Multilingual dictionary of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic ...
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
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Transcript of PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGSPSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGSPSYCHOTROPIC DRUGSDrugs with Drugs with depressivedepressive type of actiontype of action
1.1. Neuroleptics Neuroleptics ((antipsychoticsantipsychotics))2.2. Tranquilizers Tranquilizers ((anxiolyticsanxiolytics))3.3. Sedative drugsSedative drugs4.4. Normotymics Normotymics ((tymolepticstymoleptics, , tymoanalepticstymoanaleptics))
Drug withDrug with stimulativestimulative actionaction1.1. Antidepressants Antidepressants 2.2. Psychomotor stimulantsPsychomotor stimulants3.3. Nootropic drugsNootropic drugs4.4. Drugs which increase general tone Drugs which increase general tone ((adaptogensadaptogens))
PsychotomimeticsPsychotomimetics ((psychodyslepticspsychodysleptics))1.1. LSD LSD 2.2. Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativa L.
NEUROLEPTICSNEUROLEPTICSDerivatives of Derivatives of phenotiazinephenotiazine:: aminazineaminazine, , triftiazinetriftiazine, , etaperazine, tioridazineetaperazine, tioridazine
Derivatives of Derivatives of tioxantentioxanten: : chlorprotixenchlorprotixen
Derivatives of Derivatives of butyrophenonbutyrophenon: : haloperidolhaloperidol, , droperidoldroperidol
Derivatives of Derivatives of piperasine-piperasine-dibenzodiazepinedibenzodiazepine: : clozapineclozapine
Derivatives of Derivatives of indoleindole: : reserpin, sulpyrid reserpin, sulpyrid (eglonil)(eglonil)
NEUROLEPTICSNEUROLEPTICS““TypicalTypical”” – – derivatives of phenotiazine, derivatives of phenotiazine,
tioxanten, butyrophenon – they cause tioxanten, butyrophenon – they cause disorders of extrapyramidal system disorders of extrapyramidal system functionfunction – – syndrome of syndrome of parkinsonismparkinsonism
“ “AtypicalAtypical”” – – derivatives of indole, derivatives of indole, benzodiazepinebenzodiazepine – – they cause those they cause those negative reactions very rarelynegative reactions very rarely
Aminazine (chlorpromazine)Aminazine (chlorpromazine)
1951 – 1951 – aminazine was introduced into aminazine was introduced into clinical practiceclinical practiceIt brought considerable changes into It brought considerable changes into situations of psychiatric clinicssituations of psychiatric clinicsBefore appearance of aminazine for Before appearance of aminazine for treatment of psychologically sick patients treatment of psychologically sick patients insulin or electric shock were widely usedinsulin or electric shock were widely used, , in in some casessome cases - - lobotomylobotomy
Phenothiazine derivativesPhenothiazine derivatives
Thioxanten derivatevesThioxanten derivateves
Butyrophenon derivativesButyrophenon derivatives
piperasine-dibenzodiazepinepiperasine-dibenzodiazepine derivatives(Clozapin, Clozapine, FazaClo, Leponex, Zaponex,
Clopin Eco.)
