Publications lecture2 HPHY 212 Summer 2013

Finding the right articles – doing no harm

HPHY 212Publications lecture 2

Learning objectives

• Identify the differences between a case study, a scientific study, a review or a meta-analysis for a scholarly article.

• Identify an appropriate search to find more information on the topic.

• Use Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to search for articles in PubMed.

"This article presents a discussion over the popularity and safety of energy drinks. The author notes that these beverages have become increasingly popular during the 2000s with the growth of drinks like Red Bull and Full Throttle. He discusses how these drinks are being marketed and examines the increasing levels of caffeine they contain. He looks at some of the other popular ingredients and discusses what they do. The author also examines the trend of mixing these drinks with alcohol." from Fronicola, 2007.

Q3.

A. ScholarlyB. Popular C. Neither D. Both

“Caffeine is a widely used psychoactive substance in both adults and children that is legal, easy to obtain, and socially acceptable to consume. Although once relatively restricted to use among adults, caffeine- containing drinks are now consumed regularly by children. In addition, some caffeine-containing beverages are specifically marketed to children as young as 4 years of age. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the effects of caffeine use on behavior and physiology of children remains understudied and poorly understood. The purpose of this article is to review what is known about caffeine use in children and adolescents, to discuss why children and adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of caffeine, and to propose how caffeine consumption within this population may potentiate the rewarding properties of other substances. The following topics are reviewed: (1) tolerance and addiction to caffeine, (2) sensitization and cross-sensitization to the effects of caffeine, (3) caffeine self- administration and reinforcing value, and (4) conditioning of preferences for caffeine-containing beverages in both adults and children." from Temple, 2009.

Q4

Q4

Author & credentials

source


Could these articles be both scholarly and popular? Why?

Concussions

http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/778065






Hierarchy of Evidence or

levels of evidence

Meta-analyses Review Scientific studies

(e.g., cross-sectional vs longitudinal, randomised controlled trials)

Case reports

Hierarchy of Evidence –

Meta-analyses

Scientific studies

Case studies

Reviews

What do you tell him?

1. What does the article tell him to do?2. What’s the level of evidence?3. How do you find more information?

Rábago, C. A., & Wilken, J. M. (2011).

Broglio, S. P., & Puetz, T. W. (2008).

Parker, T. M., Osternig, L. R., Van Donkelaar, P., & Chou, L.-S. (2006)

Leddy, J. J., Sandhu, H., Sodhi, V., Baker, J. G., & Willer, B. (2012).

Using the items from survey 2, determine where they are in the Hierarchy of Evidence

1.Rábago, et. al., 2011

2.Parker, et. al., 2006

3.Broglio, et. al., 2008

4.Leddy, et. al., 2012

Meta-analyses

Scientific studies & Randomised controlled trials

Case studies

Review

Where in the Hierarchy of Evidence?1. Rábago, C. A., & Wilken, J. M. (2011). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22027473

A. Meta analysis B. Review C. Scientific Study D.Case studies

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22027473


Where in the Hierarchy of Evidence?2. Parker, T. M., Osternig, L. R., Van Donkelaar, P., & Chou, L.-S. (2006)








Where in the Hierarchy of Evidence?

3. Broglio, S. P., & Puetz, T. W. (2008).








Where in the Hierarchy of Evidence?4. Leddy, J. J., Sandhu, H., Sodhi, V., Baker, J. G., & Willer, B. (2012).








Case Reports• chief complaint • Diagnosis• treatment, and • deviation from the expected

Observations , not planned studies

Scientific studies

includes: randomized controlled trials

cross-sectionaland/or longitudinal studies

In addition to the parts of a scholarly article this article describes how the authors

Test a hypothesis

Systematic ReviewsReviews

Went through literature and found all articles on a topic.

Similar to what you might do for a really well researched term paper.

Bibliographies of these papers are a goldmine.

Meta-analysis

• Single focused question or overview of several related questions

• + data sources, study selection, data extraction, data synthesis

• An analysis of the data.

