PUBLIC INTERFACES OF GMOS - DELS Microsite...
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Transcript of PUBLIC INTERFACES OF GMOS - DELS Microsite...
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Dietram A. Scheufele
John E. Ross Professor College of Agricultural & Life SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin—Madison
@scheufele
Center for Nanotechnology in SocietyArizona State University
NRC Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences Workshop: When Science and Citizens Connect: Public Engagement on Genetically Modified Organisms
Washington, DC, January 15-16, 2015
PUBLIC INTERFACES OF GMOS
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15THIS TALK … AN OVERVIEW
The PILS roundtable and this workshop GMOs: Why we are here today A few intuitive assumptions about
solutions … and a preview of the social science that tells us if they will work Today and tomorrow …
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Created in 2013 within DELS Monitors (life) science-public interfaces
for topics that have potential to spark public concerns generate policy debates or influence market dynamics etc.
Convening activities, including panel discussions public workshops
NAS ROUNDTABLE ON PUBLIC INTERFACES OF THE LIFE SCIENCES (PILS)
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(Social) science based look at public-science interfaces General principles Empirical data, with GMOs as an
example A closer look at labeling debates
“Workshop” more effective interfaces for the life sciences from the perspective of different stakeholders
THIS WORKSHOP
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15THIS TALK … AN OVERVIEW
The PILS roundtable and this workshop GMOs: Why we are here today A few intuitive assumptions about
solutions … and a preview of the social science that tells us if they will work Today and tomorrow …
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Complex science Fast bench-bedside transition Most importantly, ELSI debates
without scientific answers
… GMOS AS POST-NORMAL SCIENCE
http:/
/www
.seve
nday
svt.c
om/
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15THIS IS WHY WE ARE HERE
Ralph Cicerone (2006): “[S]cientists themselves must do a better job of communicating directly to the public.” Alan Leshner (2003): “[W]e need to engage the
public in a more open and honest bidirectional dialogue about science and technology.” Larry Page (2007): Science has a “serious
marketing problem,” and needs to become “engaged in politics, business, and the media.”
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15THIS TALK … AN OVERVIEW
The PILS roundtable and this workshop GMOs: Why we are here today A few intuitive assumptions about
solutions … and a preview of the social science that tells us if they will work Today and tomorrow …
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15THIS TALK … AN OVERVIEW
The PILS roundtable and this workshop GMOs: Why we are here today A few intuitive assumptions about
solutions … and a preview of the social science that tells us if they will work Assumption: Knowledge deficits
are responsible for lack of public support …
Today and tomorrow …
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Different labels Knowledge deficit models Familiarity hypothesis etc.
Assumption If people were only more informed, they
would be more supportive of science Effective communication is about explaining
the science better Unfortunately Little empirical support …
A BRIEF HISTORY OFKNOWLEDGE DEFICIT MODELS
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“[M]otivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes” Confirmation biases Disconfirmation biases
The same information means different things to different people …
THE CONCEPT OF MOTIVATED REASONING
Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480-498. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480
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2.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.9
4.1
Low High
Supp
ort fo
r Hum
an E
mbryo
nic S
tem C
ell
Rese
arch
(par
tial s
cale
rang
e disp
layed
)
Scientific Knowledge
Low ReligiosityHigh Religiosity
EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH:INFORMATION AND ATTITUDES
Ho, S. S., Brossard, D., & Scheufele, D. A. (2008). Effects of value predispositions, mass media use, and knowledge on publicattitudes toward embryonic stem cell research. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(2), 171-192.