Mechanism of action of Mechanism of action of neurolepticsneuroleptics
Influence on Influence on dopamine dopamine ((DD22),), noradrenergicnoradrenergic, , serotoninergicserotoninergic, , GABAGABA--
ergicergic, , cholinergiccholinergic receptorsreceptors
Properties of neurolepticsProperties of neuroleptics
Antipsychotic actionAntipsychotic action - - they eliminate they eliminate productive symptoms of psychosisproductive symptoms of psychosis ((delirium and hallucinationsdelirium and hallucinations), ), affective affective disordersdisorders
They eliminate psychomotor excitationThey eliminate psychomotor excitation
consciousness is presentconsciousness is present
1 Lung Cancer, 2 Criminality, 3 Stroke, 4 Breast Cancer, 5 Same 1 Lung Cancer, 2 Criminality, 3 Stroke, 4 Breast Cancer, 5 Same Sex Attraction, 6 Leukemia, 7 Malformation, 8 Alzheimer’s, 9 Sex Attraction, 6 Leukemia, 7 Malformation, 8 Alzheimer’s, 9 Ulcerative Colitis, 10 Rheumatoid Arthritis, 11 Alcoholism, Ulcerative Colitis, 10 Rheumatoid Arthritis, 11 Alcoholism, 1212 Schizophrenia,Schizophrenia, 13 Depression, 14 Suicide attempt,13 Depression, 14 Suicide attempt,
15 Diabetes type I, 16 Divorce, 17 Crohn’s disease, 18 Asthma, 15 Diabetes type I, 16 Divorce, 17 Crohn’s disease, 18 Asthma, 19 Hypertension, 20 Co twin is best friend, 21 Diabetes type II, 19 Hypertension, 20 Co twin is best friend, 21 Diabetes type II,
22 Autism,22 Autism, 23 Opposite Sex Attraction, 24 Phenylketonuria 23 Opposite Sex Attraction, 24 Phenylketonuria
Administration of antipsychotic Administration of antipsychotic action of action of neurolepticsneuroleptics
Treatment of psychosisTreatment of psychosisSchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Maniac-depressive psychosisManiac-depressive psychosis
Alcohol psychosisAlcohol psychosis
Reactive psychosisReactive psychosis
In a case of psychomotor In a case of psychomotor excitationexcitation
of various etiologyof various etiology
Delirium tremens Delirium tremens – – alcohol psychosisalcohol psychosis
Influence of neuroleptics on Influence of neuroleptics on psychical activitypsychical activity
1. 1. Drugs with Drugs with psychosedative actionpsychosedative action – – they they cause condition of psychomotor indifference cause condition of psychomotor indifference ((apathy, apathy, decreasing of moving activitydecreasing of moving activity,, retarded emotions and retarded emotions and wishes, disappearance of initiativewishes, disappearance of initiative) )
Aminazine, clozapineAminazine, clozapine ( (leponexleponex), ), chlorprotyxenchlorprotyxen, , haloperidolhaloperidol, , droperidoldroperidol
Peculiarities of usagePeculiarities of usage: : psychosis with manifestations psychosis with manifestations of excitationof excitation
ContraindicationsContraindications: : psychosis with retardness, inertia, psychosis with retardness, inertia, depression, stupor, apatho-abulic syndromedepression, stupor, apatho-abulic syndrome
Neuroleptics withNeuroleptics with psychosedative actionpsychosedative action
Influence of neuroleptics on Influence of neuroleptics on psychical activitypsychical activity
2. 2. Drugs which stimulate psychical Drugs which stimulate psychical activityactivity ((increase mimics and livelinessincrease mimics and liveliness, , increase increase moving activity, improve the moodmoving activity, improve the mood))
Triftazin, ethaperazin, moditen, majeptilTriftazin, ethaperazin, moditen, majeptil Peculiarities of usagePeculiarities of usage: : psychosis with psychomotor retardnesspsychosis with psychomotor retardness, ,
apatho-abulic conditionsapatho-abulic conditions, , stupor conditionsstupor conditions ContraindicationsContraindications:: affective disturbancesaffective disturbances, ,
mania, psychomotor excitation mania, psychomotor excitation
Drugs which stimulate psychical Drugs which stimulate psychical activityactivity
Other properties and indications Other properties and indications for administration of neurolepticsfor administration of neuroleptics
