimal parameter values of the antenna are

listed in Table 1. L1 is the left hand and L2 is the right hand

patch length.

The simulated return loss of the conventional antenna

(Antenna 1) and the proposed antenna (Antenna 2) is shown in

Figures 3 and 4, respectively.

In the conventional antenna, return loss of about 18.02 dB

is obtained at 2.840 GHz. Corresponding 10 dB bandwidth is

42.79 MHz. The second, third, and fourth resonant frequencies

are obtained at f2 4.65 GHz, f3 5.62 GHz, and f4 7.51

GHz with return losses 10.37 dB, 11.14 dB, and 17.30 dB,

respectively. Corresponding 10 dB bandwidth obtained for

Antenna 1 at f2, f3, and f4 are 27.44 MHz, 31.97 MHz, and

28.36 MHz, respectively. Comparing Figures 3 and 4, it may be

observed that for the conventional antenna (Fig. 3), there is

practically no resonant frequency at around 1.54 GHz with a

return loss of around 6 dB. For the proposed antenna, there is

a resonant frequency at around 1.54 GHz where the return loss

is as high as 12.1 dB. Due to the presence of slots in Antenna

2, resonant frequency operation is obtained with large values of

frequency ratio. The first resonant frequency is obtained at f1

1.540 GHz with return loss of about 12.1 dB. The second,

third, and fourth resonant frequencies are obtained at f2 4.66

Figure 1 Antenna 1 configuration

Figure 2 Antenna 2 configuration

TABLE 1 Optimal Parameter Values of the Antenna

Parameter Values (mm)

W 14

L1 1

L2 1.5

Figure 3 Simulated return loss of the Antenna 1. [Color figure can be

viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 55, No. 5, May 2013 955

GHz, f3 5.71 GHz, and f4 9.24 GHz with return losses

11.2 dB, 17.35 dB, and 11.8 dB, respectively. Correspond-

ing 10-dB bandwidth obtained for Antenna 2 at f1, f2, f3, and f4are 38.60 MHz, 72.50 MHz, 11.82 MHz, and 57.04 MHz,

respectively.

3.1. Simulated Radiation Pattern

The simulated E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns for

Antenna 1 at the first resonant frequency are shown in

Figure 5. Also the simulated E-plane and H-plane radiation

Figure 5 (a) Simulated E-field pattern radiation pattern at 2.84 GHz. (b) Simulated H-field pattern radiation pattern at 2.84 GHz. [Color figure can be

viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 4 Simulated return loss of the Antenna 2. [Color figure can be

viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 6 (a) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 1.54 GHz. (b) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 1.54 GHz. [Color figure can be viewed in the

online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 7 Top layer photograph of proposed antenna. [Color figure

can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at

wileyonlinelibrary.com]

956 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 55, No. 5, May 2013 DOI 10.1002/mop

patterns for Antenna 2 at the first resonant frequency are shown

in Figure 6.

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The prototype of the Antenna 2 (proposed antenna) was fabri-

cated and tested, which are depicted in Figures 79. All the

measurements were carried out using Vector Network Analyzer

(VNA) Agilent N5 230A.

The comparisons of the measured return loss with the simu-

lated ones are shown in Figure 9. The discrepancy between the

measured and simulated results is due to the effect of improper

soldering of SMA connector or fabrication tolerance.

5. CONCLUSION

Theoretical investigations of a single layer, single feed micro-

strip printed antennas have been carried out using MoM-based

software IE3D. Introducing slots at the edge of the patch, a size

reduction of about 73.9% has been achieved. This has been veri-

fied experimentally by VNA Agilent N5 230A. The 3-dB beam-

width of the radiation pattern is 89.17 which is sufficiently

broad beam for the applications for which it is intended.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors acknowledge gratefully the financial support provided

by AICTE (India) in the form of a project entitled Development

of compact, broadband and efficient patch antennas for mobile

communication. The measurement facility provided by Prof. San-

tanu Das of BESU, Shibpur, Howrah, is gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCES

1. I. Sarkar, P.P. Sarkar, and S.K. Chowdhury, A new compact

printed antenna for mobile communication, 2009 Loughborough

Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK, Novem-

ber 1617, 2009.

