Public Participation as a Tool in Public

Space Maintenance in Malaysian

Towns

NADZIRAH BINTI JAUSUS

(MB123031)

SUPERVISOR : ASSOCIATE PROF DR ISMAIL BIN SAID

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

R es ear ch Ba c kg r o u n d

R es ear ch Aim & Ob j e c t ive s

R es ear ch Qu e s t io n s

I s s u es & P r o b le m s

R es ear ch Ga p

L i te r a tu r e Re v ie w

S co pe o f S t u d y

S tu dy Ar e a

R es ear ch De s ig n

An t ic ipa t ed F in d in g s

R es ear ch Sc h e d u le

Content

Research Background

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION • Aarhus Convention in 1998, individual and

citizens are also the protector of the environment.

• One of the big element in the process of creating and managing open space (Jansson and Lidgren, 2012, Conrad et al, 2011).

• Perancangan Strategik Jabatan Lanskap 2007-2016

Examples : • Community in Bloom, Singapore • TTDI Edible Garden, Malaysia. • Indonesia Berkebun, Indonesia.

Research Aim & Objectives The aim of this research is to investigate the public participation as a

strategic approach in landscape maintenance in order to create

vibrant open spaces in Malaysian towns.

I. To identify the barriers that cause lack of public participation in

landscape maintenance in Malaysia;

II. To identify the factors that encourages public involvement in

landscape maintenance; and

III. To develop the concept of public participation as a tool in

landscape maintenance.

Research Questions

RQ1 : What are the barriers that deters public from engaging in public

participation in maintaining their residential public spaces?

RQ2 : How willing are the residents on involving themselves in maintaining

their own neighbourhood public spaces?

RQ3 : What are the factors that motivate the resident in a neighbourhood to

engage with public space maintenance activities?

RQ4 : How can public participation be a tool in public space maintenance in

the neighbourhood?

Issues & Problems

Weak landscape management

• Management of urban landscape seems to

concentrate on day-to-day maintenance

rather than long-term strategic thinking(Tahir

and Roe,2006)

• Maintenance operation cost a big amount of

funds and energy (Parker and Bryan, 1989).

• Lack of fund allocated for provision

expenditure for landscape planning and

management are one of the main cause of

declining of maintenance standard of green

spaces (Aziz, 2012).

Lack of public Participation

• Weaknesses in regulation cause low involvement other than lack of awareness

and expertise among the public (Marzuki, 1998)

• Malaysians are concerned on the environmental issue but their concern did not translate into action (Haliza,2011)

Research Gap

Diverse researches on public participation yet there are none of them are recognized

in the area of landscape planning and management (The Landscape Observatory,

2010).

According to Balram and Dragi (2005) the strategies to encourage

participation should be given greater consideration rather than public

awareness.

Concept and practice of involving local people in the planning and design process

has been common for many years and has proved its worth. There is a reasonable

amount written about its worth. However, in contrast with that there has been

relatively little work done on community involvement in landscape maintenance and

management (Pryce,1990)

URBAN

MANAGEMENT

Public Space Management

Monitoring And

Replanning

Planning The

Operations

Putting Plan Into

Action

MAINTENANCE

Setting Objectives

Public Participation

Open Space

Literature Review- Conceptual

Framework

Public Open Space

1) All those parts of the built and natural environment where the public have free access

(OPDM,2004).

2) Neighbourhood public space should be identify as an outdoor room where they can

enjoy from all range of outdoor activities to be the venues for events (Thompson, C. 2002).

Public Participation

1. Defined as the intervention of citizens in public matters, individually or collectively (The

Landscape Observatory, 2010)

2. Participation understood in a very broad sense as the act of taking part in a wide range

of social and civic activities (Brodie et al 2011)

3. Also called public involvement, citizen engagement, citizen participation, collaborative

decision-making, or facilitated problem solving (The International Association for Public

Participation 2010).

Landscape management and

maintenance

1) Landscape management defined as ensuring the regular upkeep of a landscape in

order to guide and harmonize changes which are brought about by social, economic

and environmental (Council of Europe, 2000).

2) Landscape management and maintenance are programmes and activities related to

the management and maintenance of landscapes to ensure all aspect related to

sustainable landscape development (National Landscape Policy, 2006).

L i te rature Rev iew

Theory of Planned Behaviour

According to Ajzen(1991) people’s willingness

to act is the best predictor for their behavior.

To predict whether a person intends to do

something, we need to know:

ATTITUDE : Whether the person is in favour of doing

it

SUBJECTIVE NORM : How much the person feels

social pressure to do it

PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL Whether the

person feels in control of the action in question

By changing these three ‘predictors’, we can

increase the chance that the person will intend

to do a desired action and thus increase the

chance of the person actually doing it.