Drugs with psychosedative actionDrugs with psychosedative action – – forfor potentiationpotentiation of of actionaction of hypnotic drugs, opioid and nonopioid analgesics, of hypnotic drugs, opioid and nonopioid analgesics, drugs for general anesthesia, local anestheticsdrugs for general anesthesia, local anesthetics,, for example, for example, neuroleptanalgesianeuroleptanalgesiaAnti-emetic actionAnti-emetic action ( (elimination of elimination of vomiting of central vomiting of central originorigin): ): brain tumors, radial and chemical therapy, intestinal brain tumors, radial and chemical therapy, intestinal impassability, intoxication with heart glycosides, impassability, intoxication with heart glycosides, apomorphine and other drugsapomorphine and other drugsDecreasing ofDecreasing of body temperaturebody temperature (only in the case of (only in the case of simultaneous hypothermia)simultaneous hypothermia)Decreasing of Decreasing of blood pressureblood pressure ((alpha-adrenoblocking alpha-adrenoblocking propertiesproperties – – aminazine, droperidolaminazine, droperidol) – ) – in case of hypertensive in case of hypertensive crisis, lungs, brain edemacrisis, lungs, brain edema
Side effects of neurolepticsSide effects of neurolepticsExtrapyramidal disordersExtrapyramidal disorders:: muscular hypertonusmuscular hypertonus, , general constraint, tremor of hands, tongue, mandible, head, general constraint, tremor of hands, tongue, mandible, head, seizure contractions of muscles, vegetative crisisseizure contractions of muscles, vegetative crisis
For treatment For treatment – – cyclodolcyclodol (levodopa is contraindicated (levodopa is contraindicated because it diminishes therapeutic effect of neurolepticsbecause it diminishes therapeutic effect of neuroleptics))Orthostatic collapseOrthostatic collapseComplicated nose breathing, hypostatic, aspirate pneumoniaComplicated nose breathing, hypostatic, aspirate pneumoniaDyspeptic disordersDyspeptic disorders: : anorexia, changes of tasteanorexia, changes of tasteAbdominal painAbdominal painConstipationConstipationDamage of the liverDamage of the liver ( (cholestasis)cholestasis)Granulocytopenia Granulocytopenia ((especially clozapinespecially clozapin))Hyperglycemia, dysmenorrheaHyperglycemia, dysmenorrhea, , galactorrheagalactorrhea, , hyperthyrosis, hyperthyrosis, gynecomastia, impotencegynecomastia, impotenceAminazine has a considerable irritative actionAminazine has a considerable irritative action
syndrome of parkinsonismsyndrome of parkinsonism
Parkinsone syndrome treatmentParkinsone syndrome treatment
CyclodolumCyclodolum Levodopa is Levodopa is contraindicatedcontraindicated
TRANQUILIZERSTRANQUILIZERSAgonists of benzodiazepine receptorsAgonists of benzodiazepine receptors::
- - derivatives of benzodiazepinederivatives of benzodiazepine – – chlozepid, chlozepid, sybazon, phenazepam, gidazepamsybazon, phenazepam, gidazepam
Agonists of serotonine receptorsAgonists of serotonine receptors: : buspyronebuspyrone
Drugs with other mechanisms of actionDrugs with other mechanisms of action::
-- derivatives of diphenilmethanderivatives of diphenilmethan: : amisylamisyl
- - derivatives of propanediolederivatives of propanediole: : meprotanmeprotan
TRANQUILIZERSTRANQUILIZERS
Properties of tranquilizersProperties of tranquilizers
Anxiolytic propertiesAnxiolytic properties – – eliminate feeling eliminate feeling of anxiety, restlessness, fear, of anxiety, restlessness, fear, aggressiveness, irritabilityaggressiveness, irritability, , cause peace, cause peace, careness, decreasing of moving activitycareness, decreasing of moving activity
Hypnotic Hypnotic ((somnolentsomnolent) ) actionaction
MyorelaxingMyorelaxing actionaction ( (of central genesisof central genesis))
AntiseizureAntiseizure actionaction
Duration of action of tranquilizersDuration of action of tranquilizers
Drugs of Drugs of long lastinglong lasting actionaction::
diazepamdiazepam, phenazepam, chlozepid, phenazepam, chlozepid
Drugs of Drugs of mediummedium action durationaction duration: :
lorazepam, alprazolamlorazepam, alprazolam
Drugs of Drugs of shortshort action durationaction duration: :
midazolammidazolam
““DAYDAY” ” TRANQUILIZERSTRANQUILIZERS
GidazepamGidazepam
MezapamMezapam ( (rudotelrudotel))
GrandaxynGrandaxyn ( (tophizopamtophizopam))
TrioxazynTrioxazyn
BuspyronBuspyron
Administration of tranquilizersAdministration of tranquilizers
Anxiolytic actionAnxiolytic actionTreatment of neurosis, accompanied by fear, Treatment of neurosis, accompanied by fear, anxiety, exertion, increased irritability, insomniaanxiety, exertion, increased irritability, insomnia
In case of headache and heart pain of neurotic In case of headache and heart pain of neurotic originorigin, , so called organic neurosisso called organic neurosis
In case of abstinence in alcohol and drugs addictsIn case of abstinence in alcohol and drugs addicts
In case of diencephalons crisisIn case of diencephalons crisis ( (sybazonsybazon))
Tranquilizers do not diminish productive Tranquilizers do not diminish productive symptoms of psychosissymptoms of psychosis!!
