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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

US$l .OO = Rupees (Rs) 12 .OU I/

- , .. . C . .- 1 meter (m) - - 1 ki lometer (km) = 1 hec ta re (ha) - -

3 1 m i l l i o n cubic meters (Mm ) - - 1 cubic f o o t per second (cusec o r c f s ) = 1 kilogram (kg) 1 met r i c ton (mt) = 1 m i l l i o n acre- fee t (MAP) a

1 cubic meter pe t second (cumec) ti

1 t o n = 1 gigawat t hours ( G W ~ ) = 1 k i l o v o l t (kv) a

-, 1 mega-t &W) - - 1 k i l o C a l o r i e per kilogram ( ~ c a l l k g ) =

CI '- . - 2 - . 3 .

3.28 f e e t ( f t ) 0.62 mi l e s (mi) 2.47 a c r e s ( a c ) 810 acre- fee t ( a c - f t )

3 0.028 cubic meters per second (m 1 s ) 2.2 pounds ( l b ) 2,205 pounds ( l b ) 1233.5 M cubic m (Mm3) 35.3 cusec 1,000 kilograms (kg) 1 m i l l i o n kilow t t hours (kWh) 3 1,000 v o l t s (10 1,000 k i l o w a t t s 1 1,800 B r i t i s h thermal u n i t s p e r pound ( B t u l l b )

FISCAL YEAR

. ... .

. . G O I ; GOG; GOM; GOW; GOR A p r i l 1 - March 31

. 'C I. . c 'I/ The US Dollar/Rupee exchange r a t e i s sub jec t t o change. Conversions i n I

t h i s r e p o r t have been made a t USS1.OO t o R s 12.00, except f o r t h e . economic a n a l y s i s where the previous ly adopted r a t e of US$1.00 t o Rs 11 .OO was used.

The me t r i c system has been used i n most cases . However, Ind ia i s s t i l l i n the @aceas of t r a n s i t i o n t o t h e m e t r i c system; non-metric u n i t s a r e -

- dill widely used and have been used i n t h i s r e p o r t where a conversion . . ' t q t h e m e t r i c system may confuse t h e r eade r .

FOR OFFICIAL USE O S L Y I N D I A

>!-l?L.LLJA RIVE? J)E',.ELCD'..:E:;T - ~~JA>l,","LLT

PART I

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA VOLUME

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANNEXES L/

1 - Plann ing t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r P r o j e c t 2 - The Nzmada Water D i s p u t e s T r i b u n a l F i n a l Order and D e c i s i o n 3 - S u r f a c e Water Resources : . . . .,< ..; . - . 4 - Groundwater Resources .. e 8 ,. . 2. ;.j

5 - A g r i c u l t u r e , , , .,': ~ . : : . a ,. .. , . . - . . , . . t

M A P S - :..> . . . .. . . A ,., >:.. < *. :! ..

1. Basin P r o j e c t s (IBRD 17694) . ,.... T:,. .. , . . , . . * . . . . A 'i.

2 . Command Area (IBRD 17691) 3 . S a r d a r S a r o v a r Dam 'and Power Complex (IERD 17692) . 4 . Water Q u a l i t y and A q u i f e r Type (IBRD 17939)

The Supplementary Data ~ o l u i e s a r e based on t h e f i n d i n g s o f v a r i o u s p r e - a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n s from August 1980, and a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n s t h a t v i s i t e d I n d i a i n March, J u n e , and September , 1983, and a p o s t - a p p r a i s a l of t h e reset- t l ement component i n August 1984 compris ing p a r t i c i p a n t s a s f o l l o w s : Messrs : P. Ljung, G . F a u s s , C . Diewald, R . Vick, M . El-Menshawy, A . Sanchez, R . Goodland, K . J e c h o u t e k , G. Le Moigne and D . F i t c h e t t ( IBRD/IDA); N . B a r b e r , H . F r e d e r i k s e n , L. D . James, D . Dawdy, J . R i e d e l , T. Scudder , 0 . Mej ia , A . Gibbs, L . Shanan, N . Buras , I. P i n k e r t o n , P . K i r p i c h , H . F a l v e y , A . Cospers , G . Thorsky, T. Samuels, W . Long, M . F i reman, J . Brown, D . Mach, M. Cessna, A. Dolyniuk, and S . Markwell . The Snowy Mountain Engineer ing C o r p o r a t i o n of A u s t r a l i a , completed t h e t e c h n i c a l a p p r a i s a l of t h e main dam w i t h t h e team of W. Gardner , J. Hunter and B . J a g g a r . E d i t i n g done by Ms. S . Fel lows and word p r o c e s s i n g by M r . J . Maddix, M s . C . B a m r a , Mrs. S. Douglas , and Mrs. S. Vanjan i .

11 P a r t I1 c o n t a i n s annexes 6-11. The two Supplementary Data- Volumes sup- - p o r t two SAR's e n t i t l e d "Sardar Sarovar Dam and Power P r o j e c r " (Repor t ~ 0 . 5 1 0 7 - I N ) and "Water D e l i v e r y and Dra inage P r o j e c t " (Report NO.- 5108-IN).

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their otficial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

ABBREVIATIOhS AND ACROhYhS

CAC CEA C CA CBPH CPO CWPC CWPRS CWC DRP DS P E M EL FRL E'S L GEB GOG GO1 GOhP GOM GOR ICb ID 1 m LCB MPEB NUDL MEB MISC MbI MP MLL h CA hhPC NPDCC NPG NRC NRD NW DT OhM PMY RBPH REB S A SEB SMEC SSP

Sardar Sarovar Construction and Aavisory Cornlittee Central Electricity Authority Cultivable Command Area Cana lhead Powerhouse Centralized Procurement organization .

Central Water and Power Commission Central Water and Power Research Station Central Water Commission Dam Review Panel Dam Sat et y Pane 1 Economic Rate of Return Elevation Full Reservoir Level Full Supply Level Gujarat Electricity Board Government of Gu jarat Government of India Government of Madhya Pradesh '

Government of haharashtra Government of Rajasthan International Competitive Biaaing Irrigation Department of the GOG - Indian heteorological Department Local Competitive,Eidding Madhya Pradesh Electricity board Minimum Drawdown Level Maharashtra Electricity Board Management Information Systems 'cell Municipal and Industrial Madhya Pradesh Maximum Water Level Narmada Control Authority Narmada High Power Committee Narmada Project Design and Construction Circle Narmada Planning Group Narmada Review Committee . Narmada River Development Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal Operation and Maintenance Probable Maximum Flood Riverbed Powerhouse Regional Electricity Board Service Area State Electricity Board Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation Sardar Sarovar Project

GLOSSARY

k h a r i f - Wet s e a s o n ; J u n e - October r a b i - Dry s e a s o n ; hovember - Piarch chak - I r r i g a t i o n d e l i v e r y u n i t of a b o u t 40 ha i n s i z e t a l u k a - S u b d i v i s i o n of a d i s t r i c t p a i s e - There a r e 1b0 p a i s e pe r r u p e e

Annex 1

111.

IV.

VII.

INDIA

NARNADA RIVER DEVELOMENT - GUJARAT Planning the Sardar Sarovar Pro iect

Table of Contents

Introduction

Socioeconomic Setting The Indian Economy The Economy of Gujarat

Natural Resources The Water Resource

Plan Formulation General The Planning Approach The Framework for Planning Sequential Decisionmaking

The Planned Project Physical Features of the Sardar Sarovar Project SSP Implementation Schedule

Land Acquisition and Population Resettlement General Rulings of NWDT Resettlement Objectives Preferred Relocat ion Locales The Resettlement Timetable Relocation Integrated Planning for Sardar Sarovar Command Area Integrated Planning for the Reservoir Area Monitoring and Evaluation Special Problems The Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan R6R Plans and Estimates

Environmental Impact Fish and Fisheries Forest and Wildlife Public Health The Water Distribution and Drainage Network Training

V I I I . Costs and B e n e f i t s Shar ing SSP Cost Es t imates .

SSP Cost Shar ing Summary Recurrent O&M Costs Shar ing of Costs and B e n e f i t s

TABLES

Area Under P r i n c i p a l Crops Produc t ion of P r i n c i p a l Crops Per ~ e c t a r e Yie lds of P r i n c i p a l Crops Area ~ r r i h a t e d by Some Important Crops Area I r r i g a t e d by Source Number oT Oustees and o t h e r Popula t ion C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n the

Reservo i r Submergence Area Reset t lement and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n P l a n , Schedule f o r Re loca t ion

of Fami l i es Main Canal - D e t a i l e d Cost Table ~ r a n c n Canal Systems - D e t a i l e d Cost Table D i s t r i b u t i o n and Drainage Systems - D e t a i l e d Cost Table Command Area Development - D e t a i l e d Cost Table Tra in ing and Technical A s s i s t a n c e - Dam and Canal Summary Account by Year Summary Account by P r o j e c t Component P r o j e c t Components by Year Shar ing of P r o j e c t Cost Among P a r t y S t a t e s Sardar Sarovar Dam and Power P r o j e c t - Est imated Recurrent Operat ion

6 Maintenance Costs Water Del ivery and Drainage P r o j e c t - Est imated Recurrent Opera t ion ,

Maintenance and Energy Costs

FIGURE

1. Narmada Basin P r o j e c t s

ANNEX 1 Page 1

I N D I A

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - G U J U T

PLANNING THE SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT

I. INTRODUCTION

1.01 P r i o r t o Independence, t h e Narmada Kiver Basin a r e a was mainly d iv ided between a number of P r i n c e l y S t a t e s which lacked t$e -planning, tech- n i c a l and f i s c a l c a p a b i l i t i e s t o under take t h e major wor);rs,invo~lved i n r e g u l a t i n g the r i v e r . I n the 1950's and 1460's, ambitiobs, F l a p s were drawn up f o r development of t h e harmada River but most of t h e p lans were held up because of i n t e r - s t a t e d i s p u t e s over tLe a l l o c a t i o n of wa te r . Thus, today, the water r e s o u r c e remains v i r t u a l l y undeveloped.

1.02 This annex d e s c r i b e s t h e planning p rocess of t h e t o t a l Ha5rmada River Development -- Gujara t o r t h e Sardar Sarovar P r o j e c t (SSP) and t h i development a s p r e s e n t l y envisaged. The complexity of the p r o j e c t and',the many d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t ways i n which i t w i l l a i f e c t the w e l f a r e o f - t h e people of the b e n e f i c i a r y s t a t e s , r e q u i r e d a m u l t i - d i s c i p l i n a r y planning approach. F u r t h e r complicat ing t h e planning process' i s t h e time frame of 22 y e a r s over which t h e p r o j e c t would be implemented and dur ing which many unforeseen even t s may t a k e p lace . Thus, t h e p lanners faced the cha l l enge of p lanning wi th u n c e r t a i n t y . As the SSP i s on ly one of s e v e r a l l a r g e r e s e r v o i r p r o j e c t s planned f o r r e g u l a t i o n of t h e Narmada R i v e r , t h e planning had t o t a k e account of the t iming, scope and o b j e c t i v e s of proposed upstream developments.

1.03 The Narmada River. l / The Narmada i s t h e l a r g e s t west-flowing r i v e r i n I n d i a . It r i s e s i n t h e h igh lands of e a s t e r n MP and flows i n a narrow v a l l e y between t h e Vindhya and Sa tpura ranges b e f o r e d i s c h a r g i n g i n t o t h e Gulf of C mbay. On i t s 1 ,300 km course t o the s e a , it d r a i n s an a r e a of 9 98,800 km i n t h e s t a t e s of hP, v u j a r a t , and Eiaharashtra. The average annual f low of the harmada of 45,000 Ph i s g r e a t e r than the t o t a l of t h e Ravi, Beas, and S u t l e j f lows t h a t f eed t h e g r e a t Inaus Basin. hore than 90% of t h e runoff occurs dur ing the monsoon season , and e f f e c t i v e u t i l i z a t i o n of the water r e s o u r c e r e q u i r e s c o n s t r u c t i o n of major s t o r a g e r e s e r v o i r s .

1.04 The Narmada Water Dispu tes Tr ibuna l (NWDT).&/ I n 1465 G O 1 appointed a committee under the chairmanship of A. N. Koshla t o develop a mas te r p lan f o r

I / See SDV, annex 3 , Sur face Water Resources - 2/ See SDV, annex 2, NWDT F i n a l Order and Decis ion -

ANNEX 1 rage 2

t h e b a s i n . When t h e r i p a r i a n s t a t e s f a i l e d t o accep t t h e Koshla c o r n i t t e e ' s recommendations, G O 1 appointed the NWDT t o a d j u d i c a t e ( s e e annex 1 f o r a f u l l a c c o u n t ) . Following t e n y e a r s of d e l i b e r a t i o n s , t h e hWDT gave i t s f i n a l award i n qecember 1979. U I t assessed the 75% dependab e u t i l i z a b l e f low a s

!I 1 34,5U0 Mm / y e a r and approximately two-t i r d s ( 2 2 , 5 ~ O Mm ) were a l l o c a t e d t o

MP and most of t h e remainder (11,100 Mm ) t o Guj r a t . Rajas han and 3 5 Maharashtra were a l l o c a t e d minor amounts, 600 Mm and 300 Mm , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The hWDT a l s o i s sued i n s t r u c t i o n s regard ing :

( a ) p r o p o r t i o n a t e s h a r i n g of water i n s u r p l u s and d e f i c i t y e a r s ;

( b ) h e i g h t of t h e Sardar Sarovar Dam i n G u j a r a t , t h u s s e t t i n g the rese r ,vo i r s t o r a g e volume ( t o l i m i t r e s e r v o i r inunda t ion i n W and &.har,a.shtra) ;

( c ) f u l l supply l e v e l (FSL) of t h e main cana l a t i t s head and a t the border of Rajas than ;

( d ) s h a r i n g of power b e n e f i t s from Saraa r Sarovar ( t o compensate klP and Maharashtra f o r t h e l o s s of power a t two proposed h y d r o e l e c t r i c power p l a n t s t h a t would be submerged by Sardar Sarovar R e s e r v o i r ) ;

( e l r e s e t t l e m e n t and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of people l i v i n g i n t h e Sardar Sarovar Reservo i r a r e a ;

( f ) r e g u l a t e d r e l e a s e s from t h e harmaaa Sagar Dam i n klP t o s e r v e the needs of Guja ra t and Ra jas than ;

( g ) s h a r i n g of c o s t s f o r Sardar Sarovar and Narmaaa Sagar dams, t h e Sardar Sarovar RBYH and CHPH, and t h e Sardar Sarovar main c a n a l ; and

( h ) c o o r d i n a t i n g machinery f o r implementation and o p e r a t i o n .

1.05 Development P e r s p e c t i v e s of t h e Basin. The hWDT award has thus opened up t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r what would be t h e most important i r r i g a t i o n development i n I n d i a t o t a k e p l a c e ' b e f o r e t h e end of t h i s cen tury . The p r e s e n t p lans c a l l f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n of 30 major p r o j e c t s (21 i r r i g a t i o n , 5 hydropower, and 4 mul t ipurpose) , some 4U0 medium i r r i g a t i o n schemes, and s e v e r a l thousand minor schemes. Out of t h e t h i r t y major p r o j e c t s p r e s e n t l y envisaged, only one has been completed (Barna) , and ano ther one i s near ing completion (Tawa), and one (Barg i ) has been s t a r t e d , a l l i n Madhya Pradesh. I n a d d i t i o n t o power g e n e r a t i o n and i r r i g a t i o n i n s i d e t h e b a s i n , water has been a l l o c a t e d f o r domestic and i n d u s t r i a l u s e s , and f o r t r a n s b a s i n d iver - s i o n s t o : Mahanadi, Son and Ton b a s i n s i n e a s t e r n MY; t o t h e drought-prone a r e a s of Kutch, S a u r a s h t r a , n o r t h e r n mainland i n Guja ra t and sou thern Rajas- than. The p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r i n l a n d water t r a n s p o r t a long the main stem of t h e r i v e r remain under c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The l o c a t i o n s of t h e major water development p r o j e c t s a r e shown schemat ica l ly by f i g u r e 1 and on map IBRD 17694.

The b a s i c award, g iven i n August 1976, s e t t h e g e n e r a l g u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e s h a r i n g of i r r i g a t i o n and power b e n e f i t s and t h e a s s o c i a t e d c o s t s among t h e s t a t e s .

ANNEX 1 Page 3 '

1.06 I n t o t a l , more than 4 and p o s s i b l y 5 ha would be brought under i r r i g a t i o n and, on the average , about 2,700 hW of hydropower would be i n s t a l l e d i n i t i a l l y i n and Guja ra t . 1/ The g e n e r a l scope of the development, a s p r e s e n t l y pe rce ived , i s summarized below:

S a l i e n t F e a t u r e s of the Narmada Basin Development

I r r i g a t i o n B e n e f i c i a r i e s Annua 1 Farm Rura 1

CCA /a I r r i g a t i o n Fami l i es Popula t ion - ------- (pi ha ) ------ --------- ( h ) ---------

MP 2.8 3.1 0.8 6 .O G u j a r a t 1.4 . 2.0 0.4 4.5 Ra jas than (0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 Maharashtra <= <Ci - .l (0.1 - 0 . 1

Power I n s t a l l e d Annual Capaci ty Produc t ion ---(Mk)-- ---((&HI--

1 ,250 3,500 . * 1 ,450 3,5bO

U U Ci 0

T o t a l 4.8 5.1 1.2 10.8 2,700 7,000

/a C u l t i v a b l e command a r e a

1.07 The Nannaaa River Development (NRD) would have a d ramat ic impact on the economies of and G u j a r a t . When planned, implemented, and opera ted t h e i r r i g a t i o n components a lone should r e s u l t i n an i n c r e a s e i n a g r i c u l t u r a l v a l u e added of USSl,5b0-2,U00 h annua l ly alid d i r e c t l y g e n e r a t e some 7C10,000 f u l l - t i m e jobs. The i n d i r e c t e f f e c t s ( i n c r e a s e d a g r i c u l t u r a l product ion and income) would a l s o g e n e r a t e a d d i t i o n a l income and employment i n o t h e r sec - t o r s ) , and should be a t l e a s t a s l a r g e and probably l a r g e r than t h e d i r e c t e f f e c t s . Taking i n t o account t h e power b e n e f i t s , the n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l uses of water and the i n d i r e c t e f f e c t s , t h e t o t a l impact of t h e NRD on t h e n e t domes- t i c product of hP and G u j a r a t would be i n t h e o r d e r of USS4,UOO M, and t h e t o t a l number of jobs generated would approach 1 . 5 M. Since t h e domestic product of t h e two s t a t e s i n 19b2 was some USS12,000 M , i t i s obvious t h a t t h e NRD would be a determining f a c t o r i n t h e f u t u r e w e l f a r e , not only of the people i n t h e Narmada v a l l e y , but throughout I n d i a .

1.U8 Narmada River Development -- Guiara t . The Government of I n d i a (GOI) has sought Bank Group a s s i s t a n c e i n f i n a n c i n g t h e f i r s t s t a g e of the NRD-Gujarat o r Sardar Sarovar P r o j e c t (SSP), which would be among the f i r s t i n a s e r i e s of about 30 major p r o j e c t s t h a t a r e planned f o r development w i t h i n t h e Narmada Basin . Development of t h e SSP would t ake p l a c e over the nex t 22 y e a r s . The SSP, would i r r i g a t e 1.9 M ha i n G u j a r a t S t a t e t o g e t h e r wi th about 70,000 ha i n Ra jas than , i n s t a l l 1450 hW of h y d r o e l e c t r i c power

3 g e n e r a t i o n a t two p l a n t s , and supply about 13UO Mm / y e a r of M6I wate r . The p r e s e n t l y planned SSP c o n s i s t s of a l a r g e dam and power complex on t h e Nar- mada River n e a r Navagam v i l l a g e i n G u j a r a t , i n c l u d i n g a l a r g e s t o r a g e r e s e r - v o i r extending upstream f o r about 210 km i n G u j a r a t , Maharashtra , and MP, and

, 11 This compares wi th about 800 MW which would be needed a t a n average loaa -

f a c t o r of 30% a t f u l l development of t h e b a s i n s wa te r r e s o u r c e s .

ANNEX 1 Page 4

a c a n a l network s e r v i n g an i r r i g a t i o n command s r e a extending about 440 km on t h e r i g h t bank nor thwest t o t h e Ra jas than s t a t e boundary (map I B R D 17691).

1.09 The proposed Bank Group lend ing o p e r a t i o n s imul taneous ly would a s s i s t two SSP elements a s fo l lows :

( a ) an IBKD loan/IDA c r e d i t of US$300 PI towards t h e c o s t of c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e dam and power complex dur ing 1984185 through 1553194; and

( b ) an IDA c r e d i t of US$150 M towards the c o s t of c o n s t r u c t i n g the c a n a l network dur ing t h e y e a r s 19841b5 through 1587188.

The o p e r a t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d i n LWC SAR volumes, 1/ one each f o r the two SSP elements i d e n t i f i e d above, p l u s t h i s annex on t h e planning of t h e p r o j e c t a s w e l l a s o t h e r annexes of t h i s Supijlementary Data Volume.

11. SOCIOECONOMIC SETTING

The I n d i a n Economy

2.01 I n d i a i s a l a r g e and a i v e r s e country wi th a popula t ion of over 700 h and an annual per c a p i t a inconie of USS24U. The economy i s dominated by - a g r i c u l t u r e , which employs more than two-thirds of l abor and accounts f o r about 40% of GDP. Moderate a g r i c u l t u r e growth (2.3% a year s i n c e 1950) combined w i t h temporary se tbacks caused by poor monsoons have been f a c t o r s r e t a r d i n g t h e economy. However, a major investment e f f o r t i s being'made; investments have more than doubled and now amount t o about 25% of GDP. I n s p i t e of t h i s impress ive investment and sav ings performance, Ind ia ' s i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i s s t i l l f a r from adequate , e s p e c i a l l y s o f o r power--and t h e r e a r e s h o r t a g e s of key m a t e r i a l s . As a r e s u l t , t h e economic growth r a t e has averaged a moderate 3.7% a year s i n c e 1450.

2.02 I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n has not been r a p i d enough t o absorb a s i g n i f i c a n t s h a r e of t h e growing labor f o r c e , o r t o b r ing about a r a p i d economic t r a n s - fo rmat ion w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t l y h igher p r o d u c t i v i t y and income l e v e l s . Although t h e average per c a p i t a income l e v e l has inc reased about 1.5% a y e a r , t h e r e has been l i t t l e change i n the l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s of t h e v a s t mass of urban and r u r a l poor who comprise about 50% of t h e t o t a l popu la t ion . Indeed, i t appears t h a t per c a p i t a income has a c t u a l l y d e c l i n e d i n some of t h e more backward r u r a l a r e a s t h a t have t o depend on the e r r a t i c monsoon r a i n s f o r t h e i r c rops . Never the less , s i g n i f i c a n t p rogress has been made on s e v e r a l f r o n t s . Access t o p u b l i c s e r v i c e s has improved i n bo th r u r a l and urban a r e a s . Land reform and l a b o r l e g i s l a t i o n have helped t o break down a f e u d a l s t r u c t u r e i n r u r a l a r e a s and improved t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t e n a n t s and l a n d l e s s a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o r e r s . Foodgrain ou tpu t has inc reased more r a p i d l y than

Ij SAR No. 5107-IN, Sardar Sarovar Earn and Power Project ," and, SAR bo. 5108-IN, *"Water Del ivery and Drainage Project . ,"

popula t ion and e l i m i n a t e d a p e r s i s t e n t dependence on imports . A v a r i e t y o t p u b l i c programs have l essened the d e v a s t a t i n g e f f e c t s of f l o o d s and d roughts .

2.03 A n r i c u l t u r e and I r r i g a t i o n . During t h e e a r l y post-independence per iod , a r e a expansion was a major f a c t o r c o n t r i b u t i n g t o a g r i c u l t u r a l growth. By t h e mid-1960s, t h e r e s e r v e s of c u l t i v a b l e land were e s s e n t i a l l y d e p l e t e d and i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n - - i n c r e a s i n g t h e ou tpu t pe r u n i t of land i n p h y s i c a l o r v a l u e terms--became i n c r e a s i n g l y important . Uver t h e l a s t two decades , i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n through m u l t i p l e cropping, i r r i g a t i o n , f e r t i l i z e r use , and adop t ion of new s e e d s , t o g e t h e r wi th s h i f t s t o high-value cash c rops has accounted f o r n ine - ten ths of the growth i n a g r i c u l t u r a l o u t p u t . Due t o t h e s y n e r g e t i c e f f e c t s of h igh-y ie ld ing seeds , f e r t i l i z e r , and w a t e r , p rogress was concen t ra ted i n a r e a s w i t h r e l i a b l e i r r i g a t i o n , and the ."Green Revolut ion" l a r g e l y bypassed most of the t h e r a i n f e d a r e a s . About t h r e e - q u a r t e r s of t h e growth i n a g r i c u l t u r a l output between 1460 and 19&0 was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i r r i g a t i o n , e i c h e r i n t h e form of inc reased p r o a u c t i v i t y of i r r i g a t e d l a n d s , o r through expansion of t h a t a r e a . I n s p i t e of renewed a t t e n t i o n g iven t o a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h and e x t e n s i o n i n r a i n f e d a r e a s , t h i s dependence on i r r i g a t i o n i s l i k e l y t o i n c r e a s e i n the f u t u r e .

2.04 Consequently, t h e G O 1 and most s t a t e governments have given and cont inue t o g i v e high p r i o r i t y t o i r r i g a t i o n . Since the e a r l y 1950s, p u b l i c investments i n l a rge- and medium-scale s u r f a c e i r r i g a t i o n development have inc reased four - fo ld t o c u r r e n t l y about USY2 b i l l i o n a year , i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r r i g a t i o n p o t e n t i a l from 9.7 M ha i n 1450131 t o 29.4 )I ha i n 19&2/83. Taking i n t o account a l s o minor s u r f a c e i r r i g a t i o n schemes and groundwater i r r i g a t e d a r e a s , t h e i r r i g a t i o n p o t e n t i a l grew a t about 3 .3% annua l ly s i n c e 1950. I n 1982183 i t reached 63.7 M ha of which 93% a r e assumed t o be used. S i g n i f i c a n t p r i v a t e groundwater development was f a c i l i t a t e d by l a r g e - s c a l e r u r a l e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n programs and expansion of c r e a i t schemes. I n t h e e a r l y post-independence per iod , low-cost s o l u t i o n s , l i k e d i v e r s i o n schemes, un l ined main conveyance systems, and farmer-const ructed minor cana l systems, were p r e f e r r e d , s i n c e s u r f a c e i r r i g a t i o n was considered supplementary and o r i e n t e d t o assurance of water supply i n the main cropping per iod t o overcome non- s o o n - r a i n f a l l i r r e g u l a r i t y . With a r a p i d l y growing i r r i g a t e d a r e a , s i t e s were taken t h a t were i n c r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t and more c o s t l y t o develop. As s c a r c i t y of wa te r has grown, the j u s t i f i a b l e t e c h n i c a l s t andards f o r i r r i g a - t i o n have r i s e n ; c o s t s per i r r i g a t e d a r e a have r i s e n w i t h them. S i m i l a r l y , i n c r e a s i n g market o r i e n t a t i o n of farmers has inc reased the demand f o r dry-season i r r i g a t i o n and f o r r e l i a b l e water supply i n a l l seasons , a l s o r e q u i r i n g t h e adopt ion of h igher t e c h n i c a l i r r i g a t i o n s t a n d a r d s . Since t h e e a r l y 1950s, t h e investment c o s t per ha f o r large-and medium-scale s u r f a c e i r r i g a t i o n has more than doubled.

2.05 I n s p i t e of massive investments i n c a n a l i r r i g a t i o n , a g r i c u l t u r a l product ion has remained w e l l below e x p e c t a t i o n s . Apar t from d e f i c i e n c i e s i n a g r i c u l t u r a l inpu t s u p p l i e s , a combination of reasons accounted f o r the r e l a t i v e l y poor performance:

( a ) I r r i g a t i o n systems were no t c a t e r e d t o changes i n wa te r demand r e s u l t i n g from changed cropping p a t t e r n s and cropping p r a c t i c e s .

( b ) F l e x i b i l i t y of i r r i g a t i o n was not a ssured by i n c l u d i n g s t o r a g e r e s e r v o i r s .

APiNEX 1 Page 6

(c) Water conveyance systems were not effective with respect to:

- distance from government outlet to farmers' fields; - size of command area and water supply at tail ends of

distribution system; and - water losses in main canals and minor distributaries.

(dl Water management systems were not geared to respond to water demand in the command areas, especially at the tail ends of the distribution system.

(e) Drainage and soil salinity problems did not receive sufficient attention.

2.06 After an initial period in the 1960s in which Bank involvement concentrated on financial support of traditionally planned irr;gation systems, subsequent efforts focused on systematic command area aevelopment. Since the mid-1170s, the World Bank has been instrumental in introducing new irrigation technology and management practices in India. The Bank has concentrated on delivery of timely, reliable, and sufficient water supplies to the farm level to assure maximum marginal product of water from agricultural use, and has focused increasingly on:

(a). flexibility of the conveyance system in respect to water availability (storage reservoirs, enlarged canal capacity, and conjunctive use of groundwater and canal water);

(b) flexibility of the conveyance system in respect to water management (canal operation allowing for water allocation by volume and a.demand orientation of water supply);

(c) reduction of conveyance water losses in main canals and minor distributaries;

(dl reduction in size of the command areas below government outlets; and

(el increasing farmer participation (organization of water-using farmers to coordinate demand and assure adequate distribution and maintenance of the system below the government outlet).

Consequently, recent projects have called for: improved technical standaras for hardware components, and institutional development to assure efficient operation of the systems. Since the limited water available is a major constraint to further agricultural growth in much of India, endeavors must continue to concentrate on optimal water supply systems.

2.07 . Large reserves of surface and groundwater exist in the higher rainfall areas of eastern and northeastern India, but in these areas, weak sup- porting services and flooding might pose more serious constraints to accelerated agricultural development than the lack of irrigation water. In southern, central, and northwestern India most of the surface water resources

1 are already developed, or schemes are under way to develop them. In these

ANNEX 1 r a g e 7

d r i e r a r e a s , t h e Narnada River i s t h e on ly major r e s o u r c e t h a t s t i l l remains t o be tapped.

2.08 The Power S e c t o r . Ind ia ' s commercially e x p l o i t a b l e energy r e s o u r c e s c o n s i s t of c o a l , o i l , g a s , hydro p o t e n t i a l and uranium, which account f o r about 46% of t h e t o t a l primary energy supply. Noncommercial energy, f irewood and a g r i c u l t r a l and animal was te account f o r t h e r e s t . Coal lJ i s t h e main domest ic source of primary energy, w i t h p o t e n t i a l r e s e r v e s es t imated a t about 85 b i l l i o n t o n s , of which 25 b i l l i o n t o n s a r e proven r e s e r v e s . Most of t h e c o a l i s o i low t o medium q u a l i t y (3,500 t o 5,500 k c a l l k g ) . Ind ia ' s remaining proven and p o t e n t i a l r e s e r v e s of petroleum a r e c u r r e n t l y es t imated a t 8U0 m i l l i o n tons of o i l e q u i v a l e n t , of which 470 m i l l i o n tons i s o i l and t h e remainder n a t u r a l gas. Domestic product ion of o i l has inc reased from 0.5 m i l l i o n tons i n 19b1 t o 16.2 m i l l i o n tons i n 1482 and c u r r e n t l y meets about 44% of t h e country"^ o i l requirements . Annual g a s product ion i s es t imated a t about 3.1 m i l l i o n tons o t o i l e q u i v a l e n t , of which about 60% i s usea a s f u e l o r f e e d s t o c k , and t h 2 balance i s f l a r e a , mainly because t h e r e i s no market w i t h i n reasonab le d i s t a n c e . The economically e x p l o i t a b l e h y d r o e l e c t r i c p o t e n t i a l of I n d i a i s about 10U,UUO hW, of which on ly about 12,000 MW has been developed. Another 4,700 hW i s under c o n s t r u c t i o n , and 23,000 MW i s under i n v e s t i g a t i o n . I n d i a a l s o has s u f f i c i e n t uranium (about 15,U00 ton e q u i v a l e n t t o uranium oxide economically e x p l o i t a b l e ) and thorium r e s e r v e s t o meet the country 's demand f o r n u c l e a r power i n the f o r e s e e a b l e f u t u r e .

2.04 Ind ia ' s energy p o i i c y has been geared t o l i m i t i n g t h e use of petroleum only i n s e c t o r s where i t cannot be economically s u b s t i t u t e d by o t h e r energy r e s o u r c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y c o a l . Desp i te t h e r e c e n t development of t h e o f f s h o r e petroleum r e s e r v e s , t h e country remains dependent, t o a l a r g e e x t e n t , on imported o i l t o meet growing demand f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , f e r - t i l i z e r s and pe t rochemica l s , a s w e l l a s i n a g r i c u l t u r e where s u b s t i t u t i o n by e l e c t r i c i t y con t inues t o be l i m i t e d by i n s u f f i c i e n t power g e n e r a t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . The c o s t of o i l imports i n 1981182 was US56 b i l - l i o n , r e p r e s e n t i n g about 70% of Ind ia ' s e s t imated merchandise expor t earn- i n g s . Well i d e n t i f i e d domestic energy r e s e r v e s of c o a l and h y d r o e l e c t r i c i t y a r e l a r g e enough to supply most of Ind ia ' s f u t u r e commercial energy r e q u i r e - ments f o r i n d u s t r y and power g e n e r a t i o n . However, proven o i l and gas r e s e r - ves a r e not s u f f i c i e n t t o meet the demand f o r o i l i n s e c t o r s where s u b s t i t u - t i o n by o t h e r f u e l s i s not economically v i a b l e .

2.10 Renewable energy r e s o u r c e s accounted f o r about 5 % of t h e t o t a l supply of primary energy i n 1975176, but s i n c e then i t s s h a r e has been d e c l i n i n g . Wood, c h a r c o a l , dung and v e g e t a b l e waste accountea f o r an es t imated 92% of t h i s supply . The r e s t was i n t h e form of h y d r o e l e c t r i c power. It i s expected t h a t renewable energy ( e s p e c i a l l y t r a d i t i o n a l f u e l s ) w i l l con t inue t o p lay a n impor tan t , though d e c r e a s i n g , r o l e i n t h e supply of energy i n r u r a l a r e a s i n t h e coming decades.

2.11 I n r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e need t o develop indigenous energy r e s o u r c e s , c o a l based g e n e r a t i o n and h y d r o e l e c t r i c i t y have been r e c e i v i n g top p r i o r i t y

11 A d e t a i l e a review of t h e c o a l s e c t o r i s con ta inea i n the Bank r e p o r t - I n d i a . C o a 1 S e c t o r Report , September 14 , 1982 (Report No. 3b0l-IN).

ANNEX 1 Page 8

i n C e n t r a l and S t a t e Government p o l i c y p l a n r ~ i n g . The power s e c t o r now r e c e i v e s t h e l a r g e s t sha re of Ind ia ' s pub l ic investment resources (20% of t h e S i x t h Five-Year Plan o u t l a y ) . I n s p i t e of t h i s emphasis, demand f o r power con t inues t o exceed supply. I n keeping w i t h the g l o b a l energy p o l i c y , G O 1 has a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h e need t o i n c r e a s e t h e hydropower c a p a c i t y t o ach ieve a more e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n of power system, which p r e s e n t l y i s predominantly thermal ( c o a l based) , and t o make b e t t e r use of t h e e x i s t i n g thermal c a p a c i t y through upgrading and improved o p e r a t i o n and maintenance.

2.12 Power Supply and Demand i n I n d i a . I n t h e 1450s and 1960s, i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y and power g e n e r a t i o n managed t o keep pace wi th the na t ion ' s demand f o r power, both growing a t an average annual r a t e of about 1 1 Z . S ince 1970, however, t h e s i t u a t i o n has d e t e r i o r a t e d . Delays i n t h e commissioning of new power p l a n t s , o p e r a t i n g and maintenance problems, most ly due t o lower than expected c o a l q u a l i t y , and i n s u f f L c i e n t investment under s e v e r e budget con- s t c a i n t s have l e d t o a c r i t i c a l s h o r t a g e of power. Between 1970-1975, power g e n e r a t i o n inc reased a t an average annual r a t e of about 5%. The s i t u a t i o n improved cons iderab ly between 1475-1980, wi th growth i n both g e n e r a t i o n and c a p a c i t y averaging 7-92 annua l ly . Th i s was l a r g e l y due s u c c e s s i v e l y t o good monsoons i n 1975176 and 1976177, improved c o a l supply , and a concer ted e f f o r t t o improve p r o j e c t implementation, thermal c a p a c i t y u t i l i z a t i o n and o v e r a l l power system management. Since 1974180 power g e n e r a t i o n has been i n c r e a s i n g a t a h igher r a t e than i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y . Data f o r 1480lb l and 1981/b2 i n d i - c a t e an average annual i n c r e a s e f o r t h e s e two y e a r s of about 8 .0% f o r power g e n e r a t i o n and 6.5% f o r i r ~ s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y , i n d i c a t i n g b e t t e r u t i l i z a t i o n of e x i s t i n g resources . h e v e r t h e l e s s , power s h o r t a g e s have p e r s i s t e d i n many p a r t s of t h e coun t ry .

2.13 Cur ren t ly I n d i a ' s t o t a l i n s t a l l e d g e n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y , . inc lud ing n o n - u t i l i t y p l a n t , is about 39,UUO MV. Of t h i s , about 63% was conven t iona l thermal , 35% hydro, and 2% n u c l e a r . I n d u s t r i a l consumption accounts f o r about 60% of a l l e l e c t r i c i t y so ld i n t h e coun t ry , a g r i c u l t u r e (mainly i r r i g a - t i o n ) f o r about lbX, domestic use f o r about 12%, and o t h e r consumers f o r about 10%. As a r e s u l t of a c c e l e r a t e d tubewel l development, powered by e l e c t r i c pumpsets where e l e c t r i c i t y i s a v a i l a b l e , t h e r e has been a marked growth of power consumption i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s where more than 80% o t Ind ia ' s populat ion l i v e s . The number of e l e c t r i f i e d v i l l a g e s , f o r example, grew from approximately 3,000 i n 1950151 t o an es t imated 3UO,U00 o r about 52% of a l l v i l l a g e s i n I n d i a by t h e end of 1982. P r o j e c t i o n s made by Ind ia ' s C e n t r a l E l e c t r i c i t y Author i ty (CEA) f o r i t s Nat iona l Power P lan (NYP) i n d i c a t e t h a t over the t h i r t e e n - y e a r per iod 1481lb2-1494195, u t i l i t y g e n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y should grow a t an average annual r a t e of about 4.5%, t o a t o t a l of about 106,000 MW. Of t h i s , about 59,000 MU (56%) would be thermal , 44,000 hW (41%) hydro and 3,500 MW ( 3 % ) n u c l e a r .

2.14 I n a d d i t i o n t o d e s c r i b i n g d e t a i l s of the hydropower component ana lyses inc lud ing g e n e r a t i n g p l a n t and tu rb ine-genera to r s i z i n g , t h e SDV, annex 9, t a b l e s 7 and 8 show the p a s t and p r o j e c t e d energy g e n e r a t i o n , s a l e s and consumption and requ i rements , peaks and demands on u t i l i t y systems i n I n d i a . Also, SDV, annex 4, t a b l e s 9 through 1 4 show p a s t and p r o j e c t e d energy consumption per c a p i t a , t o t a l i n s t a l l e d u t i l i t y c a p a c i t y , r e g i o n a l power in te rchanges , p a s t and p r o j e c t e d s u p p l i e s and commissioning program of ongoing and proposed p r o j e c t s f o r t h e Western Region which i n c l u d e s t h e

1

ANNEX 1 Page 9

s t a t e s of G u j a r a t , liadhya ~ r a d e s h and k a h a r a s h t r a and Union t e r r i t o r i e s of Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and &agar Have l i .

The Economy of Guia ra t

2.15 G u j a r a t , w i t h a popula t ion of about 35.8 M people (1983) and a l a r g e , r a p i d l y growing manufactur ing s e c t o r , i s among t h e more p r o g r e s s i v e s t a t e s i n I n d i a . Between 1470 and 1582, Gujara t ' s s t a t e income grew a t 3.72 a y e a r , which s l i g h t l y exceeded t h e o v e r a l l growth of t h e I n d i a n economy a t 3.5% a year . However, over t h e same per iod , i t s popu la t ion grew a t 2.5% a n n u a l l y , ranking Guja ra t among the s t a t e s wi th the h i g h e s t popu la t ion i n c r e a s e and l i m i t i n g growth of per c a p i t a income t o 1.2% annua l ly ( a s v s . 1.5% na t ion- a l l y ) .

2.16 Gujarat 's- economy i s r easonab ly wel l balanced, wi th a g r i c u l t u r e ( i n c l u a i n g f o r e s t r y b f i s h i n g ) , i n d u s t r y , and s e r v i c e a c t i v i t i e s each con- t r i b u t i n g about one- thi rd of s t a t e aomest ic product . This a i v e r s i f i c a t i o n and s h i f t away from a g r i c u l t u r a l dominance, which i s more aavanced i n G u j a r a t than f o r I n d i a a s a whole, has been p o s s i b l e a s a r e s u l t of t h e modernizat ion and growth of G u j a r a t i a g r i c u l t u r e . The s t r u c t u r a l s h i f t from primary a c t i v i t i e s t o secondary and s e r v i c e ones con t inues . Moreover, s t r u c t u r a l t r ans format ion i s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n the manufactur ing s e c t o r , from t h e s t ag- nan t o r d e c l i n i n g t e x t i l e sub-sector t o more dynamic a c t i v i t i e s , l i k e t h e rapidly-growing diamona-polishing i n d u s t r y , c u l t i v a t e d by G u j a r a t i s whose a n c e s t o r s had emigrated t o South A f r i c a . .

2.17 I n d u s t r y . I n t h e 1960s, Guja ra t ' s i n d u s t r y expanded a t a r a t e of about 4% y e a r , no t much more r a p i d l y than a g r i c u l t u r e and more s lowly than the i n d u s t r y of I n d i a a s a whole. The moribund t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y , which accounted f o r two-thirds of t h e value. added i n G u j a r a t i i n d u s t r y , was t h e main drag. I n t h e 1970s, G u j a r a t i i n d u s t r i a l expansion a c c e l e r a t e d t o over 7%/year . The share of t e x t i l e s dec l ined t o about one- thi rd ( though s t i l l more than h a l f of f a c t o r y employment). What inc reased a s t e x t i l e s dec l ined i s a g r e a t v a r i e t y of i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s , of which chemicals a r e the l a r g e s t s i n g l e component. P s r t i c u l a r l y noteworthy, however, i s the d i v e r s i t y of t h e rapidly-growing i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s , from e l e c t r i c a l machinery t o diamond p o l i s h i n g . This r a p i d i n d u s t r i a l growth wi th d i v e r s i f i c a t i o r i s con t inu ing i n t h e 1480s.

2.18 Guja ra t ' s i n d u s t r i a l growth, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e r e c e n t growth, has been p a r t i c u l a r l y power-intensive and c a p i t a l - i n t e n s i v e . Th is c h a r a c t e r compli- c a t e s m a t t e r s i n a s t a t e wi th s e r i o u s power shor tages and r u r a l underemploy- ment. I n 1978, manufactur ing ( i n c l u d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n and mining) accounted f o r 29% of s t a t e domestic product and 14% of employment; a g r i c u l t u r e accounted f o r 36% of SUP and 67% of employment. I n o t h e r words, each a g r i c u l t u r a l value u n i t of output embodies almost f o u r t imes a s much employment a s t h e same u n i t v a l u e of manufactur ing ou tpu t . The e v o l u t i o n of Gujara t ' s i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r has continued t o a c c e n t u a t e t h i s p a t t e r n . By 1981, employment i n t h e l abor - in tens ive but s t a g n a n t t e x t i l e sub-sector had f a l l e n t o on ly 45% of i n d u s t r i a l employment. While such t endenc ies may r a i s e q u e s t i o n s about i n d u s t r i a l - s e c t o r p r i o r i t i e s , those q u e s t i o n s a r e academic compared t o the immediate burden they p l a c e on a g r i c u l t u r e t o f u r n i s h employment f o r t h e rapidly-growing popula t ion .

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2.19 Guja ra t ' s i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r i s t h e p r i n c i p a l use r of e l e c t r i c power, consuming 65% ( c f . 57% f o r I n d i a a s a whole) ; a g r i c u l t u r e uses l e s s than one-eighth ( c f . 18% a l l I n d i a ) . Most of t h i s goes t o t h e burgeoning i n d u s t r i a l b e l t extending from Ahmeaabad through Anand, Vadodara (Baroda) , and S u r a t t o Bombay. C u r r e n t l y , t h e power s h o r t a g e i n t h e r e g i o n i s c r i t i - c a l , r e s u l t i n g i n severe supply r e s t r i c t i o n i n the form of power c u t s , load shedding, and o t h e r r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed throughout t h e year which a f f e c t i n d u s t r i a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e r s , and even domestic u s e r s above a minimum l e v e l . While a g r i c u l t u r a l and domestic u s e r s a r e h e a v i l y s u b s i d i z e d , i n d u s t r i a l u s e r s pay approximately t h e long-run marginal c o s t , which i s about f o u r t imes what a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e r s pay and about t h r e e t imes t h e domestic t a r i f f . I n d u s t r i a l power u s e , t h e r e f o r e , must be assumea t o be r a t i o n a l and e f f i c i e n t ; e l e c t r i c i t y supply s h o r t a g e s c l e a r l y i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e growth of the l e a d i n g , i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r which i s a necessa ry c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e s t a t e ' s development . . 2.20 A g r i c u l t u r e i s not t h e l ead ing s e c t o r i n terms of development, but it i s t h e l a r g e s t one. Furthermore, i t s modernizat ion and growth a r e a neces- s a r y c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e cont inued growth of t h e r e s t of t h e G u j a r a t i economy. I n 1981/82, a g r i c u l t u r e ( i n c l u d i n g f i s h i n g , f o r e s t r y and mining) accounted f o r 37% of va lue addea i n the s t a t e ; farming i t s e l f accounted f o r 60% of employment. And, whi le not growing a s r a p i a l y a s i n d u s t r y , t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r grew a t 2.5Xlyear i n t h e 1470s and e a r l y 1480s, which i s q u i t e r e s p e c t a b l e i n world h i s t o r i c a l terms and s l i g h t l y above t h e n a t i o n a l average . This growth has been a c o n s i d e r a b l e f e a t of s t r u c t u r a l t ransforma- t i o n , achieved by i n c r e a s i n g t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e use of l and and w a t e r . V i r t u a l l y no new land came i n t o a g r i c u l t u r a l product ion in Guja ra t i n t h e 1970;; r a i n f a l l was a s i r r e g u l a r a s ever ; on ly 18% of cropped a r e a i s i r r i g a t e d ( c f . about 30% f o r I n d i a a s a whole), s o t h a t cropping i n t e n s i t i e s have b a r e l y inc reased (from 1b7% i n 1970 t o 110% i n 1579) ; growth of a g r i c u l - t u r a l l abor use has j u s t about matched growth of the va lue of o u t p u t . Under t h e s e c i rcumstances , growth was made p o s s i b l e l a r g e l y by s h i f t i n g t o higher-value crops and by managing a v a i l a b l e land and wate r b e t t e r .

2.21 The r e s u l t i s an a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r t h a t i s f a r l e s s subs i s - t ence-or ien ted than t h e n a t i o n a l average. Food crops account f o r l e s s than ha l f t h e cropped a r e a , and a s u b s t a n t i a l p r o p o r t i o n of t h e s e a r e marketed. I n s h o r t , t h e l i n k s between G u j a r a t i a g r i c u l t u r e and t h e r e s t of t h e economy a r e uncommonly s t r o n g . Agr icu l tu re ' s f u t u r e i s c r i t i c a l f o r f u r t h e r development of the economy a s a whole, no t j u s t because , a s the s e c t o r f u r n i s h i n g t h e m a j o r i t y of employment and t h e p l u r a l i t y of v a l u e added, it prov ides an important market f o r non-agr icu l tu ra l goods and s e r v i c e s . Also, 60% of i n d u s t r i a l employment i s i n i n d u s t r i e s based on p rocess ing raw m a t e r i a l s from t h e primary s e c t o r . And; s i n c e a g r i c u l t u r e has s h i f t e d t o product ion of i n d u s t r i a l raw m a t e r i a l s and high-value food c rops l i k e f r u i t s , v e g e t a b l e s , , and s p i c e s , Guja ra t i n c r e a s i n g l y imports i t s lower-value food g r a i n s . Such imports a r e es t imated a t n e a r l y 6 m i l l i o n tons a n n u a l l y , based on product ion s t a t i s t i c s and assuming consumption of 0.45 kgjpersonlday and normal seed, s t o r a g e and t r a n s p o r t l o s s requirements .

2.22 P e a r l m i l l e t and sorghum s t i l l dominate c e r e a l p roduc t ion and t o g e t h e r account f o r more than 20% of g r o s s cropped a r e a , a l though t h e i r importance i s d e c l i n i n g . With the i n t r o d u c t i o n of h igh-yie lding wheat v a r i e t i e s i n t h e mid-1560s and t h e i n c r e a s e of i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , wheat

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p r o d u c t i o n grew by 6 - 5 2 z n n u a l l y a u r i n g t h e 147bs , l b r g e l y uue t o y l e l a improvements. Co t ton , t h e n o s t impor t an t nonfooa c r o p , 1s c u i t i v a t e a i r i t h e n o r t h e r n ana c e n t r a l p a r t s of main land G u j a r a t and n o r t h S a u r a s h t r a . Only some l b % of t h e c o t t o n a r e a i s i r r i g a t e d , and c o t t o n p r o a u c t i o n has s l i g h t l y d e c l i n e d o v e r t h e l a s t decade , l a r g e l y aue t o a r e a r e a u c t i o n . I r r i g a t i o n o i c o t t o n has n o t l e d t o an expans ion of c o t t o u a r e a s , b u t t o a replacemerl t of r a i n f e d c u l t i v a t i o n . Al though a v e r a g e c o t t o n y i e l a s have improved s i n c e t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 ~ ~ s i g n i f i c a n t y i e l d i n c r e a s e s have o c c u r r e a m o s t l y unde r i r r i g a t e d c o n a i t i o n s . With emphas is on q u a l i t y c o t t o n p r o d u c t i o n , G u j a r a t ' s p r o d u c e r s have s h i f t e d from s h o r t - s t a p l e t o medium- and l o n g - s t a p i e c o t t o n , i n which t h e s t a t e a c c o u n t s f o r 30% anu 60% of n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t i o n , r e s p e c t l v e i y ( c f 252 of a l l - I n d i a p r o a u c t i o n of a l l c o t t o n ) . N a t i o n a l toDacco i s an i a p o r t a n t and v e r y l a b o r - u s i n g c rop . G u j a r a t has t h e l a r g e s t a r e a of any I n d i a n s t a t e , c o n c e n t r a t e a i n t h e hahi-Kaaana i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t . Sugarcane , c o n c e n t r a t e a i n t h e Ukai-Kakrapur i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t , and bananas a r e m u l t i - s e a s o n , i r r i g a t e d c r o p s ; t h e L a t t e r i s expa r~d iug a t about l o % / y e a r . A l so expanding r a p i d l y i s p r o d u c t i o n of o t h t r t , igh-value c r o p s on which s e p a r a t e s t a t i s t i c s a r e no t g a t h e r e a : v e g e t a b l e s , p o t a t o e s (estimates 222 annua l g r o w t h ) , cona i - ments and s p i c e s ( a s i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n e x p o r t e d t o t h e h i a a l e E a s t ) , mango, s a p o d i l l a ( c h i k u ) , pomegranates , guavas , l i m e s . Under G u j a r a t i c o n d i t i o n s , such c r o p s a r e dependent on i r r i g a t i o n , i n some c a s e s on v e r y t i m e l y i r r i g a - t i o n . Lucerne ana o t h e r koader c r o p s a r e a l s o expanding i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n of a a i r y i n g a s t h e Anana moael of c o o p e r a t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n c o n t i n u e s t o s p r e a a . Croppea a r r a s , p r o a u c t i o n , y i e l a e s t i m a t e s aIiu t o t s 1 i r r i g a t e a a r e a by c r o p s r e g l v e n i n t a b l e s 1 th rough 4.

2 .23 S h i f t s i n c ropp ing p a t t e r n s and proauctioxi growth have been f a c i l i t a t e d by t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of y i e l d - i n c r e a s i n g i n p u t s . Government c o n c e n t r a t e d on q u a l i t y c o n t r o l of i n p u t s , e s p e c i a l l y i e r t i l i z e r , on supp ly sys tems a t f a n u l e v e l , and on t h e p r o v i s i o n of s e r v i c e i n p u t s . Farmers have responaed q u i c k l y , a s i n a i c a t e a by t h e growth of a r e a under h i g h - y i e l d i n g v a r i e t i e s (HYV), f e r t i l i z e r cousumyt ion , and p r i v a t e i r r i g a t i o n development. Between 1970 and 1978, t h e p r o p o r t i o n of c ropped a r e a under BYVs i n G u j a r a t h a s r i s e n from 8% t o 21%, w h i l e hYVs of p e a r l m i l l e t were used on b3% of t h e a r e a unae r t h a t c rop iri 1474/b0 . Improved v a r i e t i e s ok sorghum have n o t been a p p r e c i a t e a by G u j a r a t ' s f b r m e r s , n i ~ i n l y due t o t h e r e l a t i v e l y poor f o u a e r v a l u e of t h e s e s h o r t - s t r a w e a v a r i e t i e s . The u s e of HYVs i n r i c e and wheat p r o d u c t i o n was c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e a w i t h i r r i g a t i o n development. I n 1474/80 , more t h a n bO% of t h e wheat ana more t h a n h a l f ok t h e r i c e a r e a was under HYVs. F e r t i l i z e r u s e has grown a t an a n n u a l r a t e of a lmos t 10% s i n c e 1970; t h i s growth was l i n k e a t o t h e s h i f t t o h ighe r -va lue c r o p s , t h e aemana i n c r e a s e s a s s o c i a t e a w i t h HYVs, ana w i t h i r r i g a t i o n development.

2.24 With many r e g i o n s e x p e r i e n c i n g low and h i g h l y v a r i a b l e r a i n i a l l and w i t h o n l y abou t o n e - f i f t h of t h e c u l t i v a t e d a r e a b e i n g i r r i g a t e d , G u j a r a t h a s been s u s c e p t i b l e t o d rough t ana famines i n t h e p a s t . I m p o r t a n t su r f ace -wa te r i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s were s t a r t e d i n t h e 1950s , and s i n c e t h e e a r l y 1960s , development has a c c e l e r a t e d . Government c o n c e n t r a t e a i t s ma jo r i r r i g a t i o n works i n main land G u j a r a t . About 73 comple tea major ana medium c a n a l i r r i g a - t i o n p r o j e c t s w i t h a t o t a l commana a r e a of 0 .65 M ha a r e l o c a t e d i n a l l p a r t s of t h e s L a t e . S i n c e 1551, t h e GOG has i n v e s t e d a t o t a l of abou t R s 2b ,110 h ( U S $ 2 , 6 ~ 3 M) i n major and medium i r r i g a t i o n schemes. During t h e same p e r i o d , t h e c a n a l i r r i g a t i o n p o t e n t i a l c r e a t e d i n c r e a s e d t rom 0.02 M ha u n t i l abou t 0 . 3 3 M ha were a c t u a l l y l r r i g a t e a i n 1519. Br ing ing t h e s e sys tems on-stream

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and o p e r a t i n g them so t h a t farmers a c t u a l l y g e t water on a r e l i a b l e b a s i s has , i n numerous cases , proved d i f f i c u l t . The average investment c o s t per ha of i r r i g a t i o n p o t e n t i a l c r e a t e d dur ing t h i s pe r iod has exceeded t h e n a t i o n a l average of Rs 7000/ha, caused l a r g e l y by t h e l a c k of good damsi tes i n G u j a r a t , and not because t h e systems a r e o v e r l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d i n des ign . I n f a c t , t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e i r r i g a t i o n p o t e n t i a l i s low, and the p r i n c i p a l r easons f o r u n d e r u t i l i z a t i o n a r e :

( a ) t e c h n i c a l inadequacy of a l a r g e number of major and medium i r r i g a t i o n systems, p a r t i c u l a r l y des ign , c o n s t r u c t i o n , o p e r a t i o n , and maintenance of t h e p r o j e c t s ;

( b ) u n r e a l i s t i c assumptions about the a v a i l a b l e wa te r supply , t h e crop wate r requirements and t h e i r r i g a t i o n l o s s e s l e a d i n g t o overes t imat i r ig the land t h a t can be i r r i g a t e d w i t h t h e water a v a i l a b l e ; and .

( c ) l a c k of a p p r o p r i a t e a s s i s t a n c e t o farmers f o r on-farm development.

2.25 Wells s t i l l a r e the major source of water f o r i r r i g a t i o n ( s e e t a b l e 5) accouut ing f o r about f o u r - f i f t h s of t h e a r e a i r r i g a t e d . S ince t h e e a r l y 1960s, groundwater development has a lmost doubled and has subsequent ly inc reased from 1.1 m i l l i o n ha i n 197U-il t o 1.4 m i l l i o n ha i n 1978-75. T r a d i t i o n a l l i f t i n g dev ices have been rep laced by pumps d r i v e n by d i e s e l engines and e l e c t r i c i t y . L a t e s t a v a i l a b l e e s t h a t e s ( f o r 1977) i n d i c a t e t h a t diesel-powered pumps qumbered 922,000; e lect r ic-motor-dr iven ones , 74,000. These f i g u r e s more than decapled i n t h e 1460s and 1970s, but they a r e low compared t o t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l l y p r o g r e s s i v e s t a t e s of nor thwest I n d i a .

2.26 It i s d i f f i c u l t t o s e e how G u j a r a t i a g r i c u l t u r e can con t inue t o p l a y t h e p o s i t i v e r o l e i n development t h a t i t has been a b l e t o p lay i n t h e p a s t u n l e s s t h e amount and r e l i a b i l i t y of wa te r a v a i l a b l e can be r a d i c a l l y expanded. Without i t , expanded use of t h e land f a c t o r i s impossible . Labor use i s a l r e a d y high, and a g r i c u l t u r e w i l l be c a l l e d upon t o absorb more l a b o r . The e x i s t i n g p a t t e r n of growth, manufactur ing, and s e r v i c e s can be expected t o absorb about one- thi rd of t h e annual i n c r e a s e of t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l l abor f o r c e , but farm popula t ion i s s t i l l l i k e l y t o grow a t an annual r a t e of 1.5-2% over t h e nex t two decades. P r o v i s i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l i n p u t s , c r e d i t , and ex tens ion i s , a s mentioned above, reasonably good. There i s undoubtedly some scope remaining f o r b e t t e r management of e x i s t i n g r e s o u r c e s and con- t inued switching t o higher-value crops , but t h i s t r end i s s e v e r e l y con- s t r a i n e d by l a c k of r e l i a b l e w a t e r , a s indeed, i s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d use of t h e purchased i n p u t s of modern a g r i c u l t u r e , such a s f e r t i l i z e r and hybr id seed. Throughout I n d i a , evidence demonstra t ing t h e c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n between swi tch ing t o high-value c rops , inc reased use of purchased i n p u t s and r e l i a b l e wa te r supply -- such a s farmers g e t from tubewel l s o r cana l i r r i g a t i o n systems designed t o high s t a n d a r d s -- is compell ing.