L i te rature Rev iew - Underpinning

Motivation Brodie et al,2011 Resources Opportunity

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

Personal People-Place Collective

Personal

Motivation

Chen & Jim,2010.

Brodie et al, 2007

Bruyerre & Rappe, 2006

Kober,2003

Clary & Snyder, 1999

Place

attachment

Halpenny,2010

HöPpner et al, 2008

Manzo,2006

Lewicka, 2005

Neighbourhood

Ties

Mardiasmo &

Barnes,2013

Brodie et al, 2011

Lewicka, 2005

Kober,2003

Trigger

Understanding the motivations

and expectations of those who

are to be involved is important,

so that we might build and

organize their programs around

the same motivations and

expectations (Bruyere & Rappe 2006)

L i te rature Rev iew

OUTCOME

Public

Participation in

Public Space

Maintenance

Public/

Individual

RQ4

RESEARCH DESIGN

Willingness

Motivation

RQ2

P

A

R

A

M

E

T

E

R

S

Barriers

RQ3

RQ1

Method Information

gathered

Analysis

method

Parameters or

Variables

Literature review Landscape

maintenance and

public

participation

practice in

Malaysia

Document

analysis

The process of

landscape

management and

public participation

in Malaysia.

Survey

questionnaire

Perceptual

responses and

respondents

background

Rasch

Model

1. Willingness

2. Motivations 3. Barriers

In-Depth

Interview

Perceptual

responses

Nvivo Personal motivation

Attitudes Personal

Person-place

Collective

Parameters

Motivation

Barriers

RESEARCH DESI GN

Demographic Motivation

Personal Motivation

• Civic mindedness

• Values

• Understanding

• Career

• Social

• Enhancement

• Protective

• Reciprocity

• Reactivity

• Social Interaction

• Recognition

• Opportunity/Access

• Fun or enjoyment

• Care for the

environment

Place attachment

Personal Person-place Collective

Neighbourhood Ties

• Neigbourhood

Interaction

• Neighbourhood

Organizing

• Knowing

neighbours

SURVEY

QUESTIONNAIRE

• Gender

• Race

• Age

• Housing

type

(Income)

• Level of

education

Barriers

• Institutional

Barriers

• Lack of

resources

• Financial

resources

• Practical

detterents

• Psychological

Barriers

• Lack of

awareness

Willingness

• Participation

• Types of

participation

• Maintenance

activities

Survey Questionnaire Structure

RESEARCH DESI GN

Scope of Study

Location

Town

Public open space

Carr et al. (1992) define public space as “open, publicly accessible places”

that facilitate the popular activities necessary for com- munity building

Residential area

Public spaces that are most valued are usually those that are intimate and familiar which play a role in people’s everyday lives rather than the one that are far from home (Burgess et al 1988).

Spatial based community where the community is based on where they live.

The most important community to be in participation (Rustam,2006)

Study Area -Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

• Located on the western fringe

of Kuala Lumpur bordering with

the state of Selangor.

• 286-hectare

• 1973

• DBKL as its local authority

• Approximately 6,500 housing

• TTDI development is also a social

statement where it was intended

to accommodate the diversity of

ethnic groups in Malaysia

(Fischer,2005)

• "If Malaysians of various races are brought together in pleasant communities, with

plenty of opportunities for neighbourly interaction, they will come to be more aware of the things they have in common and less conscious of the aspects in which they

differ. If their children grow up together, and mix freely in schools and on the

playing fields, they will think of themselves and of each other as Malaysians rather than Malays, Chinese or Indians“

TTDI THE EDIBLE GARDEN

• Adoption of a 'plot' basis.

•

The garden for everyone,

primarily TTDI residents and

friends who gather together

and support beautifying

public spaces by growing

edible plants and flowers.

• Aiming to get permission to

use council land within the

community centre grounds

(next to the tennis courts) for

a small community edible

garden.

S t u d y A r e a - Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

Anticipated Findings

This study is also expected to come out with several other findings such as:

Factors that encourages individuals to be involve in their own public space maintenance

The characteristic of public participation in public space maintenance that are preferred by the public to participate in.

Research Schedule

Research Topic

Public Participation As A Tool In Public Space maintenance In Malaysian Town

Year 2013 2014 Semester 1 2 3

Month 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Research Proposal

Formulation of Research Problem

Research Aim and Objectives

Research Questions

Background of Study

Presentation Proposal

Literature Review

Data Collection

1st Paper Findings and Discussion

Conclusion and Report Writing

2nd Paper

Viva and Correction

Thank you.