PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE LEISURE PREFERENCE ...
60
PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE LEISURE PREFERENCE INVENTORY by PATRICK DAVID RANDOLPH, B.A. A THESIS IN PSYCHOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved Accepted August, 1989
Transcript of PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE LEISURE PREFERENCE ...
PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE LEISURE PREFERENCE INVENTORY
by
PATRICK DAVID RANDOLPH, B.A.
A THESIS
IN
PSYCHOLOGY
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of
MASTER OF ARTS
Approved
Accepted
August, 1989
' m§^
I ^ . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
No* •'• ^ wish t o e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e and a p p r e c i a t i o n t o my
CrW. v ' - ^cha i rman , D r . J a n e L. W i n e r , f o r he r f r i e n d s h i p , p a t i e n c e
a n d many h o u r s o f a s s i s t a n c e a n d c o n s u l t a t i o n . My
a p p r e c i a t i o n i s a l s o e x t e n d e d t o t h e o t h e r members of my
c o m m i t t e . D r . Rosemary Cogan and D r . C l a y E. G e o r g e , fo r
t h e i r s u p p o r t and e n c o u r a g e m e n t . S p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e
ex t ended t o Karen Tanner and P h i l l i p K i t e f o r t h e i r a i d in
t h i s p r o j e c t , and t o my f a t h e r . Dr . K e l l y Randolph , for h i s
g r a p h i c s e x p e r t i s e .
F i n a l l y , t h i s m a n u s c r i p t i s d e d i c a t e d t o my w i f e ,
Taunya, who a b u n d a n t l y p r o v i d e d her s u p p o r t and l o v e .
1 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES v
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis . . . . 5
II. METHOD 7
Subjects 7
Instrumentation 7
Consent Form 7
Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) . . . . 7
Leisure Preference Inventory (LPI) 8
Procedure 9
Design and Analysis 10
III. RESULTS 11
Validity 11
Reliability 13
Internal Consistency 13
Gender Differences 14
Results for the Sample Containing No
Missing Data (Table 12) 15
Results for All Participants (Table 13) . . . 16
Reliability 18 IV. DISCUSSION 32
REFERENCES 43
ill
APPENDICES
A. CONSENT FORM 4 4
B . LEISURE PREFERENCE INVENTORY 4 7
I V
LIST OF TABLES
1. VPI and LPI Raw Scores for Type Scales: Means, Standard Deviations and Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Sample with No Missing Data at First Testing 19
2. VPI and LPI Raw Scores for Nontype Scales: Means, Standard Deviations and Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Sample with No Missing Data at First Testing 20
3. VPI and LPI Raw Scores for Type Scales: Means, Standard Deviations and Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Sample with No Missing Data at Second Testing 21
4. VPI and LPI Raw Scores for Nontype Scales: Means, Standard Deviations and Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Sample with No Missing Data at Second Testing 22
5. VPI and LPI Raw Scores for Type Scales: Means, Standard Deviations and Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Sample with All Participants at First Testing 23
6. VPI and LPI Raw Scores for Nontype Scales: Means, Standard Deviations and Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Sample with All Participants at First Testing 24
7. VPI and LPI Raw Scores for Type Scales: Means, Standard Deviations and Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Sample with All Participants at Second Testing 25
8. VPI and LPI Raw Scores for Nontype Scales: Means, Standard Deviations and Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Sample with All Participants at Second Testing 26
9. Test-Retest Reliability for Sample with No Missing Data 27
10. Test-Retest Reliability for All Participants . . . 28
11. Alpha Coefficients of VPI and LPI for All Scales for Sample with No Missing Data at First and Second Testing 29
V
12. Validity Coefficients for the Sample with No Missing Data
13. Validity Coefficients for All Participants .
30
31
14. Means and Standard Deviations of the LPI and VPI Artistic Type Scales with Various Populations 42
VI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
H o l l a n d (1985a) h a s d e v e l o p e d a t h e o r y o f v o c a t i o n a l
b e h a v i o r w h i c h a s s o c i a t e s e d u c a t i o n a l , v o c a t i o n a l , and
s o c i a l b e h a v i o r w i t h p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . In s h o r t ,
t h e t h e o r y p r o p o s e s t h a t e a c h o f u s c a n be d e s c r i b e d i n
t e r m s o f o n e o r m o r e o f s i x b r o a d i n t e r e s t a r e a s o r t y p e s :
r e a l i s t i c (R) , i n v e s t i g a t i v e ( I ) , a r t i s t i c (A) , s o c i a l (S) ,
e n t e r p r i s i n g ( E ) , and c o n v e n t i o n a l ( C ) . The a s s i m i l a t i o n of
t h e s e " t h e m e s " i n t o a c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o d e i s u s e f u l i n mak ing
a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t o n e ' s e d u c a t i o n a l a n d
o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s , p e r f o r m a n c e , s t a b i l i t y , a n d
s a t i s f a c t i o n . The s i x t y p e s a r e r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r in
p r e d i c t a b l e w a y s and a r e o f t e n d e s c r i b e d i n t e r m s o f a
h e x a g o n , o n t h e v e r t i c e s o f w h i c h t h e t y p e s a p p e a r i n
i n v a r i a n t o r d e r : R, I , A, S, E , and C. In H o l l a n d ' s v i e w ,
a v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t a s s e s s m e n t i s a l s o a p e r s o n a l i t y
a s s e s s m e n t . I t i s a s s u m e d t h a t an i n d i v i d u a l w i t h a c o d e
c o m p r i s e d o f a d j a c e n t t h e m e s ( f o r e x a m p l e , R, I , and A, o r
S , E , and C, e t c . ) h a s a c o n s i s t e n t p e r s o n a l i t y a n d i s
t h e r e f o r e l e s s l i k e l y t o h a v e o p p o s i t i o n a l b e l i e f s ,
a t t i t u d e s , a n d / o r i n t e r e s t s t h a n t h o s e p e r s o n s who h a v e
t h e m e s w h i c h a r e n o t p o s i t i o n e d c l o s e l y on t h e h e x a g o n .