2.27 I n G u j a r a t , w i t h i n a decade, government w i l l have developed substan- t i a l l y a l l t h e a v a i l a b l e surface-water i r r i g a t i o n o u t s i a e the Narmada Basin and a s i z e a b l e p o r t i o n of t h e groundwater. There fore , development of t h e Narmada Basin through the SSP w i l l become t h e only f e a s i b l e means of s u s t a i n - ing a g r i c u l t u r a l growth. For t h i s r eason , t h e p r o j e c t has t h e h i g h e s t

AhhEX 1 rage 13

p r i o r i t y i n t h e s t a t e ' s development program. The Narmada main c a n a l would d i v e r t wa te r o u t of t h e b a s i n t o s e r v e a c u l t i v a b l e command a r e a of about 1.9 m i l l i o n ha. , e q u i v a l e n t t o about o n e - f i f t h of Guja ra t ' s cropped a r e a . The a r e a would s t r e t c h through t h e n o r t h e r n mainland t o drought-prone Kutch and S a u r a s h t r a ; 70%, i n f a c t , of t h e p r o j e c t ' s command a r e a would be i n drought-prone a r e a s . An a d d i t i o n a l 0.1 m i l l i o n ha. would be i r r i g a t e d i n Rajas than.

111. THE RESOURCE BASE OF SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT

Natural Resources

3.01 The command a r e a has a t r o p i c a l monsoon c l i m a t e t h a t ranges from subhumid t o semiar id a s t h e annual r a i n f a l l dec reases northwards and westwards. Dail-y minimum and maximum temperatures range from 1 3 ' ~ t o 2 7 O ~ i n January, t o 2 7 ' ~ t o 41°c i n May. Extreme minimum i s about 5Oc and maximum i s 4b0c. The r e l a t i v e humidity i s very high dur ing t h e wet season (June-October) and low i n t h e ho t season (harch-May). Winds a r e g e n e r a l l y l i g h t t o moderate w i t h some i n c r e a s e i n f o r c e dur ing t h e monsoon. About 95% of t h e r a i n f a l l occurs dur ing t h e monsoon from June t o September. The mean annual r a i n f a l l ranges from about 1000 mm i n t h e extreme s o u t h e a s t of t h e command a r e a t o l e s s than 4U0 mm i n Kutch. The r e l a t i v e l y low and u n c e r t a i n r a i n f a l l combined- w i t h l i m i t e a i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , has 'maue G u j a r a t , i n g e n e r a l , and t h e p r o j e c t a r e a , i n p a r t i c u l a r , s u s c e p t i b l e t o d roughts and famines , though the c l imate i s o therwise s u i t a b l e f o r year-round cropping.

3.02 The geology of t h e command a r e a i s complex, and a wide range of rock types . These i n c l u d e g r a n i t e , g n e i s s , h i g h l y metamorphosed seaiments of t h e Basement Complex, b a s a l t i c rock of t h e Trap S e r i e s , sandstone and s h a l e of t h e Mesozoic sedimentary sequence, and a l i t h o l o g i c a l v a r i e t y of in land and c o a s t a l a l l u v i a l d e p o s i t s . S u p e r f i c i a l d e p o s i t s range from f o s s i l dunes t o c l a y .

3.03 The a r e a u n d e r l a i n by t r a p rock i s i n t h e extreme s o u t h e a s t and i s g e n e r a l l y broken w i t h r i d g e s s e p a r a t e d by s t ream courses c r e a t i n g a hummocky topography. The a l l u v i a l s of t h e mainland form a f l a t p l a i n d i s s e c t e d by deep stream courses i n t h e sou thern p a r t of t h e reg ion and a hummocky m i c r o r e l i e f i n the nor th . The c o a s t a l a l luviums a r e very f l a t . topography. The topography of t h e country u n d e r l a i n by t r a p r o c k s i n the g e n e r a l l y hummocky. Regional ly the g r a d i e n t on t h e mainland i s westwards. The s l o p e s r a d i a t e on t h e command a r e a i n S a u r a s h t r a from northwards towards t b Gulf of Kutch and t h e L i t t l e Rann of Kutch, t o westwards t o the Gulf of Cambay and t h e t rough which s e p a r a t e s S a u r a s h t r a from t h e mainland.

3.04 The s o i l type d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e command a r e a r e f l e c t s t h e c l i m a t e , geology, and topography, and t o some e x t e n t , proximity and e l e v a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c o a s t . S o i l s a r e f u r t h e r d i scussed i n SAR, 5108-IN. The l o c a t i o n of g e n e r a l s o i l t y p e s i s shown i n SAR, Slob-IN, map IBRU 17941.

The n a t u r a l r esources base is more f u l l y desc r ibed i n SAR, ho. 5108-Ilu.

ANhEX 1 P a g e 14

3.U5 R e g i o n a l i z a t i o n . The Sardar Sarovar command a r e a i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by wide d i v e r s i t i e s of a g r o c l i m a t i c and socioeconomic f e a t u r e s . As t h e impact of i r r i g a t i o n i s l i k e l y t o be d i f f e r e n t i n t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s of t h e command, i t i s necessa ry t h a t t h e d i v e r s i t i e s a r e taken i n t o account i n developing an a p p r o p r i a t e p lanning and development s t r a t e g y .

3.06 A b a s i c breakdown i n t o 13 more or l e s s i n t e r n a l l y homogeneous r e g i o n s was achieved by c o n s i d e r i n g mean annual r a i n f a l l , land i r r i g a b i l i t y c l a s s , groundwater q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y , and d ra inage c o n d i t i o n s . The r a i n t a l l and i r r i g a b i l i t y c l a s s were t h e primary parameters f o r d e l i n e a t i o n and t h e r e g i o n l i m i t s were then f u r t h e r r e f i n e d on t h e b a s i s or groundwater and d ra inage c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The above r e g i o n a l i z a t i o n was then r e v i s e d on t h e b a s i s of fo reseen cropping p a t t e r n and wate r demand and t o t a k e account o i t h e command a r e a s o r subcommand a r e a s of t h e major branches . Th is r e s u l t e d i n some boundary rea l ignment , but had t h e advantage t h a t d e c i s i o n s regard ing p r o j e c t e d cropping p a t t e r n s and a s s o c i a t e d branch cana l c i p a c i t l e s could be i n t e g r a t e d i n t o the r e g i o n a l i z a t i o n s t u d i e s . One reg ion (7 ) was a i v i d e a i n t o two subregions t o d i s t i n g u i s h an a r e a of more c r i t i c a l d ra inage and s o i l and water s a l i n i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The f i n a l l y accep ted r e g i o n a l i z a t i o n d i s - t r i b u t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n SAR, 5108-IN, map I B R D 17811, and r e g i o n p r o f i l e s t h a t cons ider land use and i r r i g a t i o n , cropping pa t t e r n , demographic charac- t e r i s t i c s , and land ho ld ing s i z e , a r e summarized i n SDR, 5106-Ih, t a b l e 5 .

3.U7 The People. B i r t h r a t e s i n Guja ra t a r e among t h e h i g h e s t i n I n d i a . .

Since 1970, G u j a r a t ' s popu la t ion has inc reased by 2.4% annua l ly t o 35.8 hi people i n 1983. About 7% of Guja ra t ' s popu la t ion belong t o s c ~ ~ e d u l e d c a s t e s -

and around 14% t o scheduled t r i b e s . I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n has l e d t o a n augmen- t a t i o n of employment i n secondary and t e r t i a r y s e c t o r s , and i n 1981 about 40% of t h e working popula t ion were employed i n t h i s s e c t o r . However, a g r i c u l t u r e and fo res t ry -based i n d u s t r i e s dominate i n terms of employment, and t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r p r e s e n t l y absorbs 60% of Guja ra t ' s working popula t ion .

3.08 The inc idence of r u r a l pover ty i n Guja ra t S t a t e i s g iven below:

P r o p o r t i o n of Poor i n t h e Rura l Popula t ion

(pe rcen tage)

S a u r a s h t r a r e g i o n 32 .ll 17.55 Middle Guja ra t p l a i n s 40.75 28.54 South Guja ra t p l a i n s 63.52 52.03 E a s t e r n h i l l y a r e a s 75.75 58.13 Dry a r e a s i n the n o r t h 53.06 29.19 Gu j a r a t 50.85 43.67

Source: GOG, S i x t h Five-Year P lan raft) 1980-85.

3.09 With i n c r e a s i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l popu la t ion over t h e l a s t aecade , average farm s i z e s decreased and t h e p r o p o r t i o n of l a n d l e s s l a b o r e r s i n t h e a g r i c u l - t u r a l work f o r c e r o s e from 34.3% i n 1471 t o 37.7% i n 1981. Landless l a b o r e r s

rq

a r e concen t ra ted i n mainland G u j a r a t , mainly i n t h e economical ly backward r e g i o n s of t h e sou th , but a l s o i n t h e c e n t r a l p l a i n s where a l r e a a y smal l farm

AWEX 1 r a g e 15

s i z e s p r e v a i l . The average farm s i z e i s 3.44 ha f o r G u j a r a t S t a t e , 5.74 ha f o r t h e n o r t h e r n dry a r e a s , 4.55 ha f o r S a u r a s t r a , and 2.13 ha f o r t h e c e n t r a l G u j a r a t p l a i n .

The Water Resource

3.10 The p r o j e c t would use water i n i t i a l l y from two sources . The p r in - c i p a l source i s t h e Narmada River , r e g u l a t e d by Sardar Sarovar Reservo i r and by upstream r e s e r v o i r s i n MP. A v a i l a b i l i t y of water from t h i s source i s governed by t h e hWDT r u l e s of i n t e r s t a t e wa te r s h a r i n g and by t h e c a p a c i t i e s and o p e r a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the r e s e r v o i r s i n t h e bas in . River water would be used f o r power g e n e r a t i o n , i r r i g a t i o n , and PlhI water supply . The second source i s groundwater i n t h e command a r e a . I r r i g a t i o n by s u r f a c e water on t h e p r o j e c t a r e a would i n c r e a s e t h e p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e groundwater r e s o u r c e s from n a t u r a l r echarge through seepage from t h e c a n a l s and aeep p e r c o l a t i o n of on- f i e ld l o s s e s . Other p o t e n t i a l wa te r sources a r e d i v e r s i o n s of water from r i v e r s en r o u t e c r o s s i n g t h e main cana l . and t h e d i v e r s i o n of f lows from r i v e r s f lowing t o t h e sou th of t h e Narmada River a c r o s s t h e harmada i n t o a low l e v e l cana l f eed ing p a r t s of t h e command a r e a i n Baroda and B h a r u c h d i s t r i c t s . These p o t e n t i a l sources a r e on ly a v a i l a b l e t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t they a r e not committed t o o t h e r e x i s t i n g o r planned i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s . They a r e not l i k e l y t o be tapped i n t h e near o r medium term.

3.11 G u j a r a t might f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e i t s water supply ,from t h e Narmaaa River by d i v e r t i n g wate r s downstream of Sardar Sarovar Dam; once w a t e r s have passed t h e dam a s s p i l l s o r through t h e powerhouse, they a r e no longer sub- j e c t t o the NkDT s h a r i n g r u l e s . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , G u j a r a t might wi thhold t h e e q u i v a l e n t of i t s power s h a r e from pass ing through the t u r b i n e s a t t h e r i v e r b e d and d i v e r t i t t o t h e Narmada main c a n a l . Th i s , however, may neces- s i t a t e an i n t e r s t a t e agreement.

3.12 The harmada Basin. The Narmada River d r a i n s a catchment of about 98,8b0 kmL l o c a t e d i n t h e s t a t e s of FP (87% of catchment) , h a h a r a s h t r a (2x1, and Guja ra t (11%) . The r i v e r b a s i n i s east-west o r i e r t e a and extends over a l e n g t h of 950 km w i t h an average width of some 100 km'. The r i v e r i s 1 ,310 km long and r e c e i v e s 1 4 major t r i b u t a r i e s on .its way t o t h e Gulf of Cambay. The proposed Sardar Sarovar Dam i n Guja ra t would be l o c a t e d sone 95 km from t h e mouth of $he r i v e r ; t h e s i z e of t h e catchment above t h e damsi te i s about 89,330 km . The b a s i n can be subdivided i n t o f i v e wel l -def ined zones: upper h i l l y ranges , upper p l a i n s , middle p l a i n s , lower h i l l y a r e a s , and lower p l a i n s ; t h e l a t t e r extending t o t h e west and below t h e proposed Sardar Sarovar Dam. F o r e s t cover p r e v a i l s i n t h e h i l l y a r e a s and over t h e escarp- ments l o c a t e d n o r t h and sou th above t h e p l a i n s ; whereas t h e p l a i n s a r e mainly f e r t i l e a g r i c u l t u r a l land covered by medium t o deep c l a y s o i l s .

3.13 The c l i m a t e of t h e b a s i n i s s u b t r o p i c a l and c h a r a c t e r i z e d by f o u r d i s t i n c t seasons : southwest monsoon season ( J u n e - ~ e p t . ) ; postmonsoon Oct.-Nov. ); coo l weather (~ec . -March) ; and ho t weather ( ~ ~ r i l - ~ a ~ ) . R a i n f a l l ,

averages some 1200 ram over t h e b a s i n , and g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e s from west

ANNEX 1 Page 16

( ~ u O mm) t o e a s t (2070 mm). L/ About 40% of r a i n f a l l occurs w i t h i n t h e monsoon months and about 60% d u r i n g t h e months of J u l y ana August, a s shown below:

C o e f f i c i e n t Mean R a i n f a l l /a Annual R a i n f a l l of v a r i a t i o n

(mm) (XI ( % I

June 147 11.9 67.4 J u l y 3 42 31.8 42.1 August 3 31 28.5 45.9 September 21b 1 7 . 7 64.15 October 42 3 .4 138.0 hov.-Dec. 23 1.9 176.0 Jan.-Feb. 3 0 2.4 145.4 March-May - 2 8 2.3 128 .l

Annual 1 ,231 100 .o 26 .U

/a Data a r e averages f o r 36 r a i n gauges i n t h e catchment above Sardar Sarovar .

3.14 R a i n f a l l v a r i a b i l i t y on an annual b a s i s i s moderate ( c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n 2621, whereas i t i s q u i t e h igh f o r i n d i v i a u a l months. Thus, w h i l e t h e t o t a l annual amount of r a i n f a l l i s f a i r l y s t a b l e , i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n over t h e i n d i v i d u a l months i s h igh ly e r r a t i c . R a i n f a l l o b s e r v a t i o n s over t h e bas in a r e a a r e a v a i l a b l e s i n c e 1b91, wi th an i n i t i a l low d q n s i t y of 1 4 s t a t i o n s i n c r e a s i n g t o more than 110 s t a t i o n s i n r e c e n t y e a r s .

3.15 Riverf lows. Sys temat ic gauging of Narmaaa r i v e r f l o w s t a r t e d i n 1448 a t t h r e e s i t e s on t h e main r i v e r (Jamtara f o r t h e upper b a s i n , Mortakka f o r t h e upper and middle b a s i n , and Garudeshwar . for t h e e n t i r e b a s i n ) . One long-term s t a t i o n i s l o c a t e d on a major t r i b u t a r y , t h e Tawa R i v e r , and o t h e r gauging s i t e s e x i s t , but have s h o r t or d i scon t inuous r e c o r d s . De ta i l ed a n a l y s e s of t h e annual r a i n f a l l runoff r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r a 3U-year o b s e r v a t i o n per iod (1449-147b) have been c a r r i e d o u t , and t h e r e s u l t s have been used t o h i n d c a s t a s e r i e s of s y n t h e t i c f low d a t a on t h e b a s i s of t h e long-term r a i n - f a l l o b s e r v a t i o n s e r i e s . The long-term (1925-78) average annual f low o i thg Narmada River a t t h e Sardar Sarovar damsi te i s e s t imated a t about 45,U00 blm a year . The 75' dependable annual f low, accord ing t o a long-term s e r i e s , i s about 35,2U0 Mm', whereas t h e hWDT based i t s award on a f low of 33,570

1/ R a i n f a l l i n c r e a s e s f i r s t towards the Uestern Ghats, d e c r e a s e s t h e r e a f t e r - due t o rainshaaow a n d . t h e n i n c r e a s e s a g a i n towards t h e c e n t r a l beccan P l a t e a u i n t h e upper bas in . Lowest r a i n f a l l i s recorded i n t h e lower h i l l y zone ( ra inshadow) and h i g h e s t i n t h e upper h i l l y zone, which i s a l s o under t h e i n £ luence of t h e n o r t h e a s t monsoon.

AhKEX 1 Page 1 7

!4rn3. U S t a t i s t i c a l a r l a lys i s sugges t s t h a t t h e runoff r a i n f a l l r e l a t i o n s h i p has been changing over t h e o b s e r v a t i o n per iod w i t h t h e e f f e c t t h a t annual t low per u n i t of r a i n f a l l over t h e bas in has been g r a d u a l l y i n c r e a s i n g . A p l a u s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s phenomenon may be t h e change of land use from f o r e s t and shrubland cover t o a g r i c u l t u r a l use . However, t h e s t ream gauging technique a t Garudeshwar s i t e was changed i n 1461, and t h e a f f e c t of t h i s chage cannot be s e p a r a t e d c l e a r l y from any chages i n land use i n t h e b a s i n watershed. The monthly d i s t r i b u t i o n of runoff r e f l e c t s c l o s e l y t h e d i s t r i b u - t i o n of r a i n f a l l . Examination of t h e hydrographs show a oue-month l a g between r a i n f a l l and runof f a t Garudeshwar d u r i n g t h e monsoon season. A d i s c u s s i o n of t h e y i e l d hydrology of t h e Narmada r i v e r i s found i n annex 3 .

3.16 Water A v a i l a b i l i t y t o Guja ra t . The volume of water a v a i l a b l e t o G u j a r a t and Ra jas than from t h e proposed Sardar Sarovar Reservo i r cannot be p r e d i c t e d - w i t h c e r t a i n t y . Apart froru n a t u r a l r i v e r f l o w , t h e volume depends on a number of f a c t o r s i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h each o t h e r i n a complex way:

( a ) NWDT watershar ing r u l e s ;

(b ) magnitude and p a t t e r n of upstream a b s t r a c t i o n ;

( c ) s i z e of Sardar Sarovar Reservo i r and t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e RBPH;

( d l a v a i l a b i l i t y of upstream r e g u l a t i v e s t o r a g e ;

( e l r e t u r n f lows from upstream use; ana

( o p e r a t i o n r u l e s f o r upstream r e s e r v o i r s and Sardar ~ a r o v a r Reservo i r .

3.17 Out of t h e above f a c t o r s , on ly t h e s h a r i n g r u l e s , t h e s i z e of Sardar Sarovar Reservo i r and t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e RBPH a r e determined o r decided a t t i i s s t a g e . For v i r g i n r i v e r r u n o f f , r easonab le l i m i t s of conf idence can be e s t a b l i s h e d . A l l o t h e r f a c t o r s r e l a t e t o f u t u r e even t s and a c t i o n s , and can only be t e n t a t i v e l y p r o j e c t e d on t h e b a s i s of p r e s e n t p lans and assumptions. Another u n c e r t a i n t y , which b e a r s mostly on t h e s i z i n g of power f a c i l i t i e s and on t h e economic e v a l u a t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t , s tems from t h e time component i n t h e development sequence. Even i f water a v a i l a b i l i t y and use a t f u l l development were known wi th c e r t a i n t y , t h e bui ldup of r e s e r v o i r f a c i l i t i e s remaining t o be c r e a t e d and of upstream a b s t r a c t i o n s over t ime may be d i f f e r e n t from p r e s e n t p r o j e c t i o n s of s tagewise development. 2/

I / The flow f i g u r e t h a t t h l NWDT a c t u a l l y used t o a l l o c a t e t h e s h a r e s t o - p a r t y s t a t e s (34,540 Mrn ) i s ,"uti l izable: ' f low a t 75% d e p e n d a b i l i t y , which i s based on t h e n a t u r a l runoff a t t h i s d e p e n d a b i l i t y t a k i n g i n t o account t h e observed d a t a from 1948 t o 1970 and h i n d c a s t s e r i e s from lb91 t o 14b4, w i t h agreed ad jus tments f o r upstream r e s e r v o i r evapora t ion , r e t u r n flows and e f f e c t of c a r r y over s t o r a g e .

21 The 1iWDT had naae a p r o j e c t i o n of s tagewise aevelopment cf b a s i n water - r e s o u r c e s , accora ing t o which . f u l l development (S tage llI) would be reached 45 y e a r s a f t e r s t a r t of c o n s t r u c t i o n . S t a g e s I and 1 1 w o u l d be reached a f t e r 10 and 30 y e a r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

ANKEX 1 Page l b

3 . l b Water S h a r i n p R u l e s . The NkD'I' a l l o c a t e d p e r c e n t a g e s h a r e s o u t o t a n n u a l : ' u t i l i z a b l e flows," t o each of t h e f o u r p a r t y s t a t e s a s f o l l o w s ( s e e SDV, annex 2 ) :

I.ip

G u j a r a t Ka j a s t h a n h a h a r a s h t r a

Roughly t w o - t h i r a s of t h e w a t e r woula , t h e r e f o r e , be t a k e n up by t h e two ups t ream s t a t e s and oLe t h i r a by G u j a r b t and B a j a s t h a n from S a r u a r Sa rova r R e s e r v o i r . The hkDY d e i i n e d utilizable i l o w s a s t h e r e s u l t o f :

n a t u r a l r u n o f f a t S a r a a r S a r o v a r + c a r r y o v e r s t o r a g e i n t h e b a s i n (on J u l y 1 ) + r e t u r n f l o w s from ups t r eam a b s t r a c t i o n s - r e s e r v o i r e v a p o r a t i o n i n t h e b a s i n

f o r any g i v e n "water year,' ' ( J u l y 1 - June 3 0 ) . The NWDT a i a n o t a e a u c t s p i l l s a t t h e S a r a a r S a r o v a r K e s e r v o i r s i n c e i t b a s e a w a t e r ' s h a r i n g on a vo)ume of u t i l i z a b l e f low a t 752 d e p e n a a b i l i t y which it e s t i m a t e a a s 34 ,540 - ~ m ~ / ~ e a r . I t was assumed t h a t no s p l l l s woula o c c u r i n such a y e a r . However, t h e s h a r i n g r u l e s a p p l y e q u a l l y t o any g i v e n u t i l i z a b l e f l o w , and an. e s t i m a t e of s p i l l s woula have t o b e s u b t r a c t e a (ex p o s t ) i n t h e ar lnual w a t e r b a l a n c e f o r u t i l i z a b l e f l ow . I n a a d i t i o n t o t h e w a t e r a l l o c a t e d by t h e s h a r i n g r u l e s , e ach p a r t y s t a t e would be t r e e t o p i c k up a r ~ y w a t e r t h a t woula o t h e r w i s e go w a s t e t o t h e s e a w i t h o u t pass i r lg t h r o u g h t h e U P H . Such " s u r p l u s ilows." would o c c u r when a l l b a s i n r e s e r v o i r s were f u l l and s p i l l i n g and t h e RBPh was runnir lg a t f u l l c a p a c i t y . G u j a r a t , a s t h e o p e r a t o r of S a r a a r S z r o v a r R e s e r v o i r , woula be o b l i g e d t o n o t i f y t h e o t h e r p a r t y s t a t e s , i f p o s s i b l e i n aavance , of t h e o c c u r r e n c e o t such c o n d i t i o n s . k a t e r w i t h a r a w a l i rom t h e sys t em, i n g e n e r a l , r e q u i r e s a t en-aay aavance n o t i f i c a - t i o n f ror i t h e r e s p e c t i v e s t a t e . The hNDT d i u n o t s p e l l o u t any o t h e r r u l e s f o r w a t e r s h a r i n g o r w a t e r n s e , p a r t i c ~ l a r i y n o t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t ime o r pu rpose of any a b s t r a c t i o n s , e x c e p t t h a t s h a r e c r e d i t s o r d e b i t s ( f rom under- o r o v e r u s e ) c a n be c a r r i e d fo rward i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g w a t e r y e a r . With r e s p e c t t o o p e r a t i o n of r e s e r v o i r s , however, t h e WDT o r a e r e d NP t o make r e g u l a r r e l e a s e s from i t s l a r g e s t r e s e r v o i r , harmaaa S a g a r , t o t h e S a r d a r Sa rova r R e s e r v o i r , s i n c e t h e l a t t e r would n o t be a b l e t o meet t h e demand f o r power r e l e a s e s a n d , t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , f o r i r r i g a t i o ~ ~ i n G u j a r a t acu Ra ja s - t h a n th rough i t s own r e g u l a t i v e c a p a c l t y a l o n e .

3 .14 U p s t r e a n beveiopment . The ma jo r ups t r eam u s e r o t hannada w a t e r would be ana t h a t s t a t e p r e s e n t e a a t h r e e - s t a g e p l a n of aeve lopment of hannaaa

w a t e r r e s o u r c e s i n i t s t e r r i t o r y t o t h e hWDT. The p la r l i s i n j h e p r o c e s s of be lng u p a a t e a . I t amounts t o a t i n a l a b s t r a c t i o n o t 22 ,5b0 14m / y e a r a t 15X a e p e r i u a b i i i t y f o r Pial aua irrigation p u r p o s e s . A l a r g e r:uuber of m a j o r , riteuiuru, 2nd n; i r~or i r r i g a t i o n p r c j r c t s woulc be b u l l c t h r c u g h o u t t h e v a l l e y ar;u w a t e r woulu be t r a r ~ s f e r r e d i r ~ t o t h e SOIL aria Yon s u l i b n s i r . ~ of t t ie Ganges b a s l n . t o t a l o r 24 aams uou ld be c o n s t r u c t e d f o r r e g u l a t i o n ana a i v e r s i o n

ANNEX 1 Page 14

on t h e mainstream and on major t r i b u t a r i e s ( s e e map IBRD 17464 and f i g u r e 1 ) . Staged bui ldup of r e s e r v o i r c a p a c i t y is p r e s e n t l y p r o j e c t e d a s fo l lows :

k a j o r and Medium R e s e r v o i r s i n Madhya Pradesh

Stage I Stage I1 Stage 111

Reservo i r Live S to rage Reservo i r Live S to rage Reservo i r Live S to rape ( Mm3 ) (MmJ) ( MmJ 1

Tawa 2,080 Upper Burnher 590 Raghavpur 250 Barna 46 0 Basania 1,800 Shakker 21 0 Barg i 3,180 Rosra 4 40 Sher 140 KO 1 a r 140 Omkareshwar 80 U Others ( 4 ) 28U Sukta 1 UCl Qthers (12) 1,54U Narmada Sagar 9,740 ,

T o t a l 15,730 5,280 680 Cumul. T o t a l 15.750 21.030 21,910

3.20 Of the r e s e r v o i r s i n S tage I, a l l but Narmada Sagar a r e e i t h e r b u i l t o r p r e s e n t l y under c o n s t r u c t i o n . Narmaaa Sagar Dam, which would c r e a t e the l a r g e s t r e s e r v o i r i n t h e e n t i r e b a s i n , must be completed a t t h e same t ime a s Sardar Sarovar Dam, according t o t h 5 hWDT r u l i n g . Tpgether wi th S a r d a r

3 Sarovar 's l i v e c a p a c i t y of 5 , b ~ U km , some 21,6UO him c a p a c i t y would be c r e a t e d on t h e r i v e r system i f i j h e f i r s t s t a g e . T h i s r e p r e s e n t s about 78% of the f i n a l c a p a c i t y of 2 7 , 7 ~ 0 Mm . The completion of S tage 1 r e s e r v o i r s by about 1993'would, t h e r e f o r e , c r e a t e a s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t of t h e f i n a l regula- t i v e c a p a c i t y . However, t h e development of i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s i n ~IP i s expected t o t a k e much longer . The NWDT p r o j e c t e a t h a t about 331 of f i n a l wa te r use by kiP would be reachea w i t h i n 10 y e a r s a f t e r s t a r t of c q n s t r u c t i o n , 72% i n 30 y e a r s and 100% w i t h i n 45 years . It i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t MP p r e s e n t l y

3 uses about 1,8u0 Mm / y e a r of Narmada w a t e r , o r about 8% of i t s a l l o c a t i o n .

3.21 Return Flows from Divers ions . The WDT e s t i m a t e d t h a t 10% of i r r i g a - t i o n d i v e r s i o n s and 60% of M&I water supply upstream of Sardar Sarovar Dam would r e t u r n t o the r i v e r . These e s t i m a t e s have become planning parameters i n the p a r t y s t a t e s . S t u d i e s i n many c o u n t r i e s , i n c l u d i n g I n d i a , i n d i c a t e t h a t r e t u r n f lows may range anywhere between 20% and 60% of i r r i g a t i o n d iver - s i o n s . Thus, 10% i s regarded a s an u n l i k e l y lower l i m i t , a n d s i m u l a t i o n s t u d i e s us ing t h i s low e s t i m a t e of i r r i g a t i o n r e t u r n flows may underes t imate the u t i l i z a b l e f lows a t Sardar Sarovar , a t l e a s t over t h e i n i t i a l decades of MP's i r r i g a t i o n development. The r e t u r n flows would become more important w i t h h igher upstream a b s t r a c t i o n f o r i r r i g a t i o n and would p e r c e p t i b l y i n c r e a s e water a v a i l a b i l i t y t o Guja ra t and Ra jas than on ly l a t e r i n t h e b a s i n development.

3.22 S imula t ion of Water A v a i l a b i l i t y . I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n reasonab ly founded e s t i m a t e s of wa te r a v a i l a b i l i t y from Sardar Sarovar Reservo i r f o r i r r i g a t i o n and power g e n e r a t i o n , model s t u d i e s have been undertaken t o simu- l a t e v i r g i n r i v e r f l o w , t h e hWDT s h a r i n g r u l e s , upstream development, b a s i n r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n p o l i c i e s and Guja ra t ' s and Rajas than 's uptake of d ive r - t i b l e f low a t v a r i o u s s t a g e s of development ( s e e annex 2 ) . R e s u l t s from t h e s t u d i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e from a 30-year sequence of observea r i v e r f l c w (1448-78) and provide an e s t i m a t e of power g e n e r a t i o n , wa te r supply f o r i r r i g a t i o n , hhl

( sha r e water and su rp lu s w a t e r ) , and s p i l l s , both on t h e average and a t c e r t a i n l e v e l s of dependabi l i ty . Operation r u l e s were framed so a s t o mini- mize s p i l l s i n t h e long run and t o safeguard t he de s i r ed l e v e l of dependable flow ( 1 5 % ) i n t o t h e Sardar Sarovar main c a n a l . l / Modelling took i n t o account t he d e s i r a b l e s t r a t e g y of con junc t ive use of groundwater and su r f ace water f o r augmentation and drainage purposes. This r e s u l t e d i n a more s t a b l e o v e r a l l water supply and r e l i e v e d t h e demands on su r f ace r e s e r v o i r c a p a c i t i e s . Adjustments were u d e t o t h e r e s u l t s i n o rder t o c o r r e c t f o r the p a r t i c u l a r sequence of r i ve r f l ows used (which i s considered u n t y p i c a l l y low) ( s e e SDV, annex 3 ) . Gujarat ' s average and 75% dependable share of Narmaaa

3 water i s gssumed f o r t he f u l l development s t a g e t o be 1 1 , I U U hm /year and 3 10,500 kh / y e a r , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Some 300-800 Mm / y e a r would be a v a i l a b l e i n

a d d i t i o n t o t he l e g a l sha r e from use of s p i l l wa te rs .

3.23 Water a b s t r a c t i o n by a l l pa r t y s t a t e s would i nc r ea se over t ime, f a s t e r i n Gujarat and Rajas than, more slowly i n PAP and probably i n kkharash t ra . S i m i l a r l y , r e g u l a t i v e capac i t y i n t h e bas in would cont inue t o i nc r ea se a f t e r t he i n i t i a l f i r s t s t a g e of development. Never the less , water a v a i l a b i l i t y t o Guja ra t and Rajas than from t h e a l l o c a t e d would sha r e not i nc r ea se s u b s t a n t i a l l y , s i n c e i t i s b a s i c a l l y f i x e d by t h e shar ing r u l e s , by t h e carryover po l icy adopted and by v i r g i n r i ve r f l ow . Water a v a i l a b i l i t y would i nc r ea se only inasmuch a s r e t u r n flows and r e g u l a t i v e s t o r age augment u t i l i z a b l e f lows. However, genera t ion a t the RBPH would decrease substan- t i a l l y over .time wi th power r e l e a s e s being rep laced by i r r i g a t i o n and &&I a b s t r a c t i o n both upstream and from Sardar Sarovar. -

3.24 Stages of Development. The WDT assumed t h r e e s t a g e s of development i n terms or consumptive use of Iiarmaaa wate rs , a s shown below:

Stage I ---------- Gujara t /Ra jas than 3,760 11,720 11,720 MP 7,710 16,340 22,820

To t a l 11,470 28 ,0b0 34,540

These l e v e l s of a b s t r a c t i o n have been adopted f o r s imula t ion s t u d i e s , and two a d d i t i o n a l s t a g e s have been added--one a t t he beginning w i t h one-half t he a b s t r a c t i o n l e v e l s of Stage I , and one between S tages I and I1 when MP and Maharashtra would be a t t h e i r S tage I l e v e l , whi le Guja ra t and Kajas than would a l r eady use t h e i r full-development (Stage 11) supply. Es t imates , of water a v a i l a b i l i t y t o Gu ja r a t , water u se , and power genera t ion ( i n terms of water passed through t u r b i n e s ) a r e shown i n annex 3 , f i g u r e 6 , i n g raph ic form f o r t h e f i v e d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s .

1/ The i n s t a l l e a capac i ty a t t he RBPH bears on t h e water a v a i l a b i l i t y f o r - consumptive uses t o some degree. Capac i t i es of bOU, 1,000, and 1,200 MW - have been a l t e r n a t i v e l y assumed. Resu l t s g iven b e l ~ w assume the f i n a l l y adopted capac i t y of lZO0 hW.

ANNEX 1 rage 21

3.25 S e v e r a l s i m u l a t i o n s t u d i e s have been made w i t h a l t e r n a t i v e development s t a g e assumptions and t h e r e s u l t s a r e g iven i n annex 3 . The occurrence of t h e above d e f i n e d s t a g e s over time i s s u b j e c t t o u n c e r t a i n t y , but t h e NWDT's p ro j . ec t ions of 1 0 , 30, and 45 years f o r S tages I , 11, and 111, respec- t i v e l y may be cons idered a s lower l i m i t s .

3.26 Groundwater. The g e o l o g i c a l complexity of t h e a r e a , t h e r a i n f a l l p a t t e r n and t h e groundwater f low p a t t e r n a r e r e f l e c t e d i n t h e hydrogeo log ica l and hydrochemical c o n d i t i o n s . The t o t a l i t y of p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t e r a c t t o provide a complex p a t t e r n of groundwater r e s o u r c e a v a i l a b i l i t y i n terms of a q u i f e r y i e l d and groundwater q u a l i t y . The groundwater r e s o u r c e s of t h e planned command a r e a a r e d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n SDV, annex 4. General c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s of groundwater q u a l i t y and a q u i f e r types a r e shown f o r t h e command a r e a on SDV, 5108-IN, map I B R D 17935 and dep th t o water t a b l e i n SAR, 510b-IN, map I B K D 17440.

3.27 The groundwater resource may be desc r ibed i n terms of t h e major g e o l o g i c a l u n i t s :

( a ) The f l u v i a t i l e a l luv ium of mainland G u i a r a t . These d e p o s i t s form t h e most e x t e n s i v e groundwater system i n t h e command a r e a . The a q u i f e r s a r e g e n e r a l l y t h i c k and have high p e r m e a b i l i t y , and would support h igh-yie lding w e l l s . However, t h e wa te r q u a l i t y i s a c o n s t r a i n t t o d i r e c t use f o r i r r i g a t i o n i n a l a r g e p a r t of t h e a r e a . The system c o n t a i n s f r e s h water a t a l l l e v e l s i n most of t h e a r e a between t h e harmada and h a h i r i v e r s and i n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t s of Kheda and Ahmedabad d i s t r i c t s . The upper l a y e r s c o n t a i n r e l a t i v e l y s a l i n e water i n t h e western p a r t s of Kheda and Ahmedabad d i s t r i c t s and i n t h e e n t i r e p a r t s of Surendranager , hehsana, and Banaskantha d i s - t r i c t s , which a r e u n d e r l a i n by t h e a l luv ium and l i e w i t h i n t h e command a r e a . The presence of s a l i n e water i n t h e upper l a y e r s p r e s e n t s problems f o r developing t h e r e s o u r c e f o r i r r i g a t i o n and blending w i t h s u r f a c e wa te r would be r e q u i r e d . Yhus, t h e sou thern p a r t of t h e a r e a can be developed e i t h e r by p r i v a t e s e c t o r , d i r e c t use w e l l s , o r p u b l i c s e c t o r augmentation w e l l s , but t h e development of t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e a r e a s would be mainly r e s t r i c t e d t o p u b l i c s e c t o r aligmen- t a t i o n w e l l s .

( b ) The hardrock a a u i f e r s . These a q u i f e r s a r e formed by t h e Basement Complex, which i s p r e s e n t i n t h e extreme s o u t h e a s t of t h e comand a r e a , and t h e Trap S e r i e s , which u n d e r l i e s p a r t s of t h e command a r e a i n S a u r a s h t r a and Kutch. The groundwater i s con ta ined i n t h e weathered zone, which i s t h i n and has low p e r m e a b i l i t y . Thus, t h e s e a q u i f e r s a r e low-yielding and a r e only s u i t a b l e f o r development by hand dug, p r i v a t e s e c t o r w e l l s . The groundwater q u a l i t y i s g e n e r a l l y good.

( c ) The Mesozoic sandstones . These rocks form a q u i f e r s i n a l i m i t e d p a r t of Surendranager d i s t r i c t w i t h i n t h e comand a r e a i n S a u r a s h t r a and may be encountered beneath a l l u v i a l cover i n p a r t s of t h e command a r e a i n Kutch. The a q u i f e r s have g e n e r a l l y low p e r m e a b i l i t y , bu t

3 d r i l l e d w e l l s would p rov ide d i s c h a r g e s o t bout 5U m / h r w i t h accept- a b l e drawdown. In g e n e r a l , t h e groundwater q u a l i t y i s f a i r l y good a t a l l l e v e l s .

ANNEX 1 Page 22

(d ) The c o a s t a l a l luvium. The a l l u v i a l d e p o s i t s t h a t accumulated around t h e Gulf of Cambay c o n s i s t predominantly of c l a y , and t h e groundwater i s g e n e r a l s a l i n e . S i m i l a r l y , t h e a l l u v i a l d e p o s i t s t h a t f r i n g e t h e Gulf of Kutch and the Banns a r e o f t e n h igh ly s a l i n e . Thus, t h e s e sediments o f f e r n e g l i g i b l e grounawater development p o t e n t i a l .

3.28 I n t r o d u c t i o n of s u r f a c e water i r r i g a t i o n on t h e S a r a a r Sarovar command a r e a would i n c r e a s e the recharge and profoundly a f f e c t t h e groundwater ba lances . Much of the a d d i t i o n a l r echarge would be taken i n t o s t o r a g e , r e s u l t i n g i n r i s i n g water t a b l e s which would l e a d t o wa te r logg ing u n l e s s some form of groundwater d ra inage system i s provided. An e s t i m a t e of t h e a d d i t i o n a l r echarge which would occur a t f u l l development i s summarized below ( s e e annex 4 , f o r d e t a i l s ) :

Recharge from main and branch c a n a l s seepage Recharge from M & I water use seepage Return flows from M L I use Recharge from d i s t r i b u t i o n system seepage Recharge from on farm seepage Recharge from o p e r a t i o n a l l o s s e s o t h e r than seepage

T o t a l Gross Recharge of which - 57% recharg ing t o good q u a l i t y groundwater

- 33% recharg ing t o b lendab le groundwater - 101 recharg ing t o s a l i n e groundwater (unuseable)

Therefore - T o t a l u s a b l e recharge (good + blendab le )

MI&/ year

3.29 Consider ing t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e new recharge by a q u i f e r types and t h e groundwater q u a l i t y , 60% of the CCA i s u n d e r l a i n by a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r s . I n about 50% of t h i s a r e a t h e wa te r must be blended f o r use f o r i r r i g a t i o n , and i n about 10% of the a r e a , t h e groundwater i s too s a l i n e f o r use. Hhrdrock a q u i f e r s and sandstone u n d e r l i e 24% of t h e CCA, and i n about 80% of t h i s a r e a , t h e water q u a l i t y i s s u i t a b l e f o r d i r e c t use f o r i r r i g a - t i o n , and t h e balance i s too s a l i n e f o r use . Some 15% of t h e CCA i s under- l a i n by t h i c k c l a y d e p o s i t s , and 40% of t h i s a r e a c o n t a i n s groundwater of q u a l i t y s u i t a b l e f o r u s e , though recovery would be d i f f i c u l t .

3.30 I n a d d i t i o n , t o recoverab le recharge induced by s u r f a c e i r r i g a t i o n , n a t u r a l r e c a r g e i s being e x p l o i t e d only p a r t l y so f a r . It i s e s t imated t h a t !I some 960 kim a r e pr s e n t l y being pumped annua l ly , and t h a t t h e r e a r e some 5 a d d i t i o n a l 1,2bU Mm / y e a r of r ecoverab le n a t u r a l r echarge s t i l l t o be developed i n the proposed command a r e a .

3.31 Other Sources of Water. Two a d d i t i o n a l sources of wa te r t o G u j a r a t f o r use i n Sardar Sarovar command a r e d i scussed below--namely, water from r i v e r s c rossed by t h e main cana l and wate r t h a t has passed below S s r d a r Sarovar Dam. These sources a r e d i scussed below:

( a ) En r o u t e Rivers . When t h e hWDT cons idered t h e a l l o c a t i o n of s h a r e s from Narmada R i v e r , i t took account of the p o t e n t i a l e v a i l a b i l i t y of wa te r from 24 r i v e r s c rossed en r o u t e by t h e

ANNEX 1 Page 23

main c a n a l . 1 1 T e NWDT es t imated t h e amount a t 75% depend- s a b i l i t y a s 350 Mm . This e s t i m a t e has been aaoptea by Guja ra t i n i t s p lanning s t u d i e s . However, a c t u a l a v a i l a b i l i t y would depend on t h e techniques adopted f o r i n t e r c e p t i o n of t h e s e w a t e r s , and t h e a c t u a l demand of e x i s t i n g o r y e t t o be planned i r r i g a t i o n schemes r e l y i n g on t h e s e r i v e r s . The e s t i m a t e i s , t h e r e f o r e , h igh ly u n c e r t a i n . horeover , i t i s , f o r i t s p robab le magnitude, no t c r i t i c a l f o r p lanning of t h e p r o j e c t . I n t h e wa te r r e s o u r c e p r o j e c t i o n s , i t has been taken i n t o account on ly f o r l a t e r s t a g e s of development of b a s i n water r e s o u r c e s .

( b ) U t i l i z a t i o n of water below t h e Sardar Sarovar Dam. As mentioned e a r l i e r , t h e r e a r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of p ick ing up water t h a t has passed t h e Sardar Sarovar Dam, s i n c e such wate r i s f r e e from s h a r i n g o b l i g a t i o n s . F i r s t l y , s u r p l u s water not d i v e r t e d i n t o t h e main c a n a l due t o c a p a c i t y o r demand c o n s t r a i n t s , which would o therwise be S p i l l e d and go waste t o t h e s e a , may be of b e n e f i c i a l use w i t h proper s t o r a g e t o enhance i t s r e l i a b i l i t y and coincidence wi th demand The magnitude of such s p i l l s i s minor 9 (on average some 500 Mm I y e a r i n S tage 11 and 111). Secondly, d i scharge from t h e RBPH may be picked up and e i t h e r pumped up t o t h e main c a n a l l e v e l o r d i v e r t e d a t a lower l e v e l t o s u i t a b l e p a r t s of t h e command a r e a . For e i t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e , s i z a b l e a d d i t i o n a l investments have t o be made which a r e s u b j e c t t o f u r t h e r s tudy . The magnitude of water resources t h a t could thus be harnessed r a c g e s , according t o p ping o r d i v e r s i o n

f tfm c a p a c i t y , on average f r o 2,000-4,000 E" / y e a r i n Stage 11,

anG from 6b0 t o 1,bOO hlm / y e a r a t f u l l development.

3.32 Conclusion. Long-term water a v a i l a b i l i t y t o Guja ra t f o r t h e p r o j e c t ' s i r r i g a t i o n and M & I wa te r requirements a t 75% r e l i a b i l i t y may be summarized a s fo l lows :

From Nsrmada River /a 10,500 From groundwater /b 4,100 From en r o u t e r i v e r s 350

T o t a l 15,950 /a Excluding pickup of downstream wate r . /b I r r e s p e c t i v e of p r i v a t e o r p u b l i c

development; g r o s s a b s t r a c t i o n .

1/ This was c n l y one f a c t o r smong sever21 t h a t went i n t o the de te rmina t ion - of st ,ares. It i s noteworthy t h a t whi le en r o u t e r i v e r wa te r was deducted from Guja ra t ' s c l a im, groundwater a v a i l a b i l i t y i n YZ o r Guja ra t was no t .

ANNEX 1 Page 24

1 P M FORMULATION

4.01 The SSP encompasses one of t h e most ambi t ious wa te r resource develop- men: p r o j e c t s ever a t tempted. It i s probably t h e l a r g e s t i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t planned t o be implemented a s one u n i t . Thus, whi le o t h e r Bank-financed i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s i n I n d i a b a s i c a l l y a r e des igned t o meet today's a g r i c u l - t u r a l needs , t h e SSP i s e x p l i c i t l y be ing planned and designed f o r t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t cen tu ry . Most a s p e c t s of t h e p r o j e c t have been o r a r e being analyzed us ing s ta te -o f - the -a r t techniques . F u r t h e r , a p p r o p r i a t e modern t echnolog ies would be employed t o e f f i c i e n t l y convey water t o t h e f a n n ~ r s ' f i e l d s because of the p r o j e c t ' s l i m i t i n g wate r supply. Since t h e p r o j e c t would t ake more than two decades t o implement and many unforeseen e v e ~ t s would occur dur ing t h i s p e r i o d , a permanent p lanning organizat ion-- the Nar- mada Planning Group (NPG)--is working hand-in-hand w i t h t h e implementing agenc ies .

4.02 I n v i r t u a l l y every r e s p e c t , t h e SSP r e p r e s e n t s a break w i t h p a s t approaches t o t h e p lann ing , d e s i g n , const ru .c t ion, and o p e r a t i o n of i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s i n I n d i a . To a l a r g e e x t e n t , t h i s i s due t o a major e f f o r t by t h e Bank t o develop l o c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . However, t h i s e f f o r t would not have - succeeded wi thout GOG's s t r o n g commitment and t h e l o c a l a v a i l a b i l i t y of h igh ly t r a i n e d s c i e n t i s t s and eng ineers . Indeed, it was j u s t t h e s e f a c t o r s t h a t made t h e Bank dec ide t o a l l o c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t s t a f f and c o n s u l t a n t r esources t o t h e SSP. It was assumed t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t r epresen ted t h e b e s t oppor tun i ty t o ach ieve t h e Bank's o b j e c t i v e of modernizing the i r r i g a t i o n s e c t o r i n I n d i a .

4.03 When t h e MJDT made i t s b a s i c award i n August 1978, t h e GOG had a l r e a d y prepared a f o u r t e e n volume f e a s i b i l i t y s tudy f o r t h e SSP and t h e r e was a s t r o n g d e s i r e t o s t p r t b u i l d i n g t h e p r o j e c t according t o t h e s e p l a n s . However, the e x i s t i n g p lans had b a s i c a l l y been prepared i n t h e 1950s and 1960s. They had been guided by a forward looking v i s i o n of the importance of i r r i g a t i o n f o r s o c i a l and economic development i n t h e drought prone a r e a s of t h e s t a t e . Throughout the years of l i t i g a t i o n , e x t e n s i v e eng ineer ing surveys and i n v e s t i g a t i o n s had been c a r r i e d o u t . Even wi th t h e b e n e f i t of h i n d s i g h t , i t appears t h a t key decis ions-- for example, s e l e c t i o n of t h e damsi te and t h e g e n e r a l al ignment of t h e main canal--were based on sound t e c h n i c a l judgment. But t h e p lans were l a r g e l y prepared a g a i n s t a background of r i p a r i a n con- f l i c t s wi th t h e o b j e c t i v e t o j u s t i f y t h e g r e a t e s t p o s s i b l e a l l o c a t i o n of wa te r .

4.04 I n t h e event t h e NWDT a l l o c a t e d t o Guja ra t on ly about h a l f t h e water claimed by t h e s t a t e , t h i s n e c e s s i t a t e d a c a r e f u l reassessment of t h e p r o j e c t concept t o ensure t h a t t h e a l l o c a t e d amount of water was put t o t h e b e s t use from both economic and s o c i a l p o i n t s of view. Fur thermore, t h e e x i s t i n g p lans were based on design concepts t h a t had changed l i t t l e s i n c e t h e

ANNEX 1 Page 25

n i n e t e e n t h cen tury . There was no c l e a r l i n k between t h e envisaged mode of o p e r a t i o n and t h e d e s i g n c r i t e r i a adopted f o r t h e c a n a l system. I n s h o r t , i f t h e p r o j e c t had been b u i l t according t o those p l a n s , i t could not have been opera ted t o meet even t h e most b a s i c of today's i r r i g a t i o n demands, much l e s s t o meet t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l g o a l s and requirements of t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t c e n t u r y a t f u l l p r o j e c t development.

4.05 Because of t h e r a d i c a l l y changed c i rcumstances , GOG r e a l i z e d t h e need f o r a new and s u b s t a n t i a l l y s t reng thened planning e f f o r t . However, t h e r e was i n s u f f i c i e n t exper ience i n Guja ra t i n p lanning l a r g e - s c a l e r i v e r b a s i n development. Thus, when G O 1 proposed t h e SSP f o r Bank f i n a n c i n g , GOG reques ted t h e Bank's a s s i s t a n c e i n d e f i n i n g what s t u d i e s should be p a r t of i t s p r o j e c t p r e p a r a t i o n and planning e f f o r t . I n response , t h e Bank mounted a s p e c i a l miss ion i n AugustfSeptember 1980 t o review GOG's e x i s t i n g p lans and t o propose a timebound program f o r t h e planning and p r e p a r a t i o n of the SSP.Z1/ Th is miss ion l e d , t o t h e es tab l i shment of the Narmada Planning Group (NPG) i n Guja ra t and t o a c l o s e coopera t ion between t h e Bank and GOG i n d e f i n i n g and guiding t h e planning p rocess .

The Plannin? Approach

4.06 Planning and des ign problems ( t h a t f o r smal le r i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s can adequa te ly be solved on narrow t e c h n i c a l and economic grounds would) f o r t h e SSP invo lve s o c i a l , economic, and f i n a n c i a l t r a d e - o f f s of a magnitude t h a t can on ly be reso lved a t t h e p o l i t i c a l l e v e l . Th i s impl ies t h a t t h e r e must be c l o s e i n t e r a c t i o n between the p o l i t i c a l and t h e admin i s t ra - t i v e f t e c h n i c a l s i d e s of t h e government. C e n t r a l t o t h i s p rocess of r a t i o n a l and en l igh tened p o l i t i c a l cho ice i s t h e need f o r the decisionmakers t o be p resen ted wi th a l t e r n a t i v e courses of a c t i o n - - a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t a r e f u l l y assessed i n terms of t h e i r s o c i a l and economic consequences.

4.07 The complexity of t h e SSP, e s p e c i a l l y the many d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t ways i n which i t would a f f e c t t h e w e l f a r e of the people of the s t a t e , r e q u i r e a m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y approach t o planning. For ana lyses of t h e b a s i c p r o j e c t a l t e r n a t i v e s , s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s and a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p e r t s have played extremely important r o l e s .

4.08 F u r t h e r complicat ing t h e planning t a s k i s t h e t ime frame w i t h i n which many important d e c i s i o n s need t o be reached. The i n t e r s t a t e d i s p u t e delayed c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e SSP, and t h e a s p i r a t i o n s of m i l l i o n s of farmers were f r u s t r a t e d f o r over twenty y e a r s . Consequently, t h e r e i s a s t r o n g d e s i r e t o complete t h e p r o j e c t a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e . I n f a c t , c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e dam founda t ion i s underway, and excava t ion f o r t h e main c a n a l has begun.

11 The conc lus ions of t h i s miss ion were s e t out i n t h e r e p o r t : "India-- - Planning f o r t h e Narmada Development ( G u j a r a t ) , " December 16, 1980.

ANNEX 1 Page 26 -

4.09 T r a d i t i o n a l l y , "p lanning" has been a s e q u e n t i a l a c t i v i t y t h a t s t a r t s w i t h t h e f o r m u l a t i o n of g o a l s and o b j e c t i v e s and ends w i t h t h e a d o p t i o n of a "plan" t h a t o u t l i n e s e x a c t l y what would be done a t d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s of t i m e i n t h e f u t u r e . T h i s approach i s o f t e n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r p r o j e c t s where t h e t ime span between t h e s t a r t of p l ann ing and t h e comple t ion o f implementa t ion i s s h o r t and when t h e element of u n c e r t a i n t y i s s m a l l . Exper i ence , however, shows t h a t t h i s p r o c e s s i s no t s u i t a b l e f o r p l ann ing l a r g e - s c a l e w a t e r r e s o u r c e s schemes t h a t t a k e decades t o c o n s t r u c t , d u r i n g which many u n f o r e s e e n e v e n t s t a k e p l a c e . Fur the rmore , a comple te p l a n r e q u i r e s p e r f e c t i n f o r m a t i o n and d a t a which a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p l a n n e r s .

4.10 I n t h e c a s e o f S a r d a r S a r o v a r , t h e Bank recommended t h a t p l ann ing and implementa t ion should be fused i n t o a s i n g l e o p e r a t i o n . T h i s r e q u i r e s ca re - f u l s chedu l ing of a c t i v i t i e s . The r o l e of t h e NPG was t o p rov ide t h e f u t u r e - o r i e n t e d framework t h a t forms t h e b a s i s f o r t h e p o l i t i c a l c h o i c e s . The NPG t h u s became t h e c r i t i c a l l i n k between t h e key p o l i t i c a l d e c i s i o n makers and t h e a c t i o n - o r i e n t e d , implementing a g e n c i e s .

4.11 S i n c e t h e n a t u r e of t h e d e c i s i o n s t h a t have t o be t aken d u r i n g p r o j e c t implementa t ion changes ove r t i m e , t h e n a t u r e of t h e p l ann ing e x e r c i s e a l s o changes. Some s t u d i e s were u r g e n t and r e q u i r e d comple t ion w i t h i n a s h o r t t ime frame. Others would go on f o r a number of y e a r s , .but i n t e r m e d i a t e and approximate r e s u l t s were r e q u i r e d i n a s h o r t e r p e r i o d . I n g e n e r a l , t h e f o c u s of t h e p l ann ing a c t i v i t i e s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t few y e a r s has been on de te rmin ing t h e broad pa ramete r s of t h e o v e r a l l development.

The Framework f o r P l a n n i n g

4.12 While f i r s t i d e a s and rud imen ta ry p l a n s f o r a l a r g e - s c a l e i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t based on Narmada R ive r w a t e r i n G u j a r a t were g e n e r a t e d a l r e a d y i n t h e 19506, and w h i l e a s t a g e d implementa t ion p l a n was a l r e a d y s a n c t i o n e d by t h e I n d i a n P lann ing Commission i n 1961, and some p r e l i m i n a r y works were t aken up t h e r e a f t e r , t h e p r o j e c t expe r i enced a s u c c e s s i o n o f m o d i f i c a t i o n s and s e t - backs . The r i p a r i a n s t a t e s ' c l a i m t o t h e w a t e r were f i n a l l y r e s o l v e d by t h e NWDT's F i n a l Order i n 1979. The NWDT de te rmined f i v e main f e a t u r e s of t h e p r o j e c t i n t h a t :

( a ) i t s e t t h e h e i g h t o f t h e dam a t Navagam, and t h u s t h e r e s e r v o i r ' s c a p a c i t y ;

( b ) i t a l l o c a t e d a s h a r e of about 322 o f t h e u t i l i z a b l e ( r e g u l a t e d ) f low of t h e Narmada R ive r t o G u j a r a t ;

( c ) i t conf i rmed t h e m u l t i p u r p o s e c h a r a c t e r of t h e p r o j e c t by r e q u i r i n g a RBPH and a s m a l l e r CHPH;

( d l i t r u l e d t h e s h a r i n g of power b e n e f i t s among G u j a r a t , MP, and Maharash t ra ; and

ANNEX 1 Page 27

3 ( e ) i t r e q u i r e d t h e conveyance of some 600 Mm (1.8Z o f u t i l i z a b l e Narmada f lows) by Guja ra t t o Ra j a s t h a n through t h e proposed main c a n a l .

4.13 Thus, t h e NWDT award c r e a t e d a framework of b a s i c parameters upon which t h e subsequent p lanning p rocess had t o b u i l d . While more r i g o r o u s o p t i m i z a t i o n s t u d i e s might have i n d i c a t e d t h a t one o r the o t h e r of t h e NWDT's r u l i n g s should have been somewhat d i f f e r e n t than t h e ones f i n a l l y i s s u e d , i t i s t o be noted t h a t t h e award l a i d t o r e s t a twenty-year-old i n t e r s t a t e water d i s p u t e i n a reasonab le and a c c e p t a b l e manner, and t h a t i t f i n a l l y opened up t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of development of an immense water resource . The NWDT's o r d e r s , whi le s u b j e c t t o r e v i s i o n a f t e r 45 y e a r s , a r e , t h e r e f o r e , considered a s g i v e n s i n t h e ensuing planning and decision-making p rocess .

4.14 N W D T d i d n o t r u l e o n t h e u s e t h a t G u j a r a t s h o u l d m a k e o f t h e a l l o - ca ted w a t e r , and n e i t h e r d i d i t s a n c t i o n any p a r t i c u l a r s i z e o r s p e c i f i c geograph ica l l o c a t i o n of t h e i r r i g a t i o n command a r e a . However, t h e p lans f o r an i r r i g a t i o n command, a s submit ted by Guja ra t t o t h e NWDT (wi th t h e objec- t i v e of j u s t i f y i n g t h e g r e a t e s t p o s s i b l e need and, t h e r e f o r e , a l l o c a t i o n of w a t e r ) , q u i c k l y became a p o l i t i c a l r e a l i t y . I n a s e n s e , once t h e p l a n f o r t h e command a r e a was made p u b l i c , it expressed i m p l i c i t promises of f u t u r e i r r i g a t i o n s e r v i c e s t o p a r t i c u l a r zones of t h e s t a t e . Furthermore, t h e mandated e x t e n s i o n of t h e main cana l t o t h e Ra jas than border ( a l e n g t h of some 440 km), and i t s r e q u i r e d f u l l supply l e v e l of 91 m above sea l e v e l a t i t s head and 39.3 m a t the b o r d e r , c r e a t e d a s t r o n g argument t o inc lude a command a r e a c l o s e t o t h e maximum t h a t could reasonab ly be served by t h e c a n a l . The proposed n e t CCA i s 1.9 M ha.