Usage of tranquilizersUsage of tranquilizers
HypnoticHypnotic actionaction – – they cause sleep, which they cause sleep, which is very close to physiological one is very close to physiological one according to its parametersaccording to its parameters
NitrazepamNitrazepam PhenazepamPhenazepam
DiazepamDiazepam ChlozepidChlozepid
Depression of CNSDepression of CNS – – forfor atharalgesiaatharalgesia
SibazonSibazon MidazolamMidazolam
Administration of tranquilizersAdministration of tranquilizers
Anti-seizure and myorelaxing actionAnti-seizure and myorelaxing action ((depression of CNS structures, braking polysynaptic depression of CNS structures, braking polysynaptic
spinal reflexesspinal reflexes) )
sybazonsybazon, , fenazepamfenazepamIn a case of seizures of any etiologyIn a case of seizures of any etiology (epileptic (epileptic status, tetanus, poisoning with seizure causing status, tetanus, poisoning with seizure causing poisons)poisons) sibazon is introduced intravenously sibazon is introduced intravenously (intramuscularly) – (intramuscularly) – 2-4 2-4 ml of ml of 0,5 % 0,5 % solution solution repeatedlyrepeatedly ( (maximum daily dosemaximum daily dose – 14 – 14 mlml))
To eliminate muscle tension in a case of radiculitis, To eliminate muscle tension in a case of radiculitis, arthritis, myositis, bursitisarthritis, myositis, bursitis
SeizuresSeizures(tetanus)(tetanus)
drug of a first choice drug of a first choice
- - SibazonSibazon
SIDE EFFECT OF TRANQUILIZERSSIDE EFFECT OF TRANQUILIZERSPsychological and physical addictionPsychological and physical addiction
ProphylaxisProphylaxis: :
1.1. Duration of treatment course should not be more than 2 monthsDuration of treatment course should not be more than 2 months
2.2. Repeated course Repeated course – – not earlier than after 3 weeks breaknot earlier than after 3 weeks break
Sleepiness, reeling walk, retarded reactionsSleepiness, reeling walk, retarded reactions tranquilizers should not be administered in ambulatories to people tranquilizers should not be administered in ambulatories to people
whose professions are connected with quick reactionswhose professions are connected with quick reactions
Paradox reaction of excitation, insomniaParadox reaction of excitation, insomnia
Dizziness, decreasing of libido, Dizziness, decreasing of libido, disturbances of menstrual cycle disturbances of menstrual cycle
Uncontrolled urination, defecation, ataxia, Uncontrolled urination, defecation, ataxia, dysarthria dysarthria
Acute poisoning in case of overdosingAcute poisoning in case of overdosing
FLUMAZENILFLUMAZENIL ( (ANEXATANEXAT)) ANTAGONIST OF TRANQUILIZERSANTAGONIST OF TRANQUILIZERS
Combination of Combination of tranquilizers with tranquilizers with
alcohol-containing alcohol-containing drinks is drinks is
absolutely absolutely contraindicatedcontraindicated(pathological alcohol (pathological alcohol
intoxication)intoxication)
SEDATIVE DRUGSSEDATIVE DRUGS
BromidesBromides
Drugs of plant originDrugs of plant origin: : valerian, dog nettle, valerian, dog nettle, melissa, passiflora etc.melissa, passiflora etc.