2. J.-W. Wu, H.-M. Hsiao, J.-H. Lu, and S.-H. Chang, Dual broad-

band design of rectangular slot antenna for 2.4 and 5 GHz wireless

communication, IEE Electron Lett 40 (2004).

3. S. Chatterjee, J. Paul, K. Ghosh, P.P. Sarkar, D. Chanda (Sarkar),

and S.K. Chowdhury, A compact microstrip antenna for WLAN

communication, National Conference of Electronics, Communica-

tion and Signal Processing, 2011, Paper ID: 116.

4. R.K. Raj, M. Joseph, C.K. Anandan, K. Vasudevan, and P.

Mohanan, A new compact microstrip-fed dual-band coplaner

antenna for WLAN applications, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 54

(2006), 37553762.

5. J.-Y. Jan and L.-C. Tseng, Small planar monopole Antenna with a

shorted parasitic inverted-L wire for wireless communications in

the 2.4, 5.2 and 5.8 GHz bands, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 52

(2004), 19031905.

6. S. Chatterjee, U. Chakraborty, I. Sarkar, S.K. Chowdhury, and P.P.

Sarkar, A compact microstrip antenna for mobile communication,

India Conference (INDICON), 2010 Annual IEEE, 2010, pp. 13,

Paper ID: 510.

7. A. Danideh, R.S. Fakhr, and H.R. Hassani, Wideband coplanar

microstrip patch antenna, Progr Electromagn Res Lett 4 (2008),

8189.

8. D.H. Werner and S. Ganguly, An overview of fractal antenna

engineering research, IEEE Antennas Propag Mag 45 (2003),

3857.

9. A. Aggarwal and M.V. Kartikeyan, Pythagoras tree: A fractal patch

antenna for multi-frquency and ultra band-width operations, Progr

Electromagn Res C 16 (2010), 2535.

10. J.P. Gianvittorrio and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Fractal antennas: A novel

antenna miniaturization technique and applications, IEEE Antennas

Propag Mag 44 (2002), 2036.

11. C.P. Baliarda, J. Romeu, and A. Cardama, The Koch monopole: A

small fractal antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 48 (2000),

17731781.

12. M. Saed and R. Yadla, Microstrip fed low profile and compact

dielectric resonator antenna, Progr Electromagn Res 56 (2006),

151162.

13. A. Petosa and A. Ittipiboon, Dielectric resonator antennas: A his-

torical review and the current state of the art, IEEE Antennas

Propag Mag 52 (2010), 91116.

14. S. Chatterjee, J. Paul, K. Ghosh, P.P. Sarkar, and S.K. Chowdhury,

A printed patch antenna for mobile communication, Convergence

of Optics and Electronics Conference, 2011, pp. 102107, Paper

ID: 15.

15. J. Bahl and P. Bhartia, Microstrip antennas, Artech House, Ded-

ham, MA, 1980.

16. U. Chakraborty, S. Chatterjee, S.K. Chowdhury, and P.P. Sarkar, A

compact microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication,

Progr Electromagn Res C 18 (2011), 211220.

17. R. Fallahi, A.-A. Kalteh, and M.G. Roozbahani, A novel UWB el-

liptical slot antenna with band-notched characteristics, Progr Elec-

tromagn Res 18 (2011), 211220.

18. E.O. Hammerstad, Equations for microstrip circuit design, Proceed-

ings Fifth European Microwave Conference, September 14, 1975,

Hamburg, Germany, pp. 268272.

19. C.A. Balanis, Advanced engineering electromagnetic, John Wiley

& Sons., New York, 1989.

20. Zeland Software Inc., IE3D: MOM-based EM simulator. Available

at: http://www.zeland.com, accessed on January 3, 2013.

VC 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Figure 8 Bottom layer photograph of proposed antenna. [Color figure

can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at

wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 9 Comparison between simulated and measured data

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 55, No. 5, May 2013 957