S e q u e n t i a l Decis ionmakinq

4.15 The proposed p r o j e c t i s of an e x t r a o r d i n a r y l a r g e s c a l e and would t a k e more than two decades t o complete. Planning such p r o j e c t s invo lves major u n c e r t a i n t i e s and has t o proceed on t h e b a s i s of informat ion a v a i l a b l e a t any given moment. It i s f o r t h i s reason t h a t a d i s t i n c t i o n was made between d e c i s i o n s t h a t have t o be made f o r implementation t o s t a r t , d e c i s i o n s t h a t may be made immediately, and t h o s e t h a t should no t be made now and can awai t t h e emergence of new and b e t t e r in fo rmat ion a s t h e i n t e r l i n k e d planning and implementation p rocesses move a long . Major d e c i s i o n s t o be taken a t t h i s j u n c t u r e , however, should l e a v e s u f f i c i e n t f l e x i b i l i t y t o accommodate f u t u r e e v e n t s r e q u i r i n g c o r r e c t i o n s .

4.16 S t r a t e g i c Decis ions Before Implementation. During t h e p r o j e c t plan- n i n g , p r e p a r a t i o n , and a p p r a i s a l p r o c e s s , d e c i s i o n s were made on t h e following major i s s u e s :

( a ) adop t ion of a n assessment of water a v a i l a b i l i t y f o r consumptive use and of a planned s i z e of command a r e a ;

(b ) a l l o c a t i o n of a v a i l a b l e water t o i r r i g a t i o n and M & I u se ;

ANNEX 1 Page 28

( c ) i n t e r r e g i o n a l a l l o c a t i o n of i r r i g a t i o n wate r ;

( d l performance s tandards f o r t he i r r i g a t i o n s e r v i c e ;

( e l s i z i n g of t he conveyance and d i s t r i b u t i o n system i n terms of c apac i t y ;

( f ) use of v e r t i c a l d ra inage where pos s ib l e and i n t e g r a t i o n of groundwater through con junc t ive use ;

(g) c r i t e r i a f o r i n c l u s i o n of land i n t o command and f o r t reatment of marginal a r e a s ;

( h ) s i z i n g of power f a c i l i t i e s and t h e i r modes of ope ra t i on ;

4.17 'dater A v a i l a b i l i t y . P ro j ec t i ons of water a v a i l a b l e f o r d i v e r s i o n from Sardar Sarovar Reservoir and from o t h e r sources a r e d i scussed i n chap t e r 111. The adopt ion of an assessment of water a v a i l a b i l i t y a t a c e r t a i n dependab i l i t y determines the depth of i r r i g a t i o n ( d e l t a ) over t h e g iven command a r e a , once use f o r o the r purposes has been deducted, and bears on t he s i z i n g of t h e conveyance and d i s t r i b u t i o n systems. A dec i s i on was made t o inc lude only p r o j e c t i o n s of Narmada River water from Gujarat 's share and from nonshare su rp lu s wate r , of groundwater t h a t i t i s es t imated would have t o be developed by t he publ ic s e c t o r by v e r t i c a l d ra inage of t he d r a i n a b l e su rp lu s i n a s f a r a s i t i s of accep tab le q u a l i t y , and a minor q u a n t i t y of d i v e r s i o n from en r o u t e r i v e r s . Other p o t e n t i a l sources of water were c l a s s i f i e d a s I 1 f u t u r e op t ions" and would be sub j ec t t o f u r t h e r s tudy. The have been d i s - regarded i n p r e sen t planning of t h e system. Some 11,700 Mm' of pub l i c s e c t o r con t ro l l ed su r f ace and groundwater a e expected t o be a v a i l a b l e annua l ly a t 75% dependab i l i t y and some 13,500 Mm5 on t he average. Excluding water used f o r o t h e r purposes , i t i s assessed t h a t t h e p r o j e c t can provide a t l e a s t 500 mm of i r r i g a t i o n water ( a t main canalhead) over t he command a r e a i n t h r e e out of f ou r years and about 600 mm i n an average year . This would be supple- mented by some 100 mm of groundwater t o be pumped by pub l i c s e c t o r we l l s i.f d i s t r i b u t e d equa l l y over t he command a r ea . LI

4.18 S i ze of t h e Command Area. The g ro s s command a r e a of t h e p r o j e c t covers about 3.4 M ha , o r about 20% of t he t e r r i t o r y of Guja ra t s t a t e . It con ta ins t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t he t a l u k a s deemed drought prone according t o s eve ra l c r i t e r i a ( s e e SAR, v o l . 2, map IBRD 17811). P a r t s of t he command a r e a , i n Saurash t ra and Kutch, a r e not commanded by the main cana l under g r a v i t y , but a r e suppl ied by means of power d r o p l l i f t systems c ro s s ing depress ions . Given a c e r t a i n water supply, the s i z e of a command a r e a i s not uniquely determined, bu t depends on socioeconomic o b j e c t i v e s . A t f i r s t

11 The groundwater pumping by pub l i c we l l s f o r con junc t ive use would, i n - f a c t , be concentra ted on t h e a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r system of mainland Guja ra t where the a c t u a l d e l t a pumped would be about double t h i s e s t ima t e .

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g l a n c e , a s m a l l e r command may appear t o be more economical , s i n c e i t absorbs t h e same volume of water a t a lower c o s t of i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , but t h e r e a r e c o u n t e r a c t i n g f a c t o r s . Water spread more t h i n l y i s o f t e n used more e f f i - c i e n t l y and may have a h igher marginal p r o d u c t i v i t y than water more abun- d a n t l y supp l ied . The s o c i a l b e n e f i t s from spreading t h e water t o a l a r g e r number of farmers and t o t h e more a r i d and a g r i c u l t u r a l l y depressed a r e a s of S a u r a s h t r a , Kutch, and t h e nor thwes te rn reg ions of t h e s t a t e , compensate f o r agroeconomic d i sadvan tages . Opt imizat ion s t u d i e s have shown t h a t exc lus ion of some of t h e subzones of t h e command d i d no t improve t h e o v e r a l l economic n e t worth of t h e p r o j e c t a p p r e c i a b l y . For t h e s e r e a s o n s , and f o r more prag- mat ic p o l i t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ( s e e para 4 .14) , t h e CCA of about 1.9 M ha proposed by Guja ra t has been found a c c e p t a b l e .

4.19 A l l o c a t i o n of Water t o Municipal and I n d u s t r i a l Users. The NWDT l e f t i t t o t h e p a r t y s t a t e s t o dec ide what use they wanted t o make of t h e i r a l l o - c a t e d s h a r e s . U l t i m a t e l y , Guja ra t would have t o r e l y on p a r t of Marmada wate r s f o r MhI water supply , s i n c e f o r many of t h e v i l l a g e s and towns w i t h a growing p o p u l a t i o n , t h e r e would not be an a l t e r n a t i v e source . Demand projec- t i o n s f o r MhI wate r were made by t h e Guja ra t Water Supply and Sewerage Board t o t h e year 2021 and were compared t o e x i s t i n g and p o t e n t i a l sources o f

3 supply. An a d d i t i o n a l demand of about 1130 Mm / y e a r was p r o j e c t e d . Some 17% of t h i s was a-ssumed t o be a v a i l a b l e from groundwater and t h e remainder (940

3 & ) would have t o be taken from Narmada s u r f a c e wa te r . Not a l l of t h e demand thus supp l ied would be l o c a t e d i n s i d e t h e command; some MhI wate r would be t r a n s p o r t e d over c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e s t o p a r t i c u l a r l y needy a r e a s . The p r o j e c t e d emand of s u r f a c e wa te r a t t h e main canalhead i s es t imated a t 4 about 1 ,300 Mm . Since t h e demand would on ly g r a d u a l l y b u i l d up, t h e water a l l o c a t e d would be a v a i l a b l e f o r some t ime f o r i r r i g a t i o n . For p lann ing

3 purposes , 1,300 Mm / y e a r i s deducted from o v e r a l l s u r f a c e water a v a i l a b i l i t y t o a r r i v e a t a p lanned, u l t i m a t e a l l o c a t i o n t o i r r i g a t i o n . An optimum a l l o c a t i o n of water between i r r i g a t i o n and MhI use can hard ly be determined s i n c e t h e r e l a t i v e s o c i a l v a l u e s of i r r i g a t i o n wate r and MhI water a r e h i g h l y u n c e r t a i n . The p r e s e n t a l l o c a t i o n i s l i k e l y t o change i n the f u t u r e when o v e r a l l water a v a i l a b i l i t y , b e n e f i t s from i r r i g a t i o n , s o c i a l va lue of dr ink- ing w a t e r , and economic va lue of i n d u s t r i a l water a r e b e t t e r known.

4.20 I n t e r r e g i o n a l Water A l l o c a t i o n . The a l l o c a t i o n of s u r f a c e wa te r and p u b l i c l y developed groundwater t o t h e 1 3 r e g i o n s of t h e command a r e a i s r e l e v a n t t o d e c i s i o n s t h a t have t o be taken b e f o r e p r o j e c t implementation. I n t h e wides t s e n s e , t h i s a l l o c a t i o n should aim a t t h e g e n e r a t i o n of maximum s o c i a l and economic b e n e f i t s from a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s . Economic e f f i c i e n c y c r i t e r i a and s o c i a l o r d i s t r i b u t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s do no t n e c e s s a r i l y sugges t s i m i l a r r e g i o n a l p a t t e r n s of wa te r a l l o c a t i o n . From t h e economic v iewpoin t , those a r e a s t h a t can r e c y c l e system l o s s e s through pumping of u s a b l e groundwater should be favored , s i n c e they would use t h e imported wate r w i t h h i g h e s t o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y . Areas w i t h high s a l i n i t y groundwater o r inheren t groundwater d ra inage problems should r e c e i v e comparat ively l e s s t o avoid a d d i t i o n a l d r a i n a g e problems o r e x c e s s i v e d ra inage c o s t s . Areas w i t h low and p a r t i c u l a r l y e r r a t i c r a i n f a l l may be favored because inc rementa l b e n e f i t s

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from i r r i g a t i o n tend t o be h igher under such c i rcumstances . From a d i s t r i b u - t i o n a l v iewpoint , water a l l o c a t i o n i n d r i e r a r e a s may be s e t lower than i n w e t t e r a r e a s because farm s i z e s tend t o be cons iderab ly l a r g e r i n t he former. Equal per ha a l l o c a t i o n s would provide more water t o a farm family i n t h e d ry , nor thwestern p a r t s of t h e command, o r i n Saurash t ra and Kutch, than t o a fami ly i n the a r ea s between Nannada and Mahi r i v e r s . On t he o t h e r hand, favor ing farm a r e a s t h a t so f a r have been l a r g e l y disadvantaged would he lp t o even out e x i s t i n g r eg iona l imbalances.

4.21 The more immediate purpose of r eg iona l water a l l o c a t i o n i s r e l a t e d t o t he s i z i n g of system conveyance f a c i l i t i e s and t o t he p r o j e c t i o n of groundwater pumping requirements and p o t e n t i a l s . The r eg iona l a v a i l a b i l i t y of water de te rmines , t o some degree , t h e a r e a i r r i g a t e d i n any season, which i n t u r n i n f l uences t h e r eg iona l petik water demand used i n f a c i l i t y s i z i n g . While water a l l o c a t i o n and some s i z i n g dec i s i ons a r e modi f iab le , immediate dec i s i ons a r e needed f o r the design capac i t y of t he headreaches of t he main cana l and t he s i z i n g of t h e conveyance and d e l i v e r y systems i n t hose p a r t s of t he command t h a t have t o be designed f o r immediate implementation.

4.22 The NPG commissioned a s tudy exp lor ing t h e opt imal a l l o c a t i o n of s u r f a c e water from economic and s o c i a l v iewpoints . The model used f o r t h i s purpose i n t e g r a t e s , f o r each r eg ion , l i k e l y a l t e r n a t i v e crop mixes, optimum cropping p a t t e r n s f o r any given s u r f a c e water a v a i l a b i l i t y i n con junc t ion with f e a s i b l e and requ i red groundwater pumping, co s t of t h e cana l system a t va r i ous c a p a c i t i e s , and incremental ne t b e n e f i t s f o r d i f f e r e n t water a l l oca - t i o n s . The model t akes r a i n f a l l v a r i a b i l i t y i n t o account by running through a sequence of a c t u a l r a i n f a l l years . Drainage requirements a s a f unc t i on of su r f ace water use a r e made e x p l i c i t . Regional submodels a r e then l inked i n an i n t e r r e g i o n a l op t imiza t ion model t h a t e q u a l i z e s marginal socioeconomic r e t u r n s t o cana l water among reg ions . L/ While t h e r e s u l t s of t he model were not d i r e c t l y used i n f i n a l l y e s t a b l i s h i n g r eg iona l water s h a r e s , they were taken a s a s t a r t i n g po in t and f o r s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t s on t h e e f f e c t of including o r excluding c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l r eg ions . These t e s t s i nd i ca t ed t h a t under reasonable assumptions of t o t a l water a v a i l a b i l i t y , a l l r eg ions should r ece ive a supply. Even under low t o t a l water availability.assumptions, t h e oppor tun i ty c o s t s of inc lud ing t he marginal reg ions d i d not amount t o more than about 1% of o v e r a l l n e t b e n e f i t s .

4.23 Performance Standards f o r I r r i g a t i o n Serv ice . The development of i r r i g a t i o n i n t he SSP would reach i ts f u l l ma tu r i t y more than 20 yea r s i n t o t he f u t u r e . A g r i c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s , c rops , and cropping p a t t e r n s then would not be t he same a s today; w i tne s s t h e change t h a t has a l r e ady come about over r e cen t decades. It i s imperat ive t h a t t he p r o j e c t be planned and designed f o r the l i k e l y needs and o p p o r t u n i t i e s of a g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e f u t u r e , a s f a r a s they can be perceived. Two groups of f a c t o r s appear r e l e v a n t i n t h a t

11 For a more d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n , s e e P ro j ec t F i l e : NPG, Development P l an , - Cropping P a t t e r n and Water Requirements, vo l . 2 , chap t e r 5 , May 1983.

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c o n t e x t : those t h a t determine cropping p a t t e r n s and t h o s e r e l a t e d t o l i k e l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of f u t u r e c rops and v a r i e t i e s . Subs i s t ence farming i s r a p i d l y d i s a p p e a r i n g i n Guja ra t and about 80% of p roduc t ion i s d e s t i n e d f o r t h e market . Farmers' d e c i s i o n s a r e t h e r e f o r e l i k e l y t o respond t o market f o r c e s . Although p a r t of p roduc t ion i s expor ted ( c o t t o n , f r u i t s , v e g e t a b l e s , and s p i c e s ) , i t would probably be t h e l o c a l and domestic demand t h a t d e t e r - mines market p r o s p e c t s . It appears t h a t t h e h i g h e s t growth r a t e s would be seen i n f r u i t s , v e g e t a b l e s , v e g e t a b l e o i l , s p i c e s , p u l s e s , and d a i r y p r o d u c t s . 4.24 A s h i f t towards high-value cash crops has been t a k i n g p l a c e i n Guja ra t s i n c e Independence. Already foodgra ins account f o r on ly one- th i rd of t h e v a l u e of ou tpu t from i r r i g a t e d a r e a s i n t h e s t a t e . Guja ra t has expand- i n g , well-developed urban markets and p r o c e s s i n g systems w i t h good a c c e s s . The s t a t e has a c l e a r comparative advantage f o r c a s h c rops t h a t i s l i k e l y t o grow s t r o n g e r i n t h e f u t u r e . Consequently, t h e SSP has t o be planned f o r t h e needs of high-value cash crops t h a t a r e a l s o h i g h l y wa te r r e spons ive . Farmers would no t grow high-value, i n p u t - i n t e n s i v e and w a t e r - s e n s i t i v e c rops u n l e s s t h e water supply is a s s u r e d , t i m e l y , and r e l i a b l e . Th i s r e q u i r e s a system w i t h a h igh l e v e l of c o n t r o l and f l e x i b i l i t y , approaching t h e charac- t e r i s t i c s of p r i v a t e groundwater f a c i l i t i e s .

4.25 Performance O b j e c t i v e s : From t h e fo rego ing o b s e r v a t i o n s , t h e fo l lowing performance o b j e c t i v e s have been s t i p u l a t e d f o r t h e p r o j e c t :

( a ) t h e wa te r supply would be r e l i a b l e f o r each i n d i v i d u a l farmer so a s t o induce c u l t i v a t i o n of high-value c rops ;

( b ) t h e wa te r supply would be t ime ly i n o r d e r t o r e a l i z e t h e i n h e r e n t p o t e n t i a l of such c rops ; and

( c ) t h e o p e r a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e system would be r e s p o n s i v e and f l e x i b l e s o a s t o c a t e r t o d i v e r s i f i e d cropping p a t t e r n s w l ~ h l o c a l l y v a r y i n g demands, and should be a d a p t a b l e , a s c l o s e a s i s p r a c t i c l e , t o a demand system.

4.26 The amount of wa te r a v a i l a b l e f o r i r r i g a t i o n i s no t l a r g e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e a r e a t o be se rved . Conveyance and f i e l d a p p l i c a t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s , systems o p e r a t i o n s and a l l o c a t i o n t o c rops a r e of p a r t i c u l a r importance. One consequence of t h i s i s t h e d e c i s i o n t o l i n e t h e e n t i r e conveyance system down t o t h e 8-ha l e v e l . Based on measurements i n v a r i o u s I n d i a n i r r i g a t i o n systems, l i n i n g t h e system i n t h i s way would reduce seepage l o s s e s i n channels from about 40% t o 20%. Also impor tan t , a l i n e d system a l lows more recog- n i z a b l e permanence, e a s i e r o p e r a t i o n , and a h igher degree of wa te r c o n t r o l and e q u i t y i n d i s t r i b u t i o n than an un l ined one.

4.27 Economy of wa te r use on t h e farm depends on d e l i v e r y of wa te r i n t h e " r i g h t " amount and a t t h e " r i g h t " t ime. Moreover, f a rmers should be f r e e t o choose t h e i r c rops . E f f i c i e n t on-farm use can be promoted by a l l o c a t i n g a s p e c i f i c volume of wa te r p e r u n i t a r e a of h o l d i n g , wi thou t any c o n s t r a i n t s a s

ANNEX 1 Page 32

t o t h e c rops it should be used f o r . S t r i c t vo lumet r ic a l l o c a t i o n of i r r i g a - t i o n water has been adopted f o r t h e p r o j e c t . This i s expected t o r e s u l t i n h i g h e r wa te r use e f f i c i e n c y , e q u i t y , and e a s i e r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e procedures i n assessment and c o l l e c t i o n of water charges . Concurrent ly wi th vo lumet r ic a l l o c a t i o n , farmers ' r i g h t s t o water would be e s t a b l i s h e d , d i f f e r e n t i a t e d according t o c l a s s e s of d e p e n d a b i l i t y of t h e wa te r .

4 . 2 8 S i z i n g of Conveyance and Del ive ry Systems. The adop t ion of d e s i g n c a p a c i t i e s f o r c a n a l s and d i s t r i b u t i o n channels i s a c r i t i c a l d e c i s i o n i n a s f a r i t may be d i f f i c u l t and expensive t o change t h e s i z i n g once f a c i l i t i e s have been b u i l t . The degree of f l e x i b i l i t y and q u a l i t y of t h e i r r i g a t i o n s e r v i c e depends t o a g r e a t e x t e n t on t h e s i z i n g d e c i s i o n . Given t h e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e command a r e a , t h e o b j e c t i v e i n de te rmin inb des ign c a p a c i t i e s i s no t only t o c a t e r t o t h e es t imated "normal" peak demand, bu t a l s o t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o s a t i s f y p e r i o d i c occurrences of e x t r a o r d i n a r y demands due t o prolonged drought dur ing t h e r a i n y season. In a r e a s of normally good r a i n f a l l , c rops would be s e l e c t e d by farmers cor responding ly , and f a i l u r e of r a i n s would weigh more h e a v i l y . The c r i t i c a l pe r iods a r e u s u a l l y t h e l a s t f o r t n i g h t of August and t h e f i r s t h a l f of September, bo th i n terms of drought s p e l l s and of c rop s e n s i t i v i t y . It is n o t r e a s o n a b l e , however, t o d e s i g n f o r a simultaneous drought peak over t h e e n t i r e command, s i n c e such event has been shown t o occur r e l a t i v e l y r a r e l y . It has been es t imated t h a t i n o r d e r t o p r o t e c t c rops cover ing 70% of t h e command a a i n s t such drought would 5 r e q u i r e a main c a n a l c a p a c i t y of about 1,550 m / s a t t h e head.

4 .29 The de te rmina t ion of an "optimum" c a n a l c a p a c i t y i s d i f f i c u l t because of t h e l a r g e number of f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g such optimum and t h e u n c e r t a i n t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h them. Such f a c t o r s a r e , among o t h e r s :

( a ) t h e water a v a i l a b i l i t y t o Guja ra t from Sardar Sarovar Reservo i r , both by seasons and over t ime;

( b ) t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l water a l l o c a t i o n ;

( c ) t h e l i k e l y cropping p a t t e r n s f o r i r r i g a t e d c rops t h a t would emerge 3ver t ime i n t h e d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s of t h e command;

( d ) groundwater pumping c a p a c i t y , bo th p u b l i c and p r i v a t e , t o supplement t h e c a p a c i t y of s u r f a c e water conveyance and i t s s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n ;

( e ) n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l water demand and i t s inc idence over space , t ime , and seasons ;

( f ) t h e frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n of c o i n c i d i n g peak demands due t o drought s i t u a t i o n s ; and

(g ) t h e inc rementa l c o s t s of conveyance and of pumping c a p a c i t y , and t h e c o s t s of crop f a i l u r e s a t v a r i o u s degrees of under- supply *

ANNEX 1 .Page 33

4.30 Extensive model s t u d i e s have been undertaken L/ t o d e f i n e an' "optimum" capac i t y f o r t h e main canal 's headreaches. The models a t tempted t o account f o r t h e major f a c t o r s i n f l uenc ing such dec i s i ons a s we l l a s f o r t h e dynamic na tu r e of t h e problem. While t h e s t u d i e s d id no t come up w i th a unique answer, they suggested neve r the l e s s t h e l i k e l y range f o r t h e main canal 's c apac i t y of about 1,070 t o 1,240 m 3 / s a t t h e head depending on assumptions. The u n c e r t a i n t y regard ing groundwater pumping capac i t y was e x p l i c i t l y taken i n t o account by e s t a b l i s h i n g po in t s of "minimum maximum r e g r e t " f o r adopt ing a nonoptimal s o l u t i o n . I n t h e f i n a l g n a l y s i s , t h e pumping capac i t y was allowed t o vary between 340 and 450 m / s i n a r ea s of usab le roundwater. On t h e b a s i s of t h e s e r e s u l t s , a des ign capac i t y of 5 1,130 m / s was adopted f o r t h e main cana l i n t he headreaches. S tud ies a r e being continued t o f i rm up dec i s i ons on t h e c a p a c i t i e s of in te rmedia te reaches .

4.31 For p r a c t i c a l de s ign purposes , l i k e l y maximum a rea s t o be served i n each r eg ion have been es t imated on t h e b a s i s of p ro j ec t ed water a l l o c a t i o n s t o t he r eg ions , and t h e l i k e l y peak demands f o r such maximum a r e a s . Main cana l c a p a c i t i e s f o r each reach would be determined by t he r e s u l t i n g superim- posed, s imul taneous hydrographs of peak demand from a l l branches downstream of t h e reach. Groundwater a v a i l a b i l i t y and capac i t y would be taken i n t o account f o r each reg ion and branch a s f a r a s i t can be reasonably p r o j e c t e d , and would reduce t h e peak demand f o r t h e r e s p e c t i v e branches. A l l main cana l cross-drainage s t r u c t u r e s would be designed t o a l a r g e r capac i ty than t h e corresponding reach of the cana l .

4.32 As a r u l e , conveyance c a p a c i t i e s per u n i t a r ea served would be l a r g e r f o r branches and d i s t r i b u t a r i e s than f o r t h e main cana l . Limits have, however, been s e t on c a p a c i t i e s of branches and d i s t r i b u t a r i e s (minimum 0.6 l / s e c / h a , maximum 0.8 l / s e c / h a ) and on d e l i v e r y c a p a c i t i e s w i t h i n t h e minor system (0.9 l / s e c / h a ) . Again, reasonably p ro j ec t ed pub l i c groundwater pumping c a p a c i t y , t o be int roduced a t t h e head of t h e minor system, would be considered t o modify i nd iv idua l c a p a c i t i e s . Furthermore, s a f e t y f a c t o r s would be app l i ed t o nominal des ign c a p a c i t i e s t o a l low f o r i naccu rac i e s i n a c t u a l des ign and cons t ruc t i on . These f a c t o r s vary from 15% f o r t he sma l l e s t channels t o 5% f o r branches.

4.33 The Need f o r Groundwater Drainage and Conjunctive Use.' Surface water i r r i g a t i o n schemes change t he groundwater rechar'ge regime i n t h e a r e a s t h a t they se rve . Water i s i n e v i t a b l y l o s t t o deep p e r c o l a t i o n i n cana l s and i n

1/ See P r o j e c t F i l e : Operat ions Research Group, Baroda, "Study on t h e Main - Canal System f o r t h e Narmada I r r i g a t i o n P ro j ec t i n Gujarat" , v o l . 1 (1980) and v o l . 2 (1981).

2/ Maximum i r r i g a t e d crop a r e a i n a season may vary between 60% and 80% of - command i n t h e va r i ous r eg ions .

ANNEX 1 Page 34

farmers ' f i e l d s even i n kiighly e f f i c i e n t schemes. Such water would, over t ime, c r e a t e a r i s e of t h e groundwater t a b l e (2nd even tua l l y secondary s o i l s a l i n i t y ) i f i t is not d ra ined . I n planning t h e p r o j e c t , a t t e n t i o n was pa id t o t h i s p o t e n t i a l hazard and a q u i f e r system s imula t ion model s t u d i e s were c a r r i e d ou t f o r t h e Narmada-Mahi doab ( t h e f i r s t p a r t of t h e command t o be s e rvea ) t o a s s e s s t he response of groundwater t o the import of su r f ace water over time. The s t u d i e s showed t h a t groundwater d ra inage problems may i n f a c t a r i s e q u i t e r a p i d l y i n p a r t s of t he command.

4 . 3 4 In an ex tens ive a r ea of t he p r o j e c t i n mainlana Gu ja r a t , the v e r t i c a l d ra inage technique by pumpirlg from we l l s could be app l ied f o r removal of excess groundwater. The a q u i f e r system i s s u i t a b l e f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n of l a r g e capac i t y pub l i c tubewel l s . Moreover, t he groundwater pumped f o r d ra inage can augment t h e i r r i g a t i o n wa~ter supply i f i t i s of usable q u a l i t y f o r d i r e c t use o r f o r blending. Pumping i n good q u a l i t y groundwater a r ea s would, t h e r e f o r e , have a double b e n e f i t : prevent ion of water logging condi t ions and i nc r ea se i n t he o v e r ~ l l e f f i c i e n c y of t h e system by r ecyc l i ng p a r t of system lo s se s f o r i r r i g a t i o n .

4 . 3 5 Groundwater development would, a s a ma t t e r of p r i n c i p l e , be l e f t t o t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r i n t he f i r s t i n s t ance i n a r e a s where t h e wate r i s of good q u a l i t y . The p r o j e c t a u t h o r i t y would, however, c l o s e l y monitor t h e movement of water t a b l e s i n a l l a r e a s . As need f o r groundwater d ra inage a r i s e s i n a r ea s where publ ic tubewel ls a r e f e a s i b l e , pub l i c augmentation w e l l s o r we l l s purely f o r d ra inage ( i n s a l i o e groundwater a r e a s ) wocld be i n s t a l l e d be fo r e t h e water t a b l e reaches a c r i t i c a l l e v e l . In a r ea s where a pub l ic s e c t o r v e r t i c a l d ra inage s o l u t i o n is not pos s ib l e , a ho r i zon t a l d ra inage system would be i n s t a l l e d t o d i spose of excess groundwater. The SSP would thus be t h e f i r s t i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t i n Ind ia o r i g i n a l l y planned f o r con junc t ive use and f o r groundwater d ra inage .

4 .36 Fur ther s t u d i e s a r e requ i red t o dev ise a system of i ncen t i ve s f o r t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r t o develop groundwater on i t s own. The dra inage b e n e f i t i s no t an i ncen t i ve t o the i nd iv idua l fa rmers , s i nce groundwater a ra inage problems a r e o f t e o not recognized and, more impor tan t ly , s i n c e t h e b e n e f i t s accrue t o t he community r a t h e r than t o t he i nd iv idua l . One i ncen t i ve may be the r e l a t i v e l y low o v e r a l l water a v a i l a b i l i t y from cana l s t h a t may be con- s i de r ab ly enhances, both i n volume and i n f u r t h e r f l e x i b i l i t y , by supplement- ing it from p r i v a t e we l l s . This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e f o r farmers growing perenn ia l crops t h a t would no t be supported e n t i r e l y from the cana l system.

4 .37 Flood Drainage. A f lood dra inage system extending back t o t h e 40-ha l e v e l would be i n s t a l l e d s imul taneously with t h e i r r i g a t i o n water d e l i v e r y system. I n a d d i t i o n , smal l f eeder d ra inage d i t c h e s should be incorpora ted p a r a l l e l and ad jacen t t o subminor channels where crop p r o t e c t i o n i s needed, from about t h e 8-ha l e v e l . This procedure would be followed dur ing implemen- t a t i o n of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and dra inage system's development blocks a s a means of a s s i s t i n g farmers by enhancing l o c a l su r f ace d ra inage and simultaneously minimizing rights-of-way requiremerlts and c o s t s of earthwork bor- row. However, a r a inage works requ i red f o r p r o t e c t i o n of i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s w i l l do much t o meet t h i s need. Excess p r e c i ~ i t a t i o n from storms woold be removed i n a manner t h a t precludes unsccep tab le daorage t o c rops and

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t o i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . Th i s would be t h e f i r s t t h e i n I n d i a t h a t a s u r f a c e water d e l i v e r y and f l o o d d ra inage system has been designed f o r simultaneous implementation.

4.38 The Power Component. I n September 1482, CEA completed a long term power expansion p l a n f o r each of t h e f i v e r e g i o n a l power systems i n I n d i a , inc lud ing t h e Western Region. Genera l ly , the r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t the p l a n emphasizing hydropower development was t h e l e a s t c o s t among o t h e r s t h a t included thermal a l t e r n a t i v e s . I n t h e Western Region expansion program, Sardar Sarovar was t r e a t e d a s a committed p r o j e c t w i t h a t o t a l c a p a c i t y of 1 ,450 MW and conven t iona l u n i t s . There fore , i n o roer t o confirm t h a t t h e p r o j e c t belongs t o t h e l e a s t c o s t expansion, t h e Western Region expansion program was updated dur ing a p p r a i s a l t o : ( a ) t r e a t t h e p r o j e c t a s v a r i a b l e ; ( b ) t ake i u t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n s l i p p a g e s t h a t have occurred i n ongoing and f u t u r e p r o j e c t s s i n c e t h e p lan was prepared; ( c ) update aemand f o r e c a s t s ; ( d ) use ecoriomic c o s t s ; and ( e ) in t roduce the r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s o p t i o n . The e l e c t r i c power supply and aemand s i t u a t i o n i n I n d i a , and i n the k e s t e r n Region i s f u l l y documented i n annex 9 , c h a p t e r I V .

4.39 To confirm t h a t t h e p r o j e c t is the l e a s t c o s t s o l u t i o n , t h e p resen t worth of the economic c o s t of t h e expansion program w i t h Sardar S6rovar was compared w i t h t h e most r e a l i s t i c a l t e r n a t i v e plan wi thout the proposed p r o j e c t . The p r a c t i c a l a l t e r n a t i v e t o Sardar Sarovar would be a minemouth thermal p l a n t i n the bindhyachal a r e a and a load c e n t e r thermal f a c i l i t y . l o c a t e d near Sardar Sarovar , wt ich would f u n c t i o n a s a base-load p l a n t d i s - p l a c i n g o l d thermal u n i t s towaras more of a peaking mode of o p e r a t i o n . With h igher o p e r a t i o n a l a v a i l a b i l i t y of hydro u n i t s than t h e m a l u n i t s , a the rmal e q u i v a l e n t of 2,000 MW, based on c u r r e n t s t a t i s t i c s f o r I n d i a , was c a l c u l a t e d f o r S a r d a r Sarovar f o r use i n comparisons. Allowance was a l s o made f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s f o r each a l t e r n a t i v e , i n accoroance wi th the average l o s s e s i n t h e r e g i o n (18%).

4.40 The fo l lowing r e s u l t s f a v o r the i n c l u s i o n of Sardar Sarovar wi th r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s i n t o t h e l e a s t c o s t program:

P lan P r e s e n t Value (Rs M i l l i o n ) 8% 1 OX 12%

Expansion wi th thermal o p t i o n 87,700 71,lUU 59,000

Expansion w i t h Sardar Sarovar - Conventional u n i t s 77,600 63,300 52,400

Expansion wi th Sardar Sarovs r - Revers ib le u n i t s 75,700 61,700 51,500

For t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s 100% of c o s t of t h e r e s e r v o i r was a l l o c a t e d t o t h e . power component.

4.41 The v i a b i l i t y of i n s t a l l i n g r e v e r s i b l e t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r u n i t s i n . t h e KBPH wss examined and found t o be a t t r a c t i v e . This i s aue e s s e n t i a l l y t o c o n d i t i o n s t h a t cause flows f o r conven t iona l p l a n t o p e r z t i o n t o decrease over

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t ime i n phase w i t h ups t ream development ; arid p r o j e c t e d s h o r t a g e s of peaicing c a p a c i t y t o occu r i n t h e h e s t e r n Region c o i r c i d e n t a l l y w i t h e x c e s s o f f -peak eriergy a v a i l a b i l i t y . Three d i f f e r e n t a n a l y s e s were p r e p a r e d i n t h i s r e g a r d :

( a ) S tudy of t h e i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t s of g o i n g f rom c o n v e n t i o n a l t o r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s ( i n c l u a i n g c o s t s of pumpback back ene rgy and a d d i t i o n a l c i v i l works needed ) ;

( b ) S tudy of a v a i l a b i l i t y of s u ~ f i c i e n t o ~ f - p e a k ene rgy i n t h e w e s t e r n sys tem t o s u s t a i n pump-back o p e r a t i o n s ; and

( c ) A b i l i t y of t h e w e s t e r n sys tem t o a b s o r b t h e peak ene rgy o u t p u t when o p e r a t i n g i n t h e g e n e r a t i n g moae.

Ylie r e s u l t s i n u i c a t e t h a t a RBPh w i t h s i x 2 ~ 0 Pihl r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s have sub- s t a n t i a l sys tem c o s t s s a v i n g s arid t h a t enough o r£ peak pumpirig ene rgy i s

a v a i l a b l e i n t h e sys tem f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e p l a r l t i n t h e pumping mode. I n a a a i t i o n , t h e sys tem 1 s a b l e t o a b s o r b a l l t h e peak ing ene rgy produced a t S a r d h r S a r o v a r . I n p l a n n i n g f o r r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s , i t was assuEed t h a t t h e u n i t s would be u sed f o r pumpback o p e r a t i o n s o n l y t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e f i r m power l o a d f a c t o r of t h e RBYh would f a i l below 25% and s o t h a t t h i s l o a a f a c t o r would be k e p t e x a c t l y a t 252. Consequen t ly , t h e reversible f a c i l i t y i s o n l y b e i n g usea from t h e t e n t h yeb r of o p e r a t i o n onwara. T h i s a s sumpt ion i s u n n e c e s s a r i l y r e s t r i c t i v e and was changed i n t h e economic a n a l y s i s . A compar ison of f i r m ene rgy produced by pumpback between t h e a i f f e r e n t s c e n a r i o s i s g i v e n i n nnliex 4 , t a b l e 1 6 . u b v i o u s l y , t h e economic j u s t i f l c a - t i o n of r e v e r s i b l e becomes s t r o n g e r t h e e a r l i e r t h e y & r e used .

4.42 The u n i t s i z e s o t t h e t u r b i n e - g e n e r a t o r s f o r each p l a n t were r e v i s e a from s i z e s p roposed by bWDT i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e f o i l o w i n g p r i n c i p a l a s p e c t s : t h e c o s t p e r kw of a i f f e r e n t u n i t s i z e s , t h e e f f e c t of a i f f e r e n t u n i t s i z e s on t h e c o s t of c i v i l works , t h e s i z e of u n i t s p r e s e n t l y i n opera- t i o n o r unae r ~ a n u f a c t u r e f o r s i m i l a r o p e r a t i n g c o n a i t i o n s , s p a c e l i m i t a t i o n s a t t h e s i t e , equipment t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o x i s t r a i n t s , a n d , w e s t e r n g r i d r e g u l a - t i o n n e e d s . Basea on t h e s e a n a l y s e s s 2UO-FiW u n i t s i z e was s e i e c t e a f o r t h e REYH ana Ly s i m i l a r c o ~ i s i u e r a t i o n s a 5U-rik s i z e was s e l e c t e a f o r t h e CHYH. F ' i n a l l y , t h e upper l i m i t s impose^ on t h e p l a n t c a p a c i t i e s a r e 1 , 2 0 0 lfiW f o r t h e RBYH and 230 Pik f o r t h e CHPH, b o t h aue t o g e o l o g i c a l c o n s t r a i n t s and s p a c e r e s t r i c t i o n s . An a a d i t i o n a l a n a l y s i s was per formed t o a e t e r m i n e t h e optimum c a p a c i t y of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n . The i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t s t o t h e sys t em, when p r o j e c t s of l e s s t h a n 1200 P i W were l n c l u a e d , were calculates a t d i f - f e r e n t a i s c o u n t r a t e s . l h e a n a l y s i s was p r e p a r e a f o r t h e b a s i c s c e n a r i o of ups t ream i r r i g a t i o n ~ e v e l o p m e n t o c c u r i n g a s f i r s t p r e s c r i b e a by t h e hWLT and t e s t e d a g a i n s t s c e n a r i ~ s of 5-and 10-year d e l a y s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n f i r s t s t a g e i r r i g a t i o n aeve lopment . The r e s u l t s f o r each a i s c o u n t r a t e f a v o r e a a 1,2bO Mh RBPH i n s t a l l a t i o n . F u r t h e r , t i l i s c o ~ l c l u s i o n would be even more s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t e d i n t h e l i k e l y e v e n t t h a t ups t r eam aevelopment were a c t u a l l y d e l a y e d beyona 1ukDT as sumpt ions . k e s u l t s we re a s f o l l o w s , where i t can be s e e n t h a t capacities below 1200 bW r e s u l t i n a h i g h e r p r e s e n t wor th of s y s t e n e x p a n s i o n :

ANNEX 1 Page 37

b i s c o u n t ate C a p a c i t y Om)

Net I n c r e m e n t a l System C o s t s (M K S , p r e s e n t v a l ~ e )

4 .43 With r e s p e c t t o t h e f i n a l optimum c a p a c i t y of t h e CHPh, i t a p p e a r s t h a t f o u r t o f i v e u n i t s can be j u s t i f i e d a s t h e r e i s l i t t l e a i f f e r e n c e between c o s t s a v i n g s s o d e r i v e d . F i v e u n i t s would i n c r e a s e t h e i l e x i b i l i t y of t h e p l a n t o p e r t i t i o n . However, i f SSP i r r i g a t i o n aeve lopment o c c u r s a t a s l o w e r pace . than assumed by lukD'I', s t a g e d i n s t a l l a t i o n wouid be p r e f e r r e d s t a r t i f i g w i t h , s a y , t h r e e u n i t s i n i t i a l l y . Given t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of r t r e g u l a t i u n i n t h e downstream porlas and a r e l a t i v e i y low d a i i y p l a n t f a c t o r of 15-302 (depend ing upon t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e i r r i g a t i o n s e a s o n ) , t h e ChYH woula q u a l i f y a s a peak ing f a c i l i t y f o r pu rposes of sys t em o p e r a t i o n .

. THE PLAhNEU PKOJECT

P h y s i c a i F e a t u r e s of t h e S a r a a r S a r o v a r P r o i e c t

5 .01 The SSP a s p r e s e n t l y t o r m u l a t e a would De based on a dam on t h e Nar- u a a K ive r and r e l a t e d conveyance facilities and w o u l d ' h a v e t h e f u n c t i o n s of i r r i g a t i o n , hydropower, and M&I w a t e r s u p p l y (map I B K U 17641) . The aam ana power complex would be l o c a t e d n e a r bavagam v i l l a g e a b o u t 45 km u p s t r e a m from t h e Gulf of Cambay. The a r r angemen t of p r i n c i p a l f e a t u r e s of t h e com- p l e x a r e shown on map IBRD 17692. The dam would c r e a t e a r e s e r v o i r w i t h l i v e s t o r a g e oi: 5 , 8 0 0 bimJ ( 4 .72 W F ) t h a t would e x t e n d a b o u t 210 km up t h e ha r -

2 n a a a v a l l e y anu would sclbmerge a n a r e a o r 410 Km . 'l'he p r o j e c t would c r e a t e a command a r e a f u r i r r i g a t i o n of 1 .9 M ha w i t h i n G u j a r a t and abou t 70 ,000 ha i n k a j a s t h a n . The power f a c i l i t i e s , s e r v i n g G u j a r a t , kip, and h a h i i r a s h t r a , woula have an i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y ot' 1450 PIN. The c a n a l sys t em would convey R a j a s t h a n ' s s h a r e of h a r n a a a w a t e r t o t h e s t a t e b o r d e r ana a i s t r i b u t e ha1 w a t e r w i t h i n G u j a r a t .

5.02 The Dam. The S a r a a r S a r o v a r Dam would be a g r a v i t y mass -conc re t e s t r u c t u r e t h a t would r i s e t o a h e i g h t of 157 m above t h e d e e p e s t f o u n d a t i o n l e v e l o r 128 .5 m above s t r eambed . The c r e s t l e n g t h would be 1210 m. The g a t e d s p i l i w a y compr i se s a s e r v i c e s p i l l w a y c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d o v e r t h e chan- n e l s e c t i o n and a n a u x i l i a r y s p i l l w a y l o c a t e d on t h e l e f t f l a n k . For normal o p e r a t i o n s , t h e s e r v i c e s p i l l w a y would have 23 g a t e s w i t h a n a g g r e g a t e l e n g t h of 524 m and a s l o p i n g a p r o n w i t h h y d r a u l i c jump f o r ene rgy d i s s i p a t i o n . The a u x i l i a r y s p i l l w a y f o r abnormal o r emergency f l o o d o p e r a t i o n s would u t i l i z e a c h u t e w r t h a e f l e c t o r Duckets t o r ene rgy d i s r u p t i o n and wuula have seven g a t e s w i t h a I i a g g r e g a t e l e n g t h o r 160 m.

ANNEX 1 Page 38 -

5.03 Power F a c i l i t i e s . There would be power g e n e r a t i n g f a c i l i t i e s on t h e main dam a t r i v e r b e d and on t h e r e s e r v o i r o u t l e t t o t h e main c a n a l . The RBPH would be l o c a t e d underground on t h e r i g h t bank of t h e r i v e r . I t would accommodate s i x r e v e r s i b l e t u r b i n e - g e n e r a t o r u n i t s each of 200 hW c a p a c i t y t h a t would n e c e s s i t a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a downstream w e i r a t Garudeshwar f o r t h e pumping mode o p e r a t i o n . The CHPH l o c a t e d on t h e r i g h t bank, would be a s u r f a c e s t a t i o n of c o n v e n t i o n a l t ype accommodating f i v e c o n v e n t i o n a l t u r - b ine -gene ra to r u n i t s each o i 50 hW c a p a c i t y . The powerhouses would o p e r a t e through a common s w i t c h y a r d , and h i g h v o l t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s would be provided t o convey ene rgy t o t h e b o r d e r s of MP and Maharash t ra .

5.04 R o c k f i l l Dams and R e r e g u l a t i o n Ponds. Ke leases th rough t h e CHPH would be r e g u l a t e d above t h e main c a a l h e a a r e g u l a t o r i n f o u r i n t e r c o n v e c t i n g 5 3 ponds w i t h a t o t a l c a p ~ c i t y of 63 Mm , and a n a c t i v e c a p a c i t y of 13 Mm . An i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l would connect t h e minor r e s e r v o i r s t o t h e main r e s e r v o i r f o r d e l i v e r y of i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r i n emergency s i t u a t i o n s when t h e CHPH i s not ope ra t - ing , i n c l u d i n g w h e n r e s e r v o i r l e v e l s p reven t r e l e a s e s through t h e powerhouse.

5.05 Main Canal . The main c a n a l would be l i n e d w i t h u n r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e and would ex tend ove r a d i s t a n c e of 440 km t o t h e R a j a s t h a n b o r d e r . It would have a head c a p a c i t y of 1 , 1 3 0 cumecs and would d e l i v e r 71 cumecs a t t h e R a j a s t h a n b o r d e r . There would be n i n e t e e n ma jo r r i v e r c r o s s i n g s , 244 r a i l w a y and road c r o s s i n g s , and 31 branch c a n a l o f f t a k e s , and a s s o r t e d o t h e r c r o s s d r a i n a g e , c r o s s r e g u l a t o r , , e s c a p e , and c o n b i n a t i o r s t r u c t u r e s . I u t o t a l , t h e r e would be 422 c a n a l s t r u c t u r e s . The cana lheaa r e g u l a t o r , c r o s s r e g u l a t o r s , and branch c a n a l t u r n o u t s would be r a d i a l g a t e d s t r u c t u r e s .

5.06 Branch Canals . These e l emen t s of t h e conveyance system would be c o n c r e t e l i n e d and would have channel c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , i n - l i n e r e g u l a t i o n s t r u c t u r e s and t u r n o u t s t o d i s t r i b u t a r i e s s i m i l a r t o t h e main c a n a l . On bo th t h e S a u r a s h t r a and Kutch b r a n c h e s , i t i s p lanned t h a t t h e r e would be i n - l i n e hydropower g e n e r a t i o n s t a t i o n s a t d rops on t h e f a l l i n g r e a c h e s of t h e c a n a l s on t h e mainland, an6 i n - l i n e p u m p l i f t s t a t i o n s on t h e r i s i n g ground i n t o S a u r a s h t r a and Kutch.

5.07 D i s t r i b u t a r i e s . The a i c t r i b u t a r i e s would be c o n c r e t e l i n e d and would convey w a t e r t o v i l l a g e s e r v i c e a r e a s . Cross r e g u l a t i o n s t r u c t u r e s would be r a d i a l g a t e d and s e r v i c e a r e a t u r n o u t s would be th rough an a a j u s t a b l e f low d e v i c e w i t h au open / shu t g a t e immediately ups t ream.

5.08 S e r v i c e Area D i s t r i b u t i o n System. A f r e e d r a i n i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n sys tem would be p rov ided t o farm t u r n o u t s w i t h i n v i l l a g e s e r v i c e a r e a s (SA) of 200 t o 500 ha . It would be i n l i n e d c a n a l s o r p i p e s down t o about 8 ha and i n u n l i n e d channe l s from 8 ha t o t h e farm t u r n o u t s .

5.04 Groundwater Dra inage and Con junc t ive Use. Groundwater d r a i n a g e i n t h e a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a s of mainland G u j a r a t ( abou t 60% o f . t h e command a r e a ) would by ensu red by p r o j e c t c o n s t r u c t e a v e r t i c a l d r a i n a g e w e l l s . Water pumpea, which i s of q u a l i t y s u i t a b l e f o r i r r i g a t i o n , would be conveyed t o t h e

ANNEX 1 Page 39

head of an a d j a c e n t SA through p ipes and in t roduced i n t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n system t o augment s u r f a c e water f lows. Unusable q u a l i t y d ra inage water would be disposed o r . The pumps would be energized from the main power system and p r o v i s i o n of t r ansmiss ion and t rans format ion would form p a r t of the p r o j e c t .

5.10 Flood Drainage. An open channel f l o o d d ra inage system c o n s i s t i n g of improved n a t u r a l d r a i n s and a r t i f i c i a l d r a i n s would be c o n s t r u c t e a t o t h e 40-ha l e v e l w i t h i n t h e command a r e a .

5.11 Communications and Computer Backup. A looped communication system would be provided between the p r o j e c t c o n t r o l c e n t e r , a r e a c o n t r o l c e n t e r s , and a l l flow c o n t r o l p o i n t s from the r e s e r v o i r t o t h e SA t u r n o u t . A l l such flow c o n t r o l p o i n t s would be monitored w i t h s u i t a b l e sens ing d e v i c e s through computers l o c a t e d a t a r e a c o n t r o l c e n t e r s and t h e p r o j e c t c o n t r o l c e n t e r . A l l flow c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s of c a p a c i t y of 8 .5 cumecs of g r e a t e r would be equipped f o r remote c o n t r o l o p e r a t i o n from a p p r o p r i a t e c e n t e r s .

5.12 Bui ld ings . O f f i c e s , s t o r e s , workshops, and s t a t £ r e s i d e n c e s would be provided a s r e q u i r e a f o r o p e r a t i o n of the r e s e r v o i r , power f a c i l i t i e s , and i r r i g a t i o n and d ra inage system.

5.13 Roads. The e x i s t i n g road network w i t h i n t h e command a r e a would be upgraded and new roads cons t ruc ted t o suppor t o p e r a t i o n and maintenance of t h e t o t a l system.

SSP Implementation Schedule

5.14 I n t r o d u c t i o n . Implemer~tat ion of t h e SSP i s complicated by its s i z e and complexity and by i t s l eng thy c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o a . A f l e x i b l e approach t o planning (Chapter IV) has been adopted t o t ake account of the long con- s t r u c t i o n per iod and the r e s u l t a n t u n c e r t a i n t y a s t o t h e u l t i m a t e demanas on t h e system and t h e t e c h n i c a l l e v e l s a t which it w i l l be opera ted . Develop- ment a c t i v i t i e s span t h e range from framework planning through f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s ana p re l iminary des igns t o d e t a i l e d des igns of s p e c i f i c f a c i l i t i e s , procurement and c o n s t r u c t i o n .

5.15 A framework plan f o r t h e p r o j e c t has been drawn up, many of the necessa ry f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s have been completed o r a r e being under taken, and a number of c r i t i c a l p re l iminary and f i n a l des igns a r e completea. lJ The i n i t i a l works of t h e Sardar Sarovar dam complex -- e x p l o r a t i o n , eng ineer ing , a c c e s s , camp f a c i l i t i e s , r i v e r d i v e r s i o n and founda t ion excava t ions and t r e a t m e n t , e x p l o r a t i o n of t h e underground s i t e of the RBPH, and founda t ion work a t Vadgam Saddle dam have been executed. Cons t ruc t ion i s scheduled f o r completion a t the end of 1985 on t h e e a r t h and rock f i l l dams t o c r e a t e f o u r smal l in te rconnec ted r e s e r v o i r s above t h e main c a n a l heaaworks. Cons t ruc t ion

. - 11 See p r o j e c t f i l e s ,"Saraar Sarovar (Narmaaa) P r o j e c t Development Plan" ( v o l . 1, c h a p t e r s 1-14 and v o l . 2 , c h a p t e r s 1-14) by Government of G u j a r a t , I r r i g a t i o n Departments, harmaca Planning Group, ~ a n d h i n a g a r , May 1463.

- under c o n t r a c t h a s s t a r t e d on t h e r e a c h e s of t h e main c a n a l f rom i t s head- works t o km 21.4 ( s e e SAR, hos. 5107-IN and 5108-IN and annex 4 f o r f u l l d i s c u s s i o n of procurement s t a t u s of ma jo r SSP components ) .

5.16 S c h e d u l e s . A 22-year p r o j e c t imp lemen ta t ion p e r i o d i s e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e e n t i r e SSP. The imp lemen ta t ion s c h e d u l e s f o r t h e dam and power complex and i r r i g a t i o n and d r a i n a g e works a r e g i v e n i n f i g u r e 3 ( 2 - s h e e t s ) . The dam and power complex would be implemented o v e r a n e s t i m a t e d 10-year p e r i o d and t h e r a t e of imp lemen ta t ion o t t h e i r r i g a t i o n and d r a i n a g e sys t ems r e l a t i v e t o a c h i e v i n g p r i n c i p a l SSP m i l e s t o n e s i s shown i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e :

Des ign and C o n s t r u c t i o n S c h e d u l e f o r t h e I r r i g a t i o n and Dra inage System

Work S t a r t e d by Work R e c e i v e s Des ign C i r c l e s Completed Water

Ann. Accum. Ann. Accum. Ann. Accum. Year - C 1 - C2 - C3 -- T o t a l T o t a l -- T o t a l T o t a l -- T o t a l T o t a l Remarks ....................... (ha x 1000)-----------------------

Uam d e l i v e r s w a t e r

Mahi c r o s s e d a t 430 ,000 ha

Mainland G u j a r a t c o m p l e t e l y s e r v e d .

P r o j e c t c o m p l e t e l y s e r v e d .

Agency groundwater : f rom new r e c h a r g e c o m p l e t e l y deve loped (06-07 1.

Note: R a t e of imp lemen ta t ion i s based upon e s t a b l i s h m e n t o t t h r e e u e s i g n c i r c l e s (C1, C2, and C3).

ANNEX 1 Page- 41

5.17 Timing of Key Decis ions and Act ions . The key t imings i n t he implementation schedule inc lude d e l i v e r y of water t o the Miyagam Branch of t h e comand a r ea by June 1992, commissioning of t h e RBPH and CHPH i n t h e f a l l of 1992 and completion of t h e i r r i g a t i o n and drainage networks on t h e e n t i r e command a r ea i n 2006. I n a s much a s t he implementation schedule f o r t he main dam complex i s t he one which i s based on t h e most d e t a i l e d planning and advanced de s igns , i t i s t h e r e f o r e t h e schedule most l i k e l y t o be achieved.

5.18 Following from the f a c t t h a t the main dam i s scheduled t o r e l e a s e water a t t he end of t h e 1991-92 cons t ruc t i on season, t h e p ro j ec t ' s foremost o b j e c t i v e w i l l be t o ensure t h a t the g r e a t e s t pos s ib l e a r ea of t he command i s f u l l y ready t o r e ce ive water by t h a t d a t e and t he f a s t e s t p o s s i b l e completion of command a r ea f a c i l i t i e s i s achieved t h e r e a f t e r . This r e q u i r e s t h a t t he des ign and cons t ruc t i on and r e l a t e d implementation a c t i v i t i e s f o r t h e var ious elements of t h e conveyance, d i s t r i b u t i o n and a r a inage systems must be f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d f o r t ime l i ne s s . Among t h e most c r i t i c a l elements i s t he r equ i r e - ment t h a t t he main cana l inc lud ing i t s major cross-drainage s t r u c t u r e s , must be completed up t o t h e tu rnout of t h e Miyagam branch p r i o r t o June 1492 i f a s u b s t a n t i a l a r ea of t he command i s t o be i r r i g a t e d by t h a t da t e .

5.19 A c o n s t r a i n t t o r ap id cons t ruc t i on of t h e cana l and dra inage system i s t h a t proviso t h a t no segment should qtand i d l e f o r longer than i t could be expected t o s t a y i n good condi t ion p r i o r t o c a r ry ing wate r . The recommended schedul ing c r i t e r i a f o r t h e cana l systems a r e a s fol lows:

Canal Design S i z e (cumecs >

g r e a t e r than 14 14 - 1.4

1 . 4 - 0 . 3 l e s s than 0.3

Maximum I d l e Time ( y e a r s )

S imi l a r l y f o r t he f lood d r a i r a g e system, t h e c o l l e c t o r d r a in s should not be opened f o r more than about one year before t he i r r i g a t i o n s e r v i c e i s i n i t i a t e d . A r t e r i a l main d r a i n s could be cons t ruc ted two years i n advance whi le improvements t o a r t e r i a l d r a i n s could be s t a r t e d s e v e r a l years i n advance of d e l i v e r y of i r r i g a t i o n wate r . Addi t iona l implementation mile- s tones and o b j e c t i v e s f o r t h e e n t i r e SSP a r e given i n SAR, ho. 5107-IN, t a b l e 1.

APiNEX 1 Page 42

V I . LAND ACQUISITIOh AND POYULATIUh RESETTLEMENY

Background

6 . b l G e n e r a l . C o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r Dam would i n u n d a t e 37 ,000 ha a t FRL and 41,000 ha a t MWL and would r e q u i r e t h e r e l o c a t i o n of a l a r g e number of p e o p l e , m a i n l y from t h e r e s e r v o i r a r e a i n hl?. At a p p r a i s a l , t h e e s t i m a t e a c u r r e n t p o p u l a t i o n of o u s t e e s was some 67 ,340 o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 ,750 househo lds l o c a t e d i n 235 v i l l a g e s . Nea r ly 70% of t h e househo lds a r e l o c a t e d i n PIP, 13% i n M a h a r a s h t r a , and a b o u t 182 i n G u j a r a t .

6 .b2 The m a j o r i t y of t h e o u s t e e s a r e t r i b a l p e o p l e b e l o n g i n g t o a number of d i s t i n c t e t h n i c g roups L / . t h e a i s t r i b u t i o n of which c r o s s e s s t a t e bound- a r i e s . The m a j o r i t y of t h e r e m a i n a e r a r e s c h e d u l e d c a s t e s and t h e r e a r e a s m a l l number o t backward c a s t e s , Muslim t r a d e r s , e t c . Many v i l l a g e com- m u n i t i e s c o n t a i n members of s e v e r a l t r i b a l g r o u p s .