H o l l a n d (1985a ) f u r t h e r a s s e r t s t h a t p e o p l e ' s a v o c a t i o n a l
c h o i c e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e i r p e r s o n a l i t y p a t t e r n s . The
u s e o f a v o c a t i o n a l c o n t e n t i n v o c a t i o n a l a s s e s s m e n t i s
common, as demonstra ted by the Kuder O c c u p a t i o n a l I n t e r e s t
S u r v e y , which d i s c o u n t s t h e use of o c c u p a t i o n a l t i t l e s as
i t e m s . The purpose of the nonvoca t iona l i t e m s , however , i s
t o m i n i m i z e t e s t t r a n s p a r e n c y (Kuder & Diamond, 1 9 7 9 ) ,
r a t h e r than to a s s e s s a v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s per s e .
S u r p r i s i n g l y , most r e s e a r c h which has i n v e s t i g a t e d
H o l l a n d ' s p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s h a s e x c l u d e d a v o c a t i o n a l
i n t e r e s t s . Whether and how p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e
r e l a t e d to c h o i c e s of a v o c a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s i s a ques t ion
of both t h e o r e t i c a l and p r a c t i c a l impor tance . If H o l l a n d ' s
t h e o r y p r o v i d e s a u s e f u l f r a m e w o r k f o r d e s c r i b i n g
p e r s o n a l i t y , then i t f o l l o w s t h a t i t would be h e l p f u l for
e x a m i n i n g n o n v o c a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r as w e l l as v o c a t i o n a l
b e h a v i o r . A l s o , i f d i s t i n c t l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s a r e
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a c h of t he s i x c a t e g o r i e s , a d d i t i o n a l
i n f o r m a t i o n d e r i v e d from t h e H o l l a n d t h e o r y b e c o m e s
a v a i l a b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d o t h e r l i f e domains. For example,
o c c u p a t i o n a l t h e r a p i s t s may be asked to p r o v i d e t r e a t m e n t
for a c l i e n t whose v o c a t i o n a l p r o g n o s i s i s p o o r . Using
t h e r a p e u t i c t e c h n i q u e s wh ich a p p e a l t o t h e p e r s o n ' s
i n t e r e s t s as d e s c r i b e d by a Hol l and c o d e , t he c l i e n t may
p e r s i s t l o n g e r in t h e r a p y , work h a r d e r , and have g r e a t e r
s u c c e s s r a t e s t h a n would be e x p e c t e d wi th t r a d i t i o n a l
methods of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . (l ^C" /vi ^nh<^
A d i s s e r t a t i o n c o n d u c t e d by Chesson (1986) examined
w h i c h of t h e t h r e e l i f e r o l e s ( l e i s u r e , o c c u p a t i o n , or
f a m i l y ) was most s a l i e n t among a g r o u p of r e l i g i o u s l y
commi t ted employed a d u l t s . The most s a l i e n t l i f e r o l e was
p r e d i c t e d t o h a v e been t h e m o s t c o n g r u e n t w i t h t h e
i n d i v i d u a l ' s Hol land c o d e , as measured by t h e Voca t i ona l
P re fe rence Inventory (VPI). The r e s u l t s r e v e a l t h a t of t he
t h r e e l i f e r o l e s , l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s were the most congruent
t o an i n d i v i d u a l ' s p e r s o n a l i t y . T h i s f i n d i n g may be
a t t r i b u t e d in p a r t t o the range of freedom t h a t p e o p l e have
i n s e l e c t i n g l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s v e r s u s v o c a t i o n s .
N a t u r a l l y , a p e r s o n w i l l a v o i d an a c t i v i t y t h a t i s
incongruent with h i s / h e r p e r s o n a l i t y un less pursuing i t i s a
n e c e s s i t y . As f a m i l y l i f e i s l a r g e l y p r e d e t e r m i n e d , and
v o c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e l i m i t e d by o u r a b i l i t i e s ,
e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t y , and o ther c o n s i d e r a t i o n s which may
be beyond our c o n t r o l , i t f o l l o w s t h a t l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s
may be t h e l e a s t r e s t r i c t i v e . Since l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s a r e
not n e c e s s i t i e s , but r a t h e r a re m a t t e r s of f ree c h o i c e , t he
congruence l e v e l between p e r s o n a l i t y and l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y i s
h i g h . The d e g r e e of freedom t h a t an i n d i v i d u a l has in
choosing o n e ' s e n v i r o n m e n t a p p a r e n t l y i s a f a c t o r in the
congruency of p e r s o n a l i t y and l i f e r o l e s .
C o n s i d e r i n g t h i s , i t may be h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t he
knowledge of o n e ' s a c t i v i t i e s and p r e f e r e n c e s i s no t o n l y
w o r t h y i n i t s own r i g h t , b u t w i l l a l s o p r o v i d e t h e
p r a c t i t i o n e r with a he lp fu l account of an i n d i v i d u a l ' s t r u e
i n t e r e s t s , r e l a t i v e l y unbiased by the degrees of freedom in
h i s / h e r environment . Hence, g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s can be d e r i v e d
from t h e knowledge of o n e ' s l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s , which go
beyond the v o c a t i o n a l s p h e r e . For example, in measuring the
c o n g r u e n c e b e t w e e n an i n d i v i d u a l ' s p e r s o n a l i t y and
o c c u p a t i o n , i t i s b e n e f i c i a l ( i f not e s s e n t i a l ) t o analyze
the harmony between o n e ' s work and p l a y .
S e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e f o u n d t h a t l e i s u r e
a c t i v i t i e s a re r e l a t e d to VPI-derived Holland codes (Melamed
& M e i r , 1 9 8 1 ; Varca & S h a f f e r , 1982; T a y l o r , K e l s o , Cox,
Alloway, & Matthews, 1979; Warren & Winer, 1980a) . Melamed
and Meir (1981) found t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s g e n e r a l l y s e l e c t
a v o c a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s which are congruent with p e r s o n a l i t y
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Tay lo r e t a l . (1979) developed a l e i s u r e
c h e c k l i s t which ass igned i n d i v i d u a l s a code t h a t c o r r e l a t e d
h i g h l y w i t h t h e i r Hol land c o d e , as a s s i g n e d by the VPI.
