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PUBLIC WORKS
PLANNINGMa. Sheilah G. Napalang, D. Eng., EnP
March 9, 2016
SCURP 2016A BASIC COURSE IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING (ABC in URP)Training and Extension Services Division 3/F Cariño Hall, School of Urban and Regional PlanningUniversity of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City7-11 March 2016
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
• Definition of Public Works
• Role of public works in development of communities
• Objectives of infrastructure Planning
• Strategic considerations in infrastructure planning
• Policy options in provision of infrastructure
• Local planning standards
Public Works
• Provide public service or solve problems that are perceived to be the public’s responsibility
• Planned, designed, and operated by or under the auspices of government agencies
• Facilities which usually require intensive capital investment
Public Infrastructure Categories
Transport Energy Telecoms Water
Road networks, bridges, railnetworks, seaports and airports
Generation networks/ distribution –national, regional, local storagetransformers, alternative sources
Networks/distribution –national, regional, local
Mobile towers and other equipment
Development infrastructure-hydro storage,irrigation, water supply storage, treatment, pipelines
Defensive infrastructure-flood protection, sewerage networks, and wastewater
Urban infrastructure systems
• Primary infrastructure
Transport
Housing and green infrastructure (urban vegetation and parks)
Energy
Water and wastewater
Solid waste
Telecommunications
• Secondary infrastructure
Health care
Education
Nutrition
Culture
Technical dimension
• Physical infrastructure layer (lines + nodes = networks)
– Roads
– Tracks
– Cables
– Pipes
– Greens
– Building
• Services layer
– Transport services
– Energy services
– Water and waste water services
Public Works and Community Dev’t
‘Physical entity that enables economic
processes, supports and guides urban
and rural development,
and integrates the various
communities…’
(Source:
National Framework for Physical Planning 2001-2030 by NLUC and NEDA, 2002)
Roles of Public Infrastructure
Physical link between:• Production – provides physical access to
production inputs and markets; • Protection – helps protects communities from
hazards by mitigating the impact of natural calamities; and
• Settlements – integrating settlements to form a network of areas which serve as production and consumption
Role of Infrastructure
Inadequate infrastructure can lead to:
- Urban decay
- when parts of the city or locality become run-down undesirable to live in
- Slum housing with outside toilets
- Buildings that are poorly built and have leaky roofs, sagging windows and the like
- Empty buildings that have been vandalized
Impaired mobility
Source: choosethecross.com
Source: http://www.iquestioneverything.net/2076/amazing-trips-to-
school/
Sustainability Resilience Efficiency
Primary Infrastructure
Secondary Infrastructure
Quality of life Attractiveness
of the City
Competitiveness
of the City
Framework for infrastructure management
and governance
Objectives of Public Works Planning
• Primary objective: provide adequate base for social and economic development
• Reduce vulnerability of community to environmental risks and disasters
• Maintain integrity of environment
Objectives of Public Works Planning
• Provide adequate support to attain the projected levels of food self-sufficiency and production targets
• Guide the orderly expansion of settlements
Infrastructure and Settlements
TRANSIT ORIENTED DEV’T.
“refers to residential and Commercial Centers
designed to maximize access by Transit and Non-motorized transportation
to encourage transit ridership”
Renee, 2009 as quoted by VTPI
http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm45.htm
Infrastructure and Settlements
Features of TOD
- Grid street pattern
- Higher densities
- Limited surface parking and efficient parking management
- Pedestrian and bicycle-oriented design
- Mixed housing types
- Horizontal and vertical mixed use
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WORKS PLANNING
• Infrastructure development and refurbishment
– Deteriorated old infrastructures
– Integration of new technology
• Provide for needs of society
• Control of external costs
• Equity
• Justice between generations
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WORKS PLANNING
• Infrastructure development and refurbishment
– Deteriorated old infrastructures
– Integration of new technology
• Provide for needs of society
• Control of external costs
• Equity
• Justice between generations
Magnitude of the Environmental problem
CE 247 - Transport Economics and Evaluation Lecture 5
Based on the 2003 emission survey, transport contributes more than 90% of the air pollution
Smoke-Belching Bus Along
C-4 Road (EDSA Avenue)
Photo Courtesy of the Partnership for Clean
Air (PCA)
Environment Cost of Transport
Economic cost of congestion
Congestion costs estimated based on productive time
loss and fuel costs
JICA estimates
cost of
congestion to be
PhP 2.4B daily
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WORKS PLANNING
• Infrastructure development and refurbishment
– Deteriorated old infrastructures
– Integration of new technology
• Provide for needs of society
• Control of external costs
• Equity
• Justice between generations
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WORKS PLANNING
• Infrastructure development and refurbishment
– Deteriorated old infrastructures
– Integration of new technology
• Provide for needs of society
• Control of external costs
• Equity
• Justice between generations
Considerations in Infra Planning
• Prioritize and implement infrastructure projects that allow increased access to basic social and other development services while servicing production and commerce
• Ensure compatibility of infrastructure with local land use and development plans
• Attainment of environmental stability through observance of standards that regulate physical development and curtail unnecessary resource degradation
Considerations in Infra Planning
• Promote local and private participation in the planning and implementation of infrastructure projects
• Protect infrastructure right-of-way
• Incorporate disaster mitigation in infrastructure development
Sources and categories of service
• Major sources: rainfall, surface water and ground water, including spring.