6 .03 The economic sys t em of t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e o u s t e e s i s a g r i c u l t u r a l l y based w i t h f o r e s t p roduce and wage l a b o r p r o v i d i n g s u p p l e m e n t a l income. Though p e r h a p s u n d e r e s t i m a t e d , t h e p r o p o r t i o n of l a n d l e s s r a n g e s from a low of 232 i n G u j a r a t t o a h i g h of 47% i n MY. Numbers of o u s t e e s and o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o be d i s p l a c e d a r e t a b u l a t e a by s t a t e a s i n t a b l e 6 . 2/

- 6 .b4 R u l i n g s o f NkDT. The hiDT's f i n a l o r a e r and a e c i s i o n i n December 1979 i n c l u d e d d e t a i l e d p r o v i s i o u s r e l a t i n g t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of l a n d and t h e b

r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of o u s t e e s f rom Maharash t r a and 14.P. These o u s t e e s would be g i v e n t h e o p t i o n of r e s e t t l i n g a s communit ies e i t h e r i n t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r command a r e a o r i n t h e r e s e r v o i r ca tchment a r e a of t h e i r own s t a t e . Every o u s t e e f a m i l y would r e c e i v e , f r e e of c o s t , a homes i t e a l l o t m e n t and e v e r y f a m i l y w i t h l e g a l c l a i m t o a r a b l e l and would r e c e i v e a minimum of 2 ha of i r r i g a b l e l a n d , i f more t h a n 25% of t h e i r h o l d i n g was a c q u i r e d . A r a n g e of c i v i c a m e n i t i e s would a l s o be p r o v i d e d t o r e l o c a t e d communit ies a c c o r a i n g t o t h e i r s i z e . R e s e t t l e m e n t c o s t s would be p a i d by t h e s t a t e of G u j a r a t r e g a r d - l e s s of whether t h e o u s t e e s o p t e a t o r e l o c a t e w i t h i n t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r command a r e a o r w i t h i n t h e r e s e r v o i r b a s i n . An i n t e r s t a t e harmada C o n t r o l A u t h o r i t y (MA) would be c r e a t e d f o r implement ing t h e NWDT's d i r e c t i o n s and d e c i s i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e r e l a t i n g t o t h e imp lemen ta t ion and m o n i t o r i n g o f r e s e t t l e m e n t ( s e e SAR 5108-IN, p a r a 4 .36 , The T r i b u n a l O r d e r ) .

I/ T r i b a l s i n c l u d e T a d a v i s , Vasavas , Dungar i B h i l s , Rathwas, Narkas , and Goval .

2/ The hCA's Oc tobe r 1484 r e p o r t t i t l e d , : 'Sardar S a r o v a r p r o j e c t , R e s e t t l e - - ment and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Programme, Supp lemen ta ry k e o r t , , " i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t o t a l ~ f 11 ,850 f a m i l i e s would be d i s p l a c e d , o r a n i n c r e a s e o r a b o u t 10% o v e r t h e e s t i m a t e a v a i l a b l e a t a p p r a i s a l . T h i s r e p o r t s h o u l d be r e f e r r e d t o f o r a n u p d a t e o t p r e - imp lemen ta t ion p l a n s ana s c h e a u l e s ( s e e p a r a s 6 .21 e t . s e q . 1 .

ANNEX 1 Page 43

6.U5 Under t h e d i r e c t i v e s of t h e WDT, t h e NCA i s r e q u i r e d ,"to do any o r a l l t h i n g s necessa ry , s u f f i c i e n t and expedient f o r t h e implementation of the Orders w i t h r e s p e c t t o ... compensation and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n and s e t t l e m e n t of 0ustees . j ' To f a c i l i t a t e the planning and implementation of a more uniform r e l o c a t i o n p o l i c y , t h e NCA would p lay a more a c t i v e r o l e i n regard t o coor- d i n a t i o n and d i r e c t i o n . Removal and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n s t a f f would be r e c r u i t e a . The Narmada Review Committee ( N R C ) , c o n s i s t i n g of t h e m i n i s t e r of i r r i g a t i o n (GO11 and b e n e f i c i a r y s t a t e chief m i n i s t e r s , would review the a e c i s i o n s of t h e NCA.

6 .06 I n i t s d i r e c t i o n s t o the t h r e e s t a t e s , t h e NWDT in tended t h a t ous tees be r e l o c a t e d a s communities r a t h e r than a s i n d i v i a u a l households. Under "Prov i s ion f o r R e h a b i l i t a t i o n , " i t i s w r i t t e n t h a t ,"Gujarat s h a l l e s t a b l i s h r e h a b i l i t a t i o n v i l l a g e s i n Guja ra t i n t h e i r r i g a t i o n cormnand a r e a of t h e Sardar Sarovar P r o j e c t ... f o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of f a m i l i e s who would be w i l l i n g g t o t o migra te t o G u j a r a t . For ous tee f a m i l i e s who would be unwil l - ing t o migra te t o G u j a r a t , Guja ra t s h a l l pay t o Madhya Yraaesh and Maharashtra t h e c o s t , charges and expenses f o r es tab l i shment of such v i l l a g e s i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e t e r r i t o r i e s . , " The NWDT a l s o s p e c i f i e s the c i v i c ameni t i e s t o be provided t o each o u s t e e v i l l a g e a s fo l lows :

C i v i c Amenities: Cost (Rsleach)

1. One pr.imary school pe r 100 f a m i l i e s 30, 0b0

2. One community h a l l wi th Yanchayat Bhawan per 5UO f a m i l i e s

3 . One d i spensary per 500 f a m i l i e s 25,000

4 . One seed s t o r e per 500 f a m i l i e s 10,000

5. One c h i l d r e n ' s park per 500 f a m i l i e s 6,000

6 . One w e l l w i t h t rough per 50 f a m i l i e s 10 , 0bil

7 . One pond per 500 f a m i l i e s 20,000

8. One t r e e p la t fo rm per 50 f a m i l i e s , 1,5bO

9 . One r e l i g i o u s p l a c e o t worship per 1 U O f a m i l i e s 1 , O U O

10. Cons t ruc t ion of approach roads and l i n k roads f o r Abadies, 3 km p e r every new Abadi 30, OOOIkm

11. E l e c t r i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n l i n e s and s t r e e t l i g h t s , 2 km per 100 f a m i l i e s 11 ,00O/km

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These d i r e c t i v e s concerning conanunity r e l o c a t i o n would be uniformly a p p l i e d t o a l l o u s t e e s i r r e s p e c t i v e of whether they r e l o c a t e i n S a r a a r Sarovar command a r e a s , i n o t h e r i r r i g a t e d a r e a s of G u j a r a t , o r w i t h i n t h e r e s e r v o i r catchment a r e a .

6.07 Reset t lement Objec t ives . Though executed by each of t h e t h r e e s t a t e s , every e f f o r t would be made t o implement a uniform r e l o c a t i o n p o l i c y so t h a t o u s t e e s of s i m i l a r t r i b a l and c a s t e background who l i v e i n d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s would r e c e i v e s i m i l a r b e n e f i t s . In t h e f u t u r e , t h e r u l i n g s of hWDT woula be a p p l i e d t o a l l o u s t e e s , inc lud ing those from G u j a r a t , seek ing r e l o c a t i o n i n command o r catchment a r e a s . So t h a t o u s t e e s may p a r t i c i p a t e more i n determining t h e i r f u t u r e , t h e i r p r e f e r e n c e s a s t o p lace of r e l o c a t i o n would be e l i c i t e d and, w i t h i n p r a c t i c a l l i n i i t s , a c t e d upon. R e l o c a t i o n of l a = g e r s o c i a l groupings o r of e n t i r e communities, a s opposed t o i n d i v i d u a l households, would be c a r r i e d o u t according t o t h e p re fe rences of t h e o u s t e e s . Furthermore, i n a l l t h r e e s t a t e s , r e s e t t l e m e n t p o l i c i e s would be a p p l i e d t o a l l r e s i d e n t s i n c o r n u n i t i e s where 75% o r more householas r e q u i r e removal, s i n c e t h e w e l f a r e of the remainder would be adverse ly a f f e c t e d by the removal of t h e l a r g e r p a r t of t h e community.

6.08 P r e f e r r e d Re loca t ion Locales. Though o u s t e e s tend t o change t h e i r p re fe rences a s t o r e l o c a t i o n s i t e s p r i o r t o r e l o c a t i o n , t h e l a r g e m a j o r i t y can be expected t o seek r e s e t t l e m e n t w i t h i n a s h o r t d i s t a n c e of t h e i r former homes. A t a p p r a i s a l , on ly a m i n o r i t y of v i l l a g e s (10 of 36 i n k a h a r a s h t r a and a much smal le r p r o p o r t i o n i n MI?) appeared w i l l i n g t o move ag proposed t o t h e command a r e a i n G u j a r a t . Those w i l l i n g t o move tended t o be v i l l a g e s c l o s e s t t o the Guja ra t border . The remainder wished t o r e l o c a t e w i t h i n t h e catchment a r e a , wi th t h e m a j o r i t y p r e f e r r i n g removal t o s i t e s w i t h i n 20 km of t h e i r c u r r e n t homes.

6.OY The Reset t lement Timetable . According t o t h e r u l i n g of t h e hWDT, Guja ra t would make a v a i l a b l e land f o r t h o s e h a h a t a s h t r a and ~ L P o u s t e e s w i l l -

- ing t o r e l o c a t e t o S a r d a r Sarovar command a r e a a year i n aavance of submergence. The NCA envisages t h a t land a c q u i s i t i o n and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n would be completea i n accordance wi th an approximate three-year schedule i n advance of a c t u a l submergence. The e n t i r e r e s e t t l e m e n t program should a n t i c i p a t e , and be time-bound t o the dam c o n s t r u c t i o n schedule . Accordingly , adequate time would be a v a i l a b l e t o p lan and implement an i n t e g r a t e d and f l e x i b l e r e s e t t l e - ment program. The f o r e c a s t r a t e a t which submergence would occur i s tabu- l a t e d below:

AhNEX 1 Page 45

Year 84/85 85/8b 86/87 87/88 68/89 &9/90 90191 91/92 92/93

E l e v a t i o n (m) l b 24 24 40 4 5 66 106 122 138.7 Submerged

a r e a ( 1000 ha) 1 + 1 + 1 + 2+ 2 + 4 10 l b 37 /a

/a 41,000 ha would be inundated a t MWL a f t e r a l lowing f o r f lood l i f t e f f e c t .

6.10 A t a p p r a i s a l , c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s had a l r e a a y a f f e c t e d seven v i l l a g e s i n Guja ra t w i t h an es t imated popula t ion of 5,uUU. Some households were r e l o c a t e d i n t h e mid-1460s under p o l i c i e s l e s s s a t i s f a c t o r y than p resen t ones, and t h e i r p o s i t i o n would be r e a s s e s s e d and a p p r o p r i a t e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s a p p l i e d so t h a t a l l o u s t e e s a r e s u b j e c t t o a uniform p o l i c y . Under c u r r e n t p o l i c y , two of the seven v i l l a g e s had a l r e a d y been s h i f t e d , a long w i t h most of t h e o u s t e e s i n t h r e e o t h e r s . Located upstream from the dam s i t e , t h e remaining two v i l l a g e s were scheduled f o r s e t t l e m e n t i n 1984-85.

General Guidance

6.11 Re loca t ion . The emphasis on community r e l o c a t i o n does not mean t h a t each v i l l a g e must be r e l o c a t e d a s an e n t i t y ; r a t h e r i t means t h a t ous tee p re fe rences would be fol lowed. I n Dungari B h i l s , f o r example, t h e o u s t e e s may wish t o use r e l o c a t i o n a s an o p p o r t u n i t y t o amalgamate s e v e r a l smal l e t h n i c a l l y homogenous c o r n u n i t i e s i n t o a l a r g e r v i l l a g e . I n heterogenous v i l l a g e s , d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c groups may wish t o r e l o c a t e s e p a r a t e l y o r merge w i t h r e l a t i v e s r e s i d e n t i n a d j a c e n t v i l l a g e s , thus r e c o n s t i t u t i n g a number of heterogenous v i l l a g e s a s more homogenous ones . I n o t h e r c a s e s , v i l l a g e segments may wish t o r e l o c a t e s e p a r a t e l y , and i n s t i l l o t h e r s people may wish t o r e l o c a t e a s i n d i v i d u a l households. While o u s t e e p re fe rences would be observed, t h e well-being of t h e r e s e t t l e r s would be advanced i f they a r e encouraged t o j o i n o t h e r o u s t e e s i n new v i l l a g e s , not only because v i l l a g e r e s e t t l e m e n t f a c i l i t a t e s the p r o v i s i o n of c i v i c a m e n i t i e s , but a l s o because i t provides more o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r l a n d l e s s households.

6.12 The NWDT r u l e d t h a t landowners l i v i n g i n h a h a r a s h t r a and k 9 who l o s e - 252 o r more of t h e i r land t o the Sardar Sarovar Reservo i r should have t h e o p t i o n of r e c e i v i n g a minimum of 2 ha of i r r i g a b l e land i n the Sardar Sarovar command a r e a . This p r o v i s i o n f o r 2 ha of i r r i g a b l e land would be extended t o a l l landowning o u s t e e s , i n c l u d i n g G u j a r a t i o u s t e e s , r e g a r d l e s s of where they wish t o r e l o c a t e . I n o t h e r words, i t would apply no t only t o r e l o c a t i o n w i t h i n t h e Sardar Sarovar command a r e a , but a l s o t o t h e p l a i n s of G u j a r a t and t h e r e s e r v o i r catchment.

ANNEX 1 Page 46

6.13 The r e l o c a t i o n of t h e l a n d l e s s r e q u i r e s a d i f f e r e n t approach. While p r o v i s i o n of homesites and c i v i l ameni t i e s would be provided, t h a t a lone would not ensure t h a t t h e l a n d l e s s o u s t e e s would not be worse o f f i n t h e i r new homes. I n o rder t o meet t h e economic needs of l a n d l e s s o u s t e e s , i n t e g r a t e d development programs f o r each r e s e t t l e m e n t community would be planned and implemented, which would provide a range of employment oppor- t u n i t i e s f o r l a n d l e s s o u s t e e households.

6.14 I n t e g r a t e d Planning f o r Sardar Sarovar Command Area. As r u l e d by t h e NWDT, o u s t e e s removed t o Sardar Sarovar command a r e a s would be r e h a b i l i t a t e d w i t h i n new communities. Landea o u s t e e s would r e c e i v e a ninimum of 2 ha of i r r i g a b l e land and would have a c c e s s t o the same a g r i c u l t u r a l and o t h e r development s e r v i c e s providea f o r - t h e hos t popu la t ion . As f o r l a n d l e s s o u s t e e s , t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r wage l abor under t h e proposed i r r i g a t i o n development would be a s s e s s e a . Bearing i n mind t h a t t h e r e would be a l ag time between r e s e t t l e m e n t and the p r o v i s i o n of i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r , t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of o t h e r employment programs would be a s s e s s e d , wi th s p e c i a l emphasis on mechanisms f o r absorbing l a n d l e s s o u s t e e s i n the a f f o r e s t a t i o n of 100,000 ha of marginal command lands through programs of community and a g r o f o r e s t r y . Some i r r i g a b l e l ana would be kep t i n r e s e r v e f o r o u s t e e s who a t t h e l a s t moment might wish t o r e l o c a t e i n the command a r e a . - 6.15 I n t e g r a t e d Planning f o r t h e Reservo i r Area. The b a s i s f o r p lanning t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e m a j o r i t y of o u s t e e s who c u r r e n t l y wish t o r e l o c a t e - w i t h i n t h e r e s e r v o i r catchment a r e a would be the d e s i g n a t i o n of t r i b a l sub- p lan a r e a s i n each of the t h r e e s t a t e s f o r r e s e t t l e m e n t purposes. I n each s t a t e , p lanning would p l a c e s p e c i a l emphasis on a p p r o p r i a t e s o i l surveys f o r s i t i n g ous tee communities. I n t e g r a t e d planning f o r those communities would a s s e s s t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of a mix of p roduc t ive a c t i v i t i e s . These would inc lude i r r i g a t e d , r e s e r v o i r drawdown, and dryland a g r i c u l t u r e ; community and a g r o f o r e s t r y ; l i v e s t o c k management; and f i s h e r i e s . The o b j e c t i v e would be t o plan and implement a d i v e r s i f i e d p roduc t ion system a t the household and cornun i ty l e v e l s .

6.16 Planning f o r a g r i c u l t u r e would pay s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r arawdown c u l t i v a t i o n between t h e high and low l e v e l s of t h e r e s e r v o i r f o r both landed and l a n d l e s s o u s t e e s . The f e a s i b i l i t y of the l i f t i r r i g a t i o n from t h e r e s e r v o i r , pumping from w e l l s , smal l s c a l e tank i r r i g a t i o n , and more ambi t ious g r a v i t y f low p r o j e c t s would a l l be assessed . Dryland farming and . l i v e s t o c k management systems would a l s o be a s s e s s e d , wi th due c o n s i d e r a t i o n paid t o t h e c u r r e n t farming system of t h e o u s t e e s a s a base from which t o s t a r t .

6.17 Many of the o u s t e e s a r e t r i b a l s w i t h a domestic economy drawing heav i ly on a wide range of f o r e s t p roduc t s , and s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n would be g iven t o community and a g r o f o r e s t r y . Because l a r g e blocks o i a r a b l e land do not e x i s t i n t h e catchment a r e a , imagina t ive approaches would be fol lowed, wi th s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n given t o programs i n which i n d i v i d u a l households might be given h e r i t a b l e use r i g h t s t o c o n t i g u o u s . p l o t s of f o r e s t r e s e r v e

ANNEX 1 Page 4 i

waste and o t h e r government l a n a s i n the v i c i n i t y of r e s e t t l e m e n t v i l l a g e s i t e s . Farm f o r e s t r y would be a s s e s s e d , wi th o u s t e e households employed f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s under a guaranteed income program whereby they p l a n t a v a r i e t y of n u r s e r y grown s e e d l i n g s under c l o s e s u p e r v i s i o n by ex tens ion personnel . Agrofores t ry would be a s s e s s e a w i t h the f o r e s t component i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e crop a g r i c u l t u r e and animal husbandry components of the household ana community p roduc t ion system. A wide range of t r e e c rops and wi ld produce would be cons idered , inc lud ing f u e l t imber , c o n s t r u c t i o n t imber , f o d d e r , f i b e r , food ana medic ina l t r e e s , shrubs ana groundcovers.

6.18 Crea t ion of the r e s e r v o i r would i n c r e a s e the f i s h e r y resources of the catchment a r e a , w i t h es t imated p r o d u c t i v i t y of 80 kg /ha /year . Since f i s h i n g i s p a r t of t h e ous tees ' e x i s t i n g product ion system, development of the r e s e r - v o i r f i s h e r y might be a b l e t o support an es t imated 5U0 t o 1 , U U O f a m i l i e s o r 3 ,000 t o 6,U00 o u s t e e s . To t a p t h i s p o t e n t i a l , p lanning s t u d i e s would a s s e s s s u s t a i n a b l e y i e l d s , a p p r o p r i a t e equipment and t r a i n i n g , demand, p rocess ing and market ing of f i s h p r o a u c t s , and management mechanisms f o r p r o t e c t i n g from immigrant f i sherman the ous tees ' a c c e s s t o the f i s h r e s o u r c e s . I n formulat - ing a n i n t e g r a t e d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n program f o r the o u s t e e s , o t h e r employment p o s s i b i l i t i e s r e l a t i n g , f o r example, t o v i l l a g e c r a f t s , tour i sm, r e c r e a t i o n and w i l d l i f e management would a l s o be a s s e s s e a w i t h s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n given t o ways i n which t h e o u s t e e s can b e n e f i t economically from the development of such p o s s i b i l i t i e s .

6.14 Monitoring ana Eva lua t ion . I t was recognize6 e a r l y i n a p p r a i s a l t h a t t h e execu t ion of the type of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n program o u t l i n e d above woula r e q u i r e c l o s e s u p e r v i s i o n on the p a r t of t h e G O 1 and the s t a t e governments. A s envisages, t h e b e s t way t o ensure t h a t such s u p e r v i s i o n would draw on r e l i a b l e in format ion would be t o des ign and c a r r y ou t a s y s t e m a t i c moni to r ing and e v a l u a t i o n program among o u s t e e s undergoing r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i n a l l t h r e e s t a t e s . A comprehensive moni tor ing and e v a l u a t i o n procedure has been agreed cover ing t h e p r o j e c t ' s implementation ( s e e paras 6 .26, e t . s e q . ) .

5.20 S p e c i a l Problems. S p e c i a l problems a r i s e when l a r g e r~umbers of people must be moved from one h a b i t a t t o ano ther . Whlle p e r i o a i c moni to r ing 1 s t h e b e s t way t o i d e n t i f y them a s they a r i s e , s e v e r a l types of problems can be a n t i c i p a t e d dur ing the i n i t i a l y e a r s of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . These i n c l u d e inadequate food r e s e r v e s t o support o u s t e e s u n t i l new lands a r e ha rves ted or employment o b t a i n e d ; h igher m o r b i a i t y and m o r t a l i t y r a t e s due t o r e l o c a t i o n s t r e s s ; h i g h e r popula t ion d e n s i t i e s ; and c o n f l i c t s between t h e o u s t e e s ana hos t popu la t ions ( e s p e c i a l l y where o u s t e e s j o i n e x i s t i n g communities, but a l s o where new communities a r e surroundea by host communities) . P r i o r t o r e l o c a t i o n , t h e t h r e e s t a t e governments would prepare contingency p lans f o r d e a l i n g w i t h food inadequacies and the medical problems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h removal. To reduce r e s e t t l e r - h o s t c o n f l i c t s , a a j u c s t i o n p roceaures would be prepared f o r d e a l i n g w i t h land and o t h e r d i s p u t e s .

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The Resset lement and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n P lan

6.21 General . Background informat ion inc lud ing o v e r a l l p r i n c i p a l s and o b j e c t i v e s of r e s e t t l emen t and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n ( R ~ R ) and o the r gu ide l i ne s contained i n paras 6.01-6.20 r e s u l t e d p r i n c i p a l l y from f i nd ings of the Sep- tember 1483 p r o j e c t miss ion. However, dur ing t h e R&R a p p r a i s a l miss ion i n August 1484, a s p e c i f i c and a e t a i l e a approach and plans f o r implementation of t h e R&R program were f u r t h e r a i s cus sed and agreed. I t was agreed t h a t t he R6R p lan would be founded i n accordance wlth t he a e c i s l o n s of t he NWDT. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e plan would u t i l l z e da t a from the r e p o r t t i t l e d "Sardar Sarovar P r o j e c t , Land Acqu i s i t i on and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n of Oustees ," Apr i l 1584, by t h e Narmada Control Author i ty (NCA). However, t h e A p r i l 1984 r e p o r t was modif i e a and re -cas t t o provide t he b a s i s for t h e RPR plhn which was presented under FiCA's October 1964 r e p o r t t i t l e d , "Sardar Sarovar P r o j e c t , Reset t lement and K e h a b i l i t a t i o n Programme. Supplementary Report ." 1/ NCA's October 14S4 r e p o r t described the o v e r a l l i n t e r - s t a t e RhK program inc lua ing t he time-bound schedule f o r r e l o c a t i o n of a l l 234 v i l l a g e s i n t h r ee s t a t e s ana a d e t a i l e d Stage I R&R Plan covering 52 v i l l a g e s up t o a r e s e r v o i r e leva- t i o n of 350 f e e t (106.7 m). I t a l s o provided d e t a i l e d procedures f o r comprehensive semi-annual and annual moni tor ing and eva lua t i on and r epo r t i ng which, i n e f f e c t , would provide an updated annual plan f o r R&R based upon t h e previous year 's experiences and performance. hon i t o r i ng , eva lua t i on , and r epo r t i ng would be t he r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t he s t a t e s of Gu ja r a t , Madhya Pradesh and Haharashtra whi le t h e NCA would be r e spons ib l e f o r a s i m i l a r f unc t i on i u i t s G O 1 supported r o l e of o v e r a l l R6R moni tor ing and eva lua t i on coord ina t ion . To accomplish i t s p r o j e c t responsibilities, G O 1 w i l l support the r e t e n t i o n of a f u l l time s en io r s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t on NCA's s t a f t wi th adequate funding.

6.22 Addi t iona l Requirements. The prime concern wi th r ega r a t o ous t ee s i s i n ensur ing t h a t a l l persons d i sp l aced , inc lud ing t he l a n a l e s s who a r e most ly t r i b a l , r ega in a t l e a s t t h e i r previous s tandard of l i v i n g af t e r a reasonable t r a n s i t i o n per iod and t h a t , so f a r as p o s s i b l e , they be economically and s o c i a l l y i n t eg ra t ed i n t o the host community. There fore , the hWDT's compen- s a t o r y package i s t o be expanded t o inc lude t he l a n a l e s s and o the r p rov i s i ons necessary t o ensure t h a t l i v i n g s tandaras and condi t ions f o r a l l ou s t ee s would be equa l t o or b e t t e r than those e x i s t i n g p r i o r t o displacement . Plan- ~ i n g , f i nanc ing and implementing of r e s e t t l emen t i s t o be an i n t e g r a l pa r t of t he p r o j e c t ana measures taken i n t h i s regard have been a s su rea . G O I , GOG, Government of Maharhshtra (GObl), and Government of Madhya Praaesh (GOM) and t h e NCA have provided t h e Bank wi th comprehensive programs and p lans f o r RLR inc lud ing scheduled a c t i o n s f o r land a c q u i s i t i o n and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n znd

11 The r e p o r t i s maintained i n t he p r o j e c t f i l e s . -

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r e s e t t l e m e r i t of o u s t e e s . Sbch programs and p1ar.s would c o n s i s t of t h e f o l - lowing p r i n c i p a l - e l emen t s 1/ :

( a ) a c c e p t a n c e of s p e c i f i c p r i n c i p l e s and o b j e c t i v e s of R&R and t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of s u i t a b l e i n s t i t u t i o n a l a r r angemen t s and m o n i t o r i n g and e v a l u a t i o n sys t ems inc lud i .ug semi-annual ana a n n u a l r e s e t t l e m e n t r e p o r t s which would be r e v i s e d a n n u a l l y t o r e f l e c t t h e p r e v i o u s yea r ' s p l a n s and e x p e r i e n c e s ;

( b ) a e t a i l e a R&K p l a n s f o r S t a g e I o u s t e e s i n c l u d i n g imp lemen ta t ion s c h e d u l e s and c o s t s , where S t a g e I i n c l u a e s a l l o u s t e e s a i f e c t e d by r e s e r v o i r submergence up t o t h e e l e v a t i o n 35U f o o t (106.7 m e t e r ) c o n t o b r ; a n a

( c ) a n o v e r a l l program o t R&R of a l l S a r a a r S a r o v a r Dam ana R e s e r v o i r o t i s t ee s w i t h time-bouna s c h e d u l e s f o r r e s e t t l e m e n t of a l l a f f e c t e a v i l l a g e s ana r e l a t e a c o s t s .

I n o r d e r t o s u c c e s s f u l l y implement t h e K&R program, G O 1 may be r e q u i r e d t o u t i l i z e l a n d c u r r e n t l y p r o t e c t e d by t h e F o r e s t ( C o n s e r v a t i o n ) A c t , 1980 which p l a c e s a p r o h i b i t i o n upon t h e u s e of r e s e r v e a f o r e s t l ands i n e a c h of t h e a f f e c t e a s t a t e s t h e r e b y r e s t r i c t i n g t h e r e a s o n a b l e r e s e t t l e m e n t of a i s p l a c e a o u s t e e s from t h e p r o j e c t ' s submergence a r e a . Reasoriable encroachment of f o r e s t l a n d s a p p e a r s t o be overwhelmingly j u s t i t i e a , under e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y c o n t r o l l e u c o n a i t i o n s , by o u s t e e s who have h i s t o r i c a l l y o b t a i n e d t h e i r l i v e l i h o o a from t h e f o r e s t and i t s p r o a u c t s a l o r ~ g t h e p e r i m e t e r of t h e p r o j e c t ' s r e s e r v o i r who would i n t h e t u t u r e be a b l e t o improve t h e i r l i v e l i h o o a th rough improved a n d / o r expanded a g r o - f o r e s t r y p u r s u i t s . F u r t h e r , r e s e t t l e m e n t e f f e c t s upon t h e r e d u c t i o n of f o r e s t v e g e t a t i o n would be minimal inasmuch a s d e f o r e s t a t i o n h a s , e x c e p t f o r i s o l a t e d p o c k e t s , a l r e a d y t a k e n p l a c e w i t h i n t h e r e s e r v o i r ' s immediate ca t chmen t .

6.23 P r i n c i p l e s and O b j e c t i v e s . 2/ The p r o j e c t ' s o u s t e e s from t h e s t a t e s of G u j a r a t , biaahya P raaesh and H a h a r a s h t r a w i l l be r e l o c a t e a and rehabilitates i n acco raance w i t h trle p r o v i s i o n s o i t h e NWD'L d e c i s i o n s and t h e p r i n c i p l e s and o b j e c t i v e s a i s c u s s e a below. The main o b j e c t i v e s o r t h e p l a n f o r r e s e t t l e m e n t and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e o u s t e e s a r e t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e o u s t e e s w i l l p rompt ly a f t e r t h e i r a i s p l a c e m e n t : improve o r a t l e a s t r e g a i n t h e s tandarci of l i v i n g t h e y wer.e e n j o y i n g p r i o r t o t h e i r a i s p l a c e m e n t ; b e r e l o c a t e a a s v i l l a g e u n i t s , v i l l a g e s e c t i o n s o r f a m i l i e s i n a c c o r a a n c e w i t h t h e o u s t e e s ' p r e f e r e n c e ; be f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t h e c o r n u n i t y t o which t h e y

1/ See ,."Sardar S a r o v a r P r o j e c t , R e s e t t l e m e n t and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Programme, - Supplementary Report,: ' d a t e a Uctober lCJb4.

2 / P r i n c i p l e s and o b j e c t i v e s of p a r a s b.23, 6 .24 ana 6.25 were a g r e e a among - t h e GUG, G o p a , G0h hnd t h e ba rk a t r e g o t i a t i o n s .

ANNEX 1 Page 5O

a r e r e s e t t l e d ; a n a , be p r o v i a e q w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e compensa t ion ana a d e q u a t e s o c i a l ana p h y s i c a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i n i r a s t r u c t u r e , i n c l u a i n g community s e r v - i c e s and f a c i l i t i e s .

6.24 The p l a n f o r r e s e t t l e m e n t and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e o u s t e e s w i l l e n s u r e a d e q u a t e p a r t i c i p a t i o n by t h e o u s t e e s . Lach l a n d e a o u s t e e s h a l l be e n t i t l e d t o and a l l o t t e d i r r i g a b l e l and i n t h e s t a t e ( G u j a r a t , MP o r M a h a r a s h t r a ) i n which he chooses t o r e s e t t l e , of e q u a l s i z e t o t h a t which he ownea p r i o r t o h i s r e s e t t l e m e n t , s u b j e c t t o t h e a p p l i c a b l e l and c e i l i n g laws , a c c e p t a b l e t o him; p r o v i d e a , t~oweve r , t h a t i n t h o s e c a s e s where t h e o u s t e e ownea l e s s t h a n 2 ha of l a n a , s u c h o u s t e e s h a l l be e n t i t l e d t o a t l e a s t 2 ha of i r r i g a b l e l a n a , a c c e p t a b l e t o him. Each l a n a l e s s o u s t e e w i l l be rehabilitates i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l o r x i o n a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r s , a s t b ? c a s e may be , ana s f - ~ a l l be e n t i t l e d t o s t a b l e means of l i v e l i h o o d i n a c c o r d a n c e 'wi th t h e o b j e c t i v e s ( p a r a 6 . 2 3 ) .

6 .25 The l e v e l of compensa t ion f o r l a n d , i r r i g a b l e and o t h e r w i s e , t o be p a i d t o l anded o u s t e e s w i l l be based on t h e c u r r e n t marke t v a l u e of l a n a of e q u i v a l e n t s i z e , l o c a t i o n and comparable q u a l i t y i n a r e a s p r o v i a e d f o r and a c c e p t a b l e t o each o u s t e e . h h e r e i r r i g a b l e l a n d i s a l l o c a t e d t o a l anded o u s t e e i n l i e u of l and p r e v i o u s l y owned by such o u s t e e , 50% of t h e c a s h compensa t ion t o which such o u s t e e i s e n t i t l e d s h a l l be a p p l i e d t owaras t h e c o s t of t h e a l l o c a t e a l a n d , s u b j e c t t o a maximum of t h e v a l u e o t t h e l and a l l o t t e d , ana t h e b a l a n c e of t h e c o s t of such a l l o t t e a l a n d s h a l l be t r e a t e a - by t h e s t a t e ( G u j a r a t , bik' o r h a h a r a s h t r a ) where t h e z l l o t t e a l a n d i s l o c a t e a , a s aIi i ~ t e r e s t - f r e e l o a n r e p a y a b l e o v e r LC, y e a r s . I n no c a s e s h a l l cas.h payments be maae i n s u b s t i t u t i o n f o r a c t u a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . Cash payments s h a l l be r e s t r i c t e a t o s u c h t r a n s a c t i o n s a s mandated by t h e hWD1 d e c i s i o n .

6.26 I n s t i t u t i o n s , hi on it or in^ and E v a l u a t i o n . I n s t i t u t i o n a l , m o n i t o r i n g a n a e v a l u a t i o n a r r angemen t s f o r KaR f o r e a c h of t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g s t a t e s , w i t h i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e b o u n d a r i e s w i l l be i n a c c o r a a n c e w i t h t h e a g r e e d r e q u i r e m e n t s o r S c h e a u l e B of SAR bo. 5107-In. G e n e r a l l y , . t h a t S c h e a u l e r e q u i r e s GOG t o n i a in t a in a K e s e t t l e m e n t and k e h a b i l i t a t i o n Wing w i t h i n NDD w i t h i u l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r G u j a r a t ' s K&K program and r e l a t e d o b l i g a t i o n under t h e SSP. S i m i l a r l y , i t r e q u i r e s GUMY t o m a i n t a i n t h e Land A c q u i s i t i o n and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n C e l l w i t h i n i t s harmada P l a n n i n g Agency f o r t h e e x e r c i z e o f W ' s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ana o b l i g a t i o n s u n a e r t h e p r o j e c t . A l s o , i t w i l l r e q u i r e GOPi t o m a i n t a i n t h e harmaaa Development D i v i s i o n w i t h i n i t s l r r i g a - t i o n Department f o r s i m i l a r pu rposes of RhK u n a e r t h e p r o j e c t .

6.27 Each s t a t e x i l l , o v e r t h e p r o j e c t ' s 16-year imp lemen ta t iox~ p e r i o d , employ i n s t i t u t i o n s w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e backgrounas and e x p e r i e n c e f o r t h e pu rpose of m o n i t o r i n g and e v a l u a t i n g t h e imp lemen ta t ion of t h e RbK p l a n and r e p o r t i n g i t s p r o g r e s s and making recommendations t o t h e r e s p o n s i b l e S t a t e a u t h o r i t i e s . T h e r e a f t e r , S t a t e a u t h o r i t i e s w i l l t a k e such f i n d i n g s i n t o accoun t f o r pu rposes of improving imp lemen ta t ion . The S t a t e s w i l l u t i l i z e r e p o r t s of t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r i n s t i t u t i o n s and p r e p a r e and submi t semi-anuual

AhhEX 1 r a g e 51

L

aria a n u u a l r e p o r t s t o G O 1 ana t h e Bank. Each S t a t e w l l l e s t a b l i s h and main- t a i n an khR c o r n i t t e e c o n s i s t i n g of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of v a r i o u s non-governmental e n t i t i e s i n c l u d i n g o u s t e e i n t e r e s t g r o u p s , s o c i a l w o r k e r s , w e l f a r e o r g a n i z a t i o n s ana t h e o u s t e e s t hemse lves t o a d v i s e on imp lemen ta t ion of t h e K&R p l a n .

6 .26 T r a i n i n g ana T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e . T r a i n i n g i s p r o v i a e a unde r t h e p r o j e c t pena ing p r e p a r a t i o n by t h e S t a t e s (GOG, G O U ana GUM) of s u i t a b l e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a n s which would be d e s i g n e d t o b e t t e r familiarize p r o j e c t s t a f r w i t h t h e problems of compulsory r e l o c a t i o n of o u s t e e s communi t ies . A l s o , t o p r o v i d e c a p a b i l i t y f o r c e n t r a l c o o r a i n a t i o n and r ev i ew of t h e o v e r a l l R&R e f f o r t , G O L w l l l p r o v i d e f i n a n c l a i ana a a m i n i s t r a t i v e s u p p o r t i n t h e employ- mect of a f u l l t ime s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t t o be a s s i g n e a t o NCA. Thus, semi-aunual arid a n r ~ u a l r e p o r t s c o n t a i n i n g recommenaat ions c o n c e r r ~ i n g o v e r a l l RhR imp lemen ta t ion would be p r e p a r e d by hCA and s u b m l t t e a t h rough G U I t o t h e Bank.

RhR P l a n s and E s t i m a t e s (1984 /85 )

6.29 Updated K&K p l a n s and r e l a t e a a a t a p rov ided by G O I , GbG, GUMP and GUM i n hovember 14b4 ( a t u e g o t i a t i o n s ) a r e p r e s e n t e d i n d e t a i l i n NCA's b c t o b e r 1484 r e p o r t t i t l e d , I S a r d a r S a r o v a r P r o j e c t , R e s e t t l e m e n t and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n

' Progrannne, Supp lemen t s ry Report.: ' The t o t a l number of f a m i l i e s a f f e c t e a i n S t a g e I ( u p t o c o n t o u r e l e v a t i o n 350 f e e t ) and S t a g e I1 (up t o FRL 46U f e e t ) a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 7. Four modules were assumed i n c a t e g o r i z i n g o u s t e e

.- f a m i l i e s a s f o l l o w s : s o c i a l f o r e s t r y ; l a n a l e s s i a b o r e r s ; i n a i v i a u a l s m a l l h o l d e r s r r r i g a t o r ; a n a , o t h e r i r r i g a t i o n . Cos t estimations a r e b a s e a ou t h e ~ o a u l e s enumera tea above ana a r e surnmarizea i n SAK ho. 5l l r7-IhY t a b l e 1 4 . The d e t a i l e d e s t i m a t e s f o r each moaule , ba sea on e a r l y 1 ~ b 4 p r i c e s , were p r e p a r e d by p r o j e c t a u t h o r i t i e s and summarized i n NCA's Oc tobe r 1484 r e p o r t ( s e e p r o j e c t f i l e s ) . The d e t a i l e d c o s t e s t i m a t e s (SAR ho. 5107-Ih, t a b l e 1 4 ) a r e c o n s i d e r e d a d e q u a t e even though a n a d d i t i o n a l module basea upon r e s e r v o i r i i s h e r i e s was n o t i n c l u d e d . A l s o , NCA's Oc tobe r 14b4 d e t a l l e d e s t i m a t e s were nioaif i e a by l n c r e a s i n k l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n v h l u e s app rox ima te 5lIZ t h r o u g h o u t .

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V I I . ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

7 . U 1 Genera l . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y t h e c r e a t i o n of a l a r g e man-made l a k e , such a s S a r d a r Sa rova r r e s e r v o i r , r e s u l t s i n s i g n i f i c a n t env i ronmenta l impac t s . The r e s e r v o i r would inunda te about 37 ,000 ha of land a t FRL (EL 138.7 m) of which 189 i s f o r e s t e d , 33% i s c u l t i v a b l e , and 509 i s was te o r of l o w - u t i l i z a t i o n p o t e n t i a l ( a s e s t i m a t e d a t a p p r a i s a l ) . There would, t h e r e - f o r e , be a l o s s of f o r e s t and a g r i c u l t u r a l l and and c u l t u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e t o i n h a b i t a n t s i n t h e submergence a r e a . There would a l s o be a l i m i t e d l o s s of w i l d l i f e h a b i t a t . E f f e c t s on e x i s t i n g f i s h e r i e s remain t o be a s s e s s e d . however, c r e a t i o n nf a more p o s i t i v e ecocycle 'on t h e p e r i p h e r y of t h e r e s e r - v o i r may be expec ted i n terms of improved s o i l m o i s t u r e f o r nearby f o r e s t s and o t h e r biomass and improvea w i l d l i f e h a b i t a t . O p p o r t u n i t i e s would be c r e a t e d f o r improved l o c a l r i v e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and f r e s h w a t e r f i s h e r i e s . Below t h e dam, f r e q u e n t l o w - i n t e n s i t y f l o o d aamages would be c o n t r o l l e d , but p o t e n t i a l f o r d e g r a d a t i o n of t h e Narmada s t reambea would be i n c r e a s e a , and t h e upward m i g r a t i o n of e x i s t i n g f i s h s p e c i e s would be h a l t e d .

F i s h and F i s h e r i e s

7.U2 The E s t u a r y and Brack i sh Reach Below t h e Dam. S i n c e t h e S a r d a r Sa rova r Dam might impede m i g r a t i o n of f i s h , t h i s has been a d d r e s s e d by t h e '

GUG's F i s h e r i e s Department. Three main groups a r e invo lved : h i l s a , prawns, and m u l l e t . The Narmada e s t u a r y i s t h e b e t t e r of t h e two h i l s a - b r e e d i n g s i t e s i n I n d i a ( t h e o t h e r i s t h e Sundarbans i n b e n g a l ) . H i l s a i s expor t ed and i s a n economical ly impor tan t f o r e i g n exchange e a r n e r , a s w e l l a s be ing l u c r a t i v e i n t e r n a l l y . It has been found t o m i g r a t e up t o 106 km upst ream ( i . e . , not q u i t e a s h igh a s t h e d a m s i t e ) , s o t h a t t h e dam i s no t expec ted t o impede m i g r a t i o n , but t h i s i s be ing checked. I n a a d i t i o n t o m i g r a t i o n , h i l s a needs f r e sh -wa te r f l u s h e s a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e season. - T h e F i s h e r i e s Depart- ment ana IL, e n g i n e e r s a r e s t u d y i n g t h e t iming of t r e sh -wc te r r e l e a s e s from t h e dam so t h a t environment c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h i s f i s h would be enhanced. F u r t h e r , r e d u c t i o n i n t h e f r e s h wa te r t l u s h e s t o t h e e s t u a r y when t h e r i v e r i s more f u l l y r e g u l a t e d i n t h e f u t u r e , would be a d d r e s s e d . Exper iments w i t h h i l s a b r e e d i n g a l s o a r e be ing under t aken , and t h e twelve-year o l d Ukai Reser- v o i r n e a r S u r a t has been s t o c k e d s u c c e s s f u l l y w i t h t h i s f i s h , where t h e y a r e t h r i v i n g , i f not a c t u a l l y b reed ing . The S a r d a r Sa rova r Dam i s thought t o be t o o h l g h (129 m) f o r a f i s h l a d d e r o r s i m i l a r f a c i l i t y .

7.U3 The g i a n t f r e s h w a t e r prawn (Machrobrachium r o s e n b u r g i ) i s economi- c a l l y more v a l u a b l e t h a n h i l s a w i t h e a r n i n g s of Rs 40-50 Miyear by s m a l l f i she rmen . They need b r a c k i s h - w a t e r f o r b r e e d i n g , a l t h o u g h t h e i r b r e e d i n g s i t e s have y e t t o be found. GOG's F i s h e r i e s Department has i n c l u d e d t h i s and t h e t h i r d economical ly impor tan t e s t u a r i n e species--mullet:-in t h e s t u d y be ing promoted by t h e p r o j e c t .

7.U4 The R e s e r v o i r . GOG and t h e GOMP' F i s h e r i e s Departments would a a v i s e on f i s h i n g t echno logy , improved g e a r , and v e s s e l s i n t h e new r e s e r v o i r . They would i n c l u d e s t o c k i n g i f n e c e s s a r y . The l a rge -heaaea Msashi r ( T o r t o r ) f i s h ?

ANNEX 1 Page 53

i s one of t h e world's most important game f i s h e s ( i t exceeds 10 kg i n we igh t ) and i s found i n t h e Narmada River . Since t h e prime m i n i s t e r , G O I , r e c e n t l y i n s t r u c t e d a l l m i n i s t r i e s t o ensure the p r o t e c t i o n of t h c s t h r e a t e n e d s p e c i e s , GOG and GOMP F i s h e r i e s Departments would inc lude it i n t h e i r s t u d i e s . The v a l u a b l e exper ience i n MP w i t h t h e Gandhi Sagar Reservo i r ( c losed 1968-69) would be used t o promote f i s h i n the Sardar Sarovar Lake. F i s h e r i e s i n Gandhi Sagar now support s e v e r a l thousand f a m i l i e s according t o an Environmental Planning and Coordinat ion Organ iza t ion (EPCO/MP) r e p o r t of November 1983.

7.05 The schedules and budgets of the GOG and GOMP F i s h e r i e s Departments f o r t h e above work would be considered i n an o v e r a l l environmental work p l a n f o r t h e p r o j e c t ( see SAR 5107-IN, para 4 .41) . I n a d d i t i o n , a mechanism i s necessary t o c o o r d i n a t e a l l t h r e e s t a t e s ' f i s h e r y work t o ensure proper e x p l o i t a t i o n of a l l waters involved. Such mechanism would a l s o be considered and recommended a s p a r t of the o v e r a l l work p l a n .

Fores t and W i l d l i f e

7.06 The t o t a l recorded f o r e s t l a n d t o be inundated i n those s t a t e s i s about 11,600 ha . Of t h e 6,746 ha of recorded f o r e s t land t o be submerged i n G u j a r a t , approximately 4,100 ha i s thought a c t u a l l y t o be f o r e s t e d and, w i t h i n t h e l a t t e r a r e a , the v a r i e t y of v e g e t a t i o n nay vary g r e a t l y . An e q u i ~ a l e n ~ aggrega te ( i . e . , 4 ,100 ha) of compensatory f o r e s t would be con- s i d e r e d f o r p l a n t a t i o n i n t r a c t s t o be i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e r e s e r v o i r . The f o r e s t and o t h e r v e g e t a t i o n i n the r e s e r v o i r a r e a would be e x p l o i t e d o r o the rwise removed b e f o r e f i l l i n g . I t has been recommended t h a t a narrow 4 m wide s t r i p of t r e e s be l e f t o r p l a n t e d below normal FRL. Since the drawdown i s p r o t r a c t e d , i t i s thought t h a t a shal low and temporary f lood- ing would not k i l l the t r e e s i n t h i s s t r i p , and would be expected t o enhance t h e r e s e r v o i r .

7.07 Kost of the f o r e s t l a n d has been s u b j e c t e d t o b i o t i c p r e s s u r e f o r many decades and most l a r g e w i l d l i f e long s i n c e o v e r e x p l o i t e d . This s t a tement a p p l i e s t o n o s t of the Sardar Sarovar tatchment a r e a . W i l d l i f e escape cor- r i d o r s and measures l ead ing t o s t reng thened p r o t e c t e d a r e a s a r e being addressed by Environmental Planning and Coordinat ion Organ iza t ion (EPCO) i n MP. It appears t h a t no p r o t e c t e d a r e a would be d i r e c t l y v i o l a t e d by the proposed dam. However, t h e r e s e r v o i r would damage some w i l d l i f e , d i s p l a c e o t h e r w i l d l i f e , and i n t e n s i f y the b i o t i c p r e s s u r e on e x i s t i n g r e s e r v e s by l o c a t i n g r e s e t t l e m e n t s i t e s nearby.

2 7.08 The Dhumkhal S l o t h Bear Sanctuary, extending over 1512 km , was c r e a t e d September 1982, but l a c k s any demarcat ion. The Sardar Sarovar Reser- v o i r would reach w i t h i n 2 km of t h i s sanc tuary a s i t extends up t h e Devganga River on the sou th bank of t h e Narmada. GOG, t h e r e f o r e , proposes t o extend t h e Dhumkhal r e s e r v e s ' n o r t h e r n boundary t o c o i n c i d e wi th t h e r e s e r v o i r i n o rder t o use i t a s a n a t u r a l boundary.

ANNEX 1 Page 54

7.04 Schedules and budgets f o r proposed f o r e s t and w i l a l i f e work programs of t h e s t a t e , inc lud ing a de te rmina t ion of t h e e f f e c t s of i n t e n s i f i e d b i o t i c p r e s s u r e on a d j a c e n t remaining f o r e s t a r e a s would be included i n an o v e r a l l environmental work plan ( s e e SAR No. 5107-IN, paras 4.34-4.41).

P u b l i c Hea l th

7.10 The U n i v e r s i t y of Baroda, Gujara t and EPCO, MP have both aadressed t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r d i s e a s e i n c r e a s e r e l a t e d t o t h e r e s e r v o i r and t o t h e i r r i g a t i o n system of the SSP. Most of t h e a i s e a s e s of t h e p r o j e c t a r e a a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e socioeconomic l e v e l ( t o hygiene) and so a r e expected t o d e c l i n e a s t h i s economic development p r o j e c t r a i s e s the q u a l i t y of l i f e of t h e reg ion . However, t h r e e d i s e a s e s - m a l a r i a , s c h i s t o s o m i a s i s , and f i l a r i a - - a r e being s t u d i e d i n case they i n c r r d s e due t o the p r o j e c t .

7 . 1 1 Malar ia . This d i s e a s e occurs s p o r a d i c a l l y throughout t h e e n t i r e r e g i o n , from t h e e s t u a r y t o the source , but a t a g e n e r a l l y low l e v e l . S ince t h e a n o p h e l i ~ e mosquito v e c t o r has the p o t e n t i a l t o p r o l i f e r a t e i n t h e r e s e r - v o i r , i n the l a r g e drawdown s t r i p , and i n t h e c a n a l s and a r a i n s , p reven t ive measures a r e being designed. The d i s e a s e (mainly P . v ivax) f l a r e s up sud- denly i n I n a i a . Two hundred people ciied of it r e c e n t l y i n U t t a r Praaesh, and New Delhi 's 1482 outbreak on t h e eve of t h e Asian Games was c l a s s i f i e d a s epidemic. Chloroqu ine- res i s t an t forms of Y. fa lc ipa rum a r e widespreaa i n I n d i a . However, the danger i s recognized by t h e p r o j e c t s t a i f and measures such a s l a rvae-ea t ing f i s h , mosquito i n h i b i t i n g p l a n t s , and breeding s i t e d e s t r u c t i o n a r e being planned.

7.12 Sch i s tosomias i s . Th i s d i s e a s e was r e p o r t e d a t a p p r a i s a l t o be r e s t r i c t e d t o a few i s o l a t e d and a p p a r e n t l y s t a t i c f o c i i n I n a i a . The Krishna Raj Sagar Dam i n Karnataka was r e p o r t e d t o have been i n f e c t e d . The n e a r e s t r e p o r t e d i n f e c t e d s i t e t o t h e p r o j e c t was r e p o r t e d a t Junagadh i n S a u r a s h t r a near the main source of cement f o r the p r o j e c t . Also , Sura t ' s

2 nearby Ukai Keservo i r (200 km ) a l though on ly 11-years-old, c o n t a i n s p r o l i f e r a t i n g s n a i l s , accord ing t o a U n i v e r s i t y of Baroda r e p o r t . Fur thermore, some forms of t h i s d i s e a s e a r e zoonot ic . I f e x i s t a n t , it would be prudent and c o s t e f f e c t i v e t o e l i m i n a t e t h e neare r f o c i a s p a r t of t h e p r o j e c t . S ince a p p r a i s a l p r o j e c t a u t h o r i t i e s have po in ted o u t t h a t a a d i - t i o n a l ana lyses supported by s ta tements of the World Heal th Organ iza t ion and o t h e r s , have i n d i c a t e d t h a t human s c h i s t o s o m i a s i s i s e i t h e r not known o r u n l i k e l y t o occur i n I n d i a . However, due t o c o n f l i c t i n g r e p o r t s and t h e s e r i o u s n e s s of t h e p o t e n t i a l d i s e a s e , it remains prudent t o inc lude s c h i s - tosomias i s i n any f u t u r e s t u d i e s and p o s s i b l e p reven t ion p l a n s .

7.13 F i l a r i a : P i l a r i a has been r e p o r t e d i n S u r a t , f a i r l y c l o s e t o t h e Sardar Sarovar damsi te . Since t h e Culex v e c t o r p r e f e r s t o breed i n smal l , d i r t y and s t a g n a n t water bod ies , i t i s not l i k e l y t o spread t o t h e r e s e r v o i r . However, t h i s r i s k would be assessed by GOL's environmental s tudy.

ANNEX 1 Page 55

7.14 Budgets and schedu les of G O I , GOG, and GOW f o r the above work have been reques ted through p r o v i s i o n of an environmental work plan (SAR No. 5107-IN, p a r a s 4 . 3 4-4.41).

l'he Water D i s t r i b u t i o n and Drainage Network

7 1 5 The SSP environmental a n a l y s e s t h u s f a r completed have emphasized t h e main dam and r e s e r v o i r ( p a r a s 7.01-7.14). S t u d i e s of the command a r e a have g e n e r a l l y been l i m i t e d t o i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of s p e c i f i c e f f e c t s and p o s s i b l e m i t i g a t i n g f a c t o r s by t h e NPG. The IiPG would be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c a r r y i n g out d e t a i l e d environmental ana lyses of t h e comand a r e a . Yhe SSP would i n c l u d e a g r o s s command a r e a of about 3.4 N ha and s e r v e a ne t CCA of 1.67 M ha . The p r o j e c t e x h i b i t s precedent s e t t i n g f e a t u r e s such as t h e 440 km long main c a n a l which, a t i t s head, woula be the l a r g e s t known l i n e d i r r i g a t e u c a n a l . The p r o j e c t would have e q u a l l y a s impress ive networks of branch c a n a l s and smal le r conveyance channels wi th m i r r o r image sur f a c e d ra inage systems a s w e l l s s e x t e n s i v e groundwater supply and d ra inage f a c i l i t i e s (pump and w e l l sys tems) .

7.16 The p r i n c i p a l environmental requirements of GOG regard ing t h e command a r e a inc lude completion of t a s k s o u t l i n e d i n t h e NPG's comprehensive work p lan 1/ which i s summarized i n SAR No. 5108-Ih, t a b l e 1. High l igh t s of the work p l a ~ i n c l u d e s t u d i e s aimed a t developing p o s s i b l e m i t i g a t i o n measures (when r e q u i r e d ) f o r e f f e c t s bf p o t e n t i a l groundwater r i s e , r o o t zone s a l t accumulat ion, growth i n a q u a t i c weeds, p r o l i f e r a t i o n of wa te r borne d i s e a s e s by spread ?f a Nanr~ada wate r , s i l t a t i o n , i n c r e a s e d use of f e r t i l i z e r s and i n s e c t i c i d e s , and need f o r w i l d l i f e enhancements and a f f o r e s t a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n , i t i s expected t h a t the t r a i n i n g program d e s c r i b e d below ( p a r a s 7.18-7.19) would be r e q u i r e d t o f u l f i l l t h e environmental program's a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and a n l y t i c needs overtime with r e s p e c t t o t h e command a r e a a s w e l l a s t h e d m and r e s e r v o i r .

7 . 1 7 It was determined a t a p p r a i s a l t h a t LO b a s i c o r g a n i z a t i o n a l changes a t e i t h e r s t a t e o r c e n t r a l government l e v e l s would be r e q u i r e d t o implement t h e environmental work p lan ; t h a t i s , a l l - r e q u i r e d s t u d i e s and implementation programs would be p o s s i b l e w i t h i n t h e e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n a l framework.

T r a i n i n q

7.16 The SSP i s the f i r s t of a s e r i e s of l a r g e r e s e r v o i r p r o j e c t s f o r i r r i g a t i o n and power wk'ich a r e planned on t h e harmada River t h a t would profoundly change the environment on t h e main stem. Also, t h e water d e l i v e r y and d ra inage networks a r e of unusual magnitude and i n c l u d e eng ineer ing fea - t u r e s , e . g . , t h e m i n c a n a l , wi thout p receden t . There i s r e l a t i v e l y l i m i t e d exper ience i n GOT, GOG, and GOhP i n measuring and c o n t r o l l i n g t h e adverse

1/ See p r o j e c t f i l e s : "Sartiar Sarovar (Naruia~a) P r o j e c t Work P lan - (1983-56)," Septexllber 1983, and, SAK ho. 5107-Ih, pa rcs 4.34-4.41 and 5.U No. 5lbb-IN, p a r s s 3.27 and 3.26.

ANhEX 1 Page 56

environmental impacts of l a r g e schemes. Both t h e K i n i s t r i e s of I r r i g a t i o n and of Environment of G O I , r ecogn ize t h a t the only long-term and e f f e c t i v e insurance p o l i c y i s t r a i n i n g . A t l e a s t t h r e e l e v e l s of t r a i n i n g a r e t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the SSP a s fo l lows :

( a ) Ref resher courses f o r exper ienced s p e c i a l i s t s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r o j e c t implementation;

( b ) S p e c i a l environmental and r e l a t e d s o c i a l impact t r a i n i n g f o r younger s t a f f ; and,

( c ) Seminars t o share i n t r a and i n t e r s t a t e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l exper iences about environmental and r e l a t e d s o c i a l e f f e c t s of l a r g e r e s e r v o i r and i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s .

7.14 The s h o r t courses could be put i n t o e x i s t i n g government t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s . S p e c i a l i s t environmental t r a i n i n g could be provided by e x i s t - ing u r i v e r s i t y departments--for example--the School of Environmental Sc ience , Jawahar la l Nehru U n i v e r s i t y , New Delh i o r t h e Centre f o r Environmental Engineer ing, Anna U n i v e r s i t y , Madras.

VIII. COSTS AND BENEFITS SHARING

8.01 S a r a a r Sarovar P r o i e c t Cost Es t imates . The c o s t e s t i m a t e s f o r c o n s t r u c t - - ' i n g t h e SSP over twenty-two years i s e s t imated t o be US$11,367 M , i n c l u d i n g p r i c e and p h y s i c a l con t ingenc ies . November 1414 base p r i c e s were used. The b a s i c c o s t e s t i m a t e s were prepared by GOG eng ineers and t h e i r c o n s u l t a n t s a s a s s i s t e u by t h e CWC and t h e CEA of t h e G O I . These e s t i m a t e s were thoroughly reviewed a t a p p r a i s a l by t h e Bank and i t s c o n s u l t a n t s . D e t a i l e d c o s t e s t i m a t e s f o r f o u r d i s t r i b u t i o n and d ra inage network components of t h e SSP and the t r a i n i n g and t e c h n i c a l a s s i s - t a n c e f o r the dam/power ~ n d c a n a l l d r a i n a g e p r o j e c t s over the 22-year implementa- t i o n per iod a r e given i n t a b l e s 8 through 12.. Yhose t a b l e s e long wi th d e t a i l e d c o s t t a b l e s 5 through 12 and t a b l e 14 of SAX 5107-Ih f o r n ine components of the dam ana power complex, comprise t h e f u l l d e t a i l e d e s t i m a t e s of c o s t s of t h e SSP. The e s t i m a t e s inc lude about 5.9% o r US3670 M f o r t a x e s and d u t i e s . The t o t a l

. e s t i m a t e d c o s t f o r f o u r t e e n p r o j e c t components, inc lud ing t h e base c o s t of t h e components p l u s o v e r a l l p r o j e c t phys ica l and p r i c e con t ingenc ies a r e shown below i u ternis of e s t imated l o c a l ; f o r e i g c and t o t a l currency requirements ana i n d e t a i l e d c o s t t a b l e s 13 through 15:

Project Cost Summary % Total

% Foreign Base Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total Exchange Costs ------ (Rs million)------ ----- (US mi 11 ion ) ----- ( % I ( %

Components

1. Hain dam 3,790.2 1,679 .U 2 . Rockf ill dykes &

link channels 92.2 17.2 3 . Riverbed

powerhouse 2,726.3 2,426 .2 4. Main cacal 8,336.1 3,839.2 5. Garudeshwar weir 352.4 149.4 6. Canalhead

powerhouse 884.3 175.9 7. Transmission

system 142.4 85 .0 8. Branches 6,753.3 2,647.7 9 . Distribution 6

drainage systems 16,950.1 4,025.9 1 U . Vadgam saddle dam

6 by-pass tunnel 196.3 60.8 1 1 . Cornand area

~evelopment 4,809.4 570.0 -12. Hydrometeorological

network 142 .U i3.5 13. Training & technical

assistance - dam 6 canal 14.8 59.2

14. Land acquisition h rehabilitation L/ 1,680.8 - -------- --------

Tctzl Baseline Costs 46,870.7 15,768.9 62,639.7 3,405.9 1,314.1 5,220.0 25 100

Physical cont ingenc ies 6,U11.6 2,017.6 &,029.1 501.0 16b.l 66 r .l 2 5 13

Price contingencies 52,241.2 13,497.0 65,738.2 4,353.4 1,124.8 5,478.2 2 1 105 --------- -------- -------- ------- ------- -------- ---- -----

Tctsl Project Costs 105,123.5 31,283.5 136,407.0 8,760.3 2,607 -0 11,367.2 23 21 8 I----L--- -------- ---------- ------- ---.---- -------- -------- -------- --------- ------- ------- -------- ---- ---- =====

1/ This is the estimated base cost of the entire resettlement and - rehabilitation program for Sardar Sarovar Dam and Reservoir oustees.