Varca and Shaffer (1982) found t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s p r e f e r r e d
l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s which were congruent with t h e i r Holland
codes and t h a t l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s remained r e l a t i v e l y s teady
over a n i n e - y e a r fol low-up p e r i o d ,
W a r r e n and Winer (1980b) d e v e l o p e d t h e L e i s u r e
P r e f e r e n c e Inven to ry (LPI ) , which a s s i g n s a Holland code to
i n d i v i d u a l s based on t h e i r l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s . They used
H o l l a n d ' s VPI as the model for t h e i r s c a l e . LPI i tems were
des igned to be in one - to -one correspondence with VPI i t e m s ,
each c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h e same Hol l and t y p e . The measure
c o n s i s t s of i t e m s keyed to H o l l a n d ' s s i x t y p e s and i t e m s
keyed to the f ive nontype s c a l e s corresponding to nontype
s c a l e s on t h e V P I . The s c a l e can be c o m p l e t e d by
u n d e r g r a d u a t e c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s in approx imate ly 15 to 30
minutes .
A sample of 91 unde rg radua t e s (60 women and 31 men;
mean age = 19,5) completed the LPI and the VPI (Warren &
Winer, 1980a). All six pe r sona l i t y type s c a l e s on the LPI
c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y with the corresponding type sca les on
the VPI a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t (.001) l e v e l . Four
of the f ive nontype s c a l e s on the LPI cor re la ted with the
corresponding sca les of the VPI, and at a s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l
(.001 for three of the sca les and .01 for one) . One nontype
s c a l e , Infrequency, did not achieve s t a t i s t i c a l s igni f icance
in i t s c o r r e l a t i o n between the two s c a l e s . General ly, the
Holland codes for the LPI were c o n s i s t e n t with t h e i r VPI
counte rpar t s in r e l a t i o n to t he i r o rd ina l pos i t ioning on the
Holland hexagonal c o n f i g u r a t i o n . For example, a Holland
code of S o c i a l - A r t i s t i c - I n v e s t i g a t i v e for the LPI u s u a l l y
corresponded to the S-A-I code for the VPI.
Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis
Although the r e s u l t s of the inves t iga t ion by Warren and
Winer (1980a) s u g g e s t t h a t the LPI r e p r e s e n t s the same
d imens ions as the VPI u s i n g a l t e r n a t i v e i tem c o n t e n t ,
add i t i ona l research i s needed to understand the r e l a t i o n s h i p
between the two ins t ruments . While the r e s u l t s to date are
c e r t a i n l y e n c o u r a g i n g , s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of t h e LPI
should be further developed if these findings are to be
accepted. Item analysis and the sampling of differing
populations (specifically, male/female) need to be under
taken, and test-retest reliability coefficients need to be
established. These issues warrant attention if the LPI is
to be further used in counseling and/or in research
settings. With this in mind, the major objective of this
research was to investigate the reliability and validity of
the LPI.
The major predictions of this investigation were as
follows:
(a) There will be significant positive correlations between
the corresponding type scales of the VPI and the LPI.
(b) The LPI will be shown to be relatively stable over time
(i.e., through test-retest analysis).
(c) Internal consistency of the LPI will prove to be
adequate.
This study also attempted to verify the secondary
prediction that the nontype scales of the VPI and LPI will
positively correlate at a significant level. In addition,
in order to provide an initial picture of population
differences, data were reported separately by gender as well
as for the sample as a whole.
CHAPTER II
METHOD
Subjec t s
S u b j e c t s in t h i s s t u d y were r e c r u i t e d from G e n e r a l
Psychology c l a s s e s a t a l a r g e u n i v e r s i t y in West Texas. The
s t u d e n t s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t in p a r t i a l
f u l f i l l m e n t of c o u r s e r e q u i r e m e n t s . G e n e r a l P s y c h o l o g y
f u l f i l l s a program r e q u i r e m e n t for a l l s t u d e n t s , t h e r e f o r e
ensur ing a r e l a t i v e range of s t u d e n t s with varying i n t e r e s t s
and socioeconomic c o n d i t i o n s .
I n s t rumen ta t i on
Consent Form
A copy of the consent form which was read and signed by
a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s appears in Appendix A.
Voca t iona l P re fe rence Inventory (VPI)
The VPI was d e v e l o p e d by Hol land in 1953 and s u b s e
q u e n t l y r e v i s e d . The e i g h t h v e r s i o n (Holland, 1985b) was
used in t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . I t c o n s i s t s of 160
o c c u p a t i o n a l t i t l e s , t o which the sub jec t responds " l i k e " or
" d i s l i k e . " The s c a l e can be completed by s u b j e c t s in 10 t o
15 m i n u t e s . H o l l a n d ( 1 9 8 5 b ) r e p o r t s t h a t i n t e r n a l
c o n s i s t e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t s for the s ix type s c a l e s range from
.69 t o .89 for employed a d u l t s . The t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y
c o e f f i c i e n t s range from .69 t o .89 for women over a two-week
p e r i o d . No r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e r e p o r t e d in the
7
8
most recent manual for men. Moderate levels of validity for
identifying and predicting occupational membership have been
established for the VPI and are reported in the manual and
numerous reports of research. Since the VPI is a
copyrighted instrument, it does not appear in the appendix
of this report.
Leisure Preference Inventory (LPI)
The LPI was developed by Warren and Winer (1980b) as a
means for assigning Holland codes to individuals based upon
their leisure activities. The LPI was based on the VPI in
that each LPI item was intended to correspond to a
particular VPI item, thus purportedly measuring the same
Holland type. Warren and Winer (1980a) reported
correlations between the corresponding scales of the LPI and
VPI ranging from .44 to .74 for the type scales, and .08 to
.72 for the nontype scales. The LPI contains an answer
sheet which asks for name, sex, occupation, leisure interest
or activity, social security number, age, and major field.
Additionally, the participant is asked to provide his/her
own sel f-categor i zat ion of occupation and leisure type
according to six short descriptions of Holland vocational-
personality types. Additional information about the LPI has
been noted previously. Although the LPI is copyrighted, it
appears in the appendix of this report with permission.
(See Appendix B.)