They do not cause addiction, somnolence, They do not cause addiction, somnolence, myorelaxation, ataxiamyorelaxation, ataxia
ValerianaValeriana
PASSIFLORAPASSIFLORA
Leonurus L.Leonurus L. dog nettledog nettle
ADMINISTRATION OFADMINISTRATION OF
SEDATIVE DRUGSSEDATIVE DRUGS
NeurosisNeurosis
NeurastheniaNeurasthenia
Hysteria Hysteria
Increased irritabilityIncreased irritability
Insomnia Insomnia
Primary stages of essential hypertensionPrimary stages of essential hypertension
BromismBromism
Cause Cause – – accumulation of bromide ions in accumulation of bromide ions in organism in case of their prolonged organism in case of their prolonged administration as a result of material administration as a result of material accumulationaccumulation
SymptomsSymptoms: : rhinitisrhinitis, , cough, conjunctivitis, skin cough, conjunctivitis, skin rash, general weakness, memory disordersrash, general weakness, memory disorders
TreatmentTreatment: : sodium chloridesodium chloride (10-20 (10-20 gg / / dayday), ), a a lot of drinkinglot of drinking (3-5 (3-5 ll / / dayday), ), regular and regular and frequent cleaning of skin and digestive tractfrequent cleaning of skin and digestive tract
Hypnotic agentsHypnotic agents
DRUGS FOR GENERAL DRUGS FOR GENERAL ANESTHESIAANESTHESIA
General anesthesia = Narcosis General anesthesia = Narcosis ((from the Greek from the Greek narkosis – narkosis – numbness numbness, , rigidityrigidity)) – –
Generalized reversible depression of the central nervous Generalized reversible depression of the central nervous system such that perception of all senses is ablated,system such that perception of all senses is ablated,condition which is characterized by loss of condition which is characterized by loss of consciousness, pain feelings, depression of reflexes and consciousness, pain feelings, depression of reflexes and relaxation of skeletal muscles and which is obtained by relaxation of skeletal muscles and which is obtained by administration of drugs for general anesthesiaadministration of drugs for general anesthesia
“Gentlemen, this is no humbug.” 1846 TG Morton: First public demonstration of ether administration
for excision of neck mass
Intravenous agentsIntravenous agentsprimarily used for inductionprimarily used for induction
•Barbiturates (Thiopental-Barbiturates (Thiopental-sodium)sodium)•Benzodiazepines (Benzodiazepines (Midasolam, Midasolam, diazepam)diazepam)•EtomidateEtomidate•KetamineKetamine•PropofolPropofol•PropanididPropanidid•Sodium oxybutyrateSodium oxybutyrate•PredionPredion
CLASSIFICATION OF GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF GENERAL ANESTHETICSANESTHETICS
General General anesthesia can be anesthesia can be caused by a caused by a remarkable remarkable number of number of structurally structurally diverse moleculesdiverse molecules
Unitary HypothesisUnitary Hypothesis
Xe
Isoflurane
Halothane
......Cellular (synapses)Cellular (synapses)
MolecularMolecular(lipids & (lipids &
receptors)receptors)
Molecular Mechanism(s) of General Molecular Mechanism(s) of General AnesthesiaAnesthesia
Effects of General AnesthesiaEffects of General Anesthesia
Low Dose EffectsLow Dose Effects
•AmnesiaAmnesia
•EuphoriaEuphoria
•AnalgesiaAnalgesia
•HypnosisHypnosis
•ExcitationExcitation
•HyperreflexiaHyperreflexia
High Dose EffectsHigh Dose Effects
•Deep sedationDeep sedation
•Muscle relaxationMuscle relaxation
•Diminished motor responsesDiminished motor responses
•Diminished autonomic Diminished autonomic responsesresponses
•Myocardial protection from Myocardial protection from ischemiaischemia
•Cardiovascular/respiratory Cardiovascular/respiratory depressiondepression
•HypothermiaHypothermia
• MAC: MAC: mminimum inimum aalveolar lveolar cconcentration oncentration
• MAC is the concentration of MAC is the concentration of anesthetic that produces anesthetic that produces immobility in 50% of patients immobility in 50% of patients exposed to a noxious exposed to a noxious stimulus.stimulus.