8.02 Physicel contingencies were estimited separately for various ,- categories of works snci project components varyirig from abcut 5 to 25% but

AhNEX 1 Page 58

average about 13% of t h e p r o j e c t ' s t o t a l base c o s t s . P r i c e con t ingenc ies account f o r approximately 48% of t o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t inc lud ing p h y s i c a l and p r i c e con t ingenc ies a r e based on l o c a l r a t e s of 8.5% from 19S4-85 through 1490-91 and 6% t h e r e a f t e r ; and f o r e i g n r a t e s of 9.75% i n 1464-85, 8.75% i n 1985-86, 7% i n 19b6-87 and 6% t h e r e a f t e r .

SSP Cost Shar ing Summary

8.03 The c o s t of the SSP would be shared between the f o u r b e n e f i c i a r y s t a t e s . The c o s t of c o n s t r u c t i n g the power components a r e t o be shared between t h r e e s t a t e s i n the fol lowing p r o p o r t i o n s : 16% t o G u j a r a t , 57% t o FIP, and 27% t o Piaharashtra. The i r r i g a t i o n component c o s t a r e t o be shared between two s t a t e s : 16/14 t o Guja ra t 2nd 1 / 1 9 t o Rajas than ( s e e para 6.08, e t . s e q . , f o r c o s t s h a r i n g d e t a i l s ) .

8.b4 The p r o p o r t i o n a l a l l o c z t i o n of c o s t s between power znd i r r i g a t i o n f o r e i g h t of the twelve components i n the p r o j e c t a r e given i n para 8.12.

8.05 The c o s t f o r the remaining hydrometeorological network component would be a l l o c a t e d e q u a l l y among the f o u r s t a t e s . The c o s t f o r the branch c a n a l s , d i s t r i b u t i o n and d ra inage systems, and the command a r e a development components would be the s o l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of Guja ra t S t a t e .

8.06 Tsb le l b shows a d e t a i l e d a l l o c a t i o n of c o s t ( i n Rs m i l l i o n ) among the s t a t e s by y e a r . Inc lud ing a l l c o n t i n g e n c i e s , the t o t a l c o s t of the US$11,367 M network would be shared i n the fo l lowing manner: Guja ra t - USS9,414 N o r 87%; b$ - USSb43 bi o r 1%; h a h a r a s h t r z - USS402 ki o r 4%; and Ra jasthan-USS206 Pi o r 2%.

8.07 Recurrent Operat ion and Maintenance (OdM) Costs . The es t imated build-up over time of r e c u r r e n t 06M c o s t s f o r t h e Sardar Sarovar Dam and power complex a r e shown i n t a b l e 1 4 whi le t h e build-up of r e c u r r e n t OhM c o s t s f o r the water d e l i v e r y and d ra inage networks a r e g iveu i n t a b l e 20. Based on c u r r e n t p r i c e s , t o t a l annual Ohll c o s t s a r e es t imated a t US3bl.O h by year 2005/06 f o r t h e e n t i r e SYP when the mul t ipurpose systems become f u l l y opera- t i o n a l . Annual 06M c o s t s w i l l i n c r e a s e wi th time over t h e p r o j e c t ' s 22-year implementation per iod t o a f u l l development r a t e of US84Y.4 M a y e a r . f o r t h e Ohh of d i s t r i b u t i o n , d r a i n a g e , and c o n t r o l works, s e r v i n g a n e t CCA of 1.87 k ha ( o r U~$26 .40 /ha) . Also, t h e scheduled i n s t a l l a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n a t f u l l development of an es t imated 3250 con junc t ive use we116 and 279 dra inage w e l l s , a long w i t h t h e n e t e f f e c t of planned hydropower and pump-lift schemes on the S a u r a s h t r a and Kutch branch c a n a l s , r e s u l t i n an es t imated t o t a l annual energy c o s t of USS22.0 M ( o r ~ S S 1 1 . 7 6 / h a ) . T o t a l annua l 06h and energy c o s t s a t f u l l development f o r t h e water d e l i v e r y and d ra inage systems a r e es t imated a t USSl1.3 11 (based on c u r r e n t p r i c e l e v e l s ) o r a t o t a l of USS38.14/ha.

Shar ing of Costs and B e n e f i t s

8.08 The NWDT gave s p e c i f i c o r d e r s on the p ropor t ions cf c o s t s f o r t h e dam, power complex, reservoir, ana wate r d e l i v e r y ancl d r a i n a g e system t o be I

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borne by t h e f o u r b e n e f i c i a r y s t a t e s . It a l s o gave o r d e r s on t h e t iming of completion of Narnlacia Sagar Dam i n MP i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o completion of the Sardar Sarovar Dam and power complex, t h e s h a r i n g of c o s t s of t h e Narmada Sagar Dam between b" and G u j a r a t , and the p ropor t ion ing of b e n e f i t s from the SSP among t h e f o u r s t a t e s .

8.04 Power. The NWDT ordered F i t o complete Narmada Sagar Dam, which i s c r u c i a l f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n of SSP, a t t h e same t ime a s Sardar Sarovar Dam o r e a r l i e r . G u j a r a t , t h e b u i l d e r of SSP, would pay MP, t h e b u i l d e r or' Narmaua Sagar P r o j e c t , annua l ly 17.63% of the c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t of Narmada Sagar Dam,l/ a s payment f o r the b e n e f i t of r e g u l a t e d r e l e a s e s from t h a t dam. Due t o the c o s t s h a r i n g arrangements f o r SSP exp la ined below, G u j a r a t does no t

. a c t u a l l y have t o bear the f u l l c o s t of t h i s payment; i t i s merely the payor i n t h i s c o n t e x t . The payment t o PIP f o r downstream b e n e f i t s from Narmada Sagar Dam was determined on the b a s i s of the p o r t i o n s of power snd i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t s from Sardar S t r o v a r Reservo i r t h a t a r e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o harmada Sagar Dam's r e g u l a t i v e e f f e c t . The hWDT es t imated t h a t the t o t a l r e g u l a t e d outf low from Narmada Sagar a t f u l l development would g e n e r a t e some 251 bik of power, 43% of which ould be a t Sardar Sarovar . It had a l s o es t imated t h a t 17.8% of 7 t h e 11,700 Mrn withdrawals from S a r d a r Sarovar Reservo i r s r e p o s s i b l e on ly due t o harmaua Sagar Dam's r e g u l a t i v e e f f e c t . Since the power p o r t i o n of Narmada Sagar Dam's c o s t was assumed a s 66.1%, power g e n e r a t i o n a t t h e CHPH was charged w i t h about 5% of the c o s t of Narmada Sagar D a m . A s i m i l a r c e l c u l a t i o n was done f o r the i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t s e t SSP a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e harmada Sagar Dam r e g u l a t i o n . As a r e s u l t , 12.6% o t Narmacia Sagar Dam's c o s t - was charged t o Sardar Sarovar irrigation, ana 17.63X of the same t o both f u n c t i o n s combined. This c o s t would be p a r t o f ' the t o t a l c o s t of S a r a a r Sarovar Dam, t o be shared among the f o u r p s r t y s t a t e s .

8.10 The s h a r i n g of power b e n e f i t s from SSP among P i , Maharashtra, and Guja ra t was determined by t h e NWDT a s p a r t of the l a r g e r i s s u e of e q u i t a b l e apportionruent of Narmada w a t e r s , s i n c e s h a r i n g involvea an ,"injury:' caused t o PiP and Kaharasbtra . 3/ The reason f o r s h a r i n g of power b e n e f i t s , i n t h e IWJT's view, i s t h e compensation of h a h a r a s h t r a and PIP f o r the power poten- t i a l l o s t when t h e NWDY ordered t h e he igh t of Sardar Sarovar Dam t o be b u i l t t o accomodate a FRL of 13b.7 m (455 f t . ) and thereby e l i m i n a t e d the upstream J a l s i n d h i Reservo i r proposed by t h e s e two s t a t e s . The NWDT worked ou t t h e energy p o t e n t i a l s both f o r a n a t i o n a l J a l s i n d h i P r o j e c t and f o r the f i n a l l y adoptea S s r d a r Sarovar High Dam. It d i d t h i s f o r t h r e e d i s t i n c t s t a g e s of r i v e r b a s i n and i r r i g a t i o n development, and aggregated t h e es t imated energy g e n e r a t i o n dur ing t h e s e s t a g e s over a per iod of 100 y e a r s . The l o s s of

Exc lus ive of p o s t c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t f o r maintenance.

3 / The E'RL of Sardar Sarovar i s a consequence of the water s h a r e s a l l o c a t e d - t c Guje re t and Ra jas tban . Through t h i s d e c i s i o n , FLP arid Kaharashtra "lost ," J a l s i ~ ~ d h i liam.

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p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t s frou, J a l s i n a h i Uam t o PIY apu Maharash t r a worked o u t a s 84% of b e n e f i t s f rom S a r a a r S a r o v a r Dam and power conp lex . Thus, t h e LWDT a l l o - c a t e a o n l y 16% of power and ene rgy b e n e f i t s from S a r d a r Sa rova r 1)am complex t o G u j a r a t . The ba l ance i s t o be s h a r e d between k 2 ana h a h a r a s h t r a i n t h e r a t i o t h a t t h e y themse lves had a g r e e d on f o r t h e i r j o i n t J a l s i n d h i P r o j e c t (67 .5 :32 .5) . FP's s h a r e of S a r a a r Sa rova r power 1/ i s t h e r e f o r e 57;6, and Maharasht ra ' s i s 27%. The power a l l o c a t e d t o them i s t o be d e l i v e r e d th rough l i n e s t o be c o n s t r u c t e d and m a i n t a i n e d by G u j a r a t t o t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e bor- d e r s . A l l power g e n e r a t e a a t t h e RBPH ana CHPH would be i n t e g r a t e a i n a common s w i t c h y a r a . The e n t i t l e m e n t ' s r e f e r bo th t o a v a i l a b l e c a p a c i t y and t o a c t u a l ene rgy p roauced . Power e n t i t l e m e n t s can be used f u l l y , o r s o l a f u l l y o r p a r t l y t o a n o t h e r p a r t y s t a t e by mutual agreement . The c o s t s o i t h e power p o r t i o n of S a r a a r Sa rova r Dam compiex, on t h e o t h e r hana, would be s h a r e a by t h e t h r e e s t a t e s i n t h e same p r o p o r t i o n s s t h e b e n e f i t s . The power p o r t i o n i n c l u a e s :

( a ) t h e powerhouse, e l e c t r i c a l W O r K S , c o n t r o i s , ana s w i t c h y a r a ;

( b ) t h e p o r t i o n of S a r d a r Sa rova r Dam a l l o c a t e d by t h e hWDT t o i t s power f u n c t i o n (56 .12 , a c c o r a i n g t o t h e s h a r e of w a t e r u sea f o r power g e n e r a t i o n o v e r 1 ~ 0 y e a r s ) ;

( c ) t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s t o G u j a r a t ' s b o r a e r s w i t h W and h a h a r a s h t r a 2/; and

(ci) 56.1% of t h e payments. t o ILP iu compensat ion t o r r e g u l a t e a r e l e s s e s from hbrniada Sagar Dam.

8.11 I t ems ( a ) and ( c ) a r e t o be b u i l t , m a i n t a i n e a and o p e r a t e d by G u j a r a t o r a n a u t h o r i t y named by G u j a r a t . The a u t h o r i t y i n c o n t r o l of t h e powerhouses i s t o f o l l o w t h e d i r e c t i o n s g i v e n by t h e NCA. O p e r a t i o n of t h e power complex, power r e q u i r e d ana l o a d s e x p e c t e d by e a c h s t a t e f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g month would be a g r e e a among t h e t h r e e p a r t y s t a t e s one week b e f o r e t h e cqm- uienceneLt o i t h a t morltil a c a nay no t be a l t e r e d d u r i n g t l ie month e x c e p t unae r s p e c i a l agreements o r i n emergenc ie s . The hWDT i o r e s a w t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o t S a r d s r S s r o v a r power g e n e r a t i o n be ing i n t e g r a t e a i n a r eg io r i a l o r ~ l a t i o n a l power g r i d . I t a a m i t t e a t h a t under t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e power complex would be governed by such a l t e r e d c o n d i t i o n s . h e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e KCA i s d i r e c t e a t o t a k e t h e n e c e s s a r y s t e p s i n such c a s e 40 e n a b l e t h e t h r e e s t a t e s t o g e t t h e i r e n t i t l e m e n t of t h e power a s r u l e a by t h e NWDT. The payments of biP ana Maharash t r a towaras t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o i t h e power p o r t i o n of t h e S a r d a r Sa rova r Dam complex woula be made i n a n n u a l i n s t a l l m e n t s u n t i l t h e works a r e completed. T h e r e a f t e r , t h e t h r e e s t a t e s would s h a r e t h e a n n u a l

14et power proaucea a t ChPh and RBYH on any day .

2 / k h i l r G u j s r a t w o u l d ' c o n s t r u c t t h o s e l i n e s , it w o ~ l a o n l y b e a r p a r t of - t h e i r c o s t ciue t o t h e cost-sharing formula uanab teu by t h e 1iWGT.

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Ohh c o s t s of the power complex, i n the same p r o p o r t i o n a s the c a p i t a l c o s t (57:27:16).

8.12 The power and i r r i g a t i o n components of the dam and power complex a r e propor t ioned a s c a l c u l a t e d below:

Components P r o p o r t i o n a l A l l o c a t i o n of Costs

Power I r r i g a t i o n

Main Dam 0.561 Vadgam Saddle .dam 0.561 I r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l 0 .000 Rockf i l l dams & R e g u l a t i n g Reservo i r s 0.500 RBPH 1 .UU0 CHPH 1 .000 Garudeshwar Weir 1 . U U O Transmiss ion l i n e s

( t o Maharashtra, MP b o r d e r s ) 1 .OOO Main c a n a l r anches , d i s t r i b u t i o n and Drainage network, c o n j u n c t i v e use system 1.000

8.13 Irrigation. Rajas than and Guja ra t would share the c o s t s of i r r i g a - t i o n p o r t i o n L/ of t h e SSP, i n a s f s r a s t h e f a c i l i t i e s s r e used by both s t a t e s . These inc lude the p o r t i o n of Sardar Sarovar Dam cos t a l l o c a t e d t o i r r i g a t i o n (43.4% of dam and appur tenan t works) and t h e c o s t of t h e Narmada w i n cana l up to the Ra jas than border . The i r r i g a t i o n p o r t i o n of the dam complex would be shared , accord ing t o t h e hWDT, i n the r a t i o of wa te r a l l o c a - t i o n t o both s t a t e s , i . e . , 1 8 : l . As t o t h e n a i n c a n a l , Guja ra t had planned i t a t s t e e p e r bed g r a d i e n t s ( i n o r d e r t o save c o s t ) than the g r a d i e n t s f i n a l l y p r e s c r i b e a by the NWDT t o ensure d e l i v e r y of g r a v i t y flow t o Rajas- than. The WDT he ld t h a t Ra jas thsn was t o pay Guja ra t the d i f f e r e n c e i n c o s t (ear thwork, l i n i n g , and l and) due t o t h i s change iri bed g r a d i e n t , from which G u j a r s t woula not d e r i v e any b e n e f i t s except a wider choice of a r e a s t o be i r r i g a t e d . While the bed g r a d i e n t s were o rderea by t h e NWDT, i t i s open t o t h e two s t a t e s t o a l t e r them by mutual agreement. The g r a d i e n t s now proposed by Guja ra t Ere even lower than mandated by the KWDT. The f u l l 'cost of the main c a n a l , but n e t of the c o s t d i f f e r e n t i a l aue t o bed g r a d i e n t , i s t o be

11 The hWD'I' a i d not mention OCrM c o s t s s e p a r a t e l y , a s i t d id f o r the power - p o r t i o n . It appears t h a t t h e s e c o s t s w o ~ l d be shzred betweer G u j a r s t and Rajas than i n the sane f r a c t i c n a s c a p i t a l c o s t .

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shared on a :'cusec-mile," b a s i s . / / The peak flow t o be del ' ivered t o Ra jas than i s s u b j e c t t o agreement between Guja ra t and Ra jas than and i s p r e s e n t l y proposed a s 7 1 cumecs. P re l iminary e s t i m a t e s i n d i c a t e a t o t a l s h a r e of Rajas than of about 10% of the w i n cana l c o s t .

8.14 Land A c q u i s i t i o n and Popula t ion Reset t lement . Most of the submergence r e s u l t i n g from f i l l i n g Sardar Sarovar Reservo i r a t the given FRL would a f f e c t the s t a t e s of Maharashtra and kLP. These s t a t e s were t h e r e f o r e ordered by t h e hWDT t o a c q u i r e f o r the SSP a l l p r i v a t e lands s i t u a t e d below FRL 138.7 m (435 f t . ) t o g e t h e r wi th p e r t a i n i n g p r i v a t e i n t e r e s t s t h e r e i n . I n t h e a r e a d f e c t e d by f l o o d l i f t , i . e . , between FRL 13b.7 m (455 f t . ) and PlWL 140.2 m (460 f t . ) , b u i l d i n g s w i t h appur tenant l ands only would have t o be ~ c q u i r e d , wi th the unders t and icg thaL the f lood l i f t would inc lude t h e back-- wa te r e f f e c t of MWL 140.2 m (460 f t . ) , s i n c e t h e r e s e r v o i r s u r f a c e dur ing f lood c o n d i t i o n s s lopes toparas the dam where the hWL i s measured. Th is f l o o d l i f t i s t o be worked o u t by t h e C e n t r s l h a t e r Commission of G O I . G u j a r a t , i n t u r n , i s t o pay t o ti.. and Maharashtra compensation f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of of new l a n d s , i n c l u a i n g charges and expenses incur red by then i n the p rocess . 21 I t i s fur thermore r e q u i r e d t o compensate the two s t a t e s and G O 1 f o r government l ands made a v a i l a b l e by them f o r t h e purpose. Fur the r - more, Guja ra t has t o pay t o MP and Maharashtra land revenue i n accordance wi th t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e land revenue codes f o r a l l l and made a v a i l a b l e o r a c q u i r e d , a s w e l l a s compensation f o r t h e r e l o c a t i o n o t h i s t o r i c a l monuments, r e l i g i o u s b u i l d i n g s , e t c . , a f f e c t e d by t h e submergence. L a s t l y , G u j a r a t i s - t o pay a l l c o s t s and expenses i n c u r r e a f o r the r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o t o u s t e e s and t h e i r f a m i l i e s i n t h e t e r r i t o r i e s of W and h a h a r a s h t r a . Again, i t should be

L

noted t h a t whi le Guja ra t i s the payor of a l l t h e s e c o s t s , i t bears u l t i m a t e l y on ly about h a l f of the burden. A l l land a c q u i s i t i o n and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c o s t s , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e r e s u l t i n g from submergence of Guja ra t t e r r i t o r i e s , a r e chargeable t o :'Dan and Appurtenant Works:' of which 50.6% would be borne by G u j a r a t , and 49.4% by MP, Maharashtra, and Ra jas than .

8.15 The NWLJT ga.ve d e t a i l e d o r d e r s f o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of o u s t e e s from t h e submergence a r e a . The burden of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n f a l l s on Guja ra t a s the

I/ The exact i r t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h i s p r i n c i p l e is somewhat ambiguous. I t appears , however, t h a t the product of c a n a l l e n g t h and Rajas than 's c a p a c i t y would be r e l a t e d t o t h e sum of the products of l eng th and t o t a l c a p a c i t y of each reach over a l l reaches of the cana l .

21 P o s t c o n s t r u c t i o n expendi tu res on maictenance i s not p a r t of c o n s t r u c t i o n - c o s t . But the IUWDT a i d not e x p r e s s l y s t a t e t h a t only c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t should be s h a r e a , a l though i t may have implied t h i s . A t any r a t e , i t i s i n t e r p r e t e d t h a t t h e r e would be no cos,t s h a r i n g f o r annua l Oah expendi- t u r e s .

31 Inc lud ing es tab l i shment changes f o r s t c f f cecessa ry t o process land - a c q u i s i t i o n and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n .

ANNEX 1 Page 6 3

b u i l d e r o f S a r d a r S a r o v a r Dam. It i s r e q u i r e d t o o f f e r l a n a s f o r new v i l - l a g e s f o r o u s t e e s i n i t s own t e r r i t o r y , t o g e t h e r w i t h i r r i g a t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l l s n a , c i v i c f a c i l i t i e s , and g r a n t s t o f a m i l i e s b e i n g r e s e t t l e d . Only i f o u s t e e s do n o t w i sh t o m i g r a t e t o G u j a r a t , a r e MP and Maharash t r a r e q u i r e d t o p r o v i d e f o r l a n d , f a c i l i t i e s , and g r a n t s i n t h e i r own t e r r i t o r i e s , i n which c a s e G u j a r a t i s t o pay t h e r e s p e c t i v e s t a t e s a l l c o s t s and expenses a r i s i n g from such r e s e t t l e m e n t , i n c l u d i n g t h a t of l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n . Subniergence c a n o n l y t a k e p l a c e when a l l payments ana o t h e r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s a r e comple t e ly s e t t l e d among t h e t h r e e s t a t e s .

8.16 Every d i s p l a c e d f a m i l y from whom more than 25% of i t s h o l d i n g h a s been a c q u i r e d would be a l l o t t e d an i r r i g a b l e p l o t of t h e same s i z e , w i t h a ninimum of 2 ha pe r f a m i l y and a maximum 2s a l lowed by land c e i l i n g laws ( l a m f o r l a n a p r i n c i p l e ) . I r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s have t o be p rov ided by t h e s t a t e s i n whose t e r r i t ~ r . ~ t h e a l l o t t e a l a n d i s s i t u a t e d . While o u s t e e s a r e compensatea f o r t h e l a n d t h e y l o o s e , NWDT r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e y would be d e b i t e d w i t h t h e p r i c e or t h e new lend p rov iaed ( t o be m u t u a l l y a g r e e d between t h e p a r t y s t a t e s ) . Only p a r t of t h i s sum i s t o be p a i a i n i t i a l l y (50% of t h e compensa t ion f o r l o s t l a n d ) , t h e r e s t t o be p a i d o f f by t h e f a r m e r s o v e r 20 y e a r s . The p roceeds of downpayment and i n s t a l l m e n t s would be c r e d i t e d t o G u j a r a t , s i n c e G u j a r a t had p a i a f o r i t s a c q u i s i t i o n . The re a r e p r o v i s i o n s f o r a r b i t r a t i o n i n t h e c a s e of any d i s p u t e between concerned s t a t e s . however, t h i s p r o v i s i o n of t h e NWDT goes beyond t h e s o - c a l l e d ,"land f o r land p r i n - c i p l e ' ' ana b r i n g s t o q u e s t i o n t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y of g i v i n g c a s h f o r compensa- t i o n , which cou ld e a s i l y be d i v e r t e d t o pu rposes o t h e r t h a n l a n d a c q u i s t i o n by t h e o u s t e e . T h i s method of ,"partial: ' compensa t ion of o n l y 50% of t h e c o s t of new lhnd r a t h e r t h a n payment : ' in kird:' may a l s o be a h a r ~ s t i p on t h e l anded o u s t e e i n c o p i r ~ g w i t h t h e c o m p l i c a t i o n s of i n s t a l l m e n t buying o r t h e burderi of t h e repayment i t s e l f , a s i t u a t i o n dependent on t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y of t h e new l and ana h i s a b i l i t y t o cope w i t h c r e d i t ( f i n a n c i a l ) p l a n n i n g . Thus, f u l l compensa t ion i n t h e torm of land f o r l a n d i s recommended by t h e Bank a s a more a p p r o p r i a t e and e q u i t a b l e approach t o compensa t ion f o r o u s t e e s hav ing p r i v a t e l y owned l a n d e a 1~ t h e r e s e r v o i r a r e a .

8.17 The NWDl ' f u r t h e r s t i p u l a t e d i u d e t a i l t h e m o d a l i t i e s and t ime f rame f o r exchange of i n f o r m a t i o n among t h e concerned s t a t e s on t h e e x t e n t of submergence a r e a s , v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n , y e a r l y programs of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n e t c . , a s w e l l a s f o r t h e v a r i o u s payments t o be made. As a m a t t e r of p r i n c i p l e , MP and H a h a r a s h t r a r e t a i n a l l t h e i r r i g h t s of s o v e r e i g n t y o v e r t h e i r submerged t e r r i t o r i e s , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e r i g h t s of f i s h i n g and n a v i g a t i o n on t h e r e s e r - v o i r a s f a r a s it i s l o c a t e d i n t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s .

Annex 1 Table 1

AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS (1,000 ha,)

Year No. - Crop 1970-71 74-75 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79 79-80 /a 80-81 /a 81-82 /a

1. Rice 511 397 464 474 512 529 458 47 8 499

2 . Wheat

3. Jowar (Sorghum) 1305 1028 1236 1106 1098 1083 946 906 93 8

5. All cereals 5087 3828 4735 4163 4094 4166 3842

5. Tur (Pigeon pea) 92 105 128 130 142 196 153

7 , Gram 74 39 86 8 5 70 6 6 6 6

;. All pulses - - - - - - - 496 357 594 614 590 668 541 9. All cereals

& pulses 5583 4185 5329 4777 4684 4834 4383

- 1 0 . Cotton 1745 1746 1859 1856 1970 1822 1717

11. Groundnut 1773 1614 1775 2077 2052 2035 2040

12. Tobacco 81 58 91 125 126 122 115

/a Based on final forecasts.

Source: Directorzte of Agriculture, Gujarat State

Annex 1 T a b l e 2

PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL CROPS ( 1 , 0 0 0 h a )

Year I

No. Crop 1970-71 74-75 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79 7 9 - 8 0 / a 8 0 - 8 1 / a 81-82 /a - 1 . R i c e 6 3 1 213 597 565 7 2 4 613 437 557 737

2 . Wheat 974 646 983 863 962 1053 1215 1 2 1 5 1407

3 . Jowar (sorghum) 601 321 610 643 558 623 557 583 56 5

446 1282 1 1 3 1 967 1 4 4 8 1332 4 . B a j r i ( m i l l e t ) 1 7 9 9 1 2 2 2 1 4 7 3 - 2. A l l c e r e a l s 4643 1952 4238 3 6 1 4 3541 4179 3 8 1 4 4 2 0 8 4739

6 . Tur (p igeon p e a ) 4 5 38 4 8 9 4 6 1 96 8 8 1 4 2 1 8 0 -

7 . Gram 16 57 5 4 42 6 5 3 1 - 47 - 7 0 - 55 -- - 8. A l l p u l s e s 201 - - - - - - 105 208 336 292 362 1 9 4 267 3 50 - 9 . A l l c e r e a l s

& p u l s e s 4 8 4 4 2057 4446 3950 3833 4541 4 0 0 8 447 5 50 89

1 0 . C o t t o n /b 1 9 0 4 1615 1758 1 7 6 2 2037 2145 1785 1 7 1 4 2095

1 1 . Groundnut 1 8 6 9 485 2190 2 0 7 4 1 8 5 9 1 6 1 4 1 8 1 4 . 1645 21 99

1 2 . Tobacco 1 0 3 86 1 4 2 208 1 9 2 240 17 5 185 209

-- - - - -

/a Based on f i n a l f o r e c a s t s .

/b I n 1 , 0 0 0 b a l e s of 1 7 0 kg. each .

Source : D i r e c t o r a t e of A g r i c u l t u r e , G u j a r a t S t a t e

Annex 1 Table 3

PER HECTARE YIELDS OF PRINCIPAL CROPS (kilograms)

It0 . - Crop 1970-71 74-75 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-74 79--8h 80-8l/a 81-82

1. Rice 123 4 809 1286 1192 1413 1158 954 1166 1476

2. Wheat 1504 1763 1627 1435 1718 1906 1786 1979 2000

3 . Jowar (sorghum) 461 312 443 581 509 576 5bY 6 44 6 02

4. Bajri (hillet) 868 - - - - - - 313 695 749 700 496 1060 885 - - 1028

.:. All cereals 91 3 510 895 b68 865 1033 493 1074 1161

, . Tur (Pigeon pea) 492 364 414 726 427 514 573 7 54 7 90

7. Gram 743 420 666 626 611 975 476 739 797

- 3 . All pulses - - - - - - - 40 7 295 349 48 495 541 358 - 481 - 528 9. All cereals

6 pulses 866 492 834 827 818 939 914 1001 107 3

7 ,. I..). Cotton (lint) 186 157 1b1 lbl 176 200 177 185 233

11 . Groundnut 1054 300 1236 999 906 774 846 774 9 46

12. Tobacco 1281 1487 1569 1665 1527 19b7 1524 153U 11553

/ Based on final forecasts.

Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Gujarat State

Annex 1 Table 4

AREA IRRIGATED BY SOME IMPORTANT CROPS ( 1 , 0 0 0 ha. ) -.

No. - Crop

!. Rice 1650 1097 1488 1487 1 6 5 4 1795 9

2. Wheat 4 1 3 8 3160 3882 3893 3978 4030 20

3 . Jowar (Sorghum) 383 4 4 4 336 3 4 4 256 2 8 4 1

5 . Other Food Crops - - - - - - 2541 2539 2836 3108 3417 3717 1 9 - 6 . A l l food c r o p s 9405 8239 9555 9807 1 0 3 4 9 1 0 9 0 1 5 4

3552 4339 4487 4476 5225 5092 2 5 7 . Cot ton -

8 . Groundnut

9 . Tobacco 376 3 2 1 566 7 0 4 702 745 4

1 0 . Other non-food Crops - - - - - - 1387 2084 2210 2421 26-10 2787 - 1 4 1 1 . A l l non-food c rops 5534 6993 7536 7 9 3 4 9009 9303 4 6

1 2 . Gross a r e a i r r i g a t e d 14939 15232 17091 1 7 7 4 1 1 9 3 5 8 20204 1 0 0 .................... .................... ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- --- ---

Source: D i r e c t o r a t e of A g r i c u l t u r e , G u j a r a t S t a t e

Annex 1 Table 5

AREA IRRIGATED BY SOURCE (1,000 ha.)

Year No. - Crop 1973-74 74-75 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79

1. Canals /a 2364 2266 2844 3043 3268 3257

2. Wells /b 10831 10909 11900 12227 13458 14109

3. Tanks 372 198 252 321 330 349

141 126 1 f.8 80 9 3 9 7 4 . Other sources - - - - - - -

5. To t a l ne t a r e a i r r i g a t e d 13708 13499 15144 15671 17149 17812

6. Gross a r e a i r r i g a t e d 14939 15232 17091 17741 18358 20204

a / Inc lud ing Panchayat Canals - b/ Inc lud ing Tubewells -

Source: D i r e c t o r a t e of Agr i cu l t u r e , Guja ra t S t a t e

~ n n e x 1 Table 6

Number of Oustees and other Population Characteristics

in the Reservoir Submergence Area

Number Number Under Submergencv of o f Total Tribal Landless (ha)

State Villages Families Population (%) (%) Pvt. Forest Gov't

m / c 180 7,500 45,000 n.a.. /d 47 /e 7,857 2,732 3,559

Maharashtra /f 36 1,358 11,747 99.9 30 1,558 4,386 6 0

/a Major source is the Report of the ID, GOG on "Rehabilitation for Villages (Gujarat State) Going Under Submergence Due to Sardar Sarovar armada) Project, l1 1983.

/b This percentage is taken from "A Summary of the General Report on Studies on Rehabilitation of Submerging Villages," Centre for Social Studies, Surat, 1983.

/c Major sources are the "Brief Status Report on Land Acquisition and -

Rehabilitation Programme for Areas and Properties Coming Under - Submergence in MP due to Sardar Sarovar Project," Chief Engineer, Lower Narmada Project, 1983; and "Sardar Sarovar Project Human Settlement: A Strategy," National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi, (undated).

/d Although no detailed figures are yet available from the oustee villages, according to the NIUA Report, the percent of tribals in the three districts in which oustee villages are located varies from 43% to 83% of the total population.

/e See Status Report referred to under /c. According to the NIUA Report, the proportion of agricultural laborers alone is 30%.

/f Major source is an undated government report on "Submergence by Sardar Sarovar Project in Maharashtra."

"Under Submergence" categories do not include an estimate of wasteland areas taken up by river and streambeds; thus, it is estimated that 2,430, 6,581 and 366 ha of wastelands of this type would be submerged by the main reservoir in Gujarat, MP and Maharashtra, respectively. This results in a total submergence of 37,000 ha at FEU (EL 138.7 m) for the entire reservoir.

i:age I by Module

Social forestry

Lc.r.d.less laborer

). lnaiviaual smallholaer l.rrigator

0·~er irrigation ;:ub-totals

tace II by MOdule

... social forestry

Lanaless laborer

l. Individual smallholder irrigator

Other irrigation ~ub-totals

Totals (Stage I & 11)

-70-

SARDAR SAROVAR DAM AND RESERVOIR

Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plans

Schedule for Relocation of Families

No. of

Annex 1 Table 7

~amilies 1984/85 19~5/~6 lY86/S7 1987/88 19~8/~9 19~9/9U 199U/91

137

413

5'02

1744 2b/6

'oJ7

251U

1'076

llbS() 1/

IS

123

20

ou

1'02

547 8(j~

45

136

17(1

534 893

130

39U

310

6(j(}

14::SU

23:L3

57

1/3

297 626

150

44U

330

660 15811

:dO

boO

440

230

b lIU

500

2281)

117

4LU

290

601 1434

1434

.j The number of oustees and oustee families and other population characteristics determined at appraisal are giveu in table 6 (annex 1). August 1~84 post-appraisal estimates presentea in this table inaicate an increaoe in overall population of about 10%. ~roportionate shares of population in various categories aua other submergence aata shoula, however, remain valia ,,!ithin acceptable limits.

J.

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0.5 2.2 1004 11.5 2.2 10.'

16.4 17.4 10.' 153.0 4.4 11.'

3.3 5900 3M

m.1 129.5 49.2

3.I 48.1 0.7

Ill. I 307.1 57.'

10.2 lO.) 10.9

10.2 10.7 20.3 10.2 20.' 20.9

419.0 421.1 26~.) 262.)

311.6 167.]

2.1 19.3 0.7

112.1 m.1 66.7

1.1 11.9 0.7 98.4

240.4 5).6

1.1 lo.a 51.6

"'.4 207.7 6).6

10.4

HI.6 167.)

1.1 lO.1 n.7

109.) 107.1 51.6

98.5 5.8 50.5 140.6 1.9 37.'

10.4 155.1 ).1 U.S

lH.6 281.' 1~.3 3.111.7 161.3 162.3 140.4 14101 11.9 1.621.4

• 107.8 19.4 139.1

1.1 1.1 20.1 20.1 1l.7 32.1

lOt.) 31.1 10.' )2.1 10.' 54.6 10.9

16.' )03.3 35).0 97'.1

"6n.1 U'.3

006 1.1 11.3 51.9 lo6 13.9

If.4 111.4 U.O "'.9 5.1 17.8

16.4 11.9 16.1 49.) 1'1.7 32.1 )8.0 47.6 )1.5

4)8.7 60).4 36M )94.5

4.5 11.6 46.'

196.5 JIM 68.0

4.' n.3 65.1

197.3 461.9 '7.1

711.0 m.)

J,6

61.2 71.4

2n.O 481.1 108.9

11.5 )5.0 31.3

765.3 461.8

1.9 )8.6 17.1

11l.5 411.1 11.5

19.0 19.0 40.4 11.6

666.1 711.7 497.7 530.'

1.1 39.4

103.7 116.6 394.0 114.4

2.2 42.0 88.~

m.2 420.) 110.6

11.9

755.4 651.2 561.7 :.".~

1.) 41.6

n.' ll4.5 70.3

117.1

2.5 47.2 74.6 74.6 14.9 14.9

110.)

106.1 7:011.9

)08.7 - 5,/54.2 579.6 36.1.0 59.2 4.9".~

26.)

77.5 4r.;.2 6)8.2

1,67).4 4:',807.8

768.6

_ ... _-- ----- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ----- ---- ----- ----- -------- ----- ----- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ----- -----44.8 316.' 516.'

10.4 2O.t 20.' 16.1 16.1

m.) 41.' 26.1

511'1.1 10.4 26.1

459.0 5.2

26.1

411.1 10.4 2601

m.2 10.4 11.3

261.3 lor.3 10.' 10.4 1004 1004 31.3 20.9 10.4 10.4

3.715.8 111.0 211.9

51.1 40].7 U.S

21.9 n.7

715.1 889.3 29.1 63.5 36.6 19.7

961.9 17.1 43.1

809.9 9.3

46.7

~.3

10.2 50.5

884.8 21.6 64.8

562.7 72.9 68.7

241.5 24.3 4a.5

26.3 7:.).7 25.7 27.3

6.405.7 747.5 510.1

----- ---- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ----- --- ----- ----- -------- ----- ----- ------- --.. ---- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ----- ---_ .. 82.1546.3 hU9.5 10318.2 "U6.9 10180.8 1.091.5 h~.8 45.' 56.4 61.7 lI.a 41.1 4I.a 4I.a 11.8 31.5 43.4

1.1 10.1 10.3 49.1

70.5 75.' 5~.2

9.8 10.1 10.' 97.0 109.7 111.1

J'.~ 10.1 98.7

ll.7 10.8

".5 10.8 91.1

910.9684.1397.' 151.5 11.9 9.94B.9 31.) 20.' 426.0

330.7 10.1 4),4 4),4 54.2 217.7 76.2 59.' ~.3 16.5 1.7 846.1

97.5697.1 1.581.5 "9'10.4 2,191.4 1,094.0 1.081.7 1,?14.' 1,9n.5 1.573.0 54.1 71.7 1707 U.S 61.' 74.7 80.7 U.4 68.7 4a.~

3M 41.1 ~.o ".5 77.1 50.0 )5.9 1.3 1l.1 13.5 16.3 17.7 19.2 10.6 12.0 23.4 ".0

10.7 5501 1I1.2 115.1 159.7 153.5 154.1 164.1 115.6 121.)

966.1 3'10.) ~9.2 17.'14.2 706.8 m .. 2

104.7 m.1 4'10.' 75.7 37.6 4.2 1.34~.0

----- ----- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- .. --.. --- ------- -----.- ---- ... ----111.1717.5 10455.110611.1 1060~.3 1.115.9 .. 198.5 l,ll9.9 1,039.1109.0476.112).3 n.6 \2.1~.6 10'.1 m.5 1,9'/0.7 1,407.11.597.72,481.)1,454.51,508.91,13).0 ... tl.' 1.146.7 5.17.0 63.4 21.191.4 111' •• _ .1' ••• _.=~=- _ .•. : ..• :=:=_ ......... z.:t •• s: .:--:.--: " .. =""".'_ L"-- • ..,. .. -.:-"'. ,., ....... .., •••• "' .. "''"' ===:: =2::: ":"==::11 ........... :: .. "'== =:==:== ~=;=.:= ••• ::=== ==:,,-== ..,=:-:-:1:" ::-:-==-. 1'-"""-182.1717.51.155.2 1.611.2 10606.3 10115.' .. 198.5 l.lj9.9 I.O.W.I 109.0 476.1 21).3 1).6 12.1~.6 m.1 m.5 1,9'/0.71,407.1 2.597.7 2,481.) 1,454.5 2,508 •• 2,233.0 "H~I.9 1,146.7 567.0 63.4 71,491.4 =::1:._ ••••• =:11=== ••• ';: .. ::1:1: ==1::1:=".: :-:-===== ::1::-.- .... ",a.", .. ",= "====,,,: ... ~ ••• ~:;-. '-".:_ :. .. :== ••• =.,,:: :::=== ===== :II:::::: •••••• =::::- _==::== :====== =::-:=:1' ===:::::::: ===:: .. == ::===:-:-~. =, ::-.::,..,. ::-...

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0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

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I. INVESTIlENT COSTS

A. SIlIM:Y I INVESTIIiATlIlII B. LAND ACOIJISITIIlII I R[S[TTlEIlENT C. ACCESS ROAIIS & RElOClHI1lII D. COIISJROCTIOH

I. EARTH 10K 2. LINING 3. SJROCJUI![S

SPEWll FEATUI!ES or SAUI!ASl/JRt'I I r;UJDI BRANCI£S

OJIU STROCTURES

Sub-Jotal STROCTURES 4. SERVICE ROADS 5. OTIlR ITEIIS

Soj)-Johl CIlIISTROCTlIlII E. IlUllDINGS F. EUUlf'llENT 6. C(NVUflCAJlIlIIS I CIlIITRIl. H. ENGINEERING I AMIIIISTRATlIlII

Tobl IIIV£SJIlEHT COSTS

Tolill

Jilnuarv IS. 1985 16:46

IHOIA lIAAllllOA RIl.{R OCl.{UJI'IIEIIJ - GUJAAAJ

BRANCH CAHflI. SYSJEK!; D ... lJih4 C'lst Table

BaSI! C<lsh IRS KillionJ

(

84185 85/86 W87 87188 88/89 B'1I90 90/91 91192 92193 93194 W95 9~/96 96/97 97/98 98m 99/100 100/101 1011102 1021103 103/101, 104llOS IOS/106 Jotill :=::::::.: ;.:::=.:: ===== ==:::=: ::::::::::: .:==== ===:-: ==:"'::.:: "'==== :::::::: ===== :::::-:::= ==:""~::;== ==:==== ===:uu:: =~===:-;

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l.4 17.2 50.0 54.8 70,7 B2.:; 91.3 91.3100.4100.4 100.8 97.:> 97.0 68.4 57,0 28.5 11.4 4.6 1l.8 59.6 9M 146.9 1$9.6 163.7 165.4 165.4 m.B 11,0.2 IJO.fI 101.1 B6.7 75.2 57.8 23.1

5.B 46.J 81.01:-'0.4 11M IY6.6 m.5 1!j6.1 81.0 57.8 34.7 10.4 4J.B 94.4 lIS.1 92.5 92.5 115.1121.4 121.1121.4 100.0 BI.O 57.8 46.3 14.7 17.3 11.6

10.4 4J.8 94.4 115.1 98.3 IJ8.8 196.6 271.8 2Y4.t JIB.I 27M 2J7.1 U8.8 10M 69.4 17.J 11.6 2.3 12.5 42.7 SO.8 51.3 49.6 46.3 46.J 34.8 34.2 22.8 22.8 m.J 9.1 8.0

0.5 3.8 12.1 ?J.3 ](,'.2 31.1 33.J 27.9 29.2 74.0 19.4 19.4 14.8 11.4 1.1 5.7 5.7

310.J 42.4

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11.4 11.4 22.7 61.:' II&.~ 101.3 122.4 48.4 43.9 42.J 169.4 162,,1 118.7 - h1Ot.3 17.3 12.7 12.1 12.7 I~." 68.0

- 15.3 40.0 68.0 48.4 96.9 73.8 - 3l .• \· J6.9 73.8 - 72.6 109.5 73.8 146.1 1.5 7.5 20.7 29.9 35.'1 45.7 50.6 53.6 6J,2' 6~.9 61.2 4S.0 39.5 35.6 70.8 22,5 18.6 0.5 0l>!i.2

26.4129.0294.9 411.7552.3686.0 m.8 7&5.1 896.511110.1850.' 626.6 547.1 483.2 t58.J 3M.5 251.4 6.2 - '1.401.0 :.;::::: :.::::=z: =:::=:::: ::-::";;-: ===:-::. :=::: :::;:: ====: :'~=:_:.; ======= ====..:::: t::===== ====:t~ =:'~:"!"'I!~:: ::::,:;.:::.:::. ====:::== 26.4 129.0 294,9 411.7 m.3 68&.0 no.t! 76:;.1 896.5880.1 850.'1626.6541.1 483,;! 958.l 30M 251.4 6.2 - 9.401.0

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84185 85/86 W87 87188 88/11'/ 89190 90191 fl191 fUn um '~/r.. '~/96 96191 f71f8 '8m Y'"OO IO~/IOI IOI/IO~ 10UIOJ 1031104 104ll~ 10S/lP/. lobi

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6.5 30.5 16.3 6.4 73.1 92.1 5'.1 51.0 59.8 63.4 53.1 12.7 ,IO.~ 585.4 0.4 4.0 5.6 6.6 6.9 5.7 6.2 5.9 6.1 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.1 :1.8 118.1

4.1 11.1 69.9 83.1 116.~ 147.2 17~.0 188.1 219.4 m.6 217.7 140.8 267.6 200.2 176.8 93.7 39.7 2,~15.'

5.5 17.5 8M 149.8 ~40.1 281.9 m.1 U5.4 355.5 J:>(I.5 338.6 m.' 28M 249.5 n'.~ 18~.' 190J 3,8:\0.8

90S 81.7 nJ.' 30M 37M 448.0 "9.0 39M m.l 166.4 I~.S • 2.681.7 12.4 55.9 1J0.7 m.l 151.2 163.4 219.8 246.J 261.( 216.7 2~1.6 207.3 156.9 1ll.1 1~.8 511.1 1'.' 2.~)1.3

12.4 55.' !l0.7 173.1 160.7 245.2 m.7 551.2 634.0 12408 660.7 607.1 376.7 2'9.S m.~ 511.1 1'.6 • 5.3IJ.0 J.~ 19.1 70.3 to.6 ".0 10~,3 101.2 107.J 85.4 8'.1 '3.0 u.7 I.J62.0 30.0 27.8 21.1 - 2.ll8.1

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22.5 100.5 3OJ.! 460.5 637.4 820.4 10024.0 1.234.' 1.374.0 1.470.7 1.380.0 10322 •• 1.010.6 8~'.J 1,f83.3 J!r.;.o 186.4 21,( · 14,60/0.4 18.8 20.3 H.O Ill.!! 255.7 149.7 301.9 m.' 121.' 114.2 527.4 535.1 615.1 • 3.084.6 24.' 19.5 21.0 21.4 23.8 111.4

19.6 55.5 102.6 ]f.l 171.5 140.7 19.6 84.4 118.' 191.' 31~.~ ?15.9 · 10652.2 1.6 8.5 15.4 n.s 51.9 71.6 8'.1 97.8 122.1 128.9 132.' 103 •• 96.4 92.1 194.2 65.3 57.4 1.5 · I,J16.'

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A. SURVEY I INlJESTlfiATION P. lANP ACQUISITION I IIfSUTlEII£NT C. ACCESS ROADS I IIflOCATlIJI P. CONSTRUCTION

I. DISIRIIHlTlON SYSTDI

EARTH IIOIIK LIltiNG STRUCTURES fiElD ClMElS

5<Jb-Total DfSTRIBllTIOII SYSTEH 2. DRAIHAIi( SYSTEII

HASTER I FEEQER MAIllS FIELD DRAINS CONJUNCTIVE USE IIEllS (tRAlHAIi( II£LlS

Sub-Tolal llRAlHAGE SYSlEH

Suit- lohl CONSTRUCTlOII E. £lUllPINGS f. EOUItll£HT G. SERI/ICE RIlADS H. OII£R INlJESTIlEIIT COSTS I. EIIGIIlEERIIIG I ADHllIlSTRATIOII

Tohl IHV£SfIlEIIT COSTS

Tolal

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INDIA WAltHAM RIVER fl£II£UIPII£NT - IiUJARAT

DISIRl~UTlON I IlIAIHAGE smEllS O.t-H.d Cost Tablt

lu. Cosh IRS Hi Ilion I

84/85 85/86 86/87 81188 88/8'1 89/90 90/91 91192 9219J 9l/94 94/95 9:im 96/97 97/98 98/" ~91100 100/101 101/102 1021103 10]/10~ 104/105 105/106 Total :;::== :::==== ==::0:: ===.=:~~= =:::::::::: =:::-:::: .. == ===:x::.= ==:,-===:: ;:::::::::::: ==:"===~ =.!::::==:-: :!.:::o::o:!,;!:

1.9 ].9 4.] 4.1 4.4 4.5 10.8 16.9 56.] 112.5 m.o m.o 0.1 0.9 2.1 2.7 ].7 2.8

- 22.6 55.9 1:16.6 189.4 J.7 55.4 124.6 192.8

- 12.8 28.0 64.5 57.8 2.9 14.1 19.7

4.5 168.8

1.0

177.3 222.:1 6J.6 56.1

5.1 168.8

4.1

m.7 342.2 7:i.2 ]4.5

168.8 6.5

188.) ]65.1 7:i.2 87.0

78.8 II.]

223.:1 456.J 121.4 105.5

78.8 ILl

26].2 467.7 m.o 123.8

]J.8 1M

2]2.4 572.5 185.1 136.4

lIt:; 1l.5

332.9 446.0 242.9 1J6.4

4.:1 4.:1

186, I 352.5 487.1 559.0 352.8 15M m.8 87.0

29].0 171.6 74.5 8.4 456.] 2/].11 114.1 11.4 115.7 67.1 28.9 4.6

32.6 - ItU5.4

84.8

- ].071.8 - 5,)00.5 - 1./79.9

967.4 --....... ---_ .. --... -- ... -... _- ----- ----- ---_ ... _- _ ...... _--- ----_ ... - ------- ------- ----_ ...... ----- ... - ------- _ ... _-- ..... ------- ------- --- ... _-- ... _---- ------ ------- -----.. - --------- 39.1 142.2 35t.9 459.7 m.5 635.6 715.6 906.8 987.7 "076.4 It158.3 I.Ht.7 1.148.9 864.t 512.4 Z17.5 24.) - 10.918.4

4.8 10.3 59.7 77.9 102.0 118.0 1]8.0 161.8 178.3 171.0 142.9 102.8 - 10267.4 15.0 43.6 49.] 61.:; 80.1 86.5 86.0 74.3 49.3 15.(1 580.4

4.0 15.2 .11.8 50.8 70.2 103.2 121.~ 1:15.4 1l6,8 118.3 81.2 53.0 Il.9 94~.]

0.2 1.1 ].0 4.3 5.7 8.1 9.8 6.5 4.3 1.1 44.] -_ ........ ---- .. ---- ... ---- .. ---- ---- ... --_ .. _-- ---.... -- -----... - ------... ---_ ... _- ------- ------ ... ------- ------- ------- ------- --- .... _- -_ .. _--- _ ... _-_ ....... ------ ------- --------

4.8 10.3 59.7 102.9 145.6 167.2 199.5 246.1 281.1 m.B 272.l 221.9 m.] m.l 141.9 141.1 119.4 81.2 5J.O 1].9 2.834.4 ----- ----- .. _-- .. ----- .. ---- ----- ... _--_ .. - ----_ ... - ------- ------- ---..... _- --_ ... _-- .. _---_ ... ---_ ... -- ------- ...... _ .. _-- ...... ---- ---_ ..... - --_ .. _- -----.... -----...... ------- --------- 43.115204 419.6 56206 665.0 802.9 t15.1 r,I~2.8 "268.8 h]]5.1 "4]0.6 lr311.6 102115.2 m.z 654.4 358.6 143.9 81.2 5].0 Il.' 1l.7:i3.0

22.7 8.0 11.4 54.B 54.8 141.7 121.4 115.1 41.3 3~.2 34.1 118.9 llJ.l m.5 - 1t00~.5

0.2 0.] 0.9 4.6 9.2 11.1 6.5 5.8 II.S 11.5 13.8 13.8 5.8 3.5 9B.6 '.1 70.9 11406 242.3 251.0 157.0 157.0 109.] 10\,.] 109.;, ~t.8 56.8 56.8 45.5 45.5 ]B.] - I.B]2.9

- 10.0 16.1 15.7 4B.9 90.9 15'.2 181.9 181.' 227.4 227.4 79.6 79.6 9.1 65.9 6:1.9 65.9 65.9 65.9 65.' 65.9 1r789.2 ].5 12.2 35.4 45.6 54.1 6B.6 77.6 103.6 111.2 120.0 117.1 11].0 105.~ 89.2 61.4 ]8.] 11.5 6.5 4.2 1.1 1.180.9

IJ.I 22.1 121.0 ]10.8 716.6 933.1 "246.5 1r526.1 1.613.] 1.938.5 Itt41.9 2.017.9 1,829.2 h670,] 1.495.3 1.]27.1 '40.9 U1.2 260.0 153.7 12].2 81.020.97:i.' =2=== ::::: :==== :::::::: ;:::;=== :::::=== ======:;t ::===== ===:;';;:: ==::-~ :;;:::1:== =::.:=:::== :&;.=~~=:: ;' ... ' ::1'::"'=:-::':: ::::c::::nt _::,ac== *:::":~=Z~J: ,t:~e-:'.:.::r:::" :':;::1::-:'-':= ==2:::=== 13.1 22.1 121.0 ]10.8 716.6 933.1 1,246.5 1,526.1 1,673.3 1,9]8.5 1t941.9 2,017.9 "112'1.2 1,670.3 lr495.] 1,]27.1 940.9 6J1.2 260.0 153.] 12].2 81.020,'15.9

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Annex 1 Table 10 Page 2

I. IIMSlllENT cosrs

A. lAHD SlW'ING II. fAR" ItVEllI'IIEHl I fXTfHSIOH C. IIMfHOUSIHG I ~mltll II. ROADS

lobi IIMSlllENl COSIS

Total

I, MSE COSIS AS II" NIlIIEilBER 1984

IHIlIA HARIIADA RIVER 1l£VELOI'IIENT - GUJARAT

totlHAHD AREA 1l£VElortlENl {'etai lId Cost Tal!le

hsr Costs IRS Hillion)

04/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 119190 90/91 91192 92193 93/9~ 9~/~J 95/96 96/97 97/98 HI99 9V/100 100/101 101/102 IIiUlOJ 103/104 10Vl05 105/106 lobi .=:;;;:::a: =:;s:.::::::: :x:::::=== .:; :::z;; =:-::;:'": ;:-::--::; ==:-:'.. :::==:::: ===== :::' ;::"":;-:::" :::.:~~=== :::===== =====::1': .:::::=::_= :IIZ===::= :::::-::===

- 1/.0 3M !lA.6 1-8.0 68.0 90.6 m.3 158.6 IM.2 1:;8.6 - 17.0 3M 68.0 113.3 II'M 215.2 237.8 203.9 140.4 10'1.9

1.1 3.4 - 45.J 90.6 ItM 20M 271.8 294.5 317.1

79.3 49.8 5.7

318.2

66.8

11.3 318.2

10.7 JIB.2

3.4 119.7 169.9 90.6

- 34.0 68.0 124.6226.:, 3:;1.1 47:;./554.'1634.2600.2588.'1 453.0 396.4 m.4 i'\IJ.l 16'1.'1 90.6

- 1r074.7 - 1.:181.7

35.1 - 2.887.9

- 5.l7'1.4 ::.=== ::::::::::::: =;:::=: ===== :,;..:..:= ===%::'~ ;c;::::::: ====z ===== ===;-== :.=;.:-::=::":'~ ::-: :.~~= :!":-==== =.a;;:::c: *=a=_::a ".=lI:~== ==: ====

- 34.0 68.0124.6226.:; 351.1 4/:'.7 5:'4.9 63~.2 600.2 588.9 453.0 3'16.4 328.4 :t83.1 169.'1 '10.6 - 5.3/'1.4 #::11:&:: J:'::=== ===== :.:::::::: ===== ===== ~;-= .. = ::::::::::: :::::::::= s:::=:: =::;~~:: :::'~::-:'= ~;::-:::::-::::;: !"':-:-::\ :;:~; :::::::=,: ::::::::::::::: s;::=::a::c ~~.:t~T :-r:-:.;::

, COST fOR fJ[lD CHAlMlS At/I f1£lll DR/UHS N!f. SHIII/H IN MPl[ 10 - PISTRIPUTJOH I ilRAIHAG£ SYSlEil

Januar~ IS. 1985 W55

r:~ ;;; ?; Q 0' ::;3

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I ....... 0'1 I

1. INVESII1EHT COSTS

A. lAH6 stw>IHG ,. FARII IlfVHIJ'I1EHT I EXTENSION C. IlAREHOOSIHG I IlARK£IlHG P. ROADS

Tohl IIIV£STHENf (OSIS

lohl

hbrua,w 27, 1985 10:41

)

II/PIA HnRlIADA RIIlER: PEVEUJPI1£HT GUJARAT

, COIVWIP ARfA IlfllElOf'I1EHT DeLailed Cusl hbl.