Procedure
The s t u d e n t s were t e s t e d in one group during the Spring
semester of 1988. I n i t i a l l y , each s tuden t was asked t o read
a n d s i g n t h e c o n s e n t f o r m . I t was e x p l a i n e d t h a t
i n d i v i d u a l s would be t e s t e d on two s e p a r a t e o c c a s i o n s , and
t h a t c r e d i t f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n would be awarded a t the
conc lus ion of the second t e s t s e s s i o n . The l a s t four d i g i t s
of the s t u d e n t ' s s o c i a l s e c u r i t y number were used to match
t h e s e m a t e r i a l s . I t was f u r t h e r i n s t r u c t e d to t hose who
o b j e c t e d to u s i n g t he l a s t four d i g i t s of t h e i r s o c i a l
s e c u r i t y number , t h a t t hey s u b s t i t u t e a random f o u r - d i g i t
number of t h e i r c h o i c e . (S tudents who opted to do t h i s were
encouraged t o remember t h i s number for t he second t e s t i n g
s e s s i o n . ) The number of s t u d e n t s s e l e c t i n g t h i s op t ion i s
unknown. Lack of anonymity was assumed to be n o n p r o b l e -
m a t i c a l s i n c e t e s t c o n t e n t i n c l u d e d no m a t e r i a l which i s
s e n s i t i v e in n a t u r e . P a r t i c i p a n t s were t o l d t h a t they could
secure a p r e p a r e d s t a t e m e n t a t t he c o n c l u s i o n of t e s t i n g
w h i c h e x p l a i n e d p r o c e d u r e s t h a t t h e y may f o l l o w t o
u n d e r s t a n d t h e p u r p o s e of t h e s t u d y ( A p p e n d i x C ) . No
i n f o r m a t i o n was p r o v i d e d u n t i l the second t e s t s e s s i o n had
been comple ted . In order to balance the e f f e c t of o r d e r of
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e VPI and the LPI , h a l f t he s t u d e n t s
took the VPI f i r s t , w h i l e t he r e m a i n i n g h a l f took t h e LPI
f i r s t . The s h e e t which a s k s t h e s t u d e n t t o c a t e g o r i z e
h i s / h e r occupa t ion and l e i s u r e p r e f e r e n c e by Hol land t y p e
10
was admin i s t e r ed a t the end of the second t e s t i n g s e s s i o n in
o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n 'o f t h e t e s t s by
in format ion about t h e i r c o n t e n t . At t h e c o n c l u s i o n of t he
second t e s t i n g p e r i o d , q u e s t i o n s from the p a r t i c i p a n t s were
answered.
Design and Analys i s
The r e s e a r c h p l a n c a l l e d for t h e VPI and LPI t o be
a d m i n i s t e r e d to a t l e a s t 100 c o l l e g e - a g e s t u d e n t s inc luding
a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l n u m b e r s of men and women. A c t u a l
numbers a p p e a r in Chapter I I I . Both groups (men and women)
were r e t e s t e d , using t he same m e a s u r e s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y two
weeks l a t e r . From the groups (men, women, and a g g r e g a t e ) ,
raw score means and s tandard d e v i a t i o n s were c a l c u l a t e d for
each s c a l e of t h e two i n s t r u m e n t s , s e p a r a t e l y for each of
t h e t h r e e g r o u p s , f o r e a c h a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e
i n s t r u m e n t s . P e a r s o n c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s were
c a l c u l a t e d a c r o s s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s for each of the t h r e e
g r o u p s t o o b t a i n a measu re of t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y .
P e a r s o n c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e o b t a i n e d f o r
c o r r e s p o n d i n g s c a l e s of t he two g r o u p s , as t he t e s t of
v a l i d i t y . Cronbach ' s a lpha was c a l c u l a t e d for each s c a l e ,
f o r e a c h of t h e t h r e e g r o u p s , t o d e t e r m i n e i n t e r n a l
c o n s i s t e n c y .
CHAPTER I I I
RESULTS
Of t h e 103 i n d i v i d u a l s who p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h e s t u d y ,
97 (49 men and 48 women) c o m p l e t e d t e s t - r e t e s t of t h e LPI
and VPI . Miss ing i t e m s ( q u e s t i o n s l e f t unanswered) o c c u r r e d
on t h e t e s t d a t a c o l l e c t e d on 50 i n d i v i d u a l s (24 men and 26
women) ; c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t s wi th no m i s s i n g i t ems were found
fo r 47 i n d i v i d u a l s (25 men and 22 women). For t h e g r o u p of
50 i n d i v i d u a l s n o t e n d o r s i n g e v e r y q u e s t i o n , 26% (13) had
o n l y one m i s s i n g i t em and 26% (13) had between two and f o u r
m i s s i n g i t e m s . Of t h i s g r o u p , 22% (11) had between 5 and 10
m i s s i n g i t e m s , w h i l e 16% (8) d e l e t e d b e t w e e n 11 and 30
i t e m s . F ive i n d i v i d u a l s (10%) d e l e t e d more t h a n 30 i t e m s .
B e c a u s e t h e s t a t i s t i c a l i n f e r e n c e s d e r i v e d from d a t a which
i n c l u d e m i s s i n g c a s e s a r e n o t e n t i r e l y c l e a r , r e s u l t s a r e
r e p o r t e d t w i c e f o r e a c h a n a l y s i s , f i r s t for t h e t o t a l d a t a
s e t , and t h e n for t h e p a r t of t h e sample for whom t h e r e were
no m i s s i n g i t em r e s p o n s e s . As s h a l l be s e e n , s i m i l a r i t i e s
b e t w e e n t h e t w o d a t a s e t s a r e n u m e r o u s d e s p i t e t h e
d i f f e r e n c e in s a m p l e s .
V a l i d i t y
T a b l e s 1 t h r o u g h 8 p r e s e n t v a l i d i t y d a t a f o r t h e VPI
a n d L P I . T a b l e 1 p r e s e n t s ( a ) P e a r s o n c o r r e l a t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s on each t y p e s c a l e ( i . e . , R, I , A, S, E, and C)
of t h e i n i t i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e VPI and LPI f o r t h e
11
12
d a t a s e t wi thout missing ca se s and (b) raw s c o r e means and
s t anda rd d e v i a t i o n s for each type s ca l e of the two measures .