• MACMACawakeawake: MAC at which response : MAC at which response to commands are lost to commands are lost
• amnesia, loss of awarenessamnesia, loss of awareness
• MACMACBARBAR: : bblunt lunt aautonomic utonomic rresponseesponse• MACMACintubationintubation: response to intubation: response to intubation
Measures of Anesthetic PotencyMeasures of Anesthetic Potency
Surgical interventions are Surgical interventions are performed on 1st and 2nd performed on 1st and 2nd
levels, approximately till half of levels, approximately till half of 3rd level of third stage of 3rd level of third stage of
narcosisnarcosis
Ftorothane Ftorothane ((halothanehalothane))Power of narcosis action of ftorothan is higher than of Power of narcosis action of ftorothan is higher than of ether, it has a large width of narcotic action, doesn’t ether, it has a large width of narcotic action, doesn’t irritate mucous membranes of breath tractsirritate mucous membranes of breath tracts, , doesn’t cause doesn’t cause laryngeal and bronchial spasm, speed of development of laryngeal and bronchial spasm, speed of development of narcosisnarcosis – 3-5 – 3-5 min., after narcosis depression is not min., after narcosis depression is not expressedexpressed
Side effects and complicationsSide effects and complications
hypotension and cardiac arresthypotension and cardiac arrest,, sensitizationsensitization ( (increased sensitivityincreased sensitivity) ) of myocardium of myocardium
towards catecholaminestowards catecholamines acute damage of liveracute damage of liver – – halothane hepatitishalothane hepatitis,, teratogenic actionteratogenic action
Nitrogenous oxideNitrogenous oxideSmall power and width of narcosis actionSmall power and width of narcosis action,, stage of excitation stage of excitation
is presentis present, , quick entry and exit from narcosisquick entry and exit from narcosis (1-2 (1-2 minmin))
Administration Administration as an as an analgesicanalgesic:: pregnancypregnancy,, teeth extractionteeth extraction,, bandaging in case of burnsbandaging in case of burns, , cleaning and revisions of woundscleaning and revisions of wounds,, iscemic heart attacks and iscemic heart attacks and myocardium infarctionmyocardium infarction,, colicscolics,, traumastraumas,, acute pancreatitisacute pancreatitis,, pain relief in post-operative periodpain relief in post-operative period
Induction SpeedInduction Speed
Anesthetic of the Future: Anesthetic of the Future: XenonXenon
•Rare gas extracted from airRare gas extracted from air
•Very expensive to produceVery expensive to produce
•Close to ideal anestheticClose to ideal anesthetic
•Low blood and tissue solubilityLow blood and tissue solubility
(rapid induction/recovery)(rapid induction/recovery)
•PotentPotent
•Not metabolizedNot metabolized
•NonflammableNonflammable
•Minimal side effectsMinimal side effects
Drugs for Drugs for noninhalative noninhalative
narcosisnarcosis
ThiopentalThiopental--sodiumsodiumAfter administration of the drug narcosis develops in After administration of the drug narcosis develops in 1-2 1-2 min.min., , awakening awakening occurs inoccurs in 20-30 20-30 minmin..
Administration Administration introduction narcosisintroduction narcosis,, basis narcosisbasis narcosis,, mononarcosis in case of short-lasting mononarcosis in case of short-lasting
operative interventions operative interventions ((dentistry, gynecologydentistry, gynecology,, traumatologytraumatology),),
anti-seizure druganti-seizure drug..