Tohh Including ConliM~ncict Hi'S Hi 11100)

84/n n/86 86/87 87188 88/81' 81'/90 90/91 91/n 92193 93/9~ 9i19~ Y.i196 96/97 97199 98/99 991100 10Q/IOI 101/102 102ll0l IOl/l04 104/105 105/106 Tobl

r ... Hl.rs

Phw. ContI for. 6r(,"s s.t..iUY Ralr bch. r.. H"lt lIrcoonl

===.::: :;::::::;:: ::::; :::;:::;:: .:It::::: ===== ==;:: :::::;:::::;;:::;:; ::::::::; ===== ===:::::: =.:!""!"::-:-:- : ;;;;~=== %:::-===== :: .;=::-=~:" :r~ :r::,::":,::- !"~:-~':!::'::- :: ;.-#:-~.': :-::::';0:::== c:====== ~=::':-!"" ::~~!':";':" ::r===;:::: ::===::::

- lO.5 66.0 111.8 149.8 158.8 22~.5

- 30.5 66.0 141.3 249.7 450.0 5ll.1

- 99.9 211.7 m.B

197,4 441.l

624.5 567.4

~il5.J r..s.6

48~~S

414.4 l.l

'~8.8

495.9 262.8 m.B l~l.6 165.2

10.6 19.. 19.8 J8.0 13.4 991.8 10055.0 !rIlB.l 1.185.4 1,104.5 111.0 402.0

- 60.9 132.0 r.i9.1 499 •• 820.:' Id78.4 !r457.l !r765.4 1.771.0 1r841.9 1r:.o1.8 1.393.0 1.223.4 h1l7.9 111.0 402.0

- 2.964.1 - J,58:i.7

m.9 - 9.461.3

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Dftliled Cost TaMe

BHe Cosh (RS "i II iool

84185 85/86 86/87 87188 88/89 89190 90191 91/'12 9219J '3/'~ 94/95 ~/90 96/97 97198 98/99 99/100 100/101 101/102 102/10) 103/104 104/105 1051106 Totil ::::::::: ::=== ==::00:= =:=,:= .::==== ==:;:!' ====== ~::':.:'::"':"':'::: :::::':'"!:!':.."':::':' ~:;:::-==;;;:= &ZlIC':21:;l &:1=:1;=

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1.7 2.8 1.8 5.8

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2.9 1.8

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1.8 2.4 1.8

2.4 1.8

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0.6 0.6

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0.6 0.6

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0.6 0.6

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0.6 0.6

1.2

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0.6 0.6

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4.2 0.6 19.8 0.6 17.6

1.2 41.6 - l~.4

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3.0 3.2

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3.4 3.6 3.8

3.4 3.6 3.8

2.0 2.2 2.0 2.2

4.1 4.3

4.1 4.3

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24.0 40.0 so •• 48.' 38.0

36].4 118.2 h243.9 I.OU.I 972.9 924,4 IBl.J 109.0

35.7 419.0 81.4 218.4 h344.4 loIl~.5 1t030.5 t:l9.7 116.1 m.J U.~ U.8 5.8 ].5

19.5 54 •• 18.0 m.o 92.1 m.3 ,,] 14 •• 21.1 40.4 ]M fO.1

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215.0 m.o JI.4

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49.S 289.5

31.4 180.9

27.1 132.5

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37.5 64.2 100.6 m.6 149.7 120.3 101.4

414.8 It067.2 hl".O "225.9 34.7 124.8

121.J 735.2 111.0 31'.7 1'.1 7o.s 94.7

10.6 196.3 401.8 131.8 248.9 250.4 U2.1 118.6 5.588.2 36.0 41.6 11.8 31.7 41.7 44.2 20.1 21.3 1.8 551.3

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1.496.' 46.0 27.6 96.f

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219.4

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1.340.6 382.5

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• ____ .... __ ______________ ____________ ____________ ________________ 199.8 15.0 JO.o

Sub-I.III &EI![RAllOII J.964.1 191.7 199.8 4,~.l -;~; .--;----__ ._________ __ _______________________ , ____________ .__ _______________ .67.8

Sub-I.bl EQIlIPIlNI 118.2 2.4 ),964.7 330.7 7'11.7 m.8 '1.0 98.6 6.S 5.5808 5 2 ' 6. CIMJIIIUIJDHS 28.9 0.9 m.l m.1 1.0 1l0.7 l,m:4 14:. ~:; do H. 010 IMYESlftENI COS IS 157.1 l.4 10789.2 7.l 1.416.8 ltJ73.7 15.2 514 I N I. ElI6lNEERlliG , AMINISIRAIION 396.4 7.9 381.7 848.1 17.2 78.5 14.8 465.2 IoIBO.9 1801 n.l l.462.2 •• 0 0:0 I

J. IRAINING 41.6 41.6 0.0 0 ° K. 1£OIneAl. ASSISIAIfCl 32.4 32.4 0.0 0:0

-------------- ~ -- ~-------- -------- ---------- ----------- - -... _-- ... -... _-..... _--1.111 IMYESIIIMI COSIS 5,4&9.2 10'1.4 5.152.4 1~,175.6 501.8 1.060.2 227.4 fo4~I.O 20.975.9 :!S7.I 5,379.4 175.5 74.0 1,680.8 62,41'.7 12.8 8.02901

l.t .. aAS1l11![ COSIS . 5,469.2 10'1.4 5,152.4 12,175.6 50"~ 1.060.2 7n.4 9,401.0 20,975.9 :!S7.1 50379.4 115.5 74.0 "680.. 62.639.7 12.8 a 0 l'IMiul (""tin!lt'nr'H 600.9 10.1 319.1 1.63).6 92.9 68.1 n.6 1,211(.6 2.954.) 47.5 806.9 7.2 1'101 8.029.1 0.0 • ~.! P,lc. CllllhMf<lC1f5 2.793.5 11.6 2.618.' 7.628.2 :!S9.4 578.. 173.6 10.BI9.. 30.060.9 84.2 9.948.7 64.3 49.7 567.8 65.7l8.2 ll.9 7.7 • ____________ _ _________ .___ _________________ _ ________ .. ______________ n. 3

'.hl f'IIO.(CI COSIS 8.863.6 1ll.2 8.119.. 1I.491.4 854.0 1.707.1 432.6 ~J,~.O '3.991.3 388.. 160135.0 247.0 12J.1 2.416.6 136,407 •• 11 ~:-:-~~:-::=:=::=lI =;"':r!"=;"'~-!".=_:_:_:_ :-""j:::::x:tr::~.~::"!!" ========:::_:;:r:-:: =~=!!"::;:t:==':;;=:.a ••••• lIZ=_.:=;:rz •• :':;:1:#... a#:! .!;;~~~~~

lax.. 41l.1 6.J 2,4Id.3 1,IY~.l 1".4 18.4 '1.24\.1 2.467.6 37.4 24.7 8.043 9 9 ----f.,.i"" ben_ 2.610.9 20.0 ].818.3 6,564.7 249.3 272.' 157.1 ~,no.o ',981.5 90.2 "594.4 45.1 99.0 31 28l·· II" 795.4

, 'J .6 l.621.5 _____ ......... _ .... _____ w __ ~ __________ ... ___________ .. _ ... ~ ___ ~_ .. ____________________________ .. ___________________________ ............. ____ w ____________________________________ ....... "' __ ... ... _~ ____ ~ _______ ~ _____ "' _____________________________ .. ______ .. _ .. ________ .. __ _

.I",,,,, ... 15. 1985 17:07

~?I O'!:I ....... (1) (I) X .............. J>-.

A. MAUl 1M t. ROClflll oms J LIlli( ClMlElS C. R IVERB( D fIIW( RIMlUSE B. MAIM CAIW. E. 6AIIUIlESIIIAR IlEIR f. CAIIAlIlAD fllW(ld«JUSE

G. TRAHSItISSIIlII SISTEK H. tRMCIIfS I. GISIRIBUlIllII J IiIIAIHA(j[ SYSI£KS J. l/AOOM SAGllE !WI J BY[ -~ASS TlJIII£l I. tDIIHAMD ARIA l(VElOl'ft[)lT l. HlllR011£T£IWIlOOIUl II£TIjORr; K. TRAINING J TEClINICAl ASSISTANCE - !WI J CAHAl M. lAIID ACOOISIlIIlII I REHAJIlITAIIIlII

lobi BASELINE COSTS Ph~siul [onliMfflCt .. PrJ .. Conli",..""",

lol.1 PRO.£CT COSTS

"x .. fOrfi!ln [xch.o!lf

---------~ ---~ ------------------_ .. -----_ ....... ---r.b'u,,~ 21, 1985 10:51

•

IHDIA HARIIADA RIVER I£VElOl'IIEHI - GU.lMAT

IMPIA HAIIMADA WIER PEV£lOl'II£HI - GU.lMA1

P,o.itd COIP"""oh b. r .. r IRS "Illioni

hSt tosh

84/85 BS/86 86/87 87188 88/89 89/90 90191 91192 9219] 9]194 94195 W96 96197 97m 98/99 991100 100/101 101/102 1021103 101/104 104/105 1051106

413.5 166.1 770.0 857.' 730.1 no.O 73M 656.9 305.3 65.0 32.7 76.6

- 524.0 114.1 2".9 1.244.5 949.2 911.0 193.2 129.5 91.1 182.2 787.5 1.455.2 1.618.2 1.606.l 1.415.9 1.298.5 It2l9.9 I.Ol9.8 809.0 416.2 223.3 23.6

70.2 100.4 145.5 115.4 70.2 14.4 91.3 61.7 86.8 221.1 221.1 141.7 162.0 27.5 20.6

21.3 45.5 56.8 54.6 43.2 26.4 129.0 194.9 411.1 552.3 686.0 730.8 765.1 8'6.5 880.1 8:10.9 626 •• 541.1 481.2 958.3 104.5 251.4 6.2 n.1 22.1 121.0 310.8 716.6 '31.1 10246.5 h526.1 1.613.3 1,'18.5 1.941.9 2.017.' 1.829.2 1.670.1 1.4'5.3 It321.1 940.9 634.2 260.0 153.7 123.2 81.0 15.4 35.6 80.1 62.' 48.0 13.2 1.0 1.0

34.0 68.0 124.6 226.5 351.1 475.7 554.' 634.2 600.2 588.9 453.0 396.4 328.4 283.1 169.9 9O.' 20.2 31.8 39.5 n.s 18.4

3.5 8.5 10.2 B.5 5.9 4.7 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.2 2.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 136.1 100.1 532.2 562.9 147.0 126.1 15.0 ... _--- ----"' .. - -....... ---- ------- ------- --.. _-- .. "" ------- ... _----- ------ ... _---_ .. ------- -----..... ------ ----- ~------ ------ ------ -------837.81.961 •• ' 3.613.54.32'.55.484.1 5.352.6 5.404.5 5.327.6 4.345.1 4.165.7 3.141.1 3.423.' l.035.3 2,755.0 3.043.82.085.8 Io5BY.' "0.0 544.3 10'.4 221.8 449.8 533.5 600.6 604.3 629.5 632.1 583.B 573.6 521.4 4B3.3 m.B 390.2 42M 29'5.9 226.3 U'.4 ]Y.l 36.2 245.0 865.3 1.543.3 2.583.9 J.218.6 3.98'.8 4.609.6 4.401.4 4.783.4 4.BU.9 4.'31.5 4.8:10.5 4.B48.3 5.900.' 4.438.2 l.101.5 2.461.5 h511.'

324.7 47.6

978.3

215.0 31.4

100.8

82.2 12.0

288.6

POO.4 2.428.4 4.928.16.406.2 B.668.6 9.175.6 10.023.9 10.56'.9 9.m.0 ,.522.7 9.IIB.4 B.Bl8.1 ,B.115 •• 7.993.6 9.374., 6.819.9 5.511.1 3.57'.9 2.U5.1 1.350.' 941.3 382.1 :;::;;; 1:\:::==:;;: =:=.:11:::::: .::=:==;:: ;::;;;::,.:n:; :;::::=-==Jt : ••• .:11::11:: ••• :::==::::: =::::==== t::;===*: :::===== ==== •• .:11: .::a==::: :===:;1: ===a:::;;: lI::uC:I:c.::a:: ::::::Jf== ;au::=:. === •• = aa:a •••• :====== =::=;:;:;_

45.3 739.B 214.1 31U 915.9 B51.2 937.8 m.6 518.9 :105.4 413.4 369.4 33-4.5 l4l.1 lB6.8 2:10.2 150.3 699.51.223.' h614.5 2.585.6 2.194.1 2.866.8 3.013.32.203.52.104.41.904.110811.81.'25.0 "641.4 1.135.5 101'4.6

194.4 '06.5

III.B ~0.8

49.5 289.5

31.4 1110.9

21.1 13M

19.6 62.3

lotol

(lIS' 85 "i II ionl

:::::1::::==:: l:====~

5,469.2 455.8 109.4 9.1

5.152.4 429.4 12.175.6 1.014.6

:IOL8 41.8 1,060.2 88.3

221.4 18.' ,.401.0 183.4

20.'15.9 1.148.0 257.1 21.4

5.319.4 448.3 175.5 14.6 14.0 6.2

"680.8 140.1 ----..... ~- -,",---"'--62.63'.1 5.220.0 8.029.1 669.1

65.718.2 5.418.2 -------- ------136.407.0 11.3.11.2 :c;==:::::::= =:::::::::=::: I

8.043. , 610.3 00 t.,,)

310283.5 2.601.0 I

A. IIIUN MIl S. JlOOO III DYKES I LIN!( CHAHIIElS C. RIIlERII£D POIOHOOSf D. MIN CANAl E. 6ARUIlSlll/ltR VEIR f. CNlftLIt:AD POII£RIIOOS[ 6. IRAIISHISSI~ SYSTU K. BR!IIII:HfS I. P1STR111U1I~ I IfIAINA6[ SYSTEKS J. \Io\IIGM SAIlitE MIl I BYE -PASS IUHIIIl K. COMAHP AIlfA Illl£llN'llENI L. Hflf!OllETEORlOOlCAL IEllltVlk ft. TRAINING I TWIlICAL ASSISTANCE - MIl I CAIif\L H. lAliD ACIlUISlII~ I IIfHAlllllAlI!II

lohl PIHI.£CT COSTS

______ ~M_~ ________ .... ___________ ...... ____ ... _ ...... ________ _

ftbru.r~ 27, 1985 10:58

INDIA NAHIIAlIA RIII£R DElI£lOPIOT OO./MAI

PNI.ltct C __ 1s bY fur

lohls lorludiM [ontiM.nci •• (RS "illionl

(

84/85 85/1k1 1k1/81 87188 88/89 89190 flll9l 91192 92193 91194 94195 95196 96197 91198 99199 991100 100/101 101/102 102/10l IOl/l04 1041105 105/106 Iota I :;::11::::. ll:.1i::;:=S. :::::-::l $:;:::;'(::;:::;::: ;:::It:l: .'11::.: •••• ..... .It,. ••• a===:l:U:: =Z:'::::::::::t =::::,.::=,: ;::;;:;::c=== _.=SI::::'-: ::::=:=11' .:z:::::::== ::::1:==:111:: :::11::1: •• ~=::;:=:: ........... ex •• ::2.:%% x::lII'::nul';: :::::::::::;=== =:1::':'::==::::

.90.5 217.0 10034.3 "250.4 10141.8 1,309.0 h343.5 1.285.4 637.1 148.1 a.1kI3.6 31.2 94.0 131.2

621.5 240.2 190.4 1.948.4 h507.' 10663.2 1.411.1 24l.6 193.7 ad19.9 209.8 989.5 1."0.7 2.401.1 2.597.1 2.481.3 2.454.5 2.508.92.233.0 1.841.9 1.146.7 567.0 63.4 210491.4

100.9 156.5 246.4 211.4 IlB.8 854.0 11.0 109.6 9 •• 2 128.0 336.2 l59.4 259.5 304.8 54.8 41.6 1.70].1

44.2 79 •• 107.1 109.7 92.0 432.6 lOot 163.0 405.8 615.9 8?2.5 1t201.2 IolBl.I 1.545.3 1.921.32.002.32.053.1 10601.2 1.483.0 1,388.62.931.7 "'0.3 1k19.0 22 •• - 21.505.0 15.6 21 •• 169.0 469.91.173.1 1.654.7 1,394.7 3.130.43.642.24.4.4.04.735.45.210.15.001.1 4oB31.0 4.591.9 4,324.6 3.252.3 2.327.4 1001l.9 635.5 541.0 m.1 53.991.3 19.0 47.0 115.1 98.1 81.2 24.3 2.0 2.1 3S8.S

60.9 132.0 259.1 479.4 820.5 10118.4 10457.3 107.5.4 10771.0 hS4!.9 h50I.8 10393.01.223.4 1.117.9 711.0 402.0 - 160135.0 23.6 48.0 54.6 59.2 61.5 247.0

3.5 9.2 12.0 10.9 8.2 7.0 1.3 ],1 7.5 8.0 4.B 2 •• 2.1 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 3 •• 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.6 123.] 156.8 m.l 718.5 824.6 233 •• 211.4 140.3 2.416.6

980.42.428.44.928.] 6.406.2 8.668.690175.610.023.' 10.509.9 9.]31.0 9.522.7 9.118.4 8.8lB.1 8.115.6 7.,.,3.6 9,374.6 •• 819.9 5.517.7 3.516.9 2.135.7 10350.6 947.3 382.7 136.40].0 ::::::: ::====== ======= :::o:::Jt::. :l:::=:::== _:;:::;::== ltZ'zz==*:: ::::::::::=: :::::::: =====.;: ::::C':.::== =~JlIr==== _.;11:=:# =::r;:;::;:== =:::::::;:_= lur:eI::== ======::: a.:nr:::.::: •• :I •• lIIa. lI:=::;iE:_ =::=c== ======= :;=::===;==

~ ;;;?; 0"'0 1-'(1) (1) :><

1-'1-' \JI

I ex> .p-I

INDIA

NARMADA RIVH, m-VEUJI'NEtH - GUJARAT

Sharinq of Projert C.-.cJt Amr,nq Party St.atl..::Ol:5 eRs MIllio", 1'1 <:lIrrent pric(5)

97/98 th .. u Fisc .. l 'I""" 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/813 88/89 89/91) 911/91 91/'12 92/93 9'./94 94195 95/96 96/97 2')05/06

Component

Main DClm f<esettletnent ~ Rehabil.tation Vddgam Saddle Dam IrriQatjon ~ypas5 Tunnel BoLl' f .11 DyLes " Li nl' Channel s

R1Verhf?d Powerhouse Cal~,,"ll head Powerhou6e 6arudeshwar Wl?tr Transmlsslun tines

Hain Cand) f.tri:\nch Canals Olst,'lhullon t~ Drainaqe System Comm.z.nd Area Development

liYf1rumet eorol 09 i cal Net war., Techn. A~si~t .. '!~ fralnlnq CO) l-ectln. ASS15t.~ Tralflinq «(:>

Tot .. 1

Tot .. l. in US$ MIIllnn

Funct.onal Shares

Power Component Irrigation Component Bydromuteorol og; cal Net .. od.

Total

States' Share"

Madhy .. P .... d .. sh E .. II powe .. )

M .. h ...... shtra (all pow .... )

RaJasth .. n (all irrigation)

Gtlj arat - power - irrigation - subtot .. 1

T"t .. 1

,

491 157

9 In :.7

17

2 f)

I f..

981}

It::'

405 576

t)

9B('

2~1

109

,.8

65 5J.8 6f):.:?

'180

:'17 I~~

24 94

6""

110

"lW,'f,

16; 29

:C'4 4

~428

:'1.1:'

98~j

14 ~'I) 24

::4::1l

~J61

'27'2

118

I'" I l~ltl

1411

24~8

10".4 719

~- ., ,J., 611

24f. 94

Int

t If,}t

iltti) 169

40 6 I,

49'~~?

q II

14~'. " "JL~H

411

49'.'<">

A4{,

4 0 4

<~ '"';')1..}

~":.U

'. tfl7 '.1\ '~~'.

4 (}:. ... 9

125·) u·,~ C"J_ • .,J

47 51

39.",

I ~'1I 1~;7

:2407 616 470

~15 ~ ,--, 6

6406

~34

IHMl 4483

55

64{'6

IOl9

51B

)flO

.~('6

4195 4501

6406

1148 234

39 42

1848 336 246

44

2598 893

1170.

59 ,I,

:2

8t.69

7"'2

3275 5134

59

8669

1802

899

312

531 5045 !:;576

0669

13')9 211 L' I"

1508 3~j9

211 Sf)

2481 1"]('1

16~\~:,

61

6~'

4

1',44 140

I I

11>6". 26,) 139 lel7

:-'4~'~j

1 ~UI .",9":,

1 c:.'

"

1'285

1411 ~.f)5

110

?~j(j9

1 ~545 3136

:"::',q

4 4

917ft ltlO~4 111~J70

7b~J

3i)7"t 61)</1

62

fi35

-;1."14 "Jfl:;U

9176 1(u.t~4

II';.'} I ! 1:.?

reP:: 811

::.0. ) '~'I:IO

491 481 581~ ttI41-' 6305 7:"~1

9176 1(" .. 24

8tH

:"549 BO:"'l

If)~.11(1

1453

688

2131

4uu 7740 8148

Ic;57()

b37

244 .4->

92

22"!.:~

1921 3642 499

4

q3~1

nil

7~jO

8~E:l1

93·31

427

2f-:7

2~B

12() 8:'.41 8463

93"'·1

149

1<i4 44

lfl4~ :'1102

4'lt.4 IL'l

~ .4

~r~:.3

794

.~~ ... '- '

f..}:~1 It J

q~~")~.

I fj4

87

IBB

9Ul:-9t)64

95:73

11'1,' ~~(.~j~

4755 111B

9118

761.1

9110

9118

11 ~,

9004 9004

9118

0;:,67

It,Ol ~,:·")t I

J q~17

Afl".9

7 1

EtO,'.'!

8ir,,'1

57

878:' 8182

OHYI

6-: 148!. ~(H'll

176~,

8?16

693

8316

8316

6

8""'9 A :~t)9

0316

b'2f)B

21H96 9962

~"';

380'19

·3175

:58099

38099

38099 38099

38099

Total

BH64 :.'41l

187 =-'O:~ 131

81 ~'() I 7"7

B7J4 4 ''! ~l!

214'1: :?l~,q~,

~i ~.49'

161 :,~,

::'47 41 8-

'\64/.17

I 1367

1 16 ~~ 1 1 B5:~~*

~'47

136407

10114

40;'>.

2499

2B5'~'

116110 11897"

1364"7

I 00 VI I

~I?l 0':.:1 t-'CD CD :.:

t-'

INDIA

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT SARDAR SAROVAR DAM AND POWER PROJECT

Estimated Recurrent Oeeration and Maintenance Costs (Rs Millions)

84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 89/90

Investment Schedule 722 1242 2357 2908 4003 3775 (with Phys. & Price Contingencies)

Accumulative 722 1964 4321 7229 11232 15007 Investments

Operation & Maintenance Rate/Factor fl./ 0 0 0 0 .001 .002

Total Estimated Annual O&M Cost 0 0 0 0 11.2 30.0

!.I Based on a rate of 0.1% of the cumulative investments at initial operation in 1988/89 and increasing to 0.5% at full development in 1991.

90/91 91/92 92/93

3659 3117 1031

18666 21783 22814

.003 .005 .005

56.0 108.9 114.1

93/9.4

388

23202

.005

116.0

I 00 0'\

~g, 0';:1 1--'(0 ro >; I--' I--'

"

I

!!!Q.!!

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT

WATHc WlIlJEf(Y l1li1. 1'~A1HAGf fROKCT

EsLladted ~ecurrefll Ilfo"ilioru K.i1nleroinc, iOO £flIIrl~ Costs la, KillIonl

1985-198' 1987 1988 1999 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 199. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006-2034 ----- ---- -------- .. _-_ ..... ------_ ..... ---_ ...... --....... -....... -------_ .. --_ .. ~ ---.. --- ---_ .. -- -- ~ ----_ ....... --- .. -_ .. ------... ----_ ..... -_ ... -------_ .. -....... -... -_ .. _-_ .... ---_ ...... -....... --------......... _------... - ..... ---_ ...... __ ....... --... _-.... -_ ..... _-----...... --........ _-----IIIPLEIlEMTAIlllN SCHEbl.ll.E 11/1 lhotluoo hoi) ----_ ..... -_ .. ----.. _----..... -------...... _-_ .... _--

lIet eeA Work CO&I'lel,d Net teA Irruited

ESTABUSlllifHT COSTS .... --..... _---_ ... ----_ ... --

PrOJect Othc. NUlooil OffiCii He blv. I Dist. Otflc" Olyaion OUtCti bUlrict Officer. ~lock Offices PIMll O"roltlor.i

COIUlllNNICAIIllH5/CllNlROl COSTS --... _-----------------_ .. __ .... -

IIi l" COOV'~iI\C'

WEll IIAIIiTENiIIIC£ COSTS --- .. ------------------

tall.AJOCh~e Ute 11.11, b,uo~ft Wllh

Toli1 0111 Cus~

fHERGY COSTS _ ..... ---_ .. _---

LoaaUiliciLIOOi tooJUllchve Use W,lh bwoi!lr Wells SiUri~htri hinch Lift Kutch kr iroCh L I tl

Iohl [oer~~ Co,lr.

TOTAL IIIIHUAL COSTS

Dt(tlbe' 19. 1984 10:2~

)

9.0 44.0 101.0 172.0 269.0 J08.0 5~1.0 680.0 861.0 1047.0 1233.0 1419.0 1605.0 1729.0 1853.0 1&70.0 172.0 269.0 388.0 521.0 '80.0 861.0 104J.O 12JJ.0 1419.0 1605.0 1729.0 1853.0 1870.0

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 .1.3 1.3 0.4 0.9 1.4 1.8 2.4 2.8 1.2 1.B 4.2 4.6 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4

0.2 O.l 0.6 1.3 1.9 2.4 3.2 4.5 6.0 6.9 9.2 9.9 10.8 lI.l 11.9 12.7 Il.B 13.8 U.& 1.6 5.4 10.8 21.6 3M 43.2 54.0 .u 75 •• 86.4 97.2 10B.O 12'1.' 12'1 •• 129.0 129 •• 12M 129.6

7.6 16.2 12.4 54.0 75.6 97.2 118.8 140.4 162.0 17&.2 189.0 205.2 218.2 218.2 218.2 218.2 218.2 5.4 1'.2 3M 43.2 54.0 64.8 75.6 92.9 109.0 124.2 140.4 156.6 178.2 185.8 185.8 185.8 185.8

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 O.l O.l 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.0 1.3 1.6 1.6 4.9 4.9 7.5 9.7 11.2 11.2 14.9 17.5 20.1 20.1 22.4 22.4 22 •• 22.4 22,4 22.4

0.1 0.3 0.9 1.6 2.7 4.2 •• 0 8.0 10.0 11.9 13.1 14.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0 •• 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

-.... ------ _ ... ----- -~ ----- ---~--- ------"" ------- -_ .. --_ ... ------- ------- -_ ... ---- ---_ .. _- ... ---_ .... ------- ------- _ ... --_ .... ------- ----- ------- --... ---- .... ------ -------1.0 1.5 3.7 20.7 .9.9 9 •• 2 141.0 187.8 234 •• 280.2 335.6 389.3 431.7 478.5 5J8.2 575.6 580.5 :iBY.B 591.1 592.2

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 •• 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.4 2.1 6.3 11.9 19.5 30.9 4 •• 1 58.9 73.9 86.8. 95.0 10loO 0.1 0.1 0.9 1.9 3.1 5.0 7.1 9.5 11.9 14.0 15 •• 16 ••

69.5 104.2 m.o 139.0 139.0 m.o 139.0 139.0 2.0 ~.6 •• 0 4.0 •• 0 4.0 4.0

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Annex 2

INDIA


The Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal - Final Order and Decision

Historical Background

The Issues

Water Sharing

Table of Contents

Height of the Sardar Sarovar Dams and Level of the Narmada Main Canal

Sharing of Costs and Benefits

Resettlement and Rehabilitation Institutional Arrangements

Other Institutional Arrangements

Review Period for the NWDT Orders

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THE NARMADA WATER DISPUTES TRIBUNAL

FINAL ORDER AND DECISION

I. Historical Background

ANNEX 2 Page 1

1.01 Planning the Narmada River development (NRD) has involved from the beginning matters of potential conflict among the three riparian states--Madhya Pradesh (MP), Maharashtra, and Gujarat. The states' planning efforts had been assisted by GOI's Central Water and Power Commission (CWPC), but had never reached the level of an integral, consistent, or optimized plan for the entire basin. The approach instead was rather project by project, with some minor recognition of the hydrological interdependence between proposed projects. Only when individual plans of the riparian states took concrete shape and when the conflicts became more apparent, a serious effort towards a coherent water plan was launched. Gujarat intended to build a dam at Navagam (approximately the site of today's proposed Sardar Sarovar Reservoir) that infringed with its submergence area on ~~'s and Maharashtra's territory and, more s,erious ly, on two proposed damsites in HP. Although the chief ministers of ~IP and Gujarat were able to reach an agreemer.t on these matters, which also involved sharing of costs and benefits of power from proposed Narmada Sagar Dam, ~~ later failed to ratify the agreement. GOI constituted in 1964 a high-level committee of eminent engineers to overcome the stalemate. The committee was entrusted to come up with recommendations concerning in particular:

(a) a master plan for optimum and integrated development of the Narmada waters;

(b) the planning of implementation of works;

(c) the examination of Navagam Dam, alternative projects, and t'he optimum reservoir level or levels.

The Narmada Water Resources Development Committee or Khosla committee, as it became known after its chairman, Dr. A. N. Khosla, issued its report in 1965. It not only recommended reservoir and full-supply levels for Navagam Reservoir and Narmada main canal (in favor of Gujarat's plan), but also established a sequence of 12 major projects in MP, and recommended an allocation of river water among the four interested states. It stressed in its guidelines the overriding importance of the national interest in terms of maximum irrigation and power benefits, and the priority of irrigation over

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ANNEX 2 Page 2

power use. It recommended extension of irrigation areas to a maximum, given the water resour~es, and particularly towards the international border with Pakistan in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

1.02 Gujarat endorsed the Khosla committee's report; MP and Maharashtra rejected it. It became clear, after a number of high-level meetings and discussions, that the matter could not be settled by means of negotiations, and Gujarat filed a complaint with GOI, asking for the establishment of a tribunal under the Interstate Water Disputes Act of 1956. Thus, the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) was established by government order in October 1969.

II. The Issues

2.01 The NWDT established a list of 22 issues, which concerned its juris-~iction and the validity of its establishment by GOI (which had been questioned by MP), as well as whether the complaint by Rajasthan, a nonriparian state, was connected with or relevant to the dispute among the three other states. The NWDT held that its establishment by GOI was within the power of the 1956 act, that it had therefore jurisdiction in this case, but that the adjudication of the Rajasthan question to the NWDT was not admissible under the act. Both MP and Rajasthan appealed to the Supreme Court and obtained a limited stay of proceedings. In order to avoid possible further delays, all four states entered into an agreement in July 1974 that removed the legal complications and allowed the NWDT to proceed to relevant issues. The agreement contained the following points, among others:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Rajasthan would be admitted as a part state;

the 75% dependable annual flow of Narmada water would be assessed as 28 M acre-feet (MAF) or (34,537 Mm3)

Rajasthan would be allocated 0.5 MAF, and Maharashtra 0.25 MAF out of these 28 MAF;

the NWDT would allocate the balance (27.25 MAF) between MP and Gujarat.

In addition, the agreement contained a request that the NWDT modify the list of issues. The following main issues were subsequently examined by the NWDT (chapter I of the NWDT's report):

(a) height of dam at Navagam and level of canal off taking from the dam;

(b) sharing of 27.75 MAF (34,230 Mm3) between Gujarat and MP and on what basis;

(c) directions for equitable water apportionment, including excess water;

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ANNEX 2 Page 3

(d) directions for adequate release of water by MP below Narmada Sagar Dam to Navagam Reservoir, for the benefits of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan;

(e) institutional setup for allocation of water;

(f) period during which NWDT's decisions would be binding;

(g) sharing of costs and benefits and from Navagam Dam, compensation; compensation by Gujarat to MP and Mahara.shtra for loss of power benefits; payments for regulated releases from Narmada Sagar;

(h) directions to MP/Maharashtra to make submergible land available to Gujarat;

(i) directions to Gujarat to make payments to Maharashtra/MP and/or to share the benefits from Navagam Dam with them;

2.02 The issues included not only the question how they should be resolved, but whether it was appropriate for the NWDT to resolve them. The NWDT. after considering the evidence and arguments submitted by each party state, issued its report (in four volumes) to GOI in August 1978, including dissenting views by one of its three members. 11 In response to separate references filed by the four states and by GOI to the report, the NWDT issued a further report giving explanations and guidance on the matters referred to, but without altering its basic decisions. Modifications to the individual chapters of the initial report are summarized in chapter VIII of the further report, and the modified Final Order is given in chapter IX. The final order is self-contained, i.e., it does not contain any references to the other parts of the report. The NWDT's award became effective in December 1979.

2.03 The individual orders and decisions are described and discussed in the following chapters.

III. Water Sharing

3.01 In accordance with international water law, the NWDT adopted for the apportionment of Narmada waters between MPand Maharashtra Z/ the doctrine of "equitable apportionment, that is that each riparian state is entitled to a "fair share". It rejected the alternative principles of "absolute territorial sovereignty" and of the "riparian right" of English Common Law. In its interpretation of "equitable apportionment," the NWDT stated that a number of factors had to be taken into account, such as:

1/ The final order is printed in Vol. 2, Chapter XX.

Z/ Rajasthan and Maharashtra had already been allocated by agreement among the four party states their shares, which the NWDT endorsed.

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(a) economic and social needs of each state;

(b) the relative dependence of each state on the water;

(c) already established beneficial use;

(d) comparative economic and social gains accruing from potential use in each state;

(e) alternative sources for satisfying the needs;

ANNEX 2 Page 4

(f) physical characteristics, including climate and hydrology of the river basin;

(g) the volume of avai.::'able supply;

(h) statewide drainage areas and contribution to flow;

(i) avoidance of unnecessary waste of water, etc.

The NWDT made it clear that there were no hard and fast rules or formulae, and' that the weighting of different factors was a matter of judgement. It attached little weight to the respective drainage areas of the two states, and most of the weight to their respective water needs as claimed by the states in terms of a cultivable command area (CCA) to be irrigated from Narmada water. 11 MP claimed that Guja~at's proposed command area would lie mostly outside the Narmada River basin and that "equitable apportionment of water" should not take into account needs and potential uses outside the watershed area. This argument was rejected by the NWDT. Gujarat had claimed 2.~5 M ha of potential CCA and irrigation requirements of 20.97 MAF (25,866 Mm). The NWDT rejected part of this claim on the grounds that certain areas would not need water from Narmada (Mahi command) or would not be economically irrigable (Banni and Great Rann of Kutch). It determined Gujarat's needs as 11.684 MAF of water both for irrigation and M&I use. MP had claimed 24.1 MAF for irrigation on 3.1 M ha, including three transbasin diversions, and in addition, 0.8 MAF for M&I use. The NWDT accepted a total water need for MP of only 19.41 MAF including irrigation of 2.76 M ha. In its final decision, Gujarat is to be allocated 33% of the flow and MP 67% mostly 9n the basis of accepted water needs, but with some modification to account for MP's large share in the catchment area.

11 Gujarat's share of the drainage area (1.6%) and contribution to flow (0.26%) is very small in comparison with MP. Its water needs, as recognized by the NWDT, however, were about 60% of those of MP.

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ANNEX 2

Page 5

3.02 The NWDT held that the volume of flow to be shared among the states should neither be the mean nor the lowest annual, but the 75% dependable utilizable flow. Utilizable flow is virgin flow net of estimated reservoir evaporation 11, plus return flows from consumptive uses and carryover from the preceeding water year ~I in all reservoirs in the system. The party states, in their 1974 agreement, had adopted a volume of 28 MAF (34,537 Mm3) as the utilizable flow with 75% dependability, and the NWDT endorsed this without further discussion. (It did not opine on the NWDT way this figure was arrived at, in particular on annual losses, return flows, and carryover effect. In other analyses, however, it made its own assumptions on the parameters, e.g., to determine the height of Sardar Sarovar Dam, without altering the target flow of 28 MAF). It should be noted that the NWDT used the 28 MAF flow figure only as a basis for equitable apportionment. The results of this apportionment in terms of perc~ntage shares, however, would be applied to whatever the utilizable flow in a particular year may be.

3.03. In summary, the allocated shares of the four party states are as follows:

State Volume Share Percentage MAF Mm3

Madhya Pradesh 18.25 22,510 73 65.18

Gujarat 9.00 11,100 26 32.14

Rajasthan 0.50 620 1 0.89

Maharashtra 0.25 310 _2 1.79 Total 28.00 34,540 112 100.00

Each state can use its shares for whatever purpose and in whatever part of its territory it deems fit. Shares relate to actual withdrawals from the system, not necessarily to consumptive use only. 11 Excess of annual flow over and above 28 MAF as well as shortfalls are to be shared, lito the extent feasible," in the same proportion among the states. In other words, whatever the actual utilizable flow in a year may be, it should be shared always in

11 Note that no losses through spills are deducted, the assumption being that there would be no spills in such a low-flow year.

~I The water year as defined by the NWDT runs from July 1 to June 30.

11 There are only few possible examples where withdrawal and consumptive use would not coincide. The NWDT may have thought of transbasin diversions in MP, or of low-flow requirements of Gujarat below Sardar Sarovar Dam.

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ANNEX 2 Page 6

the same way. 11 The figure of 28 }~F and the absolute volume allocated to each state out of this become irrelevant, particularly with new hydrological data and as reservoir operations studies for the basin and implied assumptions are refined.

3.04 Apart from the "excess utilizable flows" (over and above 28 MAr), the NWDT dealt expressly ~ith surplus flows in the filling period of a water year. Flows are surplus when the system reservoirs are full, Sardar Sarovar power capacity is fully used and water would therefore go waste to the sea at Sardar Sarovar. 11 The t~DT directed that any surplus flows would first be used to fill up remaining capacity, if any, in upstream reservoirs and to run the RBPH powerhouse at Sardar Sarovar to its full capacity. Party states whose reservoirs are full and spilling can utilize such flows from their reservoirs as they like, provided that the water cannot be stored elsewhere. Such utilization will not count against their regular share, and it will not establish any presumptive right. Gujarat is ordered ~v noti:y the other states, through the Narmada Control Authority (NCA) (see chapter VI) of a situation when Sardar Sarovar is spilling or a spill is to be expected, and when turbine capacity at the RBPH is already fully used, so that the states (in particular MP and Maharashtra) can take the necessary steps as defined by the NWDT. This surplus rule covers not only the occurrence of high-flow years at full development, but also surplus in the intervening development period when <some states are not able to fully utilize the actual. flow. The main potential benefic<iary of such surplus water in the first decades would be Gujarat.

3.05 The NWDT did not give a full set of operational rules for reservoir management, but established a number of guidelines for regulation and water accounting, to be defined in detail later by the NCA:

11 The available utilizable water on any date is defined by the NWDT as including return flows and excluding losses from evaporation. Carryover (live storage in the system on July l)counts as utilizable water for the following water year.

11 The terminology in the case of "excess" and "surplus" flows may be confusing. Excess refers to utilizable flow over and above the 28 MAF of 75% dependability. As a norm, the excess should be shared in the same proportion as the allocated flows. in practice, however, the states would adhere to a "normal" use pattern related to 75% dependability, and spills may therefore occur in high-flow years. Such spills, in as far as they cannot be avoided by filling up remaining storage elsewhere, are "surplus" flows.

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(a) Excess or deficit utilizable supplies would be shared among the party states, to the extent feasible, in the same proportion as their allotted shares. 11 Surplus water would first be used to fill up the reservoirs to capacity and only thereafter for withdrawals.

(b) MP is directed to let down regulated releases from its

ANNEX 2 Page 7

last dam (Maheshwar, but regulation is essentially at Narmada Sagar) necessary to ensure Gujarat's and Rajasthan's share of water, in conjunction with net unregulated inflows into Sardar Sarovar from the catchment area below Maheshwar. Those releases are to be made at a reasonably uniform rate; they would, however, vary from year to year depending on actual riverflow. 11 Releases by MP should be such that requirements out of Sardar Sarovar can be met for the following lO-day period, subject to availability of water in MP reservoirs. Gujarat and Rajasthan would have to specify these requirements ten days in advance.

(c) Gujarat may let down water from Sardar Sarovar (through the turbines) for its downstream use upon specific indent. Such water would reckon agains.t Gujarat's share. Similarly, water drawn by lift directly from the reservoir for use in MP and Maharashtra would also reckon against those states' respective shares.

(d) Water accounting principles are laid down by the NWDT, especially with respect to how, where, and at what intervals withdrawals of each state are to be measured and accounted for. A final account would be done each year by the NCA in which adjustments are made for excess use by any state over its authorized use and for corresponding shortages experienced by another state. Appropriate

11 The NWDT gave a figure of 8.12 MAF (or 0.677 MAF per month) to be released by MP seasonally for 75% dependability. It is not clear whether this figure is to be interpreted as binding. It appears that it was only used as illustration and working estimate in calculations by the NWDTs for other purposes, especially in the working tables for the determination of Sardar Sarovar live storage. Actual release requirements would be determined by the NCA.

~I The NWDT gave a figure of 8.12 MAF (or 0.677 MAF per month) to be released by MP seasonally for 75% dependability. It is not clear whether this figure is to be interpreted as binding. It appears that it was only used as illustration and working estimate in calculations by the NWDTs for other purposes, especially in the working tables for the determination of Sardar Sarovar live storage. Actual release requirements would be determined by the NCA.

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credits or debits would be given to such states to be applied to their share in the following water year.

ANNEX 2 Page 8

3.06 In chapter XI of the report (Height of Sardar Sarovar Dam) the NWDT had estimated the carryover requirement for all reservoirs in the river basin as 8.29 MAF. In the same place, it held that. for lack of any better criteria, this total carryover should be allocated to MP reservoirs and Sardar Sarovar Reservoir in the same proportion as the corresponding water shares supplied from the reservoirs, i.e., 18.5:9.5. These figures do not appear in the Final Order, which is supposed to be self-contained. The party states currently interpret the carryover statements of the NWDT as binding rules for future operation. This may, however, not be so. There are, in fact, indications that the volume as well as the distribution of carryover over the reservoirs are less than optional from a viewpoint of water use, efficiency.

IV. Height of Sardar Sarovar Dam and Level of Narmada Main Canal

4.01 The height to which the proposed Sardar Sarovar Dam should be built had been the major bone of contention, even before the sharing of waters became an issue. MP and Maharashtra objected strongly against a dam that would submerge part of the Narmada valley within their territories, and especially against a high dam that would make the proposed Jalsindhi Dam, 11 a joint undertaking of MP and Maharashtra' for power generation, infeasible. Gujarat pleaded before the NWDT for a dam with full reservoir level (FRL) of 530 ft. (161.5 m), whereas MP and Maharashtra argued for FRL 210 ft. (64 m) only. The NWDT considered this issue in the light of three principal considerations:

(a) Gujarat and Rajasthan together had been allotted a share of 9.5 MAF out of 28 MAF of utilizable waters.

(b) As will be discussed later, the Narmada main canal is to take off at its head regulators at a full supply level (FSL) of 300 ft. (91.4 m); and

(c) Relative merits of several alternatives in terms of submergence, siltation capacity, siltation period, regulative capacity for supplies to the Narmada main canal, irrigation, and power benefits for various combinations of Jalsindhi and Sardar Sarovar Dam heights, including the alternative of not having Jalsindhi at all.

4.02 The NWDT finally ruled that Sardar Sarovar be built to FRL of 455 ft. (138.7 m), thereby eliminating Jalsindhi Reservoir, on the following grounds:

11 To be located upstream of Sardar Sarovar and downstream of Maheshwar.

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ANNEX 2 Page 9

(a) Jalsindhi and a low Sardar' Sarovar would not be able to supply (and regulate) the allocated 9.5 MAF to Gujarat and Rajasthan at 75% dependability. Whatever regulation MP would provide (at Narmada Sagar) would not be under control of the beneficiary, the state of Gujarat. FRL 455 ft (138.7 m) at Sardar Sarovar provides this regulative capacity for irrigation use with 75% dependability, and lets less water go waste to the sea;

(b) It permits supply of water to a main canal at 300 ft. (91.4 m). FSL, thereby increasing the potential irrigation area relative to a lower-level canal (190 ft. or 57.7 m);

(c) It will take much longer for a Sardar Sarovar High Dam to silt up than for Jalsindhi and a low dam;

(d) While at full development, Jalsindhi and a low Sardar Sarovar Dam could generate more energy than the high Sardar Sarovar Dam at the Canalhead Powerhouse (CHPH) alone, the reverse would be true during the early stages when ample excess water would be available. With a high dam, however, more area could be served by gravity irrigation in Gujarat and Rajasthan, and remaining lifts could be reduced in magnitude. If this gain in energy from a higher Sardar Sarovar Dam and main canal is compared to the incremental energy (relative to Sardar Sarovar 455 ft. or 138.7 m) of Jalsindhi 420 ft. (128 m) with Sardar Sarovar 210 ft., (64 m) power advantage of the latter combination vanishes even at full development;

(e) A hypothetical alternative of an increased Jalsindhi (FRL 455 ft. or 138.7 m) and Sardar Sarovar at 309 ft. was also examined and showed no advantage over the Sardar Sarovar High Dam; and

(f) Submergence of land for the adopted FRL of Sardar Sarovar would be considerably larger area than for MP's alternative (91,500 acres vs. 36,550 acres or 37,030 ha vs. 14,792 ha). The NWDT, however, considered this as not excessive in relation to reservoir capacity, when compared to other projects, and as justified by the benefits.

4.03 It may be noted that the finally adopted height of Sardar Sarovar was meant to create a capacity just sufficient to supply the Narmada main canal with 9.5 MAF/year at 75% dependability, given the dead storage requirement (minimum drawdown level) for the CHPH. The NWDT's decision is not the result of an optimization of Sardar Sarovar's reservoir capacity, which may well have indicated an even higher dam, albeit to the detriment of MP's last reservoir upstream, Maheshwar. The Khosla committee had attempted such optimization, and had recommended Sardar Sarovar FRL 500 ft (152.4 m). The benefits from the additional storage ~ould largely have accrued through greater power generation in the earlier years before full irrigation development is reached.

4.04 The NWDT i.e., the water case of flood.

furthermore stipulated the "maximum water level" (MWL), level to which the reservoir would be allowed to rise in the It determined the MWL as 460 ft. (140.2 m), or a flood lift

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ANNEX 2 Page 10

of 5 ft. (1.5 m) above FRL at the dam. The NWDT did not make an estimate of the design flood, but relied on Gujarat to improve this estimate (a 1000-year flood, according to the NWDT) and to make design and operational prOV1Slons such that MWL 460 ft. (140.2 m) would not be exceeded. It appears that the NWDT relied in its assessment of floods and their routing on some lowering of Sardar Sarovar Reservoir level in the critical period, and also. on some mitigating effects of Narmada Sagar Reservoir. The magnitude of design floods considered in the NWDT's flood routing calculations (2.5-3 M cusecs) are low in comparison with the magnitude of the probable maximum flood as reckoned today (5-6 M cusecs 11). Accordingly, the decision on MWL may have become obsolete. Its relevance in the context of the NWDT's overall ruling was to determine the extent to which MP and Maharashtra would have to acquire buildings and their appurtenant land situated between FRL 455 ft. (138.7 m) and the MWL. (Such acquisition would also include areas affected by the backwater effect of the MWL, since the latter is measured at the dam only).

Full Supply Level of Narmada Main Canal

4.05 Full Supply Level of Narmada Main Canal. The question of the full supply level (FSL) of the main canal in Gujarat taking off from Sardar Sarovar Reservoir is closely linked to the issue of dam height, because a high-level canal virtually necessitates a high dam. Gujarat, first with a proposal before the Khosla committee, had planned for FSL 300 ft. (91.4 m), mainly on the grounds that this made reclamation of marginal lands in the Rann of Kutch and in Banni possible. Similarly, Rajasthan had argued that about 73,000 ha gross would be irrigable without lift from such canal.1/ MP and Maharashtra, in turn, pleaded for a 190 ft. (57.9 m) canal, and offered various solutions how more area could be commanded in Gujarat, mainly through lifts and through transfer of water from the Mahi River through a high-level canal. The various states' arguments and proposals were basically the same when the case was referred to the NWDT.

4.06 While the NWDT originally denied Rajasthan any share in the Narmada waters, the agreement among the four party states conceded 0.5 MAF of water to Rajasthan, "without prejudice to the height of the canal. 1I The NWDT, as mentioned earlier, accepted this and incorporated a share for Rajasthan in its final ruling. Maharashtra and MP subsequently argued that the agreement did not necessarily imply direct supply of Narmada waters through the canal, but could mean exchange of 0.5 MAP with Gujarat, which would deliver the water through a high-level canal from the Kadana Dam on Mahi River. The NWDT rejected this interpretation as not within the spirit of the agreement. It stated that Rajasthan was entitled to receive its share directly from the main canal commanding a reasonable part of the area by flow and not by lift. An alternative low-level canal (190 ft. or 57.9 m) with an extremely flat bed-gradient (1:20,000), proposed by Maharashtra was rejected because of its insufficient supply level at Rajasthan border, high lift requirements, and

11 cusec = cubic foot per second or 0.028 cubic meters per second (m3/s)

1/ Although Rajasthan had asked for an even higher canal (380 ft or 115.8 m) serving 465,000 ha gross).

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ANNEX 2 Page 11

great siltation risks. The NWDT therefore adopted 300 ft. (91.4 m) as FSL for the main canal, reaching Rajasthan border at a level (131 ft or 39.9 m) between the levels proposed by Gujarat and Rajasthan, respectively. It instructed Gujarat to design the canal with a flatter gradient than originally planned, i.e., with slope 1:12,000 up to Saurashtra branch, and 1:10,000 thereafter up to the border with Rajasthan. It left the determination of the peak canal capacities for the entire canal and for the tail reach (Rajasthan share) to the two states for mutual agreement.

V. Sharing of Costs and Benefits

5.01 The NWDT ordered MP to complete Narmada Sagar Dam, which is crucial for the operation of Sardar Sarovar, at the same time as Sardar Sarovar Dam or earli~r. Gujarat, the Luilder of Sardar Sarovar, would pay MP, the builder of Narmada Sagar annually 17.63% of the construction cost of Narmada Sagar l/ as payment for the benefit of regulated releases from that dam. (Due to the cost-sharing arrangements for Sardar Sarovar explained below, Gujarat does not actually have to bear the full cost of this payment; it is merely the payor in this context.) The payment to MP for downstream benefits from Narmada Sagar was determined on the basis of the portions of power and irrigation benefits from Sardar Sarovar Reservoir that are attributable to Narmada Sagar's regulative effect. The NWDT estimated that the total regulated outflow from Narmada Sagar at full development would generate some 251 MW of power, 43% of which at Sardar'Sarovar. It had furthermore estimated that 17.8% of the 9.5 MAF withdrawals from Sardar Sarovar are possible only due to Narmada Sagar's regulative effect. Since the power portion of Narmada Sagar Dam cost was assumed as 66.1%, power generation at Sardar Sarovar's CHPH was charged with about 5% of the cost of Narmada S~gar. 11 A similar calculation was done for the -irrigation benefits at Sardar Sarovar attributable to Narmada Sagar regulation. As a result, 12.6% of Narmada Sagar Dam cost was charged to Sardar Sarovar irrigation, and 17.63% of the same to both functions combined. This cost would be part of the total cost of Sardar Sarovar Dam, to be shared among the four party states. Note that the NWDT ignored here the sizable regulative effect of Narmada Sagar for the operation of Sardar Sarovar's Riverbed Powerhouse (RBPH) that will be operational for quite a long time before full-irrigation development in MP would be reached.

5.02 The sharing of power benefits from Sardar Sarovar among MP, Maharashtra, and Gujarat was determined by the NWDT as part of the larger issue of equitable apportionment of Narmada waters, since sharing involved an "injury" caused to MP and Maharashtra. 1/ The reason for sharing of power benefits, in the NWDT's view, is the compensation of Maharashtra and MP for

1/ Exclusive of postconstruction cost for maintenance.

11 0.43 x 0.178 x 0.661 = 0.051

11 The FRL of Sardar Sarovar is a consequence of the water shares allocated to Gujarat and Rajasthan. Through this decision, MP and Maharashtra "lost" Jalsindhi Dam.

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ANNEX 2 Page 12

the power potential lost when the NWDT ordered Sardar Sarovar Dam to be built to a height of 455 ft. (138.7 m) (FRL) and thereby eliminated the Jalsindhi Reservoir proposed by these two states. The NWDT worked out the energy potentials both for a national Jalsindhi Project and for the finally adopted Sardar Sarovar High Dam. It did this for three distinct stages of river basin and irrigation development, and aggregated the estimated energy generation during these stages over a period of 100 years. The loss of potential benefits from Jalsindhi to MP and Maharashtra worked out as 84% of benefits from Sardar Sarovar. Thus, the NWDT allocated only 16% of power and energy benefits from Sarda~ Sarovar to Gujarat. The balance is to be shared between MP and Maharashtra in the ratio that they themselves had agreed on for their joint Jalsindhi Project (67.5:32.5). MP's share of Sardar Sarovar power 11 is therefore 57%, and Maharashtra's is 27%. The power allocated to them is to be delivereri :hr0ugh lines to be constructed and maintained, by Gujarat to their respective borders. All power generated at RBPH and CHPH would be integrated in a cummon switchyard. The entitlements refer both to available capacity and to actual energy produced. Power entitlements can be used fully, or sold fully or partly to another party state by mutual agreement. The costs of the power portion of Sardar Sarovar complex, on the other hand, will be shared by the three states in the same proportion as the benefits. The power portion includes:

(a) the powerhouse, electrical works, contrQls, and switchyard;

(b) the portion of Sardar Sarovar Dam allocated by the NWDT to its power function (56.1%, according to share of power used for power generation over 100 years);

(c) the transmission lines to Gujarat's borders with MP and Maharashtra 11; and (d) 56.1% of the payments to MP in compensation for regulated releases from Narmada Sagar Dam (see para 5.01).

5.03 Items (a) and (c) are to be built, maintained, and operated by Gujarat or an authority named by Gujarat. The authority in control of the powerhouses is to follow the directions given by the NCA (see chapter VII). Operation of the power complex. power required and loads expected by each state for the following month would be agreed among the three party states one week before the commencement of what month and may not be altered during the month except under special agreements or in emergencies. The NWDT foresaw the possibility of Sardar Sarovar power generation being integrated in a regional or national power grid. It admitted that under these circumstances, the operation of the power complex would be governed by such altered conditions. Nevertheless, the NCA is directed to take the necessary steps in such case to enable the three states to get their entitlement of the power as

!I Net power produced at CHPH and RBPH on any day.

~I While Gujarat would construct those lines, it would only bear part of their cost due to the cost sharing formula mandated by the NWDT.

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ANNEX 2 ----Page 13

ruled by the NVIDT. The payments of HP and Maharashtra towards the construction of the power portion of Sardar Sarovar would be made in annual installments until the works are completed. Thereafter, the three states would share the annual operation and maintenance costs of the power complex, in the same proportion as the capital cost (57:27:16).

5.04 Rajast·han and Gujarat would have to share the irrigation port ion 11 of Sardar Sarovar Project, in as far as the facilities are used b~ both states, i.e., the portion of Sardar Sarovar Dam cost allocated to irrigation (43.9% of dam and appurtenant works) and the cost of the Narmada main canal up to the Rajasthan border). The irrigation portion of the dam complex would be shared, according to the NWDT, in the ratio of water allocation to both states, i.e., 18:1. As to the main canal, Gujarat had planned it at steeper bed gradients (in order to save cost) than the gradients finally prescribed by the t~DT (so as to ensure delivery of gravity flow to Rajasthan). The NWDT held that Rajasthan was to pay Gujarat the difference in cost (earthwork, lining, and land) due to this change in bed gradient, from which Gujarat would not derive any benefits except a wider choice of areas to be irrigated. While the bed gradients were ordered by the NWDT, it is opened to the two states to alter them by mutual agreement. (The gradients now proposed by Gujarat are even lower than mandated by the NWDT, due to higher head losses at structures than previously estimated.) The full cost of the main canal, but net of the cost differential due to bed gradient, is to be shared on :a "cusec-mile" basis. Z/ 11 The peak flow to be delivered to Rajasthan is subject to agreement between Gujarat and Rajasthan and is presently proposed as 2,590 cusec out of 40,000 cusec. Preliminary estimates by the Bank indicate a total share of Rajasthan of about 12-14% in the main canal cost.

5.05 The cost sharing rules of the NWDT are summarized in the appendix.

VI. Resettlement and Rehabilitation Institutional Arrangements

6.01 Most of the submergence resulting from Sardar Sarovar Reservoir, at the given FRL would affect the states of Maharashtra and ~~. These states were therefore ordered by the NWDT to acquire for the Sardar Sarovar Project

11 The NWDT did not mention O&M costs separately, as it did for the power portion. It appears that these costs will be shared between Gujarat and Rajasthan in the same fraction as ~apital cost.

ZI The exact interpretation of this principle is somewhat ambiguous. It appears, however, that the product of canal length and Rajasthan's capacity would be related to the sum of the products of length and total capacity of each reach over all reaches of the canal.

11 Postconstruction expenditures on maintenance is not part of construction cost. But the ~~DT did not expressly state that only construction cost should be shared, although it may have implied this. At any rate, there appears to be no cost sharing for annual O&M expenditures.

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ANNEX 2 Page 14

all private lands situated below FRL 455 ft. (138.7 m) together with pertaining private interests therein. In the area affected by floodlift. i.e., between FRL 455 ft. (138.7 m) and MWL 460 ft. (140.2 m). buildings with appurtenant lands only would have to be acquired, with the understanding that the floodlift would include the back water effect of MWL 460 ft. (140.2 m), since the reservoir surface during flood conditions slopes towards the dam where the MWL is measured. This floodlift is to be worked out oy the Central Water Commission (CWC) of GOI. Gujarat, in turn, is to pay to MP and Maharashtra compensation for the acquisition of new lands, including changes and expenses incurred by them in the process. 1/ It is required to compensate the two states and GOl for government lands made available by them for the purpose. Furthermore, Gujarat has to pay MP and Maharashtra land revenue in accordance with their resppctive land revenue codes for all land made available or acquired, as well as compensation for the relocation of historical monuments, religious buildings, etc., affected by the submergence. Lastly, Gujarat is to pay all costs and expenses incurred for the rehabilitation of oustees and their families in the territories of ~~ and Maharashtra. Again, it should be noted that while Gujarat is the payor of all these costs, it bears ultimately only about half of the burden. All land acquisition and rehabilitation costs, including those resulting from submergence of Gujarat territories, are chargeable to "Dam and Appurtenant Horks" of which 50.6% would be borne by Gujarat, and 49.4% by HP and Haharashtra and Rajasthan.

6.02 The NWDT gave detailed orders for rehabilitation of oustees from the submergence area. The burden of rehabilitation falls on Gujarat as the builders of Sardar Sarovar Dam. It is required to offer lands for new villages for oustees in its own territory, together with irrigated agricultural land, civic facilities, and grants to families being resettled. Only if oustees do not wish to migrate to Gujarat are MP and Maharashtra required to provide for land, facilities, and grants in their own territories, in which case Gujarat is to pay the respective states all costs and expenses arising from such resettlement, including that of land acquisition. Submergence can only take place when all payments and other rehabilitation activities are completely settled among the three states.

6.03 Every displaced family from whom more than 25% of its holding has been acquired would be alloted an irrigable plot of the same size, with a minimum of 2 ha per family and a maximum as allowed by land ceiling laws. Irrigation -facilities have to be provided by the states in whose territory the alloted land is situated. While oustees are compensated for the land they loose, they would be debited with the price of the new land provided (to be mutually agreed between the party states). Only part of this sum is to be paid initially (50% of the compensation for lost land), the rest to be paid off by the farmers over 20 years. The proceeds of downpayment and install installments would be credited to Gujarat, since Gujarat had paid for its acquisition. There are provisions for arbitration in the case of any dispute between concerned states.

1/ The establishment changes for staff necessary to process acquisition and rehab ilita tion.

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6.04 The t~DT further stipulated in detail the modalities and time frame for exchange of information among the concerned states on the extent of submergence areas, village location, yearly programs of rehabilitation, payments to be made, etc. As a matter of principle, MP and Maharashtra retail all their rights of sovereignty over their submerged territory, in particular the rights of fishing and navigation on the reservoir a~ far as it is located in their territories.