T a b l e 2 p r e s e n t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g da t a for the nontype s c a l e s
of the VPI and LPI ( i . e . . Self C o n t r o l , M a s c u l i n i t y , S t a t u s ,
I n f r e q u e n c y , and A c q u i e s c e n c e ) . T a b l e s 3 and 4 p r e s e n t
c o r r e s p o n d i n g d a t a on t ype and non type s c a l e s from the
second a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e VPI and LPI for t h e d a t a s e t
w i t h o u t m i s s i n g c a s e s . T a b l e s 5 and 6 p r e s e n t s u c h
in format ion from the f i r s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n for the t o t a l da t a
s e t ( i . e . , inc lud ing a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s whether or no t t h e y
a n s w e r e d e v e r y i t e m ) . T a b l e s 7 and 8 p r e s e n t s u c h
i n f o r m a t i o n from t h e second a d m i n i s t r a t i o n for the t o t a l
da t a s e t .
In each i n s t a n c e ( i . e . , f i r s t or second a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,
no m i s s i n g d a t a o r t o t a l sample) , f i v e of t he s i x t y p e
s c a l e s o f t h e LPI c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y and a t a
s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l w i th t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
p e r s o n a l i t y type on the VPI. In each i n s t a n c e , i t was the
A r t i s t i c t y p e s c a l e w h i c h d i d n o t a c h i e v e s t a t i s t i c a l
s i g n i f i c a n c e in i t s c o r r e l a t i o n between the LPI and VPI. In
e a c h i n s t a n c e , t h e S t a t u s s c a l e f a i l e d t o a c h i e v e
s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e in i t s c o r r e l a t i o n between VPI and
LPI . In the second a d m i n i s t r a t i o n for t h e n o - m i s s i n g - d a t a
s a m p l e , t h e I n f r e q u e n c y s c a l e f a i l e d t o a c h i e v e a
s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n between the two i n s t r u m e n t s . In a l l
13
other i n s t a n c e s , co r re spond ing nontype s c a l e s c o r r e l a t e d
p o s i t i v e l y and a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t degree.
R e l i a b i l i t y
Table 9 r e v e a l s Pearson c o r r e l a t i o n s of t e s t - r e t e s t
r e l i a b i l i t y over a two-week per iod of time for the sample
w i t h no m i s s i n g d a t a . The R e a l i s t i c , I n v e s t i g a t i v e ,
A r t i s t i c , Soc ia l , E n t e r p r i s i n g , and Convent ional LPI type
s c a l e s y i e l d e d c o r r e l a t i o n s of .84, .80, .75 , .85 , .77, and
.82 , r e spec t ive ly (p < .0001). A d d i t i o n a l l y , c o r r e l a t i o n s
to e s t a b l i s h t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y were ca lcula ted for the
nontype s c a l e s . With the group t h a t included no missing
d a t a ( T a b l e 9) , t h e f i v e s c a l e s of S e l f C o n t r o l ,
M a s c u l i n i t y , S t a t u s , In f requency , and Acquiescence yield
t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y coe f f i c i en t s of .82, . 8 2 , . 6 5 , . 2 7 ,
and . 7 3 . While Sc , M, S t , and Acq were s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t (p < . 0 0 0 1 ) , In f was n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t . T e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y for the nontype sca les
of the t o t a l data se t (Table 10) were .79, .78 , . 5 , .44, and
.72 (p < .0001) .
I n t e rna l Consistency
I n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y , as measured by t h e Alpha
c o e f f i c i e n t , ind ica tes the degree to which a s e r i e s of items
measures the same g e n e r a l c o n s t r u c t . Table 11 p r e s e n t s
i n t e r n a l consis tency coe f f i c i en t s of the VPI and LPI for the
e n t i r e group of subjec ts at t h e i r f i r s t and second t e s t i n g s .
14
A s u b j e c t ' s r e s p o n s e was n o t u t i l i z e d f o r t h e A l p h a
c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t on a s i n g l e s c a l e if h e / s h e had one
o r more m i s s i n g i t e m s f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r s c a l e . For
i n s t a n c e , an i n d i v i d u a l may have omit ted a r e s p o n s e t h a t i s
i n d i c a t i v e of the R e a l i s t i c s c a l e . Consequent ly , the e n t i r e
s e t of R e a l i s t i c i t e m s for t h i s s u b j e c t has been omit ted
from t h e r e s u l t i n g Alpha c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e R e a l i s t i c
s c a l e . I f t h i s s u b j e c t , however , d id not omit i tems from
t h e o t h e r s c a l e s , t hen h i s / h e r r e m a i n i n g r e s p o n s e s a r e
inc luded in the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s for t h e i r corresponding
s c a l e s . The t y p e s c a l e s of R, I , A, S, E, and C produced
c o e f f i c i e n t s o f . 8 7 , . 6 6 , . 7 7 , . 8 0 , . 6 1 , and . 6 7 ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , fo r t he f i r s t t e s t i n g s e s s i o n . The second
t e s t i n g of t h e LPI fo r t he type s c a l e s y i e l d e d i n t e r n a l
c o n s i s t e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t s of . 8 6 , . 7 5 , . 8 2 , . 8 4 , . 6 6 , and
. 7 9 . The i n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t s for t he f i r s t
t e s t i n g s e s s i o n of t h e non type s c a l e s Sc, M, S t , Inf , and
Acq were . 7 8 , . 34 , - . 0 0 6 , - . 3 7 , and . 7 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The
c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e j u x t a p o s i n g s c a l e s for t he second
t e s t i n g s e s s i o n were . 8 3 , . 30 , - . 1 7 , - . 1 1 , and . 80 .
