Public Opinion Survey Residents of Ukraine · 2019-12-13 · 4 Geographical Key Due to the Russian...

International Republican Institute

Public Opinion Survey Residents of Ukraine

September 7-21, 2015

Detailed Methodology

2

• The survey was conducted by Rating Group Ukraine on behalf of the International Republican Institute.

• Data was collected throughout Ukraine (except the occupied territories of Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts) between

September 7-21, 2015, through face-to-face interviews at respondents’ homes.

• The sample consisted of 1,200 permanent residents of Ukraine aged 18 and older and eligible to vote. It is representative

for the general population by age, education, region and size of the settlement. In addition, 633 respondents were also

surveyed from the Zakarpattia region. Please refer to the next slide for information on how the Zakarpattia polling was

conducted.

• Multistage probability sampling method was used with random route and next birthday selection procedures.

• Stage one: 25 official administrative regions of Ukraine were defined (24 regions of Ukraine and Kyiv). All regions

of Ukraine were surveyed except the occupied territories of Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk.

• Stage two: selection of the settlements – towns and villages. Towns were grouped into subtypes according to the

size

• City more than one million residents

• City 500,000-999,000 residents



• City to 50,000 residents

• Village

• Settlements were selected at random. The number of selected settlements in each region was proportional to the

share of population living in a particular type of the settlement in each region.

• Stage three: primary sampling units were described.

• The margin of error does not exceed plus or minus 2.8 percent.

• Response rate was 63.9 percent.

• Charts and graphs may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding.

• The survey was funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development.

http://www.ratinggroup.com.ua/en

http://www.iri.org/

http://www.usaid.gov/

Detailed Methodology

• Data was collected throughout the Zakarpattia region between September 7-21, 2015, through face-to-face interviews at

respondents’ homes.

• The sample consisted of 633 permanent residents of the Zakarpattia region, aged 18 and older and eligible to vote. It is

representative of the general population by age, education, region and size of the settlement.

• Multistage probability sampling method was used with random route and next birthday selection procedures.

• Stage one: region territory was divided into 18 administrative districts (13 districts, 4 cities of regional

subordination and the regional center). The survey was conducted in all districts.

• Stage two: selection of the settlements – towns and villages. Towns were grouped into subtypes according to the

size



• City to 50,000 residents

• Village

• Settlements were selected at random. The number of selected settlements in each region was proportional to the

share of population living in a particular type of the settlement in each region.

• Stage three: primary sampling units were described.

• The margin of error does not exceed plus or minus 3.9 percent.

• Response rate was 65 percent.

• Charts and graphs may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding.

3

Zakarpattia Oversample

4

Geographical Key

Due to the Russian occupation of Crimea and the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine, residents

of the regions of Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea were not included in this poll.

y

Zakarpattia


Interest is High in October 25 Local Elections

How likely, if at all, are you to vote in the next local elections*?

6

29%

36%

36%

39%

11%

6%

17%

12%

8%

6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

July 2015

September 2015

Very likely Somewhat likely Somewhat unlikely Very unlikely Difficult to answer

*Local elections are currently scheduled for October 25, 2015.


29%

33%

36%

45%

41%

36%

39%

40%

5%

10%

6%

5%

13%

18%

13%

7%

12%

3%

6%

4%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

East

South

Center

West


7*Local elections are currently scheduled for October 25, 2015.

(by region)


31%

34%

41%

41%

38%

39%

6%

6%

6%

14%

15%

10%

8%

7%

5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

18-35 years old

36-50 years old

51+ years old


8*Local elections are currently scheduled for October 25, 2015.

(by age)

If parliamentary elections were held next Sunday and the following political parties participated in the elections, for which

political party would you vote?

18%

2%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

4%

5%

6%

1%

7%

11%

11%

11%

13%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Difficult to answer/Don’t know

Other

United Center

Vidrodzhennia

People’s Control

Party of Common People

UKROP

Strong Ukraine

Left Opposition

Civic Position

Svoboda

Right Sector

People's Front

Radical Party

Opposition Bloc

Samopomich

Batkivshchyna

Solidarnist PartyParties that

crossed 5%

threshold for

party-list vote in

October 2014

parliamentary

elections

(Among Likely Voters, n=885)

9


political party would you vote? (Among all voters)