VII. Other Institutional Arrangements

7.01 The NWDT held that the Interstate Water Disputes Act not only gave it the power to adjudicate a water dispute, but also to order the setting up of the necessary machinery to implement its decisions. The central element of this machinery is the Narmada Control Authority (NCA), an interstate administrative agency with the purpose of securing compliance with and implementation of the decision. and directions of the NWDT. It consists of seven high-ranking engineers, four of whom are appointed by the four party states from their irrigation or power departments, and of three other eminent engineers appointed by GOI in consultation with the party states. One of the latter three is nominated by GOI to be the chairman of the NCA. The NWDT specifies in detail the rules for appointments, filling of vacancies, voting and disposal of business, employment of staff, sharing of costs of the NCA, etc.

7.02 The powers and functions of NCA comprise mainly coora1nation and direc-tion. Bilateral matters are normally to be dealt with between concerned states, except when there is a dispute. In particular, the NCA is empowered to direct all matters concerning:

(a) storage, apportionment, regulation, and control of Narmada waters;

(b) sharing of power benefits from,Sardar Sarovar;

(c) regulated releases from HP;

(d) land and property acquisition for submerged areas;

(e) compensation and rehabilitation of ousteesj and

(f) cost sharing.

Project reports of Narmada Sagar, Omkareshwar, and Maheshwar in MP and Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat have to be reviewed by NCA for matters of potential conflict with the NWDT's decision. It would decide the planning and coordinate construction of Narmada Sagar Project and Narmada main canal. It would review the progress of construction of these works, advise the concerned state on steps to be taken to expedite progress, and would review completion reports. (Dam and power complex at Sardar Sarovar are exempt from this review.) It would cause the states to install and maintain a network of stream and other gauging stations and of flow measurement devices at canalheads. It would keep records of the flow of Narmada River at designated stations. It would issue rules of regulation and of water accounting according to guidelines given by the t~DT, and would determine the shares of each state for every ten-day period. It would cause the states to collect statistics on areas irrigated by Narmada waters in each season, of power generation at and downstream of Narmada Sagar, of

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ANNEX 2 Page 16

withdrawals for other purposes and of releases and spills down the river from Sardar Sarovar. It would determine the flow in the river and in its tributaries for every water year, as well as the volume stored by each state in the various reservoirs from time to time. It would determine from states' reports and from field inspections, the use of Narmada water made by each state, and review such use. The NCA decides on proper management of riverflow, storage, and withdrawals, specially at the end of the filling season. Furthermore, the NCA gives directions for a planned program of construction of power facilities and for related payments among the states. It would issue orders on the establishment and operation of a flood warning and control system. The NCA may add to or modify all the functions mentioned above.

7.03 The decisions of NCA are final and binding on the four forty stat~s. A Review Committee, however, may on its own initiative or on application of a party state review any of NCA's decisions and may even suspend such decj~ions for some time. It would be composed of the chief ministers of the four party states and the minister for irrigation, GOI, as chairman. Chief ministers may nominate their respective irrigation ministers to vote in their behalf. Decisions of the Review Committee are supposed to be by consensus, and by majority only if consensus fails.

7.04 While planning and construction of a project would be by the state (through its agencies) in whose territory a project is located, several states have financial commitments towards certain projects. The NWDT ordered the installation of a Construction Advisory Committee (CAC) for the Sardar Sarovar Project Units I and III (dam plus appurtenant works and power complex). 1/ The Committee is composed of the secretary of irrigation, GOI, the chairman of the Central Water Commission (ewC), the chairman of the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the chairman of NCA, the financial adviser of GOI's Department of Irrigation, the states' finance secretaries, irrigation secretaries, power development secretaries, and secretaries in charge of departments dealing with land acquisition in the concerned party states, the general manager and the financial adviser of Sardar Sarovar Project, as well as the chairmen of the concerned State Electricity Boards (SEBs).

7.05 The tasks of the Sardar Sarovar CAC are defined by the NWDT as:

(a) scrutiny of project cost estimates, proposals for modification and recommendations to party states for their approval;

(b) examination of and recommendations on proposals pertaining to technical features and designs;

(c) review and advice on construction programs of different project parts, in view of available funds, economic considerations and the desirability of quick results;

11 Narmada Sagar Project and the Narmada main canal would also be financed by more than one state; nevertheless the NWDT did not mandate the establishment of an advisory committee for the components.

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ANNEX 2 Page 17

(d) review of funding requirements and pertinent recommendations to the concerned states;

(e) review and recommendations concerning delegation of powers to the various levels of the engineering hierarchy in the construction agency on specifications for various classes Qf work, on subestimates and contracts exceeding the powers of the general manager, review of progress reports from the general manager and recommendations on how to expedite the progress of works.

7.06 In the event of a disagreement between a party state or states and the CAC, the matter shall be referred to the Review Committee for a final and binding decision. The NCA would carry out only such functions as far as Sardar Sarovar Dam and power complex are concerned as do not specifically devolve upon CAC. The CAC would be dissolved three years after the completion of works.

VIII. Review Period for the NWDT Orders

8.01 The NWDT stated expressly (clause XIV, subclause 17) of the Final Order that "nothing contained in its Order shall prevent the alteration, amendment or modification of all or any of the foregoing clauses by agreement between all the States concerned." However, in the last clause of the Final Order (clause XVI) it defined a review period for certain claus~s, namely:

(a) apportionment of utilizable water;

(b) sharing of excess waters and shortages;

(c) FRL and MWL at Sardar Sarovar;

(d) sharing of costs and benefits;

(e) regulated releases by MP;

(f) payment by Gujarat for regulated releases;

(g) cost allocation of Sardar Sarovar between power and irrigation;

(h) cost sharing between Gujarat and Rajasthan with regard to irrigation component; and

(i) implementation machinery.

These matters are subject to review at any time after a period of 45 years from the publication of the NWDT's award, i.e., after 2024. It appears that such review is provided for the case that states cannot reach mutual agreements on the same matters during the 45-year period.

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Annex 3


Surface Water Resources

Table of Contents

General

River Yield Hydrology

Reservoir Operation Studies

Salient Features of the Simulation Model

Upstream Submodel

Sardar Sarovar Reservoir Submodel

Results of Simulation

Assessment of Reservoir Operation Studies to Date

Tables

1. Observations of Annual Rainfall and Runoff for Garudeshwar Site 2. Observed Rainfall and Estimated Runoff (Long-Term Series for

Garudeshwar Site) 3. Simulation of Reservoir Operations: Average Results Over 30 Years 4. Simulation of Reservoir Operations: Results of 75% Dependability 5. Simulation of Reservoir Operations: Adopted Projections of Shares,

Diversions, and Power Releases

Figures

Ia. Annual Rainfall vs. Runoff at Garudeshwar lb. Annual Rainfall vs. Runoff at Garudeshwar 2. Frequency Distribution of Estimated Runoff at Garudeshwar 3. Narmada Basin Projects 4. Schematic of 3-Reservoir Model 5. Simulation of Sardar Sarovar Reservoir Operation (Rule Curves

for Groundwater Extraction and Power Releases) 6. Utilization of Sardar Sarovar Reservoir (Simulation for Average Year)

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INDIA


Surface Water Resources

General

ANNEX 3 Page 1

1. Surface water resources available to the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) in Gujarat consist of the r~gulated releases from Sardar Sarovar Reservoir, i.e., from the Narmad~ River, to a lesser extent of flows of rivers in Gujarat that may be intercepted by the SSP main canal en route to the Rajasthan border, and to some minor extent of local stream runoff caught in small reservoirs ("tanks") already existing in some parts of the command area and to be integrated with the delivery system of SSP locally. The subject of this annex is the resources of Narmada River water in terms of its natural flow and of regulated releases made possible by the Sardar Sarovar Reservoir itself and by regulation upstream in MP.

River Yield Hydrology

2. Systematic gauging of Narmada riverflow has been carried out since July· 1948. Four sites have continuous gauging records since that time, three of which are on the main stem of the river and one on a major tributary (Tawa River). The relevant site to measure riverflow for the SSP is at Garudesh- 2 war, 11 km downstream of the damsite, representing the runoff from 89,345 km or about 90% of the entire Narmada catchment area. Measurements were made by means of a float until March 1961, and thereafter by current meter (except for flood flows), in conjunction with the cross sections of the spans of a bridge crossing the river at this site. (Discharge records for the time before current meters were introduced have been corrected later for the change in gauging methods.) For the present analysis. annual flow data for 30 calendar years were used (1948-1978). Alternatively. 31 years of annual flow by I~ater year" are available (1948/49-1978/79), which has been defined by the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) as running from July 1 to June 30.

3. Rainfall gauges had been established as early as 1891 in the Narmada Basin, starting with 19 gauges and increasing to more than 110 at present. A series of monthly and annual rainfall averages for the entire basin down to Garudeshwar, covering the years 1891 to 1978, was available to the mission. (Averages are not weighted to sub-catchment sizes of rain gauges or by means of Theissen polygons. However, this does not lead to significant distortions).

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ANNEX 3 Page 2

4. The NWDT had available only a shorter series of observed runoff (1948-70). While it did not conduct its own hydrologic analysis of river flow, it felt it necessary for the party states to settle on an agreed series of runoff, based on a regression between observed flow and rainfall for the water-years for which such data were available and on the use of such regression to hindcast annual flows for the years 1891 to 1948 in conjunction with recorded rainfall. The agreed runoff at Garudeshwar site for the resulting 79-year series at different dependabilities was as follows:

50% dependable 75% dependable 90% dependable

Mean flow

33.20 MAF 27.22 MAF 19.77 MAF

34.25 MAF

(40,950 MID3) (33,570 MID;) (24,390 MID )

(42,130 Mm3)

The series was slightly adjusted to conform with the relative size of catchment at the proposed Sardar Sarovar Dam site (99.2% of Garudeshwar catchment).

5. Subsequent statistical analysis of the rainfall-runoff relationship, based on a larger series (1948-79) of observations, lead to the conclusion that a"significant change has occurred in this relationship over the 30 years: runoff per inch of rainfall tended to increase during the period. The data do not permit, however, to discern between a real change of the hydrologic relationships in the Narmada Basin and the effect of changes in measurement techniques as occurred in 1961, although GOG had adjusted the series for the period before the switch to current meters by means of new stage/discharge curves. For hindcasting purposes, it was decided that the rainfall-runoff regression for the last 21 years only (1958-78) would be more appropriate than the entire 30-year series, and that the calendar year, which covers the annual hydrologic sequence from dry conditions to dry conditions more correctly than the water-year, should be used for the analyses. (The correlation between rainfall and runoff for calendar years is indeed far better than for water-years). The adopted r~gression is as follows (see figures la and Ib for scatter plots of the 30-year and 21-year data and regression lines):

Runoff (in MAF) = -25.49 + 1.263 x Rainfall (in inches) (r2 = 0.963)

For comparison, the estimated regression for the first 9 years of record is:

Runoff = -18.24 + 1.045 x Rainfall Cr2 = 0.913)

6. For hindcasting, only 54 years of rainfall records were taken, since the number of rain gauges in existence before 1925 was considered insufficient (less than 40) •. An annual runoff series was obtained by applying the

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ANNEX 3 Page 3

above regression to the 54 rainfall observations. 11 A frequency plot (see figure 2) of the runoff series shows that runoff is nearly normally distr!buted (as is the underlying rainfall series) with mean 36.47 MAF (44,990 Mm ) and coefficient of variation of 30.8%. The estimated annual flows at different dependabilities are as shown below: ~I

50 % dependable 75 % dependable 90% dependable

36.47 MAF 28.57 MAF 21.47 MAF

(44,990 Mm3) (35,240 Mm3) (26,480 Mm3 )

When compared with NWDT's figures, these estimates are about 10% higher for 50% dependable flow and 5% higher for 75% dependable flows. No adjustment for the damsite location relative to the gauging site has been made.

7. The observed series for rainfall. and runoff (1949-78) are given in table 1, and the hindcast series of runoff (1925-78) is given in table 2.

Reservoir Operation Studies

8. The NPG entrusted the simulation of basin reservoir operations to Operations Research Group, Baroda. The studies are based on the observed runoff at the three major gauging sites in the basin (at Jamtara for the upper Narmada Basin; at Mortakka for upper and middle basin, and at Garudeshwar for the entire basin). A series of ten daily flows for the period June to November and of monthly flows for December to May, covering 30 years 1948/49 through 1978/79 was adopted for simulation, in the absence of a longer, synthetic series of stream flows. The adopted series, however, introduced a conservative bias into the operation studies, since it yields a lower average flow than suggested by the estimated long-term series (see para 6 above) and includes two extreme low-flow years in a row, which would not be typical at the implied frequency.

9. Since reservoir op~rations and reservoir yield at Sardar Sarovar are closely related to upstream abstractions and regulative capacity, five distinct stages of development were defined, three of which are based on the NWDT's projected timeframe for development (Stages 2,4, and 5). Stage 5 represents full basin development. Stage 1 represents the first years of operations the SSP, with all abstractions at half the level of that defined as early development by the NWDT, here called Stage 2. Stage 3 sees Gujarat/Rajasthan already at full development, whereas the upstream states remain at the early stage in terms of abstractions and regulative capacity. Stage 4 has the upstream states advanced to about 72% of full development

11 To maintain consistency actual runoff observations (for those years where they would have been available) were not used. This information, however, is not lost since it is contained in the regression coefficients as estimated.

~I Dependable flows were estimated by means of a linear regression line through the cumulative frequency plot of estimated runoff or normal distribution probability paper.

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ANNEX 3 Page 4

abstractions. The adopted abstraction targets at 75% dependability for irrigation and M&I water use for the simulation studies are summarized below:

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

Gujarat/Rajasthan MP/Mah~rashtra Total -------------------------(~~ )------------------

2230 4480

11720 11720 11720

3850 7710 7710

16340 22820

6080 12190 19430 28150 34540

Targets for Stage 5 (full development) reflect the allocation of Narmada utilizable flows as per NWDT (38:74). Total abstraction is equal to the NWDT's utilizable riverf10w to be shared (28 MAF).

10. The objectives of the simulation model had been defined as:

(a) to estimate the quantity of utilizable water available in the basin, taking int~ account carryover storage, spills, returnf10ws, unaccounted ("surp1us~) diversions, etc.;

(b) to assess the divertib1e quantity of water for Gujarat and its variability over different years;

(c) to quantify the power generation potential of the RBPH and the effect of different installed power capacities on irrigation and power releases; and

(d) to develop suitable rule curves for reservoir operation consistent with the NWDT's rules.

Salient Features of the Simulation Model

11. The model is split into two distinct parts, one of which simulates the abstractions and regulation upstream of Sardar Sarovar Reservoir and yields a series of inflows into this reservoir at different stages of development, whereas the second part simulates the managment of Sardar Sarovar Reservoir itself and results in series of periodic releases to the main canal and through the RBPH and of spills. In order to keep the entire basin operation within the framework of rules set by NWDT, particularly with respect to water sharing, regulated releases from upstream reservoirs and use of "surplus" (spill) flows, feedback provisions are made from the second to the first submodel that allow to adjust withdrawals upstream in response to deviations from allocated shares, and to modify downstream releases to Sardar Sarovar Reservoir to meet Gujarat's and Rajasthan's demands. Also, in the event of spills at Sardar Sarovar, releases from upstream reservoirs are ~ut back until all basin reservoirs are full and spilling. The model operates on the basis of an agricultural year starting on June 1.

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Upstream Submodel

ANNEX 3 Page 5

12. Upstream regulation in the model is represented by three reservoirs that integrate the storage of 29 major reservoirs. The first reservoir clubs all storage projects up to and including Bargi Reservoir in the upper zone of the basin. The second reservoir represents all storage projects on tributaries of the Narmada River between Bargi and Narmada Sagar, and the third clubs all projects on the mainstream of the river between Bargi and the Narmada Sagar complex, as well as such projects as are located on tributaries downstream of that complex. Its assumed location is at Narmada Sagar (see figure 3 for a schematic representation of all major reservoirs in the basin and figure 4 for a representation of the three model reservoirs and their interdependence). This configuration was chosen to coincide with the location of the two major stream gauging sites iq MP for which.a continuous 30-year record is available (Jamtara below Bargi Reservoir and Mortakka below Narmada Sagar Reservoir). Thj live stor~ge of the threj reservoirs at full development would be 6,570 Mm , 4,360 Mm and 11,000 Mm , respectively. Development of storage facilities and abstractions was assumed to be be in three stages (according to NWDT and MP's projections). In the first stage already 72% of final storage would b3 available, mainly due to the existence of Narmada Sagar Reservoir (9,740 Mm ), and in the second stage some 96%. Development of consumptive water uses would proceed more slowly (see para 9 above, were the three stages considered here correspond to stages 2,4, and 5 in the text table).

13. MP abstractions are grouped into two categories: first-- medium, minor, microminor, and lift irrigation abstractions, for which rough stagewise estimates are available (but not the planned storages) together with domestic and industrial water use; and second-- irrigation diversions for major identified projects for which water requirements have been estimated in more detail. Abstractions in the first category are assumed to be made directly from the river or its tributaries, whereas for major projects they are made out of the three reservoirs. Periodwise hydrographs of normal water demand for the two categories, the three stages and three reservoirs are fed into the model, in accordance with projected water availability at 75% dependable riverflow. The two categories draw water in roughly equal amounts in each stage of development.

14. Irrigation abstractions for major projects have been divided into a wet season (kharif) and dry season (rabi) components. While the former is kept stable over the years (since annual flow would not be known at the time of kharif planting), the latter can be varied in response to estimates of annual water availability at the end of the monsoon. For minor projects and domestic/industrial water use, the fixed demand pattern for a normal year is adjusted according to the flow conditions of the year, but not in full proportion to the excess/shortfalls relative to the normal (75% dependable) year.

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ANNEX 3 Page 6

15. The submodel performs the following operations, period by period, for a 30-year sequence for each development stage:

(a) abstraction for medium and minor irrigation, ,H&I water use;

(b) returnflows from such abstractions;

(c) abstractions for major irrigation projects;

(d) returnflows from major projects;

(e) downstream releases; and

(f) evaporation losses.

No specific assumptions are made in the submodel with respect to operation of powerplants in MP's part of the basin. Returnflows from abstraction have been taken as 10% for irrigation use and 60% for domestic and industrial water supply. They were assumed to occur with a lag of one period (10 days or one month) for abstractions in the first category, and with one month delay for major irrigation projects. Returnflows are partly intercepted in the reservoir corresponding to the respective zone, and partly routed downstream.

16. Downstream releases from reservoirs are calculated as a percentage of reservoir inflow, de~ending on the reservoir's level and on the period within the monsoon season. The percentages were based on probability curves with the objective to build up a given target storage at the end of the rainy season. Furthermore, provisions for achieving a certain carryover storage at the end of the dry season were built in, in accordance with the NWDT's stipulations. Reservoir operations ensure that in three out of four years of simulation, actual irrigation releases in MP would be at least equal to the stipulated dependable irrigation. Special checks were built in to ensure availability of water for irrigation from Sardar Sarovar Reservoir through regulated releases from the last reservoir (Narmada Sagar complex).

17. The result of the submodel for upstream uses and regulation is a series of downstre~m releases from Narmada Sagar complex. Adding runoff from the intermediate catchment between this complex and Sardar Sarovar Reservoir and accounting for diversion by Maharashtra, a series of inflows into Sardar Sarovar Reservoir is obtained.

Sardar Sarovar Reservoir Submodel

18. The second submodel integrates agricultural water demand, water use for M&I purposes and power releases at Sardar Sarovar Reservoir, and performs the accounting of basinwide water availability, water use and sharing. It also contains the feedback routines to the first (upstream) 'submodel as mentioned in para 11.

19. Agricultural water demand is determined on the basis of cropping patterns, water crop requirements and irrigation intensities for two different areas, a "good It groundwater zone and a "bad" groundwater zone, and

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ANNEX 3 Page 7

for two crop groups, those that are planted at the beginning of the rainy season (kharif crops, two-seasonals, and perennials) and those that are planted in the dry and hot seasons (rabi and hot weather crops). Groundwater is used to supplement canal water in the "good" groundwater zone only, within limits of the assumed installed pumping capacity and periodwise maximum utilizat~on factors. Average groundwater pumping was targeted to be. about 3340 MID at full development. Extraction of groundwater depends, through a set of rule curves, on the current reservoir level in the monsoon season (filling period). The lower the reservoir, the higher is the extraction for any given period. In the dry season, pumping is initially targeted as a percentage of water requirements in "good ll groundwater areas, and later adjusted (within limits) to provide the full requirements of these crops whatever actual dry season water availability from the rp.servoir may be.

·20. Decisions on the wet season planting area are made at the beginning of that monsoon season based on initial reservoir levels. The model is tuned toward stability of this area from year to year. Operation of the reservoir in the filling period is governed by rule curves for power releases and groundwater abstraction. The rule curves were derived by trial and error, until the desired level of groundwater abstraction and maximum power generation (minimum spills) was achieved. The rule curves used for Stage 5 (full basin development) are shown in figure 5. Different rule curves were used for the different development stages. Canal water releases are subject to the maximum canal capacity of 1133 cumec and are made with priority to meet the fixed H&I water demand, Rajasthan demand, and. the irrigation requirements of the kharif crops in the area without groundwater. For the "good" groundwater area, the demand is met as far as possible from groundwater (governed by the rule curves as mentioned above) and any remaining deficit is made up from the reservoir. After canal releases have been made, the remaining storage in the reservoir determines, in conjunction with the power rule curves, whether power releases are made and to what extent. Obviously, the higher the reservoir level, the more is released through the turbines. The model was run with three alternative installed capacities at the RBPH (800 MW, 1000 MW and 1200 MW). 'Hodifications to operations upstream are made through the feedback provisions when the reservoir is spilling or when storage is insufficient to meet Gujarat/Rajasthan demand. A separate account is kept for each party state during spilling periods, when states are allowed to use water which otherwise would be spilled over and above their legal share (unaccountable diversions), as allowed for by the NWDT. In the case of Gujarat, an additional account of "extra" spillwater availability is kept, which records the volume of water which could have been used, had the canal capacity been larger.

21. The determination of the irrigated area in the dry and hot season is made at the beginning of November. At this time, an estimate of annual utilizable flows, of target end storage for carryover and of each party state's legal share for the year is made. Use of share water in the rainy season is deducted to arrive at the balance share available for the rest of the water year. In the case of Gujarat, this quantity is first allocated to further requirements of crops planted in kharif (two-seasonals), to H&I use and to a specified minimum irrigated area in the "bad" groundwater zone. The remainder is used in the "good" groundwater area, in addition to groundwater. The basinwide accounting of shares is repeated for all the remaining periods

-115-

ANNEX 3 Page 8

in the year. and deficits/surpluses with respect to the committed irrigation and other demands are made up by changes in pumping from groundwater. if possible. Additional releases from upstream reservoirs are made, within the limits of the adopted carryover storage policy, to meet shortfalls in storage of Sardar Sarovar Reservoir through the feedback loop_

22. Power releases in the dry season are mainly to make up for shortfalls in Madhya Pradesh/Maharashtra's consumptive uses with respect to their legal entitlements. This is particularly relevant during the earlier stages when these states would not be able to use their shares fully. The provision to use the undiverted portions of their share for power generation at Sardar Sarovar is not derived from NWDT's directives. but is a plausible interpretation of its intent and also the most heneficial use of surplus water (Gujarat cannot divert unused share water of upstream states. except under spilling conditions).

23. The carryover policy adopted for the simulation model follows again the NWDT's suggestions. (The NWDT has been interpreted to have firmly set the carryover targets; actually it has used them mainly to work out the necessary height of the dam at Sardar Sarovar). The following rule has been adopted : if utilizable flow 1/ during a water-year in ~tages 4 and 5 falls short of the NWDT-defined 75% dependable flow (34540 Mm ). carryover storage at the end of the year would be zero. If utilizable

3flow exceeds this level.

carryover3

would be the amount in excess of 34,540 ~~ subject to a maximum of ,-10.230 Mm as mentioned by the NWDT. The total carryover storage would be distributed between upstream reservoirs and Sardar SaroJar Reservoir 1n the ratio of legal shares upstream and downstream (6,760 Mm and 3.470 Mm , respectively). The model works with an agricultural year (June 1 - May 31), whereas the NWDT stipulated the water-year to begin on July 1. Carryover in the mode1 on June 1 ~herefore includes also the water requirements for June (1000 Mm and 500 Mm). During earlier stages. carryover includes only these requirements.

24. The Rajasthan water use. subject to the fluctuations of its legal share volume, is added to the Gujarat canal releases for each period. It is projected to occur mainly during the months October through March. A detailed description of the models and a full tabulation of results can be found in two reports by Operation Research Group, Vadodara 1/ (See project file).

1/ Defined as natural river flow + beginning storage in the basin + returnflows - reservoir evaporation - spills.

'1:..1 "3-Reservoir Simulation for MP Intervention". Interim Report, Sept. 1982, and "Simulation Study of Sardar Sarovar Operation (4th Reservoir Mode!)", Interim Report, May 1983.

-116-

Results of Simulation

ANNEX 3 Page 9

25. The standard scenario for simulation comprises development stages l,2,4,and 5 (See para 9 above). Stage 3, the "MP - delay scenario", is treated as an alternative case to Stage 4. The standard scenario assumes, in particular, the carryover policy as mentioned above, a standard irrigation cropping pattern in SSP command and timely completion of Narmada Sagar Dam in MP, as directed by the NWDT. For each stage three runs were made, with three different installed capacities (800, 1000, 1200 MW) at the RBPR. Since 1200 MW capacity was finally adopted, results for other capacities are not presented here. It should be noted that the mean an~ual riverflow for the 3 30-year series used for simulation is only 40,185 Mm , as against 45,000 Mm estimated as long-term mean flow (-10.7%). Corrections for this downward bias have been made to the results obtained by ORG, as explained further below. Furthermore, the assumption of onlT 10% returnflows from irrigation upstream tends to bias the results for water availability in Gujarat and Rajasthan downwards also, particularly for the later development stages. Corrections for this bias, however, have not been made, since it is difficult to trace the effect of increased returnflows through the model. Such effect would not only entail higher water availability ("utilizable flow") for all party states, but also a contribution to regulation due to the time lag of returnflows, as long as they do not coincide with spill periods. As an indication of the possible magnitude of this effect, if the percentage were increased from 10% to 30% of upstream irrigation use, Gujarat'~ legal share ~t full basin development may increase by about 900 to 1100 Mm , or by abut 8-10%.

26. The main results of the simulation studies by ORG are summarized in tables 3 and 4. It can be seen that the availability of 75% dependable share water under the given 30-year runoff series falls short of the allocations 3s projected by the NWDT. Gujarat, for instance, can use only about 10,440 Mm of share ~ater at full basin development, whereas the ~~T's allocation is 11,100 Mm at 75% dependability. The availability of share water increases somewhat over the development stages, which is explained by the growth of storage capacity and of returnflows upstream. Total water availability, which includes use of unaccountable "surplus" (spill) water, however, remains nearly constant. Surplus water use itself decreases over the stages due to better regulation, higher upstream use and reduction in spills. Power releases at RBPH diminish drastically towards full development, and so does energy generation which is approximately proportional to the releases. Unavoided spills also decrease over the stages, but less so than power releases. Groundwater extraction increases roughly in proportion with projected irrigation use. Its major contribution, apart from augmenting the overall water supply, consists in stabilization of irrigation areas from year to year and in compensating for shortages of reservoir water supply in relation to the seasonally committed irrigation area. It increases the 75% dependable total water supply in proportion to mean supply.

27. Alternative scenarios were simulated with respect to delayed development in MP (Stage 3), different carryover policies, different kharif cropping patterns and with respect to delays in completion of Narmada Sagar Dam. Delay of development in MP may be in terms of diversions only or in terms of both diversions and storage capacity. Delay was assumed to occur when

-117-

ANNEX 3 Page 10

Gujarat enters ~ull development and MP remains ~t the lowest gevelopment stage (7,400 MID diversion and either 15,800 MID or 21,000 MID live storage capacity). Gujarat's average and 75% dependable share in Stage 3 decreases somewhat relative to Stage 4 (no MP delay), more so when storage development is also delayed. Accounted surplus diversions, however, almost double in volume for Gujarat, and so do annual spills. Power releases are most dramatically affected; they 'are about 100% higher than without the delay in MP.

28. In other runs, target endstorag~ (carryover) was reduced from 3,470 MID3 in Sardar Sarovar to 1,220 MID and 2,450 MID3 , alternatively, and was increased by corresponding amounts in MP reservoirs. The rule curves for power releases were also changed downwards. Stages 4 and 5 (full development in Gujarat) were tested for these alternatives. Gujarat's 75% dependable share as well as power releases tend to increase slightly as a ~onsequence in Stage 4, and spills are somewhat reduced. For Stage 5, power releases tend to decrease under these scenarios. No significant changes, however, are observed overall.

29. Alternatives with different kharif cropping patterns and consequently different water demand patterns were tried, but did not produce significant changes in the divertible amounts for Gujarat. This may be because the differences in the patterns were not wide enough to have a substantial effect. Only one alternative, in which overall water requirements are higher and more biased towards kharif irrigation (ratio kharif: rabi/hot season = 55:45, whereas in the standard case it is 43:67), a significant increase in Gujarat's average share for Stage 4 is noticed, together with higher surface irrigation use, a substantial increase in groundwater pumping and a decline in gross irrigation area. Power generation shifts markedly towards the dry season.

30. The NWDT ordered MP to complete the Narmada Sagar Dam at the same time or earlier than Sardar Sarovar Dam, mainly to allow maximum power production at Sardar Sarovar. A Narmad~ Sagar delay scenario has been tested for changes in both power and irrigation releases in the absence of this substantial regulative capacity. Runs were made for the early stages of development only (1 and 2), resulting in substantial shortfall of power releases and generation (-22% to -25%), doubling of spills and a shift of power releases from dry season to rainy season. Irrigation diversions are not noticeably affected, and irrigation areas in both seasons could be kept the same as in the standard scenario, due to compensation by groundwater pumping. Gujarat's average share water availability, however, although not fully used, drops by 19-21%. This demonstrates the beneficial effect of upstream regulation on irrigation diversions at full development in Gujarat. Losses of firm powe~at 90% dependability from a delay of Narmada Sagar are not yet fully explored, but preliminary indications are that they may be substantially higher than loss of total power, in relative terms.

AS'sessment of Reservoir Operat ion Studies To Date

31. The simulation studies carried out so far can be further improved in a number of ways. Firstly, a synthetic streamflow series with more realistic statistical properties and larger number of years should be used. The

-

-,118-

M;1E.X 3 .t'age 11

simulation of upstream development should be refined as t~'s plans for water use and ·its development schedule evolve more clearly. In particular, the power generation aspect in ~~ and the reuse of returntlows upstream would be useful subjects of study, together with a more detailed modeling of all reservoirs in the upstream model. Ideally, both submOdels should be integrated into one basinwide reservoir management model which would allow fine-tuning of reservoir operation policies and rule curves for real-time operation. The objective of the operation would be to satisfy all party states' individual demands, and simultaneously to optimize the benefits from Narmada water basinwide over any given year. Special emphasis should be laid on the operation during critical drought periods. With respect to irrigation water demand, rainfall variability in the command areas should expressly be taken into account in year-to-year and period-to-period variations of the demand hydrograph. (It so far has been held constant on the basis of 50% dependable rainfall in the command.) Further study of likely cropping patterns and water requirements would result in better estimates of the demand hydrographs as well. Better procedures to determine the kharif planting area in a model may lead to a more favorable long-term combination of risks and returns with respect to this decision. The estimation of realistic returnflows from upstream projects should have high priority among the several possible improvements to reservoir operation stua.ies.

32. The studies and their results have, however, servea their purpose ir. establishing the approximate magnitude of regulated flows obtainable from Sardar Sarovar Reservoir. They have further given an appropriate basis for decisions on the sizing of power facilities. The appraisal mission used the reported results of ORG's operation studies to make further corrections for the estimated higher basin runoff. For this purpose, suitable regressions of various result streams (upstream diversions, power releases, spills, irrigation abstraction by Gujarat, etc.) on the underlying annual riverflow (by calendar years) were estimated, separately for the Stages 1,2,4, and 5. The regressions thus obtainea were then applied to the ~4-year series of estimated runoff, resulting in time series for each of the variables mentioned. above. The final estimates of important indicators of water availability are summarized. in table 5, and graphically illustrated ~n figure 6. These have been used in the economic analysis of the SSP.

/

·040 1. , • ,

1 95 1:)

10'::: 1

1-=i52 1953 1954 1955 195.~

1957 19~:;f.~

1 Q'''Q ,_I,

19.5(' 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 "10-; .-~ , , 1.

lQ7-"::'

1973 1974 1975 1Q7 ' ,,0

1977 1978

-119-

Obs.§.C'h'~t i C!~:.:f Annual F~ai nf all and 8.unof f_...iD.~ G::<.ru(~.§:tSh\·42W 5i te

~~1.9" 2(~C~

45. :l <:],0

39. 83() 50.190 56.200 49.940 ~~:;9 .. 33()

68 Q 8'7(i 43.170 40.390 42.980 25.860 31.240 45.560

52 .. 21() I:C" Ci:Z'i-' .....J • ..J" ,J._-' '_'

49. L-::O 43 .. 2(H) 68.760 36.560 51.300 45.740 54.030 48.360

F;:unCl+ f (~'lP1F )

34.09::; 32,911.

23.241 30.673 39.967 35.311

61.454 25.001 23.367 28.190 10.656 15.123 3() .. 353 27.4·9'::) 39,971 44. :352 :36., ~)98 29.111 63 .. 392 22.010 38.826 32. ()34 42.332 35.168

1948/49 1. 949/5(:.

1'7)52//~33

1953/54 1954/55 1955/56 1956/57 1957/58

195'7' / 6() 1960/61. 1961/62 1962/63 1963/64-1964/65 1965/66 1966/67 1967/68 1968/69

1970/71-1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79

F.~.~:i, in 'f: a I 1. (inches)

54.920 49.130 4L!·.530 :36" 1 ()()

42.480 50.1.20 55.670 48.820 41 .. 380

~54 II 02()

64.61(:' 43.270 41.930 41.730 26.650 34.130 46.570 3j'!.230

55 .. (;8()

39 .. 11. i)

43. ::,;50 56.5.c:}C' 39.130 43.540 43.1.90 40.910 38.31.0

Note: Water years begin on July 1 and end on June 30 Source: Government of GUjarat

Annex 3 Table 1

3~3 .. 19·:)

30.960 40.200 :~5. 17e) 19" ,£,80 ,'-. -..". .-", ,",

,.:: i .. 1.) .~ i.)

24.780 23. 140 27.900

9.920 15.530

26. '71 (; 'Q·:2 .. 8C'()

29. ()75 63.588 22.896

32. ()2~) 41.480 36.328

Yei3.r

1925 1 ~i:~:,S 1927 1928 1 0 '::'0

1930 19:=; 1

1933 1934 1935 1936

1.939 191.~O

194·1 19"-1-2 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 19"'1-2 1949 I t?5t) 1951.

-120-

Annex 3 Table 2

Mean:

Long-term Series for Garudeshwar Site

F.:ainfa . .i.l (inches:.)

"'1-7.14

5.:)" .~~ 1 58" 11 48" G~~; 58. L~O 56.27 45.95 53. 9,~ c:"t::' -:rt::" .... J . ..J >l _::",J

49.14

=, o~ ...JO. , . .;:,

54.10 69.67 50.71 56.66 5Ll·" 33 55.93 ·'l9 .. :~() 45. 14· 35.49

(Calendar Years 1925 - 1978)

34.07 33 (:11

:::S6 .. . : 1 48. :30 45.61 32.57 42.69

_ .... " ,'.",

.~>.':; !III C:·1, ... 1

If() .. t ·~t ... _.,. -....r-. 1 ;' ... ..:;. '-;l

46.44 42.87 62.54 38.58 "::6. 10 4·3. 16 45.18

.:::1. .. ::35 1 'i. 35

Painfall

1 ~?'.=:j:::; 1. 95L~ 1955 1956 1957

1960 1961 1962 196:3

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 197 4J. 1975 1976 1977

Punoff

R".i n+ all (inches)

:5f)>I 19 56.2(; 49.94 39.33

43.08 68.87 43.17 40.39

52.21 55.55 49.12 43.20 68.76

51 .. 3()

45. d"!-

'~·8" .36

Standar·d Dev.: 49.04

8.89 49.04 42.78

36.47 11.24 36.47 28.57

Median: 75i~ dependab 1 e

Note: The regression used to estimate runoff from rainfall is : y = -25.489 + 1.2635x . Median and 75% dependable values are estimated by drawing a linear regression line through the cumulative frequency plot on normal probability paper (see Figure 3).

F\uno·f f

~:7" 93 i t5 II ~52

28.94 61.53 29.06

25 .. 87' 40.48 ,+.'1 .• 7 f·,

36.57 29.09 61.39 2()" 7( I

~:'2 .. ·:..··t-'

-121-

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT ---"-"---"'~"--""-~"-~'-'-"-'--''''--''---''-'-----''------------_ ....

Stage 1 Stage:: stage 4 stage 5

River Flow (Calendar Year)

Dlvertible Flow a/

40 .. 18

~: 1 .. 52 ~)3. l'::J

32 .. 45

MP/Maharashtra Share GUjarat Share

21.44 10.43

.58

:"23. 10

R.::\j asthan Share

MP/Maharashtra Diversion bl arat Diversion hI asthan Diversion b

Dry Season Total

Annual Spills - of which potential use GUjarat

Sum of Releases and Spills

inning Storage (June I'

Irrig. Div. Gujarat - Khari

Ground~'Jater Use

R,;:~bi

- TDtal

- Kh<:tl~ if Rabi Total

c/

Area Irrigated (M ha) l<hari f Rabi Total

10.13 c:- ' • ..;Cl

4.35 2 .. :27

14.96 24.82

6.53 1. 65

38 ... :::1

· 47 1 · 14 1 ' ,.... · Cl.::.

· "':!"~ ._ ...... t

· 18

· 52

· 16

· 09

· 26

7 .. 81

12.88 21.28

5.12 1. 19

39:.29

.71

· 8~'S 2 .. 3t)

.;;. .. 16

7->: · ~ '-'

· 36 1 · 09

· 33

· 19

· 51

11.00 .61

U:, .. bc'(

1 L L: .. -.,;..

2.93 , Q'

Cl. ,Cl

2.91 .47

:38.30

5 .. 9[3

4 .. ,.~ .. ::~

C" c---.I · -.1/

9 · 80

1 · 2~) 2. 14 ->: 35 ._l.

1 · 13

· 73 1 · 86

Source: 'Simulation Study of Sardar Sarovar Reservoir Operation (4th Reservoir Model)', Operations Research Group, Baroda 1983 af Divertible flow = utilizable flow target carryover -

June crop water requirements. Shares are calculated as percentages of divertible flow.

b! Includes share water and unaccountable (surplus) diversions cl Includes June water crop water requirements in basin.

11.24 .63

.71 3.33

2. ()5

.34

38 .. 80

:::J .. 74

::; .. '~)()

c:· 91 ~I •

9 · P1

1 " 5 1 2. 06

"' "_1. 57

1 · 14

· 77 1 · 90

-122-

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage e ~

-- '000 Million Cubicmeter/Year --

River Flow (Calendar Yea-)

Divertible Flow al

GUjar-at Shar-e

Gujarat Diver-sian b/

"1" C]"!.:: iJ, 1

Ar-ea Ir-r-igated (M ha) c! I<har-if Rabi Total

28.86

27.38

8.80

1.50

1 ... OL!i.50

.16

.09

.26

28.86

27.61

8.87

,. 66

.19

.51

32~96

10.59

lC),,58

~2 If '72

9. ::;;

1.06 .61

1. 81

Source: 'Simulation Study of Sardar Sarovar Reser-voir- Oper-ation (4th Reservoir- Model)', Operations Resear-ch Gr-oup, Baroda 1983

33.46

10.75

2.42

;: 1='-', o. ,,..,J";:'

1.06 .68

1.85

75% d~pendable values calculated as average of 7th and 8th lowest year. a! Divertible flow = utilizable flow - target carryover -

June crop water requirements. ~nares ar-e calculated as percentages of diver-tibIa flow.

bl Includes share water and unaccountable (sur-plus) diversions c! Ir-rigated area less affected by low diver-sions due to

supplementar-y gr-oundwater extr-action.

-123-

INDIA

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAI

SIMULATION OF R.ESERVOIR OPERATIONS

~:, p n ~,:~~ ~< '3 Ta-6'i E~ 5

AdQRted .£:.r.QjJ~.~t ions o·f Shares, Di verst ens and Power ReI p,3seE~

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. Mm3 II .. II .. ,. .......... ,. ......

GLtj arat· s Legal 10800 11100 11200 11500 11800 Share ( 9(00) (9400) ( 100(0) (10300) ( 105(0)

Potential Diver- 12800 12600 12600 12500 12700 sion by Gujarat (9900) (9800) ( 101(0) (10400) ( 106(0)

Projected Diver- 2200 4400 11500 11800 1 :21 00 sian by Guj ar.3.t.

Rajasthan's 300 620 620 620 650 Share

Projected Diver- 4200 7700 7700 16300 24300 sions Upstream

Power Releases 27500 22300 16900 9500 2650 (RBPH)

Spills 8300 7600 5800 3200 2100

Note: All figures are in terms of mean annual flows, except figures in parentheses, which are in terms of 75% dependability.

Source: Reservoir operation studies by Operations Research Group, Baroda, as modified by mission 3 for higher estimated mean river runoff (45000 Mm).

)

ANNUAL RAINFALL VS. RUNOFF AT GARUDESHWAR (CALENDAR YEARS)

Annual RunoFF (MAF) : Linear Regression for all 30 years,

65 [ +

55 ...

45 t-

35 t-

25 I-

15 t-

520

+

+//

/+- +

.+"+

+ ~+ /::,., +

+ ,v

++ _./ "'" + + +

,-

+ ///' +

/, 30

I I

40 50 AnnuaJ RainFall (inchos)

)

//

I

60

/ /

"':' .'

70

I-rjl~ ,.... :::l ()Q :::l ~ CD 'i :.: ro

/-" Al

\.oJ

I I-' N .s:-I

ANNUAL RAINFALL VS. RUNOFF AT GARUDESHWAR (CALENDAR YEARS)

l,

Annual RunoFF (MAF) = Linear Regression for last 21 years only

65 ~[--------------------------------------------------------------------------~ + ,/.+

55 t-

~5 t-

35 t-

25 t-

15 t-

520

+/--'/'

+

• • • • • I

30

,; / .....

/.

t/ + +

/"" + +//

I

~o

+

+

//

/'+

I

50 Annual Rain'Fall (inchas)

///

// ,/'

/'

"../

_L "-

60 70

'Tj ~ r" :::s

OQ :::s c (0 ., x (l)

I--' cr

w

I I-' N VI I

90

70

60

50

I~+" :~- '!=I~" .!~. := J~.' .. ' .... ·.··.i .. lj'll .. . .- - - . - - r- .. r N'I"IHtW,. , . .,f) .IE rIl

,AI~I··· ~

I

':::-c::r:=2fmml r . ~ •... liU"ll"W'I!~'''1'1~1'W11IJj

",. . 1. I: I I. ' .. ,1," Wml.1

H~~'Pn ~~7~ I dQI: ~y ~p,r~!)j-t~I.w-l-+ II ill 1 I I 1 11111 1+·+

. ~+I 1 III! II = .. T", .. :t=.l: .. ~=l=t:..tt. tttll:I1ti1;= :::=1._ . ~.' '.~.. ~I' I r. I I ·-~-t'I·· . i I! I

+'1-1' .' .+H+HIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII: - .". ~-- L__ l

._- --- .. --1'-' -,

,-

~ .. = .=.~ - ! -.' ~if·.·'.--...... = "._.1-- . ., " .... .

,- . ······1'1 [

... +-[.. H·

) I 1

I I

\.-j ~_c

i

h [, II ,IJ+ 1111111111+

+"~.

nr f----H-

I +-+-f-+

~m Normal Distribution line (Linear Regression through Plot)

~lJ

40 ff ITlf: H

H#+#Hll -=-cu.Wltjjj III

II' I .. +." U' 'i'l 'Ilill-Ull utmll+ II11 30 l-

20 I I

10 I, .

'f liJmJi -,. f. : i!! II I .llllill jj j I I

Horizontal axis scaled for normal prohability distribution: Straight line indicates exact normal distribution.

1- .

rT II i I

--i I

o ~ro IJ

1W

om so 90 ~'5 98 99 o,o~ 0, l 0,2 0,5 1 5 2. 40 10 20 30 50 60 70 -')

J

Cumulati va f ,oqU<..:nCy eo 998 99,9

r )

I j-I N

'f'

l!.! u w .., 0

~ !t fa :$~

~ ~~ ~

~

< ::i:

~

--

-127-

... o

'"

<

>

o

1 o

Annex 3 Figurt:! 3

-128-Annex 3 Figure 4

~jfu~1ADA RIVER DEVELOPHENT - GUJARAT

Schematic of 3-Reservoir Model

UTnISATION IN STAGE I (752€) Jamtara Flow RESERVOIR-1

Major Projects Kharif 0.407 BCM Rabi 0.497 BCM

Storage 3.182 BCM

MMMPD 0.619 BCM

Major Projects Kharif 0.821 BCM Rabi 1.004 BCM

MMMPD 2.147 BCM

Major Projects

Kharif 0.465 BC!1 Rabi 0.568 BCM

M1VfNPD 0.873 BCM

Regeneration

10% Irrigation 60% Domestic

& Industrial

;----~ MMMPD

~----~ Major Projects

RESERVOIR-2

Projects

RESERVOIR-3

MMMPD

Major Projects ---+--....It,,Storage 9.745 BCt1

Garudeswar minus Mortakka flow

Sardar Sarovar

MMMPD - Medium, ~linor, ~licrominor, Pumping Projects and for domestic .and industrial use.

-

L GJ

.;..)

GJ E U -

......

..n :J

U

c 0

,,..-j

r-l

..-t ...... m C ...... OJ OJ a L 0

..j..J (f)

OJ > ...... -1

-129-'~~---~

INDIA


Annex 3 Figure 5

,Simulation of Sardar Sarovar Reservoir Operation Rule Curves for Groundwater Extraction and Power Releases

(At full development, 1200 MW capacity)

7r 1200 Wli Power ,

I I

61-/

/ I No Power

5~ /' / // i-""', ./

" '--- r

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-131-

INDIA


Groundwater Resources

Table of Contents

Introduction

Groundwater Occurence

The Alluvial Aquifer System of Mainland Gujarat

Aquifer Characteristics Groundwater Flow Pattern Recharge-Discharge Relationships Groundwater Quality Distribution

The Mesozoic Sandstone The Hardrock Aquifers

Water Balances

Present Water Balances Future With Project Water Balances Groundwater Model Studies

TABLES

1. Estimated Recoverable Recharge to Groundwater 2. Phasing of Development of Agency Groundwater on Command

Area of Mainland Gujarat

. Annex 4

3. Tentative Phasing of Development of Private Sector Groundwater 4. Schedule of Captial and O&M Expenditures for Agency Groundwater

Development S. Tentative Schedule of Capital and O&M Expenditures for Private

Sector Groundwater Development

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INDIA

NARMADA WATER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT

Groundw~ter Resources

Introduction

ANNEX 4 Page 1

1. The geology of the command area is complex and a wide range of rock types are represented. These include granite, gneiss, and highly metamorphosed sediments of the Basement Complex, basaltic rock, rhyolites of the Trap Series, sandstone, shale of the Mesozoic sedimentary sequence, and a lithological variety of inland and coastal alluvial deposits. Superficial deposits range from blown sand of fossil dunes to clay (which may occur due to in situ weathering of the Trap Series rocks or may have been transported).

2. The climate of the area ranges from subhumid to semiarid. The mean annual rainfall decreases northwards and westwards across the area, ranging from about 1,150 rom in the southeast to less than 400 mm in parts of Kutch. The decrease in the amount of mean annual rainfall is accompanied by an increase in the interannual rainfall variation, the coefficient of variability ranging from about 35% in the southeast to more than 60% in the northwest.

3. The geological complexity of the area and the rainfall pattern are reflected in the hydrogeological conditions. In addition, the topography, surface drainage characteristics, and proximity to the coast affect the subsurface flow pattern. The totality of physical conditions interact to provide a complex pattern of groundwater resource availability in terms of aquifer yield, recharge, and water quality.

Groundwater Occurence

4. The most important aquifer system is formed by the thick and exten-sive alluvial deposits that have accumulated on mainland Gujarat between the Basement Complex and Trap Series rocks that form the eastern part of the state and a line extending NNW from western Broach along the eastern borders of the Little and Great Ranns of Kutch. The western boundary of the alluvium corresponds approximately to the line of a deep seated fault, which down-throws to the west and preserves a thick sequence of clays of the Ter-· tiary period. Within the command area, the mainland alluvial aquifer system underlies parts of Broach, Baroda, Kheda, Ahmedabad, Panchmahal, Surendranagar, MehsanaJ and Banaskantha districts.

-133-

ArmER 4 Page 2

5. The coastal alluvial deposits, which accumulated around the Gulf of Cambay and extend along the trough between Saurashtra and the mainland, consist predominantly of clay. Moreover, the groundwater is generally saline and thus, these sediments offer negligible groundwater potential. Such deposits occur in parts of Broach, Kheda, Ahmedabad, and Bhavnagar districts.

6. Mesozoic sandstone forms fair aquifers and yields freshwater in parts of Wadwan, Halvad, and Dhrangadhra talukas in Surendranagar district on the Saurashtra peninsula. The elongated extension of the command area along the south coast of Kutch consists mainly of a thin deposit of coastal alluvium of various textures overlying a variety of rocks, including sandstone, shale, and basalt. Yields and water quality are variable.

7. Traprocks underlie parts of Surendranager, Rajkot, and'Bahvnagar districts in Saurashtra and are also present in parts of the command area in Kutch. These form low-yielding aquifers, but generally provide water of usable quality for direct use for irrigation. Similar aquifer conditions occur in the Basement Complex rocks, which have limited extent within the command area and occur in parts of Baroda and Kheda districts in the extreme southeast.

8. The Alluvial Aquifer System of Mainland Gujarat. The alluvial deposits consi~t of a complex of clay and sand beds that occur as interfingering lenses of varying thickness and lateral extent. The deposits thin to a featheredge at the contact with the Basement Complex in Baroda and Kheda districts. The maximum thickness of the alluvium exceeds 200 m in parts of Ahmedabad, Mehsana, and Banaskantha districts in the northern part of the command area; the maximum thickness of alluvium on the Narmada-Mahi doab in Baroda and Broach districts in the south is about 100 m. The proportion of clean sand beds in the system ranges in extremes from 30% to 85%, but is generally in the range of 50% to 75%.

9.. The alluvial deposits form a single aquifer system. However, the flow pattern is complex due to the lenticular nature of the aquifer and aquitard units (sand and clay, respectively). The presence of clay beds presents considerable impedance to vertical flow. This results in an increasing degree of semiconfinement of aquifer lenses with depth in the system. The passage from phreatic (free water table) to semiconfined conditions is therefore transitional. In the absence of an aquifier of regional extent, it is not possible to define the unconfined and semiconfined parts of the syst'em geometrically.

10. Aquifer Characteristics. The mean permeability of the sand beds present in screened sections of individual wells ranges from 5 to 65 m/day and averages about 25 m/day. Taking the average aquifer material proportion in the section as 60%, the ~verage transmissivity of a 200 m thick section of alluvium would be 3000 m /day. The storage coefficient of the aquifer system under water table conditions has not been determined, but is probably about 0.1 as a regional figure.

, --I

-

-134-

ANNEX 4 Page 3

11. Groundwater Flow Pattern. The regional groundwater flow in the system is from east to west. This pattern is locally disturbed in the vicinity of deeply incised rivers that function as line sinks for groundwater flow. At the western edge of the system, lateral flow may be impeded by the presence of mainly clayey deposits and is finally stopped at the hydraulic no-flow boundaries formed by the saltwater and freshwater interface in the vicinities of the coast and the Ranns of Kutch or the reversal of the hydraulic gradient in the trough between the mainland and Saurashtra. A vertical gradient for upward flow in the system therefore develops and the western part becomes a net discharge area. This situation accounts for the free-flowing wells tapping the d~eper aquifers of some areas in the west and also for the occurence of relatively saline groundwater overlying fresh water in an extensive area of the west (see para 14).

12. Recharge-Discharge Relationships. Recharge to the aquifer system under existing conditions is mainly by infiltration of rainfall on the area. Additional sources of recharge are deep percolation of runoff water from shallow streambeds originating on the Basement Complex and Trap Series hills to the east, infiltration from surface water irrigation systems, and lateral flow from the hardrock aquifer system to the east.

13. Discharge is by effluent flow to the deeply incised major drainage channels, evaporation from shallow water tables, transpiration by trees and other vegetation rooted in the capillary fringe and abstraction by wells. The recharge-discharge relationships and flow pattern described above imply a net recharge area in the east and a nat discharge area in the west. The recharge component would be considerably modified by the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) due to the introduction of a significant new recharge element from deep percolation of imported surface water for irrigation.

14. Groundwater Quality Distribution. The groundwater quality pattern reflects the regional flow pattern, particularly in the northern part of the command area. Considering the entire alluvial aquifer system from the Rajasthan border to the Narmada River, there is a broad belt with relatively fresh groundwater at all levels in the east; whereas, north from Mahi River, the western part of the system contains relatively saline water in the upper layers and fresh water in the lower part. The absence of an identifiable upper saline layer in the western part of the system on the Narmada-Mahi doab is attributable to the dilution effect of the higher rainfall recharge component in this area, and possibly to the groundwater drainage effects of the Narmada and Mahi rivers. Nevertheless, there is a general increase in salinity westwards and down the hydraulic gradient in the system underlying the doab.

15. To the north of the Mahi River, the thickness of and degree of salinity of the water in the upper layer increases from east to west. There is evidence that the degree of salinity also decreases vertically downwards within the layer. The total thickness of the layer with poor quality water exceeds 50 m in parts of the Mehsana and Banaskantha districts.

-135-,

ANNEX 4 Page 4

16. Considering only the proposed command area for the SSP, the alluvial aquifer system, with generally freshwater at all levels, is restricted to parts of Baroda, Broach, Kheda, Ahmedabad, and Panchmahal districts (see map IBRD 17939). Large parts of Ahmedabad and Kheda districts and the entire parts of Mehsana, Banaskantha, and Surendranager districts, which lie within the command area and are underlain by the alluvial aquifer system, have saline water in the upper layer of the system. This last situation presents problems for the utilization of natural recharge or recharge from the planned irrigation system in these areas. It poses groundwater reservoir management problems, may limit well design alternatives and could, in some parts of the area, eliminate the possibility of combining vertical drainage with groundwater development for irrigation. Certainly, heavy pumping from the lower layers would induce downward flow from the saline upper layer and gradual deterioration of the pumped groundwater; this phenomenon has already been experienced in parts of Mehsana district.

17. The Mesozoic Sandstone Aquifers. As mentioned previously (para 6) Mesozoic sandstone forms aquifers in a limited part of Surendranager district within the command area in Saurashtra and may be encountered at depth below alluvial cover in parts of the command area in Kutch (see map IBRD 17939). The aquifers have relatively low permeability. but drilled wells ~ith penetration to about 100 m would provide discharges of about 50 m with acceptable drawdown. In general. the groundwater quality is fairly good at all levels in these deposits. '

18. The Hardrock Aguifers. The aquifers formed by the Basement Complex rocks and the Trap Series are grouped together under the term hardrock aquifers. The important aquifer is generally formed by the weathered zone though fracture and joint systems below the zone of weathering may locally provide permeability. In some areas, a thin layer of alluvium or colluvium may be incorporated with the weathered zone aquifer. The effective thickness of the weathered zone is generally limited, rarely exceeding 50 m. In areas subject to active erosion, the zone may be absent or too thin to provide an effective aquifer. The areas of the command with hardrock aquifers are indicated on map IBRD 17939.

19. The permeability of the weathered zone is low--usually considerably less than 1 m/day. The combination of low permeability and limited thickness makes such aquifers generally unsuitable for exploitation by tubewells. Groundwater is usually developed from the hard rocks by large diameter hand-dug wells, though bored sections (either lateral or vertical) will often increase the yield. The groundwater quality of the hardrock aquifers within the command area is generally good.

Water Balances

20. Responsibility for development of recharge estimates and groundwater balances rests with the Groundwater Division of the Gujarat Water Resource Development Corporation. The division has drawn up water balances for almost the entire area of Gujarat at taluka level. These balances have been utilized to develop existing groundwater resource estimates for the command area.

-136- .

ANNEX 4 Page 5

More sohpisticated water balances have been developed using a digital simulation model for the alluvial aquifer system within the command area on the Narmada-Mahi doab.

21. The taluka water balances were developed mainly to support groundwater development programs through the credit system. Methodologies and norms are used that are acceptable to the Central Groundwater Board and the credit institutions. The norms applied are as follows:

(a) Recharge from rainfall on alluvial areas and other sedimentary rock areas is calculated using the Chaturvedi empirical formula that has the form:-Mean annual recharge = 2 (Mean annual rainfall - 15) - in inches

(b) Recharge from rainfall on hardrock areas i6 taken as 10% of mean annual rainfall;

(c) Recharge from surface water irrigation systems is taken as 35% of the total water delivered and is distributed equally on the gross command area;

(d) Recharge on areas with groundwater exceeding 2500 ppm of dissolved solids in the upper layers is discounted;

(e) Recoverable recharge is taken as 70% of gross recharge after discounting saline water areas; and

(f) Net groundwater abstraction is taken as 70% of gross pumpage for irrigation implying return flows of 30% of pumpage.

22. It is evident that the water balances as presently compiled should be regarded only as indicators of the order of magnitude of the resource and its degree of exploitation. The balances together with the regional groundwater level monitoring system have been adequate for the purpose for which they were carried out--to support groundwater development programs financed through the credit system. It is noteworthy that there have been no exceptional declines in water levels over the past ten years within the command area, with the exceptions of the Mehsana deep aquifers and in the vicinity of the Ahmedabad well fields. The meager response of the aquifer system to pumping over the decade in terms of water level change may be interpreted that the present level of groundwater development represents a relatively small proportion of the available exploitable resource on the basis of long-term safe yield.

Command Area Zone

A B C D E F

-137-

ANNEX 4 Page 6

Groundwater Level Changes, 1970-79 - by Zones

Average Water Level Changes Region May 1970 to May 1979

(m)

SW -2.9 SW +0.4 E Central -0.3 W Central -2.2 S Central -0.6 N ~dW -2.8

Source: Operation Research Group and Groundwater Division records.

23. Present Water Balances. The most recent estimate of abstraction based on a well census is for the year 1978-79. As total abstraction is based on assumed annual pumping norms for the various types of well installation, the figures produced are of limited accuracy. The 1978-79 abstraction estimates have been increased by 15% to provide assumed values for 1982-83, and the present water balances are listed below by districts within the gross command area. With relatively few exceptions, the figures support the contention that there is considerable' scope for additional development of the existing groundwater resource.