• Categories of public water supply systems in terms of service level:
– Level I point source – a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet (also includes rain collector) but no distribution system; normally serves 15 households; yields between 40 to 150 liters/minute
Sources and categories of service
• Level II communal faucet system – system composed of a faucet, a reservoir or a piped distribution network and a communal faucet located not more than 25 m from the farthest house; supplies about 40-80 liters per capita per day; average one (1) faucet servicing 4 to 6 households
Sources and categories of service
• Level III individual house connection – with reservoir, source, piped distribution network and household taps, serving about 1,800 households
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING
• Description of waterworks system
– Source of water
– Capacity (li/sec)
– Existing distribution system (location of main reservoir, pumping station, treatment facilities)
– Capacity of pumping station
– Existing water rates
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING
• Location, capacity and household served by Level II system or communal faucets
• Number of households served by level I system
• Other water sources utilized (e.g., water peddlers and number of households served)
• Average monthly expenses incurred for water
DATA REQUIREMENT FOR PLANNING
• Other water-related data
– Location of watersheds
– Location and description of other untapped potential sources
– Location and description of potential sources of groundwater pollution
• Water resources
– Surface water
– Lakes and other water impounding structures
DRAINAGE
Systems for dealing with excess waterThree primary drainage tasks:
o Urban storm drainage – stormwater collected in the streets and conveyed through inlets to buried conduits which carry it to a point where it can be safely discharged into a stream, lake, or ocean
o Land drainage – removes excess surface water from an area or lowers the ground-water below the root zone to improve plant growth or reduce the accumulation of soil salts
o Highway drainage – water collecting on the roadway (or on the adjacent and slopes if the road is cut) must be disposed of without flooding or damaging the highway and adjacent areas
Sources of flooding
• Tidal flooding
– Sudden flooding from sea and tidal rivers
– Caused by combination of low pressure weather systems and peak high tides
– often possible to forecast with reasonable accuracy, due to the predictability of the tide and trackability of low pressure systems
– Where drainage is available, the duration of the flood is likewise predictable
Sources of flooding
• Fluvial flooding
– Occurs in the bank of river when capacity is exceeded due to heavy precipitation or blockages of the water courses
• Ground water flooding
– Low lying areas sitting over aquifers may
periodically flood as ground water levels rise
Sources of flooding
• Pluvial flooding
– Surface water flooding is caused by rainwater run-off from urban and rural land with low absorbency
– Increased intensity of development has reduced permeable areas
– often exacerbated by overloaded and outdated drainage infrastructure
Sources of flooding
• Flooding from sewers
– Occurs when capacity of sewers is exceeded due to large amounts of surface water run-off in a short time
– Poor cleaning and maintenance can lead to blockages that can also cause local flooding
– Difficult to predict
Sources of flooding
• Flooding from man-made infrastructure
– Canals, reservoirs and other man-made structures can fail causing flooding to areas downstream
Factors which determine the effect of floods
• Level of predictability
• Rate of onset of flood
– Flash floods
• Duration of the flood
RESERVOIRS
• Function of a flood-mitigation reservoir is to store a portion of the flood flow so as to minimize the flood peak at the point to be protected
Building Resiliency
• Elevate the homes, schools and public buildings above flood level.
• Use water-resistant building materials, such as concrete or ceramic, in areas where frequent flooding is a risk.
• Ensure that important appliances, such as heating and electrical systems, are raised high above flood level.
• Install water-tight flood shields or barriers for basement windows, doors, and other openings.
• Flooding can cause sewage to back up into houses through drain pipes, creating a health hazard. Install sewer backflow valves to prevent this risk
Non-structural Measures
• Good early warning system in place
• Land planning
– Where possible, prevent building and development on flood-prone lands. Use land along rivers for parks or ecological reserves.