10

13%

10%

6%

3%

6%

6%

8%

8%

9%

12%

17%

0% 10% 20%

Difficult to answer

I would not vote

Other

United Center

Svoboda

Radical Party

Civic Position

Batkivshchyna

Right Sector

Solidarnist Party

Samopomich

WEST

17%

16%

7%

4%

4%

5%

7%

7%

8%

12%

14%

0% 10% 20%

Difficult to answer

I would not vote

Other

Opposition Bloc

Civic Position

Svoboda

Right Sector

Samopomich

Radical Party

Solidarnist Party

Batkivshchyna

CENTRAL


political party would you vote? (Among all voters)

11

SOUTH EAST

16%

24%

8%

2%

2%

2%

2%

3%

4%

6%

8%

8%

14%

0% 20% 40%

Difficult to answer

I would not vote

Other

Civic Position

UKROP

Vidrodzhennia

Right Sector

Svoboda

Radical Party

Batkivshchyna

Samopomich

Solidarnist Party

Opposition Bloc

34%

17%

12%

3%

4%

5%

8%

17%

0% 20% 40%

Difficult to answer

I would not vote

Other

Strong Ukraine

Samopomich

Batkivshchyna

Solidarnist Party

Opposition Bloc


Continued Frustration with Pace of Reforms

Generally speaking, do you think that things in Ukraine are going in the right direction or wrong direction?

13

13% 13%14%

24%

15% 15%

18%

30%

34%

29%

15%17%16%

14%

20%

18%

16%18%

17% 18% 18%20%

13%15%

71% 72%

66%

58%

69%67%

64%

52%

48%

51%

72%

68%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

November2011

March2012

May 2012 September2012

May 2013 September2013

February2014

March2014

April 2014 September2014

July 2015 September2015

Right direction Difficult to answer Wrong direction

Do you approve or disapprove of the job the Parliament of Ukraine is doing?

14

2%

6%

6%

3%

11%

32%

33%

14%

9%

10%

30%

24%

24%

36%

35%

35%

50%

26%

26%

37%

49%

48%

8%

11%

11%

9%

6%

6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

February 2014

March 2014

April 2014

September 2014

July 2015

September 2015

Strongly approve Somewhat approve Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Difficult to answer

<1%

<1%

15

9%

11%

15%

3%

4%

33%

36%

40%

21%

20%

20%

19%

22%

34%

29%

27%

24%

13%

33%

40%

11%

11%

10%

8%

6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

March 2014

April 2014

September 2014

July 2015

September 2015


Do you approve or disapprove of the job President Petro Poroshenko is doing?

16

12%

16%

13%

1%

2%

34%

36%

35%

10%

11%

17%

16%

27%

32%

29%

27%

24%

15%

52%

54%

9%

8%

10%

6%

5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

March 2014

April 2014

September2014

July 2015

September2015


Do you approve or disapprove of the job the Cabinet of Ministers under Arseniy Yatsenyuk is doing?

>1%

1%

7%

10%

4%

1%

4%

7%

5%

7%

1%

3%

2%

4%

9%

2%

2%

5%

1%

4%

27%

33%

9%

8%

12%

17%

15%

16%

16%

21%

16%

22%

29%

20%

11%

22%

8%

19%

19%

18%

17%

22%

22%

28%

25%

19%

25%

15%

18%

25%

19%

27%

23%

30%

36%

48%

24%

24%

55%

61%

53%

40%

49%

46%

46%

27%

33%

38%

24%

35%

59%

38%

46%

17%

6%

1%

1%

<1%

2%

3%

21%

4%

>1%

>1%

9%

12%

13%

13%

8%

7%

9%

7%

5%

11%

10%

13%

14%

12%

12%

12%

5%

5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Member of Parliament Mykhaylo Lanyo

Member of Parliament Viktor Baloha

Governor of the Zakarpattia oblast Hennadiy Moskal

Governor of the Odesa oblast Mikhail Saakashvili

Opposition Bloc leader, Yuriy Boyko

Strong Ukraine Party leader, Serhiy Tihipko

Svoboda Party leader, Oleh Tyahnybok

Batkivshhchyna Party leader, Yuliya Tymoshenko

Radical Party leader, Oleh Lyashko

Right Sector Party leader, Dmytro Yarosh

Minister of Internal Affairs, Arsen Avakov

Minister of Foreign Affairs, Pavlo Klimkin

Minister of Defense, Stepan Poltorak

Kyiv Mayor Vitaliy Klychko

Lviv Mayor Andriy Sadovyi

Head of the Parliament, Volodymyr Hroisman

Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk

President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko

Very favorable Somewhat favorable Somewhat unfavorable

Very unfavorable Have not heard the name Difficult to answer

17

What is your opinion of each of the following Ukrainian politicians or members of the Ukrainian government?

