Psylliodes chalcomera, for biological control of three ... · Genetic and behavioral discrimination...
Transcript of Psylliodes chalcomera, for biological control of three ... · Genetic and behavioral discrimination...
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Genetic and behavioral discrimination of host plant populations of the leaf beetle,
Psylliodes chalcomera, for biological control of three thistles (Cardueae).
Lincoln Smith1, Alessio De Biase2
and Massimo Cristofaro3
1 USDA-ARS, Albany, California2 University of Rome "La Sapienza”, Italy3 ENEA C.R. Casaccia BAS-SIC, Rome, Italy
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Need host specific natural enemies
Limited by the number of host specific species found in foreign exploration.
Cryptic populations = more BC agents?
ID by behavior and morphology.
Now molecular genetics.
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Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)
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Foreign Exploration
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I. Psylliodes chalcomera
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Psylliodes chalcomera
Released against Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) in USA
Kok et al. (1982), Dunn & Campobasso (1993), Hennessey (1997)www.opsu.edu
www.opsu.edu
probably not established
www.biol.uni.wroc.pl
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Subtribes
Tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae)
Bremer (1994) Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification.
yellow starthistle(Centaurea solstitialis)
musk thistle (Carduus nutans)
nontarget spp.
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Psylliodes chalcomeraon Carduus nutans
Laboratory No-Choice OvipositionEggs on: Cirsium arvense, Ci. monspessulanum,
Ci. vulgare, Cynara (artichoke), Carthamus(safflower), Centaurea moschata (Dunn & Rizza 1977)
Larval transferNot devel. on: artichoke, safflower, Centaurea
Laboratory Choice OvipositionEggs on: Ca. pycnocephalus, Cynara (artichoke)
(Dunn & Rizza 1977)
Field expts., Rome ItalyAdults left Cynara (artichoke), Carthamus (safflower), Ce. montana(Dunn & Rizza 1977)- not attack 5 Cirsium spp. (Dunn & Campobasso 1993)
NOT TEST: Onopordum sp. or Centaurea solstitialis
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Psylliodes chalcomera
Found on Yellow Starthistle and Scotch Thistle in Russia
yellow starthistle(Centaurea solstitialis) Cristofaro et al. 2004
Scotch thistle (Onopordum spp.)
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Distribution in Europe
Yellow Starthistle
Musk thistle
Scotch thistle De Bolos & Vigo (1995) Flora dels Paisos Catalans.
P. chalcomeracollection sites
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Psylliodes chalcomera
COI Tree:
yellow starthistle(Centaurea solstitialis)
Cristofaro et al. (2004)
Scotch thistle (Onopordum spp.)
musk thistle (Carduus nutans)
Adult from:
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Psylliodes chalcomeraHost plant specificity
(3-way choice)
Centaurea solstitialis L. Smith (unpubl. data)
Onopordum acanthium
Carduus nutans
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Psylliodes chalcomeraHost plant specificity
(3-way choice)
L. Smith (unpubl. data)
Martignano, Italy
0
2
4
6
8
10
CANU ONAC CESO
Plant species
collected on Carduus nutans
Centaurea solstitialis
Onopordum acanthium
Carduus nutans
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Psylliodes chalcomera
Host plant specificity
(3-way choice)
Centaurea solstitialis
L. Smith (unpubl. data)
Onopordum
acanthium
Carduus nutans
Martignano, Italy
0
2
4
6
8
10
CANU ONAC CESO
Plant species
Castel Porziano, Italy
02468
10
CANU ONAC CESO
Plant species
Vetralla, Italy
02468
10
CANU ONAC CESO
Plant species
Volna-Onop, Russia
02468
10
CANU ONAC CESO
Plant species
Volna-YST, Russia
02468
10
CANU ONAC CESO
Plant species
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Psylliodes chalcomera
COI Tree
(Centaurea solstitialis)
A. DeBiase (unpubl. data)
Scotch thistle(Onopordum
spp.)
musk thistle (Carduus nutans)
yellow starthistle
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SubtribesTribe Cardueae
Bremer (1994)
Never reported as a pest
Confirmed hosts
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II. Other Examples of Cryptic Species
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Trichosirocalus horridus• Introduced to USA in 1975 against musk thistle
(Carduus nutans).• Also attacks Cirsium arvense & Cirsium vulgare!• Introduced to Canada, New Zealand, Australia for Carduus.• Population specific to Onopordum found in Spain.
Released in Australia in 1997 (Briese et al. 2002).• 3 species described (Zarazaga et al. 2002):
T. horridus -- Cirsium onlyT. mortadelo -- Carduus onlyT. briesei -- Onopordum only
But, no DNA analysis.• R. Groetmann (2007) - specimens from Cirsium & Carduus
in NZ are not T. mortadelo. Look like T. horridus.• So, not really sure what species were released!
(C) 2002 N. Poritz
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Whitetop (Lepidium [=Cardaria] draba)
collar gall weevil Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).claude.schott.free.fr
Sobhian (2000); Fumanal et al. 2004 (Biol. Control 30: 598-607)
Pest of more than 13 species of Brassicaceae including cabbage.No infestation of cabbage next to heavily infested L. draba in s. France. Specific to Lepidium in initial host specificity tests.
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III. Are they true species? Does it matter?
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Regulatory issues
What name to use?Need to register COI "bar code"Current policy to use individuals from
one location?Can genetic analysis substitute for
behavioral evaluation of host plant specificity?
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Research Challenges
Nonlethal DNA analysis. e.g., frass (Fumanal et al. 2005)
Evolutionary stability of host plant specificity?
What controls host plant specificity?
Fumanal et al. 2005. J. Biotechnology 119: 15-9.