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15THIS TALK … AN OVERVIEW
The PILS roundtable and this workshop GMOs: Why we are here today A few intuitive assumptions about
solutions … and a preview of the social science that tells us if they will work Assumption: The public does not trust
scientists … Today and tomorrow …
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15SCIENCE CONSISTENTLY OUTPERFORMS OTHER
INSTITUTIONS … INCLUDING THE PRESS(Data based on National Opinion Research Center (NORC) personal interviews with national adult samples,
collected as part of continuing series of social indicators since 1972)
0
10
20
30
40
5019
83
1984
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1993
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Perce
nt ex
pres
sing “
a gre
at de
al of
confi
denc
e”in
the pe
ople
runn
ing th
e foll
owing
insti
tution
s …
PressOrganized religionScientific community
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Unive
rsity
Scien
tists
Medic
al Pr
ofess
ion
Cons
umer
Orga
nizati
ons
Indus
try S
cienti
sts
Regu
lator
y Age
ncies
Envir
onme
ntal
Orga
nizati
ons
Busin
ess L
eade
rs
Inter
natio
nal
Institu
tions
News
Med
ia
Cong
ress
Relig
ious
Orga
nizati
ons
Whit
e Hou
se
“Whic
h of th
e foll
owing
sour
ces o
f infor
matio
n do
you t
rust
to tel
l you
the t
ruth
abou
t the r
isks
and b
enefi
ts of
nano
techn
ology
…”
(1 =
“not
at all
;” 10
= “ve
ry mu
ch”)
IN FACT, UNIVERSITY SCIENTISTS AMONG MOST TRUSTED SOURCES OF INFORMATION
(Data based on: Scheufele, D. A., Corley, E. A., Shih, T.-j., Dalrymple, K. E., & Ho, S. S. (2009). Religious beliefs and public attitudes to nanotechnology in Europe and the US. Nature Nanotechnology, 4(2), 91-94. doi: 10.1038/NNANO.2008.361)
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15THIS TALK … AN OVERVIEW
The PILS roundtable and this workshop GMOs: Why we are here today A few intuitive assumptions about
solutions … and a preview of the social science that tells us if they will work Assumption: Meaningful public debate
requires citizens that think like scientists …
Today and tomorrow …
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15IRONICALLY, EVEN SCIENTISTS DON’T EXCLUSIVELY RELY ON INFORMATION
Corley, E. A., Scheufele, D. A., & Hu, Q. (2009). Of risks and regulations: How leading US nanoscientists form policy stances about nanotechnology. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 11(7), 1573-1585. doi: 10.1007/s11051-009-9671-5
Predicting views that nano research should be regulated …
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Two key principles Cognitive misers Low information rationality
Shortcuts, heuristics, etc. become powerful information replacements or shortcuts for complex science or resulting policy options
SO HOW DO WE MAKE SENSE OF COMPLEX SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION?
Scheufele, D. A. (2006). Messages and heuristics: How audiences form attitudes about emerging technologies. In J. Turney (Ed.), Engaging science: Thoughts, deeds, analysis and action (pp. 20-25). London: The Wellcome Trust.
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15MEDIATED IMAGES OF SCIENCE
AS AUDIENCE HEURISTICSNisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, reservations, or promise?
A media effects model for public perceptions of science and technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584-608.
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15THIS TALK … AN OVERVIEW
The PILS roundtable and this workshop GMOs: Why we are here today A few intuitive assumptions about
solutions … and a preview of the social science that tells us if they will work Assumption: Science has a
communication monopoly … Today and tomorrow …
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15MODERN SCIENCE COMMUNICATION:
NO COMMUNICATION MONOPOLY FOR SCIENCEScheufele, D. A. (2014). Science communication as political communication. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 111(Supplement 4), 13585-13592. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317516111
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15SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY HAS HAD
LITTLE CONTROL OVER FRAMING OF GMOSScheufele, D. A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49(1), 103-122.
The Atlantic Monthly (October 2003)
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15HOW FRAMING WORKS
Bruner, J. S. and A. L. Minturn (1955). "Perceptual identification and perceptual organization." Journal of General Psychology 53: 21-28.
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky:“Perception [of ambiguous stimuli] is reference-dependent.” Science as complex, ambiguous stimulus, and framing as a
way to reduce this ambiguity by contextualizing the information
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15BUT FRAMING ALSO ALLOWS AUDIENCES TO
CATEGORIZE UNFAMILIAR INFORMATIONTewksbury, D., & Scheufele, D. A. (2009). News framing theory and research. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.),
Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 17-33). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
But they are also important tools to help audiences determine why an issue is
importantefficiently process new
information by connecting it to what we already know …
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15… FRAMES ARE ESPECIALLLY POWERFUL
IF THEY CONNECT WITH AUDIENCE SCHEMAS
Biotech vs. ’Bambi’ of Insects? Gene-Altered Corn May Kill MonarchsRick Weiss Washington PostMay 20, 1999
A popular new variety of corn plant that hasbeen genetically modified to resist insect pestsmay also be taking a toll on the monarchbutterfly, one of the most beloved insects inthe United States, new research suggests.…
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15WHY FRAMES ARE SO IMPORTANT
IN SOCIETAL DEBATES ABOUT SCIENCE?Tewksbury, D., & Scheufele, D. A. (2009). News framing theory and research. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.),
Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 17-33). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Successful communication uses frames or comparisons that we all can relate to Once a frame is established in public
discourse, it’s hard to change There is no such thing as unframed
information …
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15THIS TALK … AN OVERVIEW
The PILS roundtable and this workshop GMOs: Why we are here today A few intuitive assumptions about
solutions … and a preview of the social science that tells us if they will work Today and tomorrow …
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15THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF
THE SCIENCE-SOCIETY INTERFACE
Growing body of established social science about stable principles and mechanisms behind building public interfaces
But also significant variations and changes in types of technologies we’re dealing with ELSI concerns surrounding them political and communication environments
they are embedded in GMOs are one of the more complex
examples …
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15THANK YOU
For more information on PILS Roundtable:
Keegan Sawyer, Project Director, email: [email protected] M. Beall, PILS co-chair, email: [email protected]
Dietram A. Scheufele, PILS co-chair, email: [email protected]
URL: http://nas-sites.org/publicinterfaces