Open Science: for a Better Science

Antonella De Robbio

Publishing Open Access: who pay?

DIPARTIMENTO DI PSICOLOGIA GENERALE DIPARTIMENTO DI PSICOLOGIA DELLO SVILUPPO E DELLA SOCIALIZZAZIONE

DIPARTIMENTO DI FILOSOFIA, SOCIOLOGIA, PEDAGOGIA E PSICOLOGIA APPLICATA

The openness of science was born as a social norm, shared by informal knowledge communities.

http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/scientific-publication-study_en.pdf

Few publishers control 80% of the market

Many university libraries pay more than half of their journal budgets to the publishers Elsevier, Springer and Wiley.

2006

Open Access has been perceived as a threat to the publishers' profits

Eric Dezenhall

• Prices for online access to articles from two major publishers have increased 145% over the past six years, with some journals costing as much as $40,000

• Subscription to The Journal of Comparative Neurology = 300 books.

• More than 15,000 academics have already joined a boycott of Elsevier, the huge Dutch publisher, in protest at its journal pricing and access policies.

• Harvard's faculty advisory council said major publishers had created an "untenable situation" at the university by making scholarly interaction "fiscally unsustainable" and "academically restrictive", while drawing profits of 35% or more.

How much money do journal publishers make? A lot

profit margins range from 32% to nearly 42%. Elsevier's profit of over €878 million converts to just over $1 billion. Apple Inc., arguably the most successful company in the world currently, show a profit margin of 20%

Commercial Publishers and High Cost of Access

While students struggle to afford access to crucial journals, the largest publishers continue to make profit margins at and in excess of 30%

Reader Pays' pricing model or Subscription Model

2014 Annual Financial Report  Elsevier

2015 Annual Financial Report  RELX Group

RELX Group was previously known as Reed Elsevier. The company announced the change of the operating company's name to RELX Group in February 2015

2014

2015

Green OA vs. Gold OA. Which one to choose?

300 italian

Red road: Is the APC model a viable option to the transition?

Black road: •Vanity Publishing: Scam or Spam?•Predatory Publishing (is not OA), •Hijacked Journals•Misleading metrics

Green way: 4000 repositories in the world84 in Italy (jan. 2017)

Open access to 1,225,076  e-prints in Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Biology, Quantitative Finance and Statistics

The copyright as false problem

• most intellectual content (90%) are hindered inside editorial platforms because copyright transfert agreement

• the copyright is perceived as strong legal barrier, because copyright laws influence in a negative way the dissemination of intellectual research output

• authors, Universities, aren’t awake about difference between authorship and ownership

• disastrous consequences about rights ceased to third market actors which limit or slowdown the dissemination processes and negatively influence the impact on the community, with heavy cultural, social and economic relapses.

authors must take the control of their right and learn to determine the conditions under which her or his work is made available on open access, choosing to deposit a copy of a work in a repository or publish in an open access journal. 

Almost 1000 publishers allow authors to deposit the publisher version or PDF of their article in an Institutional Repository, without fee or an embargo

45 italian, mainly OA

214 journals

Secrets of journal subscription prices: For-profit publishers charge libraries two to three times more than non-profits.

This is a selection of the data from Bergstrom and McAfee’s Journal Cost-Effectiveness 2013 edition. Note: Statistics are calculated using subscription prices for 2013 and citation and page counts for the years 2004-2011 — calculation date is 9/29/2013.

Libraries typically must pay 4 to 6 times as much per page for journals owned by commercial publishers as for journals owned by non-profit societies. These differences in price do not reflect differences in the quality of the journals.

Commercial journals are on average less cited than the non-profits and the average cost per citation of commercial journals ranges from 5 to 15 times as high as that of their non-profit counterpartsBergstrom, C. T. & Bergstrom, T. C. The costs and benefits of library site licenses to academic journals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 897-902 (2004).

Can 'author pays' journals compete with 'reader pays'?Nature, Thursday 26 January 2017Bergstrom, C. T. & Bergstrom, T. C

Article Processing Charge Model:A red road? https://www.elsevier.com/__data/promis_m

isc/j.custom97.pdf

https://www.springeropen.com/get-published/article-processing-charges/springeropen-prices

Wellcome Trust and COAF Open Access Spend, 2014-15

Table 3: Top 5 publishers (by volume of COAF-supported research) and APC spend

The Charity Open Access Fund (COAF) is a partnership between six health research charities, including the Wellcome Trust, to enable free and unrestricted access to the published outputs of the research 

Elsevier selling access to open access again

According to public data available on Figshare, Wellcome Trust paid Elsevier £2,168.08 to make open access the article

Download full-text articles and selected book chapters in PDF and HTML formats (where available) up to the amount of articles specified in your pre-purchased bundle. View abstracts in references of HTML articles where available.

One-time purchase. The bundle expires after 12 months.

Purchase bundles of 100, 200 or 500 articles and chapters, with a discounted price-per-article for bundles larger than 500.

Access to downloaded full text for 24 hours, with the ability to print and store documents for future reference.

The Hijacked journals list includes journals for which someone has created a counterfeit website, stealing the journal’s identity and soliciting articles submissions using the author-pays model (gold open-access).

Changing the journal funding model to pre-payment doesn’t increase publisher market power

The model does nothing to resolve this disparity in pricing. APC  vary widely

It remains an unknown, and possibly quite expensive, factor in determining what the model would actually cost

pre-payment through APCs offers an economically sound path to decrease publisher market power and to reduce prices. 

pre-payment also offers the opportunity to reduce publisher pricing power if we let authors have an economic role

The total revenue include subscriptions and grant funding allocated for article processing charges: Double Diping

Without reliable data, it is impossible to predict the true costs to research institutions of the “flipped” model.”

need data

small data stewardship

Open APC initiative. Datasets on fee-based Open Access publishing  openapc@uni-bielefeld.de

• varie istituzioni europee convogliano i loro dati su come hanno speso i soldi per APC in un unico punto

• Il confronto con altri atenei (UK o USA) fa capire come nei diversi paesi ci siano strategie di pubblicazione diverse.

• https://github.com/OpenAPC/openapc-de/wiki/Data-Submission-Handout

Dati richiesti• (*) istituzione• (*) periodo (anno di

pagamento APC)• (*) euro • (*) doi• (*) hybrid oa (TRUE/FALSE)• Publisher• Journal full title• ISSN• Fulltext url

Expression of Interest in the Large-scale Implementation of Open Access to Scholarly Journals

Berlin declaration 2003: 580 signatories (Jan 2017)

EoI aims to induce the swift, smooth and scholarly-oriented transformation of today’s scholarly journals from subscription to open access publishing