-138-

Usable Groundwater Balances by District Areas the Gross Command Area - 1982-83

Area within the CCA with groundwater of suitable quality for Gross Recoverable !!/ Gross

Within

ANNEX 4 Page 7

Net Q./ District develoQment recharge recharge abstraction abstraction DeveloQment

(km) (Mm /year) . (Mm /year) (Mm /year) (Mm /year)

Broach 1,460 243 170 44 31 Baroda 4,091 723 506 197 138 Kheda 1,106 204 143 85 60 Panchmaha1 94 17 12 7 5 Ahmedabad 4,468 657 460 255 178 Mehsana 1,207 189 132 133 93 Baraskantha 1,295 150 105 105 18 Surendranagar 2,093 250 175 175 72 Bhaunagar 899 269 188 188 37 Ragkot 106 10 7 7 3 1{utch 697 40 -1.§. -1l -.U.

17 3 516 2 J 752 1 ,926 940 657

~ Taken as 70% of gross recharge. b/ Taken as 70% of gross abstraction. ~/ Net abstraction/recoverable recharge.

24. The above balances aSSume that any recharge on areas where total dissolved solids of the water in the aquifer system or in the upper layers of the aquifer system exceed 2,500 ppm (or even 1,500 ppm if the soil is very heavy) cannot be utilized. This concept is probably correct if the tubewell water has to be directly used for irrigation and is the only source of water. However, the situation changes if surface water is available for blending with poor quality groundwater water before application. In this situation, areas presently regarded as having unusable groundwater could have groundwater potential once the surface water irrigation system is introduced. This would be important in the areas where there is a poor water quality upper layer in the northwestern part of the alluvial aquifer system of mainland Gujarat.

25. Future With Project Water Balances. Introduction of surface water irrigation on a net CCA of 1.9 M ha would profoundly affect the groundwater balances in the command area by increasing recharge due to deep percolation losses from the canals and watercourses and from water applied to the fields. The following assumptions are made for estimating the recharge that would occur due to the imported irrigation water in the mean year of water availability for irrigation at the Sardar Sarovar Dam:

(%)

18 27 42 42 39 70 17 41 20 43 II 34

(a)

-139-

ANNEX 4 Page 8

Supply at head of ~ystem and from en-route rivers is 12,500 }m3

of which 11,200 Mm is for irrigation and 1300 Mm3 for M&I water use.

(b) Seepage losses on main canal and branches are 6.9 percent of irrigation supply of which 90 percent is recharge; 1/

(c) Seepage losses on distributaries, minors, and sub-minors are 10.7 percent of balance of which 90 percent is recharge; 1/

(d) Seepage losses in field channels and from field applications are 2.8 percent of balance of which 80 percent is recharge;

(e) Operational losses other than seepage total 20 percent of balance (or 12 percent of head supply) of which 50 percent is recharge;

(f) Conveyance losses of M&I water are 15 percent of head supply, of which 90 percent is recharge and 70 percent of M&I water delivered through canals becomes returnflows, of which 50 percent is recharge.

(g) The recharge would be distributed as follows: 57 percent in areas underlain by good quality groundwater, 33 percent in areas where blending would be required for use for irrigation and 10 percent in areas where the groundwater quality is too poor for. blending; and .

(h) Recoverable recharge would be 70 percent of gross recharge in areas of good quality or blendable groundwater.

26. On the basis of the above assumptions, the additional gross recharge due to !rrigation of full development of Sardar Sarovar system would be about 5020 Mm per year of full development. Assuming that 70 percent of this is recoverable recharge and that 90 percent of the recoverable recharge goes to fresh or blendable groundwat3r, the usable net recharge in the command area would amount to some 3160 Mm per year (see table 1).

27. The distribution of the new recharge volume by regions (s~e map IBID 17811, SAR 5l08-IN) is tabulated below:

1/ The canal and channel losses are calculated from assumed seepage rates and estimated wetted surfaces and annual operation times.

Region

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

Total

-140-

Recharge in Million m 3

% of Region To Fresh

Gross Under % of eeA Groundwater Area Gross CCA In Region Gross Recover-

able (km)

2,531 64 7.6 381 267 2,731 69 8.8 441 309 1,532 55 4.0 200 140 1,113 33 1.7 2,957 65 9.1 430 301 1,817 69 5.9 250 175 4,760 56 12.4 422 (295) 2,940 62 8.6 400 280 2,684 63 7.9 311 218 3,446 70 11.4 1,917 60 5.4 4,628 69 15.1 1 1 229 35 2.0 -..ll --.-U

34 1 285 100.1 2,868 2 1008

To Blendable Groundwater

Gross Recover-able

14 10 25 18 26 18 46 32

552 386 250 175 737 516

1,650 1,155

ANNEX 4 Page 9

To Saline Groundwater

Gross Recover-able

60 0

200 0 30 0 85 0 20 0 20 0 20 0

.-fl ~ 502 ~

28. A tentative schedule of development of groundwater by the public and private sectors is shown in tables 2 and 3, respectively. In addition, tables 4 and 5 show the schedule of estimated capitals and O&M expenditures for public and private groundwater development, respectively. In these projections, full development of estimated recoverable recharge from project surface water import only is assumed. Further development of groundwater resources from existing natural recharge is possible to some extent in most regions. The distribution of recharge from all sources with full development of the Sardar Sarovar irrigation system is tabulated below by regions and also indicates the estimated present abstraction by wells in the regions.

-141-

ANNEX 4 Page 10

Total Usable Recharge (At Full Deve10 pment) and Present, Abstraction (Million m )

Total Recharge to Usable Groundwater Recoverab Ie 1983 Abstraction Recover.able

Region Present New Total Recharge §:.I Gross Net 'Q/ Balance

1 225 381 606 424 45 32 392 2 250 441 691 484 90 63 421 3 127 214 341 239 26 18 221 4 13 25 38 27 3 2 25 5 284 456 740 518 195 137 381 6 200 296 496 347 126 88 259 7 68 422 490 343 74 52 291 8 128 400 528 370 98 69 301 9 110 311 421 295 104 73 222

10 159 552 711 498 81 57 441 11 113 250 363 254 28 20 234 12 104 737 841 589 83 58 531 13 28 -..ll 61 43 ...1L -12. ~

Totals 1 1 809 4.518 6 1 327 4 1 431 980 688 3,743

al "£J

70% of total recharge 70%'of gross abstraction

29. Groundwater Model Studies. Operations Research Group under contract to the Narmada Planning Group (NPG) have developed a digital simulation model of the alluvial aquifer system of the Narmada-Mahi doab. The modeled area corresponds fairly closely to regions 2, 3, and 4 for which water balances have been made in the previous section (see para 27 et seq.). The model has been calibrated and acceptable simulation of the present situation has been achieved. It has been run for a series of scenarios of possible development futures to obtain quantitative indications of the groundwater system's responses to a number of possible conditions which may be imposed upon it. The model provides a more sophisticated tool for developing groundwater balances than the method used to develop the regional balances discu~sed in the previous paragraphs.

30. The mass balance for the calibrated model simulating present pumping conditions with recharge from average annual rainfall is as follows:

Recharge from all sources Discharge

- Evapotranspiration from capillary fringe - Net abstraction by wells - Outflows at model boundaries to

Narmada and Mahi rivers and the coast

Net change in storage

MIn Iyear

1,360

1,085 191

-M:. 1,360

° -

-142-

ANNEX 4 Page 11

31. The gross recharge of 1,360 Mm3 (which represents an average of 211 mm on the surface or about 20% of the mean annual rainfall) is considerably higher

3than the estimate derived by the empirical balances - approximately

740 Mm for the gross areas of regions 2, 3, and 4. However, only 6% of the recharge is lost as outflows to the rivers and the sea, and evapotranspiration accounts for 80% of the discharge and most of this should be regarded as an essentially uncontrollable loss to recharge.

32. The model was run with recharge from mean annual rainfall and irriga-tion inputs of 500, 700, and 1,000 mm on the irrigated surface measured at the dam. The mass balances for these scenarios are summarized as follows:

Recharge

Recharge from rainfall and existing irrigation

Recharge from new irrigation Total

. Discharge

Evapotranspiration Net abstraction by wells (present) Outflows

Total

Change in Storage

Irrigation depth (mm)

500 700 1,000

1,360 773

2,133 =====

1,085 191 343

1,619 =====

514

1,360 1,080 2,440 ======

1,085 191 450

1,726 =====

714

1,360 1,542 2,902 =====

1,085 191 682

1,958 =====

914

Note: The above balances were generated in the third year of simulated irrigation.

1.

-143-


Estimated Recoverable Recharge to Groundwater (from surface irrigation and M&I water)

Availability of surface water 10,790 Mm~ (a) For irrigation from reservoir

(b) For irrigation from en-route rivers 400 Mm (c) For M&I use from reservoir 3 1 1310 Mm3

Total 12,500 Mm

2. Losses and gross recharge to groundwater

Annex 4 Table 1

Losses % Mm3

Gross Recharge 3 % of losses Mm.

Seepage - main canal & branches Seepage - M&I water Returnflows from M&I use Seepage - distribution system Seepage - on farm Operational losses

Total

6.9 15.0 70.0 10.7 28.0 20.0

772 197 779

1115 2605 1340 6808

90 90 50 90 80 50

695 177 390

1003 2084

670 5019

(Surface irrigation system efficiency: 1 - (6808- 197-779)/(10790+400) = 48%)

3. Recoverable recharge: 70% of 5019 ...

4. Useable recharge (a) 57% to fresh groundwater 2002 Mm~ (b) 33% to blendable groundwater 1159 Mm (c) 10% to unuseab1e groundwater [351 Mm~]

Total useable 3161 Mm

5. Pum2ing of useable recharge: 130% of 3161 = 4110 Mm3 A recycling factor of 1.3 is being applied to net useable recharge to account for recover,ab Ie losses from pumped groundwater.

INDIA


PhuinJLof Dev!!loPlllent oL_AlLencv Groundvater on COIIIIII.nd Area of Heinl."d Guiuat

Rev Irri,ated

Area Receiving Recovereb Ie Development Surface Regiona Rechar,e on by Agency

Year "ater Involved Al!uvima W§lh (hadOOO) (Hm /year> (Hm Iyear'

Fre.h Blend Total l're.h Blend ~

90-91 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 91-92 11 1,2 12 0 12 36 0 36 92-93 91 2 180 0 180 90 0 90 93-94 119 2,3,4 238 64 302 143 64 207 94-95 133 4,5 197 0 191 99 0 99 95-96 159 5.6 280 18 298 140 18 158 96-97 181 6,10 19 309 328 10 309 319 97-98 186 10,11,12 0 235 23,5 0 235 23S 98-99 186 12 0 339 339 0 339 339 99-00 62 12 0 117 117 0 117 117 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 .. ----- -~--

Total 1,466 986 1,082 2,068 518 1,082 1,600

IL Required pumpin, include. a recycling factor of 1.3.

Ik Standard veIl deliver. 200 m3/b for 3200 hra/yr.

)

(Regiona 1-6,10-12)

Number of Phuing of Pumping Standard Accumulation DeveJ0l!lIent Reg~ired I!. We1h Ill. P~l!in&

(Hm Iyead Ofm /year) Olin Iyear)

7 9 14 9 25 33 52 42 66 86 134 128

.86 112 175 240 119 155 242 39S 115 228 356 623 206 268 419 891 230 299 ,",1 1190 232 302 412 1492 201 261 408 1753 138 179 280 1932

90 117 183 2049 --ll __ 3_1 -M. 2080

1,600 2,080 3,250

Accumulated Number of Standard

Wells

14 66

200 375 617 973

1392 1859 2331 2739 3019 3202 3250

-----

Remarks

Dam delivers water

Deliveries cross Hahi R.

Complete Agency Groundwater Development

I I-' l>-l>-I

~I~ 0":;1 1-'/1) /I) ~

NIl>-

INDIA


Tentative Phasing of Development of Private Sector Groundwater

Year

87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-01 01-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15

Area Coming Under Irrigation Regions Involved Annual Cumulative lllll_%_ l...L

('000 ha)

101 101 1 71 71 172 1 29 2 18 97 269 2 58

119 338 2 24 3 100 4 15 133 521 4 85 5 62 159 680 5 38 6 85 181 861 6 15 10 77 186 1041 10 23 11 100 12 12 186 1233 12 65 186 1419 12 23 1 19 8 27 9 22 186 1605 7 27 8 38 9 42 124 1729 1 7 8 35 9 34 124 1853 7 47 13 38

17 1870 13 62

If! See annex 4, table 2.

New Cumulative Recoversble Balance for Developed Number of

Recbarge Developed Development by Private Pumping Standard Created by Agency by Private Sector Required Private

Annual Accum. Cum. If! S§ctor Cum. ~/Q. Well Units IS:. ----------------------------Hm Iyear------------------------ Cumulative

198 198 141 339 188 527 261 188 208 996 7 989 312 1308 32 1276 344 1652 98 1554 342 1994 184 1810 352 2346 303 2043 314 2660 478 2182 264 2924 684 2240 212 3136 914 2222 118 153 5200

9 3145 1146 1988 235 306 10400 15 3160 1347 1813 35~ 459 15600

3160 1485 1675 471 612 20800 3160 1575 1585 577 750 26000 3160 1600 1560 683 888 31200 3160 1600 1560 789 1026 36400 3160 1600 1560 895 1164 41600 3160 1600 1560 990 1287 46800 3160 1600 1560 1085 1410 52000

1179 1533 57200 1274 1656 62400 1357 1764 67600 1440 1872 72800 1523 1980 78000 1560 2030 80500

I~ Assumea a recycling factor of 1.3. IS:. Based on combinations of tubewells (45000 m3/yr pumping) and dugwel1s (15,000 m3/yr).

I /-I ~ VI I

I~~

INDIA


Schedule of Capital and O&M Expenditures for Agency Groundwater Development

Annual Capital Expenditures ------------Rs Million------------

Number of Pipeline Number of Annual O~M Expenditure Wells Water and Power Wells -----------Rs Million------------

Year Constructed IJ! Point Reservoir Supply Total Operating Maintenance Ih

1!193-94 14 1.26 1.04 1.02 3.33 !l4-95 52 4.67 3.87 3.81 12.35 14 0.1 95-96 134 12.u5 9.97 9.81 31.83 66 0.3 96-97 175 15.73 13.02 12.81 41.56 200 0.8 97-98 242 21.76 11S.00 17.71 57.48 375 1.5 !l8-99 356 32.00 26.49 26.06 84.55 617 2.5 99-00 419 36.b7 31.17 3u.67 99.51 973 3.9

2000-01 467 41.98 34.74 34.11S 110.91 13~2 5.6 01-02 472 42.43 35.12 34.;; 112.10 1859 7.4 02-03 408 36.70 30.36 29.87 96.90 2331 9.3 03-04 280 25.17 20.83 20.50 66.;0 2739 11.0 04-05 Its3 16.45 13.62 13.40 43.46 3019 12.1 05-06 4S 4.32 3.57 3. ;1 11.40 32U2 12.8 06-07 3250 13.0

Totals 292.19 241.80 237.90 771.1)8

la See annex 4, table 2. I~ At Rs 4,uOO per well per year. 1.£ Economic cost of energy at Rs 0.81/kwh and annual consumption of 57,600 kwh per well.

(SAR 5107-IN, table 27 and SAR ;10S-IN, table 17, both express energy costs at the the estimated financial cost of Rs 55/kwh.)

•

Energy 1.£ Total

0.7 0.7 3.1 3.3 9.3 10.1

17 .5 19.0 28.8 31.3 45.4 49.3 64.5 70.0 86.7 94.2

108.8 Ilb.l 127.8 131;.8 140.9 152.9 149.4 162.2 151.6 164.6

I t--" -P-

'" I

rl> g}g t--"ro ro I><

-P- -P-

NUliber

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INDIA


Tentative Schedule of Captial and O&M Expenditures for Private Sector Groundwater Development

of Wells Annual investment Wells Annual 0&:11 Cost Constructed per year Cost operating

Tear iubewell 5 Ougwell s Tubewell s Dugwells Total I"aint. Energy iotal - ... _--------- Ps ~ ---------- ---------- R~ ',' II

2001/02 2500 2700 7~ 119 191 5200 ~ 7 , .... 4

20i)2i03 ·2S0() 2iOO i3 119 191 10400 4 14 2G03l04 251)0 27')0 7.3 ! 19 191 15600 6 21 2004/05 2500 2700 I::,; 1:9 191 20800 3 ... tl

:005/06 2000 3200 58 l~: 199 26000 1 !] 34 2006/07 2000 3200 <:" ",tI 141 199 31200 12 40 2007/08 2000 3200 59 141 199 36400 15 46 200Si09 2000 3200 58 141 199 41600 Ii 52 21)0911') 15,)1) 3700 44 1 ,.

.0) 206 46800 IQ , , 58 2010ill 1501) nOr) u :63 ZOb 52000 21 63 :Ol!!12 :5~)iJ ~~'\ ..

.:.,. 'YJ " , .. 1,3 206 5720(' "'.,. :,. .• ' I) 0,

:C112/13 !500 ·37l)(i 44 163 206 ,;2400 :5 i5 :Ot3/14 i I)!)O 4:00 .'~ 1"'-... jJ 214 67600 27 79 :C!4/1~ 100(: 420(/ :9 :25 214 72800 :9 84 20!Sfl6 100l} 4200 "!Q ." 185 214 78000 31 89 2016i17 SOl) :000 15 88 103 8(;500 ,~" -'0'

Total 27500 53000 796 2332 3130

._----------------------------lote: al TJb~we!13 are 3ssu~!d to JU~O 45000 83 per year and to cost Rs 29000 ~er unit,

b} Dugwe!ls are !ssu~ed to ~u~p 15000 m3 per lear and to :ost Rs 44000 ~ir loit. :) ~~n~il ]ai~t~~~nc! :J5~ is esti~ated as ~s 100 per unit i~d year.

"

----------

9 18 ~~ . , 36 44 52 61 69 7~ .1

64 92 09

1')6 J. ,i.'J

120 1"4

d) E~ergy ccst :5 b~=ed an R, 1.00 per Kwh (eCQ,10I!LC '::ost: ~r.d ,1)45 ifwh ~er ,n3 p'lloed.

Annex 4 Table 5

Water pUlped

iii!!))

153' 3~)b

459 612 751) 9SS

1026 llb4 12Ei 1":0 :53: ! ~.:b t 7.64 41"l"'f..,.

L~/.!.

1980 2033

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Agriculture

Table of Contents

The Project

General

The Agroclimatic Regions

Crops, Cropping Practices, and Prospects for Development

Wheat Rice Sorghum (Jowar) Pearl Millet (Bajra) Maize Pulses Oil seeds. Castor Mustard and Rapeseed Segamum Cotton Tobacco Fruits, Vegetables, Spices, and Condiments Sugarcane Fodder Crops

TABLES

Annex 5

1. Description of General Soil Classes for Sardar Sarovar Project

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Agriculture

The Project Area

ANNEX 5 Page 1

1. General. The NRD-Gujarat project area.extends from the Narmada Riv~r in the south, northwards to the Rajasthan border and lies between the latitudes of 21 0 40' and 240 30' north. The gross command area area is 3.43 M ha with an estimated net CCA of 1.87 M ha. In such a vast area there is a wide diversity in climate, soils, agriculture, and socioeconomic features. Therefore, project planning has been divided into 13 agroclimatic regions taking into account annual rainfall, land irrigability class, quantity and quality of groundwater, and alignment of major branch canals.

2. The main feature of the climate is the monsoon that brings rainfall to the area from June to September. Rainfall is negligible in the rama1n1ng eight months of the year. Following the monsoon, the humidity decreases and temperatures fall to give a relatively cool dry winter between November and March, during which temperate crops such as wheat are grown. In March temperature$ rise rapidly; in April and May with mean maxima average about 400 C in Mab• The coolest months are December and January with mean minima of 100

to 11 C and maxima of about 300 C. Compared with more northerly parts of India, winters are shorter and warmer. Delay in the onset of cool weather in November and rapid rises in temperature early in March can reduce the yield of temperate crops, especially wheat.

3. Rainfall varies from 1;100 mm in the southeast to less than 400 mm in the north on the Rajasthan border. Some 70% of the project area is classified as drought prone. Rainfall reliability is low to very low, with 54% of the command having a coefficient of variability of 30-40%, and 46% of the command a variability of 40% to 60%. Rainfall is also cyclonic in character, with short periods of intense rain interspersed with long dry spells. For Bharuch, at the southernmost end of the project at the mouth of the Narmada, on average, about 15% of the annual rainfall of 960 mm can be expected to fall in one day and about 30% in a seven-day period.

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The Agroclimatic Regions

ANNEX 5 Page 2

4. The general soil types of the command are shown on map IBRD 17941, SDR, vol. 2. The 13 agroclimatic regions are shown on IBRD 17811, SDR, vol. 2. A short description of each reg ton and the present pattern of agriculture follows.

5. Region 1 extends from the Narmada River in the south to the Mahi River in the north and is bordered on the east by the main canal and on the west by a line roughly corresponding to the 160 ft (48.8 m) contour. Topography in the center and north of the region is gently sloping and in the south more broken and undulating. The region is dissected by numerous rivers and deep nullahs flowing west to the plains and connecting with the Mahi, Dhahdar, and Narmada rivers. Soil is mainly residual derived from D~ccan Trap in the south, granite and gweisen in the center, and recent allivium in the north. Black cotton soil predominates, but is moderately well-drained with medium-fine texture. Seventy-three per cent of the soil falls within irrigability class 2 and 19% in class 3.11 Rainfall, averaging over 1100 mm, is the highest in the command. The cropping pattern is kharif orientated with cotton accounting for about 50% of the gross cropped area of which 8% is irrigated. Other important crops are kharif sorghum (13%); upland paddy (9%) grown in nearly all holdings, with small areas of transplanted paddy irrigated from tanks; tobacco (8%) mainly unirrigated; with smaller areas of maize, pearl millet, pigeon pea, and groundnuts. Small areas of fruits and vegetables are grown close to Vadodara (Baroda). In rabi there are small areas of irrigated wheat.

6. Irrigation development should not pose any large problems in this well-drained region. Cropping patterns would continue with cotton as the main crop and with increases in the area of irrigated paddy (rice is the preferred food crop); also, hybrid sorghums and castor beans have good potentiality. Tobacco, fruit and vegetables would increase, and in rabi there would be a large increase in irrigated wheat, pulses, and oilseeds. Summer groundnut is likely to be popular.

7. Region 2 lies west of region 1 and is in Baroda district. Soil is very deep alluvium overlying the Deccan Trap, with slopes in the range of 0.40% to 0.07%. The predominant soil type is black cotton, with a substantial belt of lighter loam bordering the Mahi River in the north and, to a lesser extent, the Narmada River in the south. The surface texture of the black soil is clay, with clay loam deeper in the profile. The soil is highly calcareous and develops deep cracks on drying out. The majority of the soil is in irrigation class 2. The main crops are cotton (40%) of which nearly balf is irrigated, sorghum (13%), paddy (9%), pigeon peas (8%), tobacco (7%), and in rabi, irrigated wheat (4%). On the lighter soil, the cro~ping pattern is more diversified than on the black cotton soil,> and considerable areas of vegetables (3000-4000 ha) and fodder are grown.

11 Land irrigability classes are briefly defined in table 1.

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ANNEX 5 Page 3

8. With the exception of the provision of drainage, there are no major constraints to irrigation development. On the lighter soil, vegetables, tobacco, and fruit are expected to expand. Cotton area would probably decrease with a change to hybrids throughout. Pigeon peas (specially short-duration varieties) would increase in kharif. In rabi there would be large increases in wheat, gram, and mustard. Large increases in paddy should not be encouraged; it is not a natural paddy area.

9. Region 3 is entirely within Broach district and lies between the Narmada and Mahi rivers and to the west of region 2. The soil is predominantly black cotton derived from deep alluvium overlying the Deccan Trap. Slopes are in the range 0.03% to u.05%. Mean annual rainfall is 93U mm decreasing to the west and north. Cotton is the mQst important crop occupying about 40% of the cropped area, of which about 25% is (rrigated, followed by rabi sorghum (33%) and pigeon pea (13%). Wheat is grown both as an irrigated and unirrigated crop on about 3% of the cropped area.

10. The main constraints to irrigated agriculture is the predominantly heavy texture of the soil and saline groundwater over SOme of the area. Future crops are likely to be cotton, sorghum, and pigeon peas in kharif, with wheat and rabi sorghum in rabi. Irrigated paddy is expected to become important.

11. Region 4 occupies the area bordering the Gulf of Cambay between the Narmada and Mahi rivers. The topography of the area is flat and low-lying with poor drainage. Soils are mainly clay and clay loams of low-permeability, with scattered areas of lighter soil at the higher elevations. Groundwater is mostly saline. Soil surveys conducted in 1981/82 classified the region as follows:

Percent of Area Land Irrigability Class(es) Gross Area

I 2, 3 26 II 4, 5 35 III 6 17 IV Coastal salines 22

The four areas follow a general topographic pattern with area I at the highest elevations and area IV little above the high tide mark. Area I has a cropping pattern based on cotton, rabi jowar, and durum wheat. Area II is flatter and has less permeable and more saline soil. In years of above average rainfall, much of the area is flooded and the principal crop, cotton, can be severely damaged.

12. This is considered a problem region for irrigation development, since the prOV1S10n of drainage is likely to prove uneconomic. Crops likely to be grown in area I are similar to region 3. Area II requires extensive agronomic and other investigations. Area III has possibilities for forestry and area IV probably cannot be developed. The project authorities propose only restricted irrigation in this region but the possibility of developing the area for irrigated paddy should be considered.

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ANNEX 5 Page 4

13. Region S covers part of the districts of Gandhinagar, Kaira~ and Ahmedabad and includes Ahmedabad City. It is bordered on the northeast by the main canal and on the west and south by the Sabarmati and Matrak rivers. Topography is undulating close to the main canal, slopeing gradually towards the plains. The soil is mostly alluvial of medium texture derived from calareous shale. It is classified as "suitable" for irrigation equivalent to classes 2, 3, and 4; rainfall averages 880 mm. The main crops are pearl millet (bajra) (22%), paddy (17%) of which 60% is irrigated, cotton (11%) of which SO% is irrigated, tobacco (7%), kharif sorghum 5%, and groundnuts (4%). In rabi irrigated wheat accounts for 10.S% of the total cropped area. Vegetables are grown on some 10,000 ha, including potatoes where this region forms the most important potato growing area in the state.

14. The further development of irrigation is unlikely to cause problems in this region, though an increase in the area under paddy could cause an undesirable rise in the water table. In general, irrigation would be followed by a large increase in wheat and rabi oilseeds and pulses; summer groundnuts would also be attractive. Due to the high population density, ready market fruits and vegetables would be increasingly important, together with irrigated fodder.

IS. Region 6 lies immediately to the northwest of region 5 and covers parts of Ahmedabad and Mehsana districts. The soil is, in general, sandy loam derived from alluvium and has been classified as "suitable"; however considerable areas in the west and northwest are in classes 4, S, and 6 and become flooded during heavy monsoon rains. About 30% of the cultivable area is irrigable from tubewells (30%), dugwells (Sl%), canals, and tanks. Little storage is available in the canal and tank schemes, and irrigation from them is generally confined to kharif paddy; rainfall averages 790 mm. Major crops are cotton (2S%) of which about 20% is irrigated, paddy (17%), mainly irrigated bajra (13%), wheat (10%) about 40% irrigated, and sorghum (9%) grown mainly for its fodder. Hybrid castor beans are increasing in the lighter, well-drained soil.

16. The main constraint to irrigation development would be the need to provide drainage for considerable areas. With irrigation there would be a large increase in rabi crops, specially wheat, a switch from rainfed to irrigated hybrid cotton, and increases in tobacco, fruit, vegetables, and fodder crops in areas close to the larger cities.

17. Region 7 lies to the south of region 6 and extends along the western shore of the Gulf of Cambay. The topography of the entire area is flat and a large part of the region consists of the area known locally as Bhal, lying between 15 and 30 ft (4.6-9.1 m) above sea level. Below the IS-foot contour the land is flooded for prolonged periods during high tides. Seventy percent of Bhal soil is medium black clay to clay loam (vertisol) with moderate salinity and alkalinity, and the remainder recent alluvia (inceptisol) found on the lower lying areas along old creek systems and tidal flats. The inceptisol is characterized by high salinity and very low permeability and cannot be reclaimed by simple means in reasonable time. Rainfall is highly variable, averaging about 700 mm and groundwater at a depth of 2.5 to 5 m is

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ANNEX 5 Page 5

brackish. On the better drained areas of medium black soil, cotton and fodder sorghum are grown in kharif and wheat and gram in rabi. Cotton can be severely damaged by waterlogging in years of above average rainfall. On less well-drained areas, which remain waterlogged during the monsoon, no kharif crops are grown, and durum wheat (75%) and gram (25%) are sown in rabi.

18. The region is recognized as a problem area for development under irrigation, since practically the whole region is classified in irrigability classes 5 and 6 and would require extensive investigation of procedures needed to improve drainage and reclaim the area. Research work is in progress at the Gujarat Agricultural University substation for the Bhal area at Arnej. Promising crops, besides cotton and durum wheat, are paddy, gram, safflower, and pigeon peas.

19. Region 8 lies to the west of region 7 in the upperpart of the Saurashtra peninsula and has an average elevation of 250 ft (76.2 m) above sea level. The terrain is undulating with small hillocks gradually merging to a succession of piedmont plains. The soil (mainly classes 3 and 4) is derived from disintegrated and partially weathered Deccan Trap and is dark red to brown in color and generally shallow with areas of deeper soil that is sometimes waterlogged or flooded during heavy rainstorms. Rainfall is very variable and averages 700 rom. Major crops are cotton (46%) of which about 13% is irrigated from dug wells, groundnuts (19%), jowar (15%), and pearl millet (15%). Few rabi crops are grown due to the shallowness of-the soil and low availability of irrigation water.

20. The main constraints for irrigation development would be the need for frequent irrigations due to the shallow soils and the need for landshaping in undulating areas. The major crops under irrigation are expected to be cotton, groundnuts, and sorghum in kharif, with wheat and mustard in rabi. Summer groundnuts would prove very popular, if sufficient water is made available.

21. Region 9 lies in parts of Surendranagar and Rajkot districts and is bordered on the north by the Little Rann of Kutch. The general elevation ranges from 15-25 ft (4.6-7.6 m) above sea level. with a general gradient from south to north. Soil is mainly black clay loam of medium depth and reasonably well-drained. Only a small part of the area in the west of the region has been surveyed with 67% of the area classified in class 2 and the rest in class 3 and above. -The eastern areas are more hilly and has shallower soil. Rainfall averages 600 mm and is lowest close to the Rann of Kutch. The main crops are cotton (54%) of which 18% is irrigated from wells and small surface schemes, pearl millet (13%). groundnuts (13%), and sorghum (12%). Small areas of wheat in rabi are irrigated from wells.

22. The main problems for development would be costly infrastructure development and a slow rate of farm development in the shallow soiled rocky areas. The principal kharif crops would remain cotton, groundnuts, sorghum, and pearl millet. Wheat, gram, and mustard would be sown in rabi, and summer groundnuts would be a popular crop.

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ANNEX 5 Page 6

23. Region 10 adjoins region 6 to the south and lies between the main canal on the east and the Little Rann of Kutch on the west and is bordered on the north by the Rupan River. Topography is generally flat, except along the main canal where it is more undulating. Soil is mainly sandy loam derived from alluvium and, based on a reconnaissance survey, has been classified in class 2 and considered suitable, but along the western borders of the region adjoining the Rann of Kutch there are extensive areas of flat medium black saline sandy loams subject to flooding in the monsoon and carrying very poor crops, mainly cotton. Rainfall averages 640 mm and decreases northwards. Cropping is dominated by cotton (63%), sorghum (15%), and pearl millet (5%). In rabi wheat (3.5%) is grown without i~rigltion in soil that retains sufficient moist~re. There is little irrigated cropping since groundwater is saline over most of the region.

24. Undulating country near the main canal would require land development and drainage and land reclamation would be needed in areas adjoining the Rann of Kutch. Future crops to be grown are likely to remain cotton, sorghum, and pearl millet, with increasing areas of paddy and hybrid castor. In rabi there would be large increases in areas sown to wheat, gram, and mustard.

25. Region 11 lies to the north of region 10 between the main canal on the east and the little Rann of Kutch to the west. The region is bisected by the Saravati River and lies between the Rupen River in the south and Banas River· in the north. These rivers flow into the Little Rann of Kutch. The region is similar to region 10, but the soil is more sandy, with saline areas bordering the Rann of Kutch. Groundwater is mainly saline and there is little irrigation. Rainfall averages 550 mm decreasing to the north. In kharif major crops are cotton (39%), sorghum (17%), and pearl millet (16%). In rabi considerable areas of wheat together with gram mustard and castor are grown wherever the soil retains sufficient residual moisture.

26. Large areas in the west would present problems of drainage and salinity. The upland areas are somewhat dissected and undulating and would require land shaping. Major crops would remain cotton, sorghum, and pearl millet in kharif, with cluster bean (lfguar") important in sandy areas to the north. Wheat, mustard, castor, and gram would be grown. in rabi, and hybrid pearl millet and groundnuts would be popular in summer.

27. Region 12 extends northwards from region 11 to the Rajasthan border and on the west to the Rann of Kutch. There are no rivers of any significance and the terrain slopes gradually from the main canal to the extensive flats along the Rann of Kutch. The soil is, in general ,alluvial; towards the Rann are large areas of flat black alkaline soil with red soil further back at higher elevations. The soil becomes increasingly sandy from south to north, merging into sand dunes along the Rajasthan border with little cultivation except on flats among the dunes. Large areas in the west have not yet been classified and considerable areas have been classified in irrigability classes 5 and 6. Rainfall is very variable averaging 510 mm; sandstorms are common in summer. Cropping is kharif orientated with short ~ duration crops, pearl millet (37%), sorghum (9%), cluster bean (8%), and cotton (8%). Complete crop failures are common, particularly to the north of

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ANNEX 5 Page 7

the region. Groundwater is mostly saline, and only small areas are irrigated mainly from wells.

28. Generally, a difficult region to develop, includes saline/alkaline areas requiring drainage and reclamation, increasingly sandy and undulating areas to the north, and low population and large holdings. The future cropping pattern is likely to be broadly similar to that of region 11 with fodder crops for livestock playing an important role.

29. Region 13 Kutch. The proposed command consists of a narrow strip 3-4 km wide and 200 km long between the Rann and Gulf of Kutch. The general elevation varies between 15 ft and 120 ft (4.6-36.6 m) above sea level, and the Kutch branch canal would follow a low ridge from which the land slopes gradually south to the Little Rann and Gulf of Kutch. Following a reconnaissance soil survey within the CCA, some 18% was classified in class 2, 23% in class 3, and 27% in class 4. Rainfall is low, ~veraging 400 mm. Major crops are cotton (41%), clusterbean (21%), pearl millet (10%), and fodder sorghum, with smaller areas of castor, groundnut, and sesame. Some fruits and date palms are grown around the villages.

Crops, Cropping Practices, and Prospects for Development

30. Wheat. This is the dominant rabi crop in the command occupying 7% of the gross cropped area. Out of 172,000 ha sown in 1981/82, 62,000 ha (36%) were irrigated and the remainder grown on residual moisture. Durum wheat is seldom irrigated and is concentrated in regions 4,6,7,11, and 12, mainly in deep heavy soil subject to waterlogging in the kharif; areas vary widely from year to year depending on the success of the cotton crop that if unsuccessful (mainly due to waterlogging), is replaced by wheat, that is normally sown in mid-October while sufficient moisture is still available in the subsurface soil to germinate the crop. Yields averaging 500 kg/ha are constrained by available moisture. The most popular varieties are A 206, which is subject to grain mottling that can reduce the substantial premium normally obtained for durum wheat and A 206 3-13 what is resistant to rust and has a high quality grain, free from mottling, was developed by Gujarat Agricultural University and released in 1981. With supplemental irrigation and moderate levels of fertilizer, these varieties can yield 1,800-2,000 kg/haw

31. Aestivum (bread) wheats are nearly always irrigated. The most popular varieties remain Ka1yansona and Sonalika, suitable for late sowing, both of which were released in 1970. These are now being replaced in popularity by J-24.(re1eased in 1974) and Lok-l (released in 1979), which has good quality grain and early maturity. Best yields are obtained if the crop is sown between early November and the first week of December. Yields are reduced by earlier sowing that results in poor ti11ering due to high temperatures, and by later sowing that results in premature grain ripening. Under experimental conditions economic responses are obtained with nitrogen (N) up to 12? kg/ha and with phosphate (P205) to between 40 and 60 kg/ha. Numerous exper1ments have been carried out to determine the response to irrigation and normally 4 to 5 irrigations, in addition to a pre-irrigation, are required for optimum yields with a total application of about 450 mm, though more frequent irrigations are needed on less retentive soil. The most critical

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ANNEX 5 Page 8

stages of growth for irrigation are at crown root formation 21-25 days after sowing and flowering (85 days). Black and brown rusts are endemic, but do not reach serious proportions. Alternaria leaf blight is occasionally serious, but can be controlled with fungicides. Pests are of little importance, though grass hoppers and termites cause sporadic damage. Present average district-irrigated yields in the command vary from 1.6 to 2.8 tons/ha.

32. A major expansion in the irrigated wheat area can be expected under the project. The yield potential of existing varieties under Gujarat conditions is from 4.5 to 5 tons/ha and yields under the project can be exp~cted to average 3.2 tons/ha.

33. Rice. In the command, rice is grown both as an irrigated and un~r-riga ted crop. Unirrigated upland rice is concentrated in areas with a normal rainfall of over 900 mm in moisture retentive soil and is concentrated in the command in regions 1, 2, 5, and 6. The crop is normally drilled at the beginning of the monsoon, with early maturing (90-100 days) varieties in rows about 30 cm apart and may be inter cropped with other crops. Yields average 800 kg/ha in regions 1 and 2 and 1,200 kg/ha in region 5 and are constrained by availability of soil moisture. Fe~tilizer application is low.

34. The remainder of the rice area that is irrigated and transplanted accounts for 53% of the 'total rice area in the command and is concentrated in regions 2, 5, 6, and 7. Irrigation is provided from canals and tanks. Modern high-yielding varieties are used almost entirely in the irrigated areas, the most popular being GR 11 (120-day good quality and pest resistant variety), Jaya (130-day coarse variety) and Masuri (145-day variety used in low-flooded areas). A future trend with expansion of irrigation is likely to be towards early maturing varieties (100-110 days), which have been recently released and can be followed by a wheat crop. Yields of paddy average from 1.5 to 2.5 tons/ha. Little work has been done on date of planting; the current recommended date for transplanting is in the second half of July with seedlings 25 to 35 days old. After mid-August, yields decline considerably. Recommended rates of fertilizer application vary from 80 kg/ha of for early maturing varieties, to 120 kg/ha of N for late varieties, with half these amounts for P205 • The major pests are leaf hopper, planthoppers, stemborers, and army worm; major diseases are blast, which can be controlled by seed treatment, and bacterial blight, which can be controlled by repeated sprayings. Development of varieties resistant to both pests and diseases is in progress and is the most promising long-term solution.

35. With additional irrigation supplied by the project, farmers would undoubtedly wish to increase the areas under irrigated rice, though with a restricted allocation of water, it could be more profitable to spread available supplies on less demanding crops. A quite appreciable increase in the paddy area is, however, contemplated by the project authorities, specially in the higher rainfall regions. With full irrigation average yields of 3.8 tons/ha of paddy can be expected.

36. Sorghum (Jowar). Sorghum (lljowar tf) and pearl millet (ltbajri") are

the most widely grown cereals in the command with roughly equal areas of

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ANNEX 5 Page 9

each. Kharif jowar is grown throughout the command and is sown at the beginning of the monsoon. In the northern and northwestern parts of the command, tall leafy varieties with corresponding low-rain yields are grown more for their fodder than for grain. Yields of grain average 300-350 kg/ha with about four times the yield in the dry fodder. Rabi jowar sown in September/October is concentrated in the heavy soil of regions 3 and 4. Local rabi varieties are famous for the high quality of their grain and yield an average 650-700 kg/ha.

37. Modern short duration high-yielding varieties have been slow to replace traditional varieties mainly due to low yields of fodder and poorer grain quality. Varieties recommended for kharif include the hybrids CHS-5 and CHS-6 and the composites CSV-3 and Gujarat-l08. For rabi, CHS-8R and Gujarat-9 are recommended. These varieties have a potential yield of 3 to 4 tons/ha, but so far only 15% of the jowar area is sown with HYVs. Early planting, both of local and HYV varieties, is recommended to reduce attacks of shoot fly, which is the most damaging pest. At present only about 4% of the jowar area receives limited irrigation.

38. Under the project, an expansion of irrigated jowar is projected in northern and western areas, together with expansion of varieties specifically bred for fodder. Yields of HYVs are expected to average 2.5-3.0 tons/ha under irrigation.

39. Pearl Millet (Bairi). In terms of area, bajri is the most widely grown cereal crop in Gujarat although areas have decreased from about 2 M ha in 1970 to 1.4 M in 1981/82. It is the staple cereal of the arid and semiarid areas, most importantly in region 12, but is grown throughout on the lighter soil. Some 80% of the area is sown with high-yielding hybrids, which initially became popular with the release of RB3 in the late 19605. This variety, which lost popularity due to the buildup of downy mildew, was replaced by GHB-J-1399, CJ104 released in 1975, and GHB-32 released in 1982, all resistant to downy mildew. The crop is of short duration (85-90 days) and is sown at the beginning of the monsoon, but substantial and increasing areas are being sown with irrigation in the first half of February. Yields of the rainfed crop average about 600 kg/ha and of the irrigated summer crop over 2 tons/ha. Fodder, which is of poor quality compared with sorghum, yields about double the yield of grain.

40. Experiments on sowing date show decreasing yields after the first week of July, accompanied by increasing incidence of downy mildew, smut, and ergot. Major pests are shoot fly and stemborer whose incidence is reduced by early sowing. Current fertilizer recommendations are for 80 kg/ha of Nand 40 kg/ha of P205 for the kharif crop, and 100-120 kg of Nand 50-60 kg of P205 for the summer crop. However, farmers use little fertilizers except in summer. Irrigation requirements of the kharif crop will vary greatly from nil in the heavier rainfall regions in the south, to 3 or 4 irrigations in the dry regions.

41. With major increases expected in the area sown to wheat, it seems possible that bajri area would decrease, although with irrigation there would be a considerable increase in yields, and increased areas under summer bajra

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ANNEX 5 Page 10

are probable. With limited water availability, farmers are likely to continue to grow bajra as a rainfed crop in normal years. Future irrigated kharif yields are likely to reach 2.5 tons/ha in kharif and 3.0 tons/ha in summer.

42. Maize. This is mostly grown as a rainfed kharif crop, but some 20,000 ha are also grown in rabi and small areas in summer. In the project area, it is most widely grown in upland areas in region 1. It is not an item of the staple diet, except in tribal areas, but a good demand for green cobs exists near the larger towns. District yields vary ,from 600-1,100 kg/ha'j only about 30% of the total maize is under HYVs and little fertilizer is used. Maize has a high-potential yield of up to 6 tons/ha on well-drained soil, but no great expansion is expected under the project, unless processing industries develop.

43. Pulses. The most important kharif pulse is Eigeon pea (tur, red gram), which constitutes an important item of diet. It is grown mainly in the higher rainfall areas, in moderately well-dra~ned soil, it is concentrated in regions 1, 2, 3, and 5. The variety commonly grown is T-15-1S, which matures in 180-200 days; it is normally grown as a mixed crop between rows of jowar or bajra or intercropped with cotton (2 rows of pigeon pea to 10-12 rows of cotton). As a sole crop, yields of 1,500-2,000 kg/ha can be obtained, although new varieties are being developed with a potential of up to 3 tons/ha. Earlier maturing varieties are available, but their yield potential is lower. A major pest is pod borer, which needs to be controlled by spraying or dusting (two or three times) if good yields are to be obtained. Present yields average 500-600 kg/ha. Due to a favorable price relationship, areas under pigeon pea and other pulses have been increasing in recent years. With irrigation, the trend can be expected to continue on suitable soils, and yields with one or two supplementary irrigations should average 1,500 kg/ha.

44. Other kharif pulses include "mung" (green gram), "urad" (black gram), moth bean, and cowpeas. These are short-duration crops maturing in 75 to 100 days and are nearly always intercropped in jowar or bajra. Present yields are low, averaging around 200 kg/ha. Grown as a sole crop in SUmmer with 3 to 4 irrigations, mung can yield up to 1,500 kg/ha. Cluster bean (llguar") is not strictly a pulse crop although the green pods are eaten as a vegetable and it provides a protein rich fodder; the seeds yield a gum which has a number of industrial uses. It is grown in Gujarat on over 200,000 ha, most importantly on the sandy soil in region 12 and in Kutch. Average yield of seed is about 500 kg/ha. It seems unlikely to become an important crop under irriga tion.

45. The main rabi pulse is gram (chick pea) and is grown on about 90,000 ha in Gujarat. It is grown on residual moisture and is of importance in the command in regions 11 and 12. Under rainfed conditions it is sown in mid-October and at the same time as durum wheat. With irrigation it may be sown up to mid-November and could follow an early maturing kharif crop. The crop has a low-water demand, and one irrigation at flowering time, together with a pre-irrigation to secure germination, is normally sufficient. Rainfed yields average 600 kg/ha, but vary greatly from year to year depending mainly

-

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ANNEX 5 Page 11

on the incidence of pod borer, which must be controlled by spraying to ensure high yields. Under irrigation, the crop has a potential of up to 3 tons/ha. A number of improved varieties exist, one of which (chaffa) is salt tolerant. It is expected that the area under gram will increase with the spread of irrigation. Irrigation yields should average 1.6 tons/ha.

46. Oilseeds. Groundnut is a major crop in Gujarat being grown in 1981/82 on 2.2 M ha, accounting for 21% of the gross cropped area. The main groundnut areas lie outside the command in the southern districts of Saurashtra. In the command it is grown on 90,000 ha, mainly in regions 8 and 9, in well-drained medium textured soil. Both erect and spreading types are grown with the shorter duration erect types in the lower rainfall areas. Rainfed yields vary greatly with rainfall, particularly when stress occurs at the critical flowering, pegging, and pod formation stages, with an average in the command area of 750 kg/ha. Only very small areas are irrigated. Groundnuts are normally sown immediately after the first rains; experimental results show marked reduction in yield with sowings after the first week of June. Trials so far have not shown any significant response to fertilizers. General recommendations in addition to 25 cart loads of compost, are for 12 kg/ha of Nand 5 kg/ha of P20S/ha for rainfed conditions, with double these quantities for ~he irrigateo crop. The most serious pests are aphids, jassids, and white grab. Aphids can obtain epidemic proportions in July and August if there is a dry spell of 2 weeks or more, and jassids can also cause significant reduction in yields. White grabs can be very serious in light sandy soil and is one of the reasons why only small areas are sown in Banaskantha district (region 12). The most important disease is Cercospora leaf spots, which can be controlled with fungicides; breeding for resistance is in progress.

47. Wherever water is available, summer groundnut are becoming increas-ingly popular and is sown in the first half of February. Some 150,000 ha are now cultivated, mainly in the kharif growing areas. The crop is relatively free from pests and diseases and has a potential yield of up to 3 tons/ha.

48. With irrigation, groundnut areas would increase in well-drained soil of medium texture. Irrigation, if needed, at the critical stages of growth and premonsoon irrigation. in years when the monsoon is delayed. would do much to eliminate wide year-to-year variations in yield; an average of 1.8 tons/ha: is expected. Summer groundnuts would also increase wherever water is made available. Yields should average 2.2 tons/ha.

49. Castor. Over the past ten years. the area under castor has tripled to 820.000 ha in 1981/82 and yields have increased by 2%. It is grown in lighter 80il. low rainfall areas of the northern part of the command. Hybrid dwarf varieties with a duration of about 160 days are commonly grown. It is normally sown after the onset of the monsoon in July or early August and generally intercropped in groundnuts. About 20% of the crop is irrigated. Yields under rainfed conditions average 800 kg/ha. Under irrigation, the crop has a potential of up to 3 tons/ha. The main pests are castor semilooper and capsule borer, which are easily controlled by spraying. With the high yields that can be obtained and high export demand for castor oil, the crop has a good future and is likely to increase on the lighter and medium

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ANNEX 5 Page 12

black soils of north Gujarat. The crop is highly sensitive to waterlogged and alkaline soils.

50. Mustard and Rapeseed. Out of a total area of 120,000 ha, 80% is Indian mustard. The most important areas are in the sandy loam and medium black soil of Mehsana and Banaskantha (regions 11 and 12). It is mainly grown as an irrigated crop planted in October after a short duration kharif crop. With irrigation, mustard has a potential yield of up to 3 tonslha, provided a good plant stand is obtained and aphid attacks are controlled. The area under mustard has more than doubled in the last 10 years and further increases can be expected with the expansion of irrigation. Average irrigated yields of 1.3 tonslha can be expected.

51. Sesamum is grown on a small scale throughout the state, but yield potential is low, and it is unlikely to be grown· as an irrigated crop. Safflower has possibilities as a crop for the saline soil of the Bhal region where research is in progress. Sunflower is occasionally grown, but has not received research attention. High-yielding high-oil content hybrids (up to 4 tons/ha) developed successfully in South Africa could be of interest on the heavier soils. Soya beans are not grown in the state, but have recently spread rapidly in Maharashtra as a kharif crop on heavy soil normally cropped only in rabi. The crop may have a future in the southern part of the command followed by an irrigated wheat crop.

52. Cotton. Cotton is the dominant crop in the command, accounting for 35% of the total cropped area. It is grown on the heavy, and medium black soils, but is of relatively little importance in regions 5 and 12. It is at present mainly a rainfed crop; only about 18% is irrigated, which, however, represents close to half of all irrigated crops. Under rainfed conditions, cotton is a low-input, low-yield crop, averaging about 400 kglha of seed cotton. It is very susceptible to waterlogging, and frequent failures occur in regions 4,6, and 7, where heavy monsoon rains can cause problems due to lack of drainage and the only slowly permeable soils. The main rainfed varieties are of medium to superior medium staple 1/ (23-27 rom) and include herbaceum and hirsutum types; they are of long duration (220-270 days). Arboreum types are grown on small~r areas because of the more restricted demand for the short stapled springy fibre. The most popular irrigated variety is H4, a hirsutum hybrid with superior fine long staple 11 (29 mm); it has a growing period of about 210 days. It was released in 1971. Gujarat Hybrid 6 (released in 1980), somewhat quicker maturing and higher yielding, has a superior spinning quality and is ~aining in popularity. Small areas of the extra-long staple hirsutumlbarbadense hybrid Varalaxmi are also grown. Yields under irrigation average 1.1 tonslha of seed cotton, compared with a potential for the hybrids of 4.5-5 tons/ha.

11 Indian classification; on the world market they would be classified as short to medium staple.

11 Would be classifed as medium on world market.

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ANNEX 5 Page 13

53. Dates of sowing and application of fertilizer strongly influence yields. Early sowing at the beginning of June give the highest yields, which drop off rapidly if planted later. They are sown in furrows 4 to 5 feet (1.2-1.5 m) apart. General fertilizer recommendations include a basal dressing of 40-80-80 kg of NPK per ha; the recommendation is to apply two or three top dressings of 40 kg/ha of N. In practice little potash is used. The main pest are jassids, aphids, thrips, and spotted and pink bollworms. The major factor limiting yields of modern varieties under irrigation are insect pests. Current recommendations are for up to 12 sprayings, commencing with sprayings against jassids and aphi~s in late July and early August, followed by applications to control bollworms from mid-August to December. One or two light premonsoon irrigations are usually given down the furrows, after which the crop is ridged. to protect the base of the plant from direct contact with water and for the furrows to act as surface drains for the intensive storms. About 4 or 5 further irrigations are given after the monsoon between September and the end of November.

54. Under project conditions, there is likely to be a considerable increase in medium to long-staple varieties and hybrids; since research work to increase the yields of the short-staple varieties is almost non-existent, these are unlikely to respond to the higher farming standards expected under project conditions. Much of the increased production may have to be exported as cotton lint. In view of future world market conditions, this is unlikely to present any problems.

55. In other parts of India, notably the inland areas of southern Andhra Pradesh. where soils and climatic conditions during the cotton-growing season are similar to Gujarat, average yields over large irrigated tracts are already today about 2.5-3 t/ha of seed cotton; many individual farmers report yields in excess of 4 t/ha. Important preconditions to obtain such yields are:

(a) good land preparation - cotton is particularly sensitive to the condition of the seedbed;

(b) proper water control - either planting on ridges or very early ridging after emergence, in two or three stages if necessary. to prevent water actually reaching the base of the plants for any length of time; and, most importantly,

(c) an effective pest control regime; not only selecting the right pesticides, but also the widespread use of effective spraying machines.

56. Given the generally high standards of Gujarati farming, there is no reason to expect any difficulties to introduce appropriate cultural practices which are the prerequisities of good land preparation and for a "micro-control" of the water regime in a properly levelled field. which, under the project, would be linked to a surface drainage network. Nor would there appear to be a problem to have the right kind of pesticide chemical available; even today in Andhra Pradesh. the presently marketed pyrethroids are most effective and further advances are likely. The problem is likely to be the identification. fabrication and widespread use of the right pest

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control equipment. Most of the development effort by agricultural machinery research institutes and manufacturers in this field focusses on large-scale, high-output equipment, mounted on tractor-operated machines or spray aircraft. However, sufficient work has been done alreay to adapt this equipment for manual, small-scale use. Several reasonably priced and quite effective variants of the spinning disk (ultra-low volume) sprayers exist to serve as starting point for further development. Models currently in production, operated by rechargeable lead-acid batteries instead of the formerly used torch cells, are being identified by farmers in Andhra Pradesh as the greatest single contributor to the cotton yields they are achieving. Another encouraging development, just emerging from the trial stage, is an electrostatic sprayer, which has no moving par~s that can wear out and may prove more durable and reliable. The machine is currently being developed by manufacturers in Great Britain, but because they expect to sell it only in the relatively limited markets of smallholder agriculture in developing countries, development is likely to take some time unless special incentives to hasten it are applied.

57. In the light of these extant and potential developments, and judging by achievements in developed countries where irrigated cotton is an important crop, it seems highly probable that a yield of 3 t/ha in the entire project area can be achieved within the foreseeable future. Therefore, the projected yield level of 2.4 t/ha is a conservative estimate. It is, however, essential to focus a research effort,within India on developing and perfecting hand-held spray equipment, be it the spinning disk, electrostatic or any other design concept, or a combination of several. The State and GOI agricultural engineering research organizations must be supported, financially or, if necessary, by outside technical expertise, to concentrate on this work, the results of which would benefit all cotton-growing areas of India.

58. Tobacco. Gujarat produces over 80% of the "Bidi" tobacco grown in India which accounts for 85% of the tobacco area in the state. Over the past ten years, the area planted with tobacco has increased from 80,000 to 120,000 ha and production has doubled. The best Bidi tobacco soils are deep well-drained alluvial loamy sands; in the command the main areas of tobacco are regions 1, 2, and 5; about one-quarter of the area is irrigated. Seedbeds are sown after the onset of the monsoon at the beginning of July, with transplanting from the middle of August to the end of September. Duration of the crop from transplanting to maturity is from 140-150 days. Fertilizer recommendations include application of compost at 12 tons/ha and 180 kg/ha of N applied as sulphate of ammonia. Tobacco gr.owers, most of whom specialize in its production, follow these recommendations and grow improved varieties developed at the Anand Tobacco Research Station. Care must be taken with irrigation, as excess water can severely damage the crop. High water tables have adversely affected production in the Mahi command. Pests and diseases are of minor importance, but root-knot disease (caused by two species of nematodes) are a problem in irrigated fields. Yields of the rainfed crop average 700 kg/ha and of the irrigated crop about 2 tons/ha. -

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A~NEX 5 Page 15

59. Demand for raw tobacco by the industry in India has increased rapidly over the past 10 years. With irrigation, a further increase can be expected in tobacco, mainly in the present planting areas. Average yields of irrigated tobacco can be expected to reach 2.4 tons/ha.

60. Fruits, Vegetables, Spices, and Condiments. About 50,000 ha in Gujarat are under fruits of which mango and banana are the most important, with smaller areas of kagdi lime, ber (zizyphus jujuba), guava, papaya and chiku (sapota). With irrigation, prospects are good for expansion in the area under bananas in the southern parts of the command, and of limes and oranges in the northern areas; ber is well suited to the sandy soil in region 12 and can produce heavy yields with limited irrigation. Chiku is increasing in saline areas.

61. Areas under vegetables are expanding rapidly and are now about 60,000 ha. The most important are eggplant, onion, potatoes, okra, and a variety of cucurbits. Further increases in area can be expected with increasing irrigation, specially in the vicinity of the larger towns. Largest increases in area are likely to be under potatoes and onions. Onions with their high labor requirement are well suited for the smaller farmers.

62. Spices and condiments are important crops; Gujarat being one of the major producers in India. Large quantities are exported. Cumin (78,000 ha) occupies the largest area and is grown as an irrigated rabi crop in the northern districts of Mehsana and Barashantha (regions 10, 11, and 12), Isabgal, a narcotic (Plantago ovata) occupies the next largest area (39,000 ha) and is grown in the same two districts. Chillies are grown throughout the command. Further increases in areas under these crops can be expected with irrigation.

63. Sugarcane. This crop is of minor importance in the command area, but it is always a popular crop with farmers where perennial canal irrigation is supplied. It has become a major crop in the Ukai/Kakrapa command. It is not proposed to encourage the crop in the Narmada command and no large increase in area is expected.

64. Fodder Crops. A considerable expansion is envisaged in the area under fodder particularly of lucerne and fodder sorghum. The main type of lucerne grown is an annual one sown in November and producing fodder with irrigation from January to June; it is of particular value in the dairying areas. Fodder jowar can be sown in kharif, rabi, and summer; varieties bred specifically for fodder that can give three to four cuts should be encouraged.

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Class 5

Class 6

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INDIA


Description of General Soil Classes for Sardar Sarovar Project 11

Lands that have few limitations for sustained use under irrigation.

Lands that have moderate limitations for sustain~d use under irrigation.

Lands that have severe limitations for sustained use under irrigation.

Lands that are marginal for sustained use under irrigation because of very severe limitations.

Lands that are temporarily classified as not suitable for sustained use under irrigation pending further investigations.

Land not suitable for sustained use under irrigation.

Annex 5 Table 1

11 Based on definition of six irrigabi1ity classifications of soils in the Indian Soil Survey Manual, 1970. Soil surveys were conducted over the command area between 1957 and 1982 much of which occurred prior to finalization of the 1970 manual. Nevertheless data from these surveys ranged from rapid recconnaissance to detailed levels of investigation and were used for irrigation planning and for establishing soil irrigability classes mentioned elsewhere in annex 5.

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