2%

<1%

7%

17%

1%

11%

30%

35%

18%

5%Very high

Somewhat high

Somewhat low

Very low

Haven’t heard anything about constitutional amendments

Difficult to answer/No answer

18

How would you evaluate your knowledge of the decentralization/local governance amendments to the

constitution which were approved by the Parliament in the first reading on August 31?

Do you think these constitutional and legal amendments on decentralization/local governance will improve or worsen the

situation in Ukraine?

12%

15%

46%

27%For the better

For the worse

Will not change anything


19

Do you approve of the introduction of new patrol police in the cities of Kyiv, Lviv and Odesa?

41%

34%

8%

4%

13%

Strongly approve

Somewhat approve

Somewhat disapprove

Strongly disapprove


20

9%

25%

35%

23%

8%Very high

Somewhat high

Somewhat low

Very low

Haven’t heard about new Local Elections Law anything


21

How would you evaluate your knowledge of the local elections law which was approved by the Parliament in July?

>1%

Over the last 12 months, how has the economic situation in Ukraine changed?

22

1%

2%

2%

11%

8%

14%

29%

28%

31%

57%

60%

51%

2%

2%

1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

September2014

July 2015

September2015

Improved a lot Improved somewhat Stayed the same

Worsened somewhat Worsened a lot Difficult to answer

<1%

<1%

Over last 12 months, how has the economic situation of your household changed?

23

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

<1%

1%

6%

6%

9%

14%

8%

9%

8%

3%

4%

2%

1%

2%

37%

39%

45%

37%

46%

41%

44%

46%

37%

19%

14%

18%

36%

34%

30%

27%

30%

30%

31%

29%

34%

37%

29%

34%

18%

18%

13%

15%

14%

17%

14%

18%

22%

40%

55%

45%

2%

3%

3%

5%

1%

2%

2%

3%

3%

2%

1%

1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

November 2011

March 2012

May 2012

September 2012

May 2013

September 2013

February 2014

March 2014

April 2014

September 2014

July 2015

September 2015

Improved a lot Improved somewhat Stayed the same

Worsened somewhat Worsened a lot Difficult to answer


Increased Support for NATO Membership

If a referendum was held today on Ukraine joining NATO, how would you vote?

25

34%

38%

43%

41%

48%

43%

40%

31%

30%

28%

9%

7%

17%

14%

8%

13%

15%

8%

15%

17%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

March 2014

April 2014

September 2014

July 2015

September 2015

Would vote for Ukraine to join NATO Would vote against Ukraine joining NATO Would not vote Difficult to answer

If Ukraine was able to enter only one international economic union, which of the following should it be?

26

42%

36%

37%

32%

40%

42%

41%

52%

53%

59%

55%

57%

40%

43%

41%

42%

37%

37%

36%

27%

24%

17%

14%

17%

3%

4%

5%

6%

5%

5%

9%

6%

10%

9%

12%

12%

15%

17%

17%

20%

18%

17%

14%

14%

13%

15%

20%

14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

November 2011

March 2012

May 2012

September 2012

May 2013

September 2013

February 2012

March 2014

April 2014

September 2014

July 2015

September 2015

European Union Customs Union with Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan Other Difficult to answer

2%

4%

5%

6%

5%

9%

7%

8%

11%

11%

11%

12%

15%

15%

26%

27%

29%

32%

32%

34%

36%

37%

37%

40%

45%

43%

20%

58%

58%

56%

54%

40%

49%

46%

43%

42%

35%

37%

36%

26%

6%

5%

4%

4%

13%

7%

4%

6%

4%

10%

4%

4%

35%

1%

>1%

1%

5%

2%

1%

2%

>1%

>1%

2%

5%

5%

5%

5%

1%

2%

5%

2%

5%

2%

2%

2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Russia

Romania

Hungary

Slovakia

Moldova

United States

Germany

Canada

Lithuania

Georgia

European Union

Belarus

Poland

Very warm Warm Neutral Cold Very cold Difficult to answer

27

How do you evaluate your attitude toward each of the following countries?

1%

1%

1%


Women and Youth in Ukraine

The new local election laws introduced a requirement that 30 percent of political parties’ election lists should consist of women.

Do you approve such decision?

28%

45%

9%

3%

15%

Strongly approve

Somewhat approve

Somewhat disapprove

Strongly disapprove


29

If there are two candidates running for office and they have the same qualifications aside from the fact that one is a man and one

is a woman, which candidate are you more likely to support?

30

17%

21%

17%

17%

60%

57%

5%

6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

July 2015

September 2015

Would vote for the female candidate Would vote for the male candidate

Makes no difference to me Difficult to answer/No answer

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “Politicians do not listen to the needs and ideas of women.”