Gender Di f fe rences
T a b l e s 12 and 13 p r e s e n t P e a r s o n c o r r e l a t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s for cor responding s c a l e s of the VPI and LPI for
t h e no m i s s i n g d a t a and t o t a l s a m p l e s . V a l i d i t y d a t a
i n c l u d e t h e same format of i n f o r m a t i o n which a p p e a r s in
T a b l e s 1 and 2 t h r o u g h Tables 7 and 8. In a d d i t i o n , t h e s e
15
t a b l e s p r e s e n t d a t a f o r men and f o r women w i t h i n e a c h
sample . Resu l t s a re f i r s t i n t e r p r e t e d for men and women, a t
f i r s t and second t e s t i n g s e s s i o n s , for the group con t a in ing
no m i s s i n g d a t a . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g g roup for the sample
c o n t a i n i n g a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s f o l l ows .
R e s u l t s for the Sample Containing No Missing Data (Table 12)
For t h e male sample a t f i r s t t e s t i n g (Table 12) , four
of the s ix type s c a l e s of the LPI c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y and
a t a s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l with the corresponding s c a l e s of the
VPI . The I n v e s t i g a t i v e and A r t i s t i c s c a l e s c o r r e l a t e d
p o s i t i v e l y bu t no t a t a s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l . This t r end was
c o n s i s t e n t a t the second t e s t i n g s e s s i o n a l s o , e x c e p t t h a t
t h e C o n v e n t i o n a l s c a l e d i d n o t a c h i e v e s t a t i s t i c a l
s i g n i f i c a n c e .
Two of the f ive non type s c a l e s c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y
and a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l for men a t t he
f i r s t t e s t i n g s e s s i o n . The non type s c a l e s . A c q u i e s c e n c e ,
M a s c u l i n i t y , and Inf requency , c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y , but not
a t a s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l . For the second t e s t i n g s e s s i o n
among men, two of the nontype s c a l e s . Acquiescence and S e l f
C o n t r o l , c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y and a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l . M a s c u l i n i t y , S t a t u s , and Infrequency did
not ach ieve s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e in t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n
with the VPI.
16
For the sample of women a t f i r s t t e s t i n g , one of the
s ix type s c a l e s . R e a l i s t i c , c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y and a t a
s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l ( . 0 0 0 1 ) . Four of t h e t y p e s c a l e s
c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y , b u t n o t a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l . One t y p e s c a l e . A r t i s t i c , did not
c o r r e l a t e p o s i t i v e l y . Four of t h e s i x t y p e s c a l e s
c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y and a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t
l e v e l a t t h e second t e s t i n g s e s s i o n . The S o c i a l and
A r t i s t i c type s c a l e s c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y , but fa i led to
reach s t a t i s t i c a l s i gn i f i c ance .
Three of the nontype s c a l e s for women a t t h e f i r s t
t e s t i n g sess ion cor re la t ed pos i t i ve ly and at a s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l with the VPI. Two of the nontype sca les
of the LPI, M a s c u l i n i t y and S t a t u s , f a i l e d to a c h i e v e
s t a t i s t i c a l s ign i f i cance in the i r co r r e l a t i on with the VPI.
The r e s u l t s for the second t e s t i n g s e s s ion were s i m i l a r
e x c e p t t h a t t h e n o n t y p e s c a l e , I n f r e q u e n c y , d id no t
c o r r e l a t e a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ign i f i can t l e v e l .
Resul ts for All P a r t i c i p a n t s (Table 13)
For the sample of men at the f i r s t t e s t i n g , four of the
s ix type sca les c o r r e l a t e p o s i t i v e l y and at a s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l . The type s c a l e . I n v e s t i g a t i v e , c o r r e
l a t ed p o s i t i v e l y , but was not s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t .
The type s c a l e . A r t i s t i c , did not c o r r e l a t e p o s i t i v e l y or
s i g n i f i c a n t l y with i t s VPI coun te rpa r t . The r e s u l t s for the
second t e s t i n g s e s s i o n were c o n s i s t e n t with those of the
17
f i r s t t e s t i n g s e s s i o n except t h a t the Inves t iga t ive scale
co r r e l a t ed p o s i t i v e l y and was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t .
Four of the nontype sca les for the f i r s t t e s t i n g group
of men c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y and a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l . The nontype s c a l e , Infrequency, did not
a ch i eve s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , a l though i t c o r r e l a t e d
p o s i t i v e l y . In the second t e s t i n g s e s s i o n , the r e s u l t s
c o i n c i d e d with those of the f i r s t t e s t i n g s e s s i o n except
tha t the nontype s c a l e . S t a t u s , did not achieve s t a t i s t i c a l
s i g n i f i c a n c e .
Four of the type sca les cor re la ted p o s i t i v e l y and at a
s i g n i f i c a n t l eve l for women a t the f i r s t t e s t i n g s e s s i o n .
The LPI type s c a l e s . Soc ia l and A r t i s t i c , did not achieve
s t a t i s t i c a l s ign i f icance in the i r co r r e l a t i on with the VPI.
For the second t e s t i n g , five of the six type scales achieved
p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s which were s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t .
The type s c a l e . A r t i s t i c , d id no t a c h i e v e s t a t i s t i c a l
s i g n i f i c a n c e ,
A l l of t h e LPI n o n t y p e s c a l e s ( e x c l u d i n g S t a t u s )
c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y and s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g s c a l e s of the VPI for women a t the f i r s t
t e s t i n g . As for the second t e s t i n g of t h e same g r o u p .
M a s c u l i n i t y and S t a t u s nontype s c a l e s f a i l e d to ach ieve
s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e .
18
Reliability
Across both data sets, in both samples of men and women
(see Tables 9 and 10), the LPI was found to be relatively
stable over time through test-retest analysis. Of the 44
comparisons made, 43 were found to correlate positively and
at a statistically significant level. Only the nontype
scale, Infrequency, among males, yielded a correlation which
was nonsignificant.