1. Which arm is on top?A. LeftB. Right

2. What hand is your dominant (writing) hand?A.LeftB.Right

Known item vs. research a question

Use the bibliographic elements you have to find the article.

Use the grid to order your concepts and search for relevant articles

The Grid

Now drive other databases

PubMed

Academic Search PremierSportDiscusGoogle ScholarWeb of Science

Search techniques

Footnote chasing

• backwards in time• WoS

Pearling

• Cites/cited by• Expands a search• WoS & Google Scholar

Article 1

Article 2, cites article 1

Article 3, cites article 1 or 2 or both, etc.

Known item WITH research a question

When should a college athlete return to playing sports after a

concussion?

Divide into groups of 3 or 4

• 1 of you is the recorder• 1 of you is the speaker• 1 of you is the skeptic• 1 of you is the timekeeper

1. Name of journal2. Author3. Date published4. References/bibliography? Yes/No (if no, find one

with references)5. Level of evidence?6. Where did you find it?

Raise your hand when you have one, someone will be by to verify it.

Find a journal article with ALL of the following:

Are placebos effective medicine?

• A. Yes• B. No

Placebo effect

• http://youtu.be/yfRVCaA5o18

http://youtu.be/yfRVCaA5o18

http://youtu.be/yfRVCaA5o18

How can placebos be effective medicine and are they ethical?

A. NoB. YesC. Maybe

Organize what you find and structure of information

HPHY 212 – Spring 2012

Learning objectives

• Use Mendeley to store citations and make bibliographies.• Utilize appropriate search strategies include keyword v. MeSH

searching; using Boolean; truncation; limits; related articles; times cited; footnote chasing.

• Students will be able to use MeSH when searching PubMed and use something unique from one other database for their topic.

Hierarchy of Evidence –

Meta-analyses

Scientific studies

Case studies

Reviews

Are all of them equal?useful

Find what you want

Structure of information

How do you find your…

Answers might include:

Color and/or patternHeightStyle shoe (sneakers, flip flops, heels, laces, etc.)Season Brand

How is information arranged?

• Party Girlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzbDdgWiaS0&feature=share&list=FLqNg9nU6uEGnR2sNkn8GA6w

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzbDdgWiaS0&feature=share&list=FLqNg9nU6uEGnR2sNkn8GA6w







Call numbers

Subject headings

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)retrieve information that uses

different terminology for the same concepts.

syncopeUsed for:– Fainting– Vertigo– Drop attacks

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68013575

AIDS (1983)


Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAn acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.Year introduced: 1983

HIV (1988)


Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.Year introduced: 1988



MeSH

Hierarchicalchanges slowly

controlled vocabulary

Post-Exercise Hypotension

Transient reduction in blood pressure levels immediately after exercises that lasts 2-12 hours. The reduction varies but is typically 5-20 mm Hg when compared to pre-exercise levels. It exists both in normotensive and hypertensive individuals and may play a role in excercise related PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATION.• Year introduced: 2011

Subject Headings

• Medical Subject Headings, or MeSH terms (Pubmed)

• Descriptors (Academic Search Premier)• Library of Congress Subject Headings – LC

subjects - (Library catalog/OCLC/Janus)

Precision is

If I use MeSH in my search will I get more precise* articles on my topic

or more general articles?

A.More precise

B.More general

web based EXCEPT for the bibliography and iPad app. http://www.mendeley.com/

Zotero vs. mendeley:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53QRA_SNSzE

http://www.mendeley.com/



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53QRA_SNSzE

Store your stuff

need your own computer & best with Firefoxhttps://www.zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide

https://www.zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide

https://www.zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide

all web basedhttps://www.myendnoteweb.com

https://www.myendnoteweb.com/

Citation styles – what they mean

American Medical Association1. Lynn BM, Minson CT, Halliwill JR. Fluid replacement and

heat stress during exercise alter postexercise cardiac haemodynamics in endurance exercise-trained men. J Physiol (Lond). 2009. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171199.