Side effectsSide effectscoughcough, , laryngeal and bronchial spasmlaryngeal and bronchial spasm
In case of rapid introductionIn case of rapid introduction – – depression of centers of medulla depression of centers of medulla oblongataoblongata
. . In case of contact of the drug with skin, it’s separation may occur, In case of contact of the drug with skin, it’s separation may occur, contact with nervous trunk or near it – irreversible paralysis, contact contact with nervous trunk or near it – irreversible paralysis, contact with an artery – thrombosis with the following gangrene of the with an artery – thrombosis with the following gangrene of the extremityextremity
Propanidid Propanidid ((sombrevinsombrevin))Narcosis develops afterNarcosis develops after 30-40 30-40 sec from the beginning of intravenous sec from the beginning of intravenous
introduction of the drugintroduction of the drug (“ (“on the edge of the needle”on the edge of the needle”). ). Stage of Stage of surgical narcosis lasts forsurgical narcosis lasts for 3-4 3-4 minmin
AdministrationAdministration for mononarcosis during short operative interventions in surgery, for mononarcosis during short operative interventions in surgery, dentistry, gynecology, urologydentistry, gynecology, urology,, painful diagnostic procedurespainful diagnostic procedures,, sometimes sometimes – – for introduction into narcosisfor introduction into narcosis
Side effects and complicationsSide effects and complications
Frequent breathing (tachypnoe) with the following stopping of Frequent breathing (tachypnoe) with the following stopping of breathingbreathing ( (apnoeapnoe),),phlebitis and thrombosis in the place of introductionphlebitis and thrombosis in the place of introductionanaphylactic reactionsanaphylactic reactions
Sodium oxybutyrateSodium oxybutyrate in case of intravenous introduction narcosis develops afterin case of intravenous introduction narcosis develops after 15-40 15-40 minmin. . id id administered orally sleep comes afteradministered orally sleep comes after 30-60 30-60 minmin. . duration of narcosis isduration of narcosis is 1,5-3 1,5-3 hourshours. . It manifestsIt manifests antihypoxia propertiesantihypoxia properties
Administration Administration mononarcosis – to perform long-lasting surgeries but with small traumatic mononarcosis – to perform long-lasting surgeries but with small traumatic
effecteffect premedicationpremedication,, introduction and basis narcosisintroduction and basis narcosis.. drug of choice for narcosis in case of intoxications, sepsisdrug of choice for narcosis in case of intoxications, sepsis,,
disturbance of functions of parenchymatous organsdisturbance of functions of parenchymatous organs,, analgesia during child-deliveryanalgesia during child-delivery. . to decrease psycho-motor excitation, seizures,to decrease psycho-motor excitation, seizures, insomniainsomnia
Side effectsSide effectsmotor excitationmotor excitationseizure twitching of extremities and tongueseizure twitching of extremities and tonguevomitingvomiting hypopotassiumemiahypopotassiumemia..
Ketamine hydrochlorideKetamine hydrochloride ( (ketalar, kalipsolketalar, kalipsol))
During intravenous introduction of the drug narcosis develops afterDuring intravenous introduction of the drug narcosis develops after 15- 15-3030secsec, , lasts forlasts for 8-10 8-10 minmin, , during intramuscular introduction – after during intramuscular introduction – after 2-3 2-3 minmin, , lasts forlasts for 20-30 20-30 minmin
Administration Administration introduction and basis narcosisintroduction and basis narcosis mononarcosis during surgeries which don’t need muscular relaxationmononarcosis during surgeries which don’t need muscular relaxation as a part of combined narcosisas a part of combined narcosis
Side effectsSide effects during coming out of narcosis – unpleasant dreamsduring coming out of narcosis – unpleasant dreams,, deliriumdelirium, , hallucinationhallucination,, seizures,seizures, nausea, vomiting,nausea, vomiting, increasing of blood pressureincreasing of blood pressure,, increasing of frequency and power of heart contractionsincreasing of frequency and power of heart contractions The drug is able to raise intracranial pressureThe drug is able to raise intracranial pressure,, oxygen consumption by brain and intraoccular pressureoxygen consumption by brain and intraoccular pressure
PROPOFOLPROPOFOL ( (DIPRIVANDIPRIVAN))drug with ultra-short actiondrug with ultra-short action
Narcosis develops afterNarcosis develops after 30-40 30-40 sec after intravenous introductionsec after intravenous introduction, , lasts forlasts for 3-5 3-5 minmin
Administration Administration Mononarcosis Mononarcosis
Polycomponent narcosisPolycomponent narcosis
Artificial ventilation of lungsArtificial ventilation of lungs
Positive Positive momentsmoments:: can’t be accumulated, doesn’t have after-can’t be accumulated, doesn’t have after-narcosis depressionnarcosis depression, , possesses anti-vomiting actionpossesses anti-vomiting action
Negative Negative momentsmoments:: doesn’t have analgesic actiondoesn’t have analgesic action
((it is often combined with fentanil, ketamineit is often combined with fentanil, ketamine),),
possible hypotension, short apnoepossible hypotension, short apnoe