19
w Da < EH
T) M (0
and
for
w2 - m
(0 ^
fl) '."*
CO " ^
^ 2 o-;^ "^t
ype
rel
^ 0
11 1 »-•
0
CD -J
o ^
^^TJ
PI
R Io
ns
c >
M Q f i t >
C7> c J J 0)
4J W
• H b
4 J (0
fd
(0 Q
Di C
• H
w • H
s 0 2
5
(U
fcs rtJ W
± U
I U
0
UJ
M
<
C
w
s
0 CO
•-
s
0 CO
-
5
0 CO
^
1
Q CO
^
Q 0)
-
S
u
"(5
>
4.8
5
2.8
1
7.7
4
2.6
9
.09
3.3
7
5.5
3
2.9
9
5.1
1
2.8
6
7.2
1
4.2
2
o
r-Q
CD 0
r
r
t yt
CD Q CD m CO _; CD jCD
(0
Q
1
1
S CD ' J
CD
1
(0
CD
(0 Q i
00
CO
A
4.4
7
ok CO L
!
.26
«.
1 r-
1
I - .
(0 0. i
1 5U-)
jCD
CO
0 (0
CD
CD
1 IT)
1
IP
o
OJ
•
Q CO
r-
o
(0
1
r -1
r 1
5 CTi eg ifl
I
cot • I'* 1
0
v
^ 0 , - 0 0 q 0 q
a Q. a
M
20
CN
w
<
c O
• H 4J fO
• H >
Q
TJ
<0 'O
c
w
a; cu e W D^
C O 4J
W EH 4-> C -P Q) W
• H V U - H
•H fc
14-1 4 J
u o
(0
c
CO 0)
(U
4-»
Q
<0
c
c ^ ( U CO
u o u
c
CO
V- l
o U-4
CO <D u O U
w
o o CO s: u -P (u :
CO i
<
Q CO
c
col
CO
51
Q i CO
4)
C/)
I
CD
O
GO
CO CD
N
CVJ CD
(J)
If) O)
CO CD
C9 CO
If)
to
15 u
K >
If)
w
GD If) Q CVJ
00
0
N CM
If) 0
! N t ' t
i
I
If)
'J 0 I*
CM
r
o
1
oj^'jco 's:
2
f ^ Q N CD
n Q CO
x/i
CO
Q
I f ) " '
\^
CM
i
< 0 j-y
in
r- 0 If) t- 0 0 0 0 0 0
*l
21
W
< EH
T3 v-i
y- i
CO c
CU ( 0 •H (1) U EH
CO C to (U
CO CU
i H (0 O W
OJ
a
u-i c cy O O O U 0)
w c O 4J
•H fCj 4J (TJ CO iH 4J CU fO SH Q
V-l
O
CO Q) U O u
CO
o
CO CO
c o CO u S Q> O CU 2
c -M
CO C CU O r H
• H a
^ •-• w
>
i J
0
Ui
Vi
Q CO
-
2
0 CO
-
S
0 (0
-
S
0 CO
U CO
QC "
O D l CD
CO
N
CM O
C^
n CM
(ol
(0 c o l
c v l OD
CM I
u CO
>
CM
CM
O
0
CD
0
i CD
o CO
CD
m
I CM
ID
C D ^ CD
CD
$) (M
CO
(0
0) CM
ID
CD
CM
So c o "
CO
6 CO
N CM
I D " '
UJ
ID
CD
CM
Q
O -(3) Q
u
ID
q V a
1—
q V a
T -
0 q V a
0 0 q v a
22
CO c o
• H
CO
• H
> CU Q
' D U CO
C to
CO
CO
c (0 CU
s
CO CU
CU rH
E CO
CO
M O
U - l
CO 4J
c CU
•1 -1
u
W
OQ < EH
Sea:
Coe
Nontype
relation
u ^ 14_, <J
CO 5
Z w
SCO
Pear
<0 -
en c
• H 4J CO <U
E H
'D C o u CU CO
ro
CO
fO Q
O)
c • H
CO CO
O
z 4->
CO!
<
Q CO
1^ J
no C fO
>
col
W ^
tf)
u
^ C/3
CO
u . !
Si
Q CO
in
!f)
in CD
in N
CM
CD CO
CD
CM 0) CO
tn 0) 13 u
C/D
1 >
IN
I i c
CD CD LO
(0 CO CO T -
n N r'
PO
?M CO
•
in
1
in
CO
0
CM
Q CO
SO)p C D " '
CJ CM
Q
CO
I*
in
in
CO N
CD Cl
O
CO
0
CO
CM
ico
in CJ
roO
in 0
1 - Q » - CO
K
r- 0 in .- 0 0 0 0 0 0
V I V I V ' V u. u. Q. Q.
'• M
23
col
in
W J
ff) < EH
'D U 'O .
1 S fO 4J
wi5 . c
CO 2
" ^ 14_|
CU
"8 CO ^ ^ c m 0
Type
orrel
0 c 0
cores
Pears
c o ^
^ CO
M C rt 0
^ • 2
M Q PM >
D) C
• H -M CO CU tH
4-> CO V.4
• H
4J CO
CO 4->
c fO
• H
u • H 4 J S-l CO
(U
r H <
x: • r - l
CU r H CU B CO
CO
« u CO —
col
liJ -
CO I
CO - I
5 |
col
21
col
Cfl l
CC -
Si «» I)
15 u
CO
L >
(0
cj
0)
N
co l
CM (D
ID
rt
CM
CM
?
ID
N CM
C}) 0
0)
I c
if) N
CD
1) CJ 0)
11
r 0 CD CO
CO
CD"
N
I CD
CM
!D 0
CM (0
N CJ
CM
(D
C J Q TT CO
CJ
m
CD
0) Q
CD CO
CO
I D "
IJJ
1 0
u
.- 0 ID ,- 0 0 9 9 Q P V'V'V'V a a a a
M
24
CO c o
• H 4-> CO
•H > CU Q
U CU
c CO
Q CO
<
TABLE 6
andc
4J CO
^ CO
ean
s
es:
ontype Seal
2
for
res
0 o
CO
\^ CO Pi
Samp
0 VH
ents
f ici
relation Coef
Cor
Pearson
'D C CO
CD
c • H
CO CU EH
-P to u
-H fo
4J
ticipants a
u fO
r H H <
4J • r - l
5
m 0)
cal
C/)
Q. • J
CO!
c -1
Q CO
W
CO I
col
o Vi
CO IT;
CD
0)
CM
(0 (0
uo
00 i3)
in N
CD
(0 CO
CO
o (D
CO
C3)
0
CD
CO
0
en
I c^j
iCM
icj) iCO I
iO
o
CD
Q
(0
CD »-. I
vD
8
^ ^
CM
0
r
CD
in I
in „ in u E S Q
c;) 0
0 0
OJ
o
in 0
^ 0 ^ 0 0 0 0 0
^Icj CDj V ' V ' V ' V Q. Q. Q. Q.