31

22%

26%

30%

31%

21%

23%

5%

5%

21%

15%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

July 2015

September 2015

Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Difficult to answer/No answer

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “Politicians do not listen to the needs and ideas of young people.”

32

29%

34%

33%

37%

16%

16%

4%

4%

18%

10%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

July 2015

September 2015

Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Difficult to answer/No answer

Should Ukrainian women serve in influential positions in the national government?

33

80%

79%

79%

12%

10%

7%

7%

11%

13%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

September 2014

July 2015

September 2015

Yes No Difficult to answer


Zakarpattia Region, n=633September 7-21, 2015

35

Which institution do you believe is most responsible for improving the standard of living and quality of life for Ukrainians?

3%

1%

9%

10%

18%

59%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%


Other

Local government

The Verkhovna Rada

Cabinet of Ministers under Prime Minister

The President

In your opinion, should more rights be transferred from central authorities to local authorities and communities?

25%

49%

8%

3%

15%

Definitely yes

Somewhat yes

Somewhat no

Definitely no


36

In your opinion, are your local authorities and community able to cope with more rights that might result from the decentralization

reform?

15%

40%18%

7%

20%

Definitely yes

Somewhat yes

Somewhat no

Definitely not


37

Who do you think should hold the most responsibility for addressing local issues and providing services to your community?

11%

3%

3%

6%

8%

11%

12%

13%

32%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%


The governor of your rayon

The council of your rayon

The council of your city/town

The council of your oblast

The governor of your oblast

Your local mayor

The council of your village

The government and central government agencies

38

Do you approve of the appointment of Hennadiy Moskal as the governor of the Zakarpattia oblast?

10%

32%

17%

20%

21%

Strongly approve

Somewhat approve

Somewhat disapprove

Strongly disapprove

Difficult to answer

39

Do you approve the job performance of the…

8%

12%

24%

29%

33%

24%

15%

18%

20%

16%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

…previous governor of the Zakarpattia oblast Vasyl Hubal

…current governor of the Zakarpattia oblast Hennadiy Moskal


40

In your opinion, which areas should be a priority for the governor of Zakarpattia oblast? (No more than three answers)

1%

1%

2%

2%

2%

3%

4%

6%

7%

8%

8%

9%

12%

16%

20%

24%

26%

27%

28%

31%

63%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Other

Culture

Youth

Taxation

Energy

Defense and military

Deregulation and support of entrepreneurship

Schools and kindergartens

Education and science

Security in the city

Law-enforcement agencies, including local police

Lustration*

Industry

Agriculture and land

Pension and social benefits

Environment

Preservation of forests

Healthcare

Housing and communal economy

Infrastructure (roads etc.)

Fight against corruption

41

*In Ukraine, the term lustration refers to the exclusion from public office of civil servants who worked under Ukrainian

President Viktor Yanukovych for more than a year and civil servants who were active in the Communist Party of the Soviet

Union. They may be excluded for five to 10 years (Source: Kyiv Post).

http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/lustration-law-faces-sabotage-legal-hurdles-369135.html

42

Who do you think is to blame for all the armed clashes in the town of Mukachevo*?

10%

<1%

1%

<1%

2%

9%

13%

18%

24%

25%

33%

53%

54%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%


Haven’t heard anything about those events

Other

Russia

Incumbent governor of Zakarpattia Vasyl Hubal

Prime Minister of Ukraine

Member of Parliament Viktor Baloha

President of Ukraine

Right Sector political party

Security service of Ukraine

Criminal groupings

Member of Parliament Mykhaylo Lanyo

Interior Ministry troops and its head, Arsen Avakov

(No more than three answers)

*In July, armed clashes occurred in the town of Mukachevo between police and members of Right Sector. These involved

business disputes between local clans.

Do you feel that citizens of Ukraine whose native language is not Ukrainian are under pressure or threat because of their language?

2%

19%

77%

2%

Definitely yes

Somewhat yes

Somewhat no

Definitely not


<1%

43

Do you support the decision of the Russian Federation to send its army to protect Russian speaking citizens of Ukraine?

11%

<1%

Definitely yes

Somewhat yes

Somewhat no

Definitely no


89%

44

How do you evaluate Russia’s actions toward Crimea?

4%

<1%

1%

95%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%


Other

It is a lawful protection of Russian-speaking citizens ofUkraine

It is an illegal invasion and occupation of independentUkraine

45

90%

6%4%

Remain a unitary country

Remain a unitary country, but withoutCrimea

Become a federal country


<1%

46

In you opinion, which of the following should Ukraine do?