– If industry is based on the flood-prone areas, ensure there is flood-proofing and plans to evacuate machinery and materials which might be damaged by a flood.
– Protect wetlands and flood plains
Non-structural Measures (Con’t)• Land planning
– Maintain natural vegetation and forest cover in wetlands and flood plains. Trees help the soil hold water!
– Restore and protect degraded wetlands and flood plains. These areas can store large amounts of flood water.
– Make room for rivers to flow naturally. Creating more space for rivers, flood plains, and wetlands is a major contribution to flood prevention and protection
COMPONENTS OF LGSWM Plan
• Waste Characterizations
– Materials that comprise SW generated
• Source reduction
– Reduce waste generation
– Strategies and measures
– Other appropriate waste reduction technologies
– Types of wastes to be reduced
Green Buildings
• Efficient use of water, energy, and other resources
• Protect occupant health and improve employee productivity
• Reduce waste, pollution and environmental degradation
SIMPLIFIED SECTORAL PLANNING PROCESS
Data Collection & Analysis
Forecasting
Plan Formulation
Plan Testing
Plan Evaluation and Selection
Preparation of Implementation Program
Goal Formulation
CONSIDERATIONS IN INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN
• Demand: Population, income level, population/resource distribution/ concentration, users’ needs
• Supply
• Location: Physical suitability
• Institutional capability
• Environment
• Technology
Policy Options
• Demand-supply balance (predict and provide)
• Demand management
– User charges
– Subsidies
• Integrated resource management
Infrastructure investment priorities
• Ensure adequate and proper maintenance, including preventive maintenance of existing assets
• Rehabilitate, whenever feasible, improve and upgrade infrastructure facilities;
• Construct new infrastructure facilities to cope with the demands and requirements of the population and production sectors
Local Planning StandardsSource: PLPEM Guidelines, ADB, 2007
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SERVICES SUPPLY STANDARDS
Provincial road Connecting all componentmunicipalities/cities (except island city/municipality)
City/municipality road Connecting major clusters of population to the city or town proper
Feeder road (barangayroad, rural road or farm-to-market road)
Connecting all barangays to municipal, city, or provincial road
HLURB Standards for Planning
• Urban road requirement = 2.4 km/1000 pop
• Rural road requirement = 1.5 kms per 100 hectares
BP 220: Technical Requirement for Economic and Socialized Housing Projects in Urban and Rural Areas
• Each lot/unit should be have a water connection
• If there is an available public water supply system, it must be connected to the subdivision
• Each subdivision shall have at least an operational deep well and pump sets with sufficient capacity to provide all homeowners. A spare pump and motor set is also reserved.
• Water supply shall be potable and adequate
BP 220: Technical Requirement for Economic and Socialized Housing Projects in Urban and Rural Areas
If there is no available water supply system, the developer shall provide for an independent water supply system within the subdivision project with a minimum quantity of 150 liters per capita per day
ground reservoir - protected from pollution by providing buffer of at least 25 meters from sources of pollution/contamination
Elevated reservoir - capacity must be 20% average daily demand plus fire reserve
Alternative sources of water supply may be availed of such as collected rain water and other devices with water impounding capacity
Source: Inocencio, Padilla, and Javier (1999)
WHO suggested
Minimum requirement
for sanitation: 20 l/c/d
Solid Waste Management
Sanitary Landfill Site Selection Criteria (RA9003)
- The site selected:
o must be consistent with the overall land use plan of the LGU;
o must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares;
o should have an adequate quantity of earth cover material that is easily handled and compacted;
o chosen with regard for the sensitivities of the community's residents;
o should be large enough to accommodate the community’s wastes for a period of five (5) years during which people must internalize the value of environmentally sound and sustainable solid waste disposal;
Solid Waste Management
Sanitary Landfill Site Selection Criteria
(RA9003 IRR)
1. If within two (2) km from airport runway, should not pose a bird hazard
2. If within one (1) km from public water supply intakes, including drinking wells, shown in a facility map
3. Should be located more than 75 m from an active fault
4. More than 50 m from any perennial river, lake, or stream
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
• 1 telephone station per municipality (may be outdated due to mobile phones)
• 1 telegraphic transfer per municipality
• 1 telex station per selected settlement
• One international communication sub-station per major urban center
• 1 post office per municipality
• 1 letter carrier per 5,000 population
PD 1067: WATER CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (1976)
• Prescribes easement along banks of rivers and streams and shores of seas and lakes
– 3 meters in urban areas
– 20 meters in agricultural areas
– 40 meters in forest areas