APALynn, B. M., Minson, C. T., & Halliwill, J. R. (2009). Fluid replacement and heat stress during exercise alter post-exercise cardiac haemodynamics in endurance exercise-trained men. The Journal of Physiology, 587(Pt 14), 3605–3617. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171199

Review: Search techniques

Footnote chasing

• backwards in time• WoS

Pearling

• Cites/cited by• Expands a search• WoS & Google Scholar

Article 1

Article 2, cites article 1

Article 3, cites article 1 or 2 or both, etc.

Live search

Su, K. P. E., Johnson, M. P., Gracely, E. J., & Karduna, A. R. (2004). Scapular rotation in swimmers with and without impingement syndrome: practice effects. MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE., 36(7), 1117–1123.

Journal article

Today – more recent

Older – historical, background

Cited by, times cited, cited in

Recommended, others you might like, etc.

references

Journal article

more recent

Older

Cited by, times cited, cited inRecommended, others you might like, etc.

references

References

references

Cites

CitesCites

Known item WITH research a question

NEW: Berry picking

• Pick and choose• Expert in your topic

Test yourself

Lovering, A. T., Romer, L. M., et. al. Excessive gas exchange impairment during exercise in a subject with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and high altitude pulmonary edema. High Alt. Med. Biol. 8, 62–67 (2007).

27-year-old male subject with a history of (BPD) and a clinically documented case of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was examined at rest and during exercise.

A.Case studyB.Scientific studyC.Review or systematic reviewD.Meta - analysis

Dreyer, H. C. et al. Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 294, E392–400 (2008).

Sixteen male subjects were randomized to one of two groups (control or EAA+CHO).

A.Case studyB.Scientific studyC.Review or systematic reviewD.Meta - analysis

Haydel, M. (2012). Management of mild traumatic brain injury in the emergency department. Emergency medicine practice, 14(9), 1–24.

With over 1.7 million people in the United States seeking medical attention for head injury each year, emergency clinicians are challenged daily to screen quickly for the small subset of patients who harbor a potentially lethal intracranial lesion while minimizing excessive cost, unnecessary diagnostic testing, radiation exposure, and admissions.

This review assesses the burgeoning research in the field and reviews current clinical guidelines and decision rules on mild traumatic brain injury …

A. Case studyB. Scientific studyC. Review or systematic reviewD. Meta - analysis

Christie, A., Snook, E. M., & Kent-Braun, J. A. (2011). Systematic review and meta-analysis of skeletal muscle fatigue in old age. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(4), 568–577. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f9b1c4 The standardized effect of age on muscle fatigue was

computed for 37 studies (60 standardized effects). The overall standardized effect of age on muscle fatigue

was positive (0.56). In studies using dynamic contractions or using muscle power as the index of fatigue, the standardized effect was negative (-0.12 and -2.5, respectively). The standardized effect for all other moderator categories was positive (range = 0.09-0.90), indicating less fatigue in older adults under all other methodological conditions.


Rohling, M. L., Binder, L. M., Demakis, G. J., Larrabee, G. J., Ploetz, D. M., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of neuropsychological outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: re-analyses and reconsiderations of Binder et al. (1997), Frencham et al. (2005), and Pertab et al. (2009). The Clinical neuropsychologist, 25(4), 608–623. We re-analyzed data from the 25 studies used in the prior meta-

analyses, correcting statistical and methodological limitations of previous efforts, and analyzed the chronicity data by discrete epochs.

Three months post injury the effect size of -0.07 was not statistically different from zero and similar to that which has been found in several other meta-analyses (Belanger et al., 2005; Schretlen & Shapiro, 2003). The effect size 7 days post injury was -0.39. The effect of mTBI immediately post injury was largest on Verbal and Visual Memory domains. However, 3 months post injury all domains improved to show non-significant effect sizes….


Publications lecture2 HPHY 212 Summer 2013

Education

Transcript of Publications lecture2 HPHY 212 Summer 2013