In you opinion, which status should Zakarpattia have*?

2%

1%

2%

3%

41%

50%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%


Become an independent country

Become an autonomy within Ukraine

Become part of another country

Be part of Ukraine as it is today

Be part of Ukraine but with extended responsibilities asresult of decentralization reforms

47*IRI tested this question in the wake of the violent clashes that occurred in Mukachevo this summer.

How often do you travel outside of Zakarpattia?

1%

23%

<1%

<1%

5%

12%

27%

32%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%


Never

At least once a week

Several times a week

At least once a month

Less than once a year

At least once a year

At least several times a year

48

Where do you travel to outside of Zakarpattia?

23%

2%

3%

4%

17%

31%

42%

48%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%


Romania

Other countries abroad

Russia

Slovakia

Hungary

Western Ukraine

Non-western Ukraine

49

(Several answers possible)

Demographics

45%

55%

33%

25%

42%

46%

32%

21%

1%

0%

0%

25%

40%

36%

26%

1%

18%

1%

30%

5%

8%

6%

6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Male

Female

18-35 years

36-50 years

51 years and older

Ukrainian

Russian

Both, Ukrainian and Russian equally

Both, Ukrainian and other language equally

Both, Russian and other language equally

Other

Secondary or lower

Vocational

Higher

Worker

Farmer

White collar

Higher or medium executive

Pensioner (not working)

Student

Housewife

Unemployed

Other

GEN

DER

AG

ELAN

GU

AG

E S

PO

KEN

AT

HO

ME

ED

UCATIO

NO

CCU

PATIO

N

50

Demographics

51

33%

24%

9%

1%

1%

2%

6%

23%

2%

69%

31%

24%

31%

22%

22%

0% 50% 100%

Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Kyiv Patriarchate

Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Moscow Patriarchate

Greek Catholic

Catholic

Protestant

Other

Atheist

Believe in God but don't belong to any religion

Don't know/No answer

City

Village

West

Center

South

East

RELIG

ION

SETTLEM

EN

TTYPE

REG

ION

S

Demographics

52

20%

37%

31%

10%

1%

1%

0% 50%

We need to save money for food.

We have enough money for food, but we need to save or borrowmoney for buying clothes and shoes.

We have enough money for food and necessary clothing and shoes, butwe need to save or borrow money for other purchases like a good suit,

a mobile phone, or a vacuum cleaner.

We have enough money for food, clothing, shoes, and otherpurchases, but we need to save or borrow money for purchasing more

expensive things (e.g., appliances).

We have enough money for food, clothes, shoes, and expensivepurchases, but we need to save or borrow money for purchases like a

car or an apartment.


FIN

AN

CIA

L S

ITU

ATIO

N O

F F

AM

ILY

Demographics

47%

53%

37%

26%

38%

75%

1%

20%

2%

0%

2%

25%

48%

27%

22%

6%

12%

5%

24%

6%

11%

10%

4%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Male

Female

18-35 years

36-50 years

51 years and older

Ukrainian

Russian

Both, Ukrainian and Russian equally

Both, Ukrainian and other language equally

Both, Russian and other language equally

Other

Secondary or lower

Vocational

Higher

Worker

Farmer

White collar

Higher or medium executive

Pensioner (not working)

Student

Housewife

Unemployed

Other

GEN

DER

AG

ELAN

GU

AG

E S

PO

KEN

AT

HO

ME

ED

UCATIO

NO

CCU

PATIO

N

53


Demographics

54

20%

30%

35%

7%

1%

3%

0%

4%

1%

38%

62%

0% 50% 100%

Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Kyiv Patriarchate

Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Moscow Patriarchate

Greek Catholic

Catholic

Protestant

Other

Atheist

Believe in God but don't belong to any religion


City

Village

RELIG

ION

SETTLEM

EN

TTYPE


Demographics

55

8%

27%

51%

12%

0%

1%

0% 50% 100%

We need to save money for food.

We have enough money for food, but we need to save orborrow money for buying clothes and shoes.

We have enough money for food and necessary clothing andshoes, but we need to save or borrow money for other

purchases like a good suit, a mobile phone, or a vacuumcleaner.

We have enough money for food, clothing, shoes, and otherpurchases, but we need to save or borrow money for purchasing

more expensive things (e.g., appliances).

We have enough money for food, clothes, shoes, and expensivepurchases, but we need to save or borrow money for purchases

like a car or an apartment.


FIN

AN

CIA

L S

ITU

ATIO

N O

F F

AM

ILY


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Public Opinion Survey Residents of Ukraine · 2019-12-13 · 4 Geographical Key Due to the Russian...

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