0 £ ^
25
w
< EH
V^ CO
' D C CO 4J CO
CO
c CO CU
u o
CO
c CU
• H
u
CO CU
rH CO o
CO
CD o u
c o
CO
en c
• H 4J CO CU EH
^ 3 C o u 0) CO
4-1 CO
to
^ o "^
o c -^ u-l tr i^
to 2 e
u " <
« CO ^
M g CU
J - a
T3.2 ^ c Z CO CO
>
CU Q
col
o -;
col
UJ ^ 1
col
CO - 1
col
< H
Ifl
U i
col £i z - I I
ODl
51
Q| CO
- I
(0 0)
1e u
CO
1 >
T -
CD
ro
o
CM
ID (S N
Nj ' C O !
ID
I D l
a
ri' N ! fo l
41 T -
CM
CM
CJ
0
CM
1 I ccl
OD Q rri CO
CJ
fM CM
2D CJ
f j
(D
CO
ID CJ
ID
I N
ID
ID
(D . r- U „ ; W CD
I
i
CD
CJ) -
0) y ro
'D
CJ Q TJ CO
CO
n
I) CM
0)
I C
LO
N
2b CJ
I D "
iJ
0
0
ID
q V a
q V a
r- 0 0 0 q q v v a a
26
00
fo
ffj < EH
CO C o
• H 4J CO
• H > CU Q
CO ^ 3
C CO 4J CO
CU i H Ou
e CO CT> CO C
CO c CO CU s
M-I
CO 4->
c CU • H
u - H
CU EH
'O C 0 U CU CO
CO CU " "
JL u-l 4J ' ^ (U CO
o o
_J^-H t! CO u
, S CU - p • ^ J-i M . . JH (0
U - l
CO CU u o u
CO
CO
Pi
o e u i H
C f H O < CO >-i s: CO -M CU - H
c CO
CU • J
c CO
0) I
<
CO I
c -
col
w
g
2 -
m V (0 u CO ^ Q.
0 w
Si
Q | col
1 • - 1
13
>
00
in
CO
en 00
(0 CO (J)
tn
CO N
CM
N (£> OD
N CO
N CD
in
I*
ID
00
CO
GO CO
0
to
I C
CM 0 r
CJ
0 r
in
^ Q CM oi^cvi
O C/5 ? iw
in CO
in
T- 0
t- in
^ 0 in r- 0 0 0 0 0 0
V ' V ' V ' V Q. a a Q.
* 51
27
TABLE 9
Test-Retest Reliability for Sample with No Missing Data
Variables
' oj -05
" p< .01
'" p< .001
•" p< 0001
Reabstic
Rea&stic
LPI-1
VPl-1
Realistic
Reaistic
LPt-2
VPl-2
1
Investigative
|inve5Ai3ative
LPI-1
VPl-1
Investigative
Investigative
LPI-2
VPI-2
1 Artistic
Artistic
LPI-1
VPl-1
Artistic
Artistic
LPf-2
VPI-2
Social
Social
LPI-1
VPl-1
Social
Sodal
LPl-2 1
VPI-2
ErMerprising
'Enterprising
LPI-1
VPJ-1
Enterprising
Enterprismg
LPI-2
VPI-2
Corwentional
Conventional
LPI-1
VPl-1
Conventional
Conventional
LPI-2
VPl-2
iSe(f Control 1 1 Self Control
LPI-1
VPl-1
Self Control
Self Control
LPI-2 !
VP!-2 I
i IMascuIinitv
iMascuTsMty
LPI-1
VPf-1
Mascuiinitjr
Mascuiinit]*
1 LP<-2
VPI-2
'Status I
{Status
LPl-1
VPl-1
Status
Status
lPi-2
VPI-2
1 Infrequency 1 — •
jlntrequency
LPl-1
VPl-1
Inlrequency
li requency
LPI-2
VPI-2
j
Acquiscence
Acquiscence
LPI-1
VPl-1
Acquiscence
Acquiscence
LPI-2
VPI-2
Total
r P
84
82 "°
80
82
75
90
85
84
77
86
82
86
82
84
82
82
65
80
27
80
73
76
Mate
r p
74 " "
81 ° °
73
79
66
92
88
75
79
33
84
83
77
80 i i
1 ixxx I 74
73
40
77
15
87
69
78
Fe«ale
( P
84 " "
31
81
93
81
86
73
92
77
89
80
88
77
71
77
78
86
82
74
82
71
n=47
28
TABLE 10
Test-Retest Reliability for All Participants
Reafetic
Re^stic
LPI-1
VPl-1
Variables
Realistic
Rea&stic
LPI-2
VPI-2
investigative LPI-1
Investigative VPl-1
Investigative LPI-2
Investigative VPI-2
Artistic LPI-1
Artistic VPl-1
Artistic LPI-2
Artistic VPI-2
Social LPI-1
Social VPl-1
Sodai LPI-2
Sodai VPf-2
Enterprising LPJ-1
Enterprising VPl-1
Enterprismg \JP\-2
Enterprising VPf-2
Conventional LPI-1
Conventional VPl-1
Conventional LPI-2
Convention^ VPl-2
[Self Control LPM
! Self Control VPl-1
Self Control LPl-2
Self Control VPI-2
Status iw-i
Status VPl-1
Status LPI-2
Status VPI-2
Infrequency LPI-1
Infrequency VPl-1
infrequency LPI-2
InfiequeiKy VPI-2
Acquiscence LPI-1
Acquiscence VPl-1
• p< .05
" p< .01
'" p< .001
"" p< .0001
Acquiscence LPI-2
Acquiscence VR-2
Mascufinity
Mascufinity
LPI-1
VPf-1
Masculinity
Masculinity
LPl-2
VPI-2
Total
» P
85
82
82
87
83
89
87
87
71
85
82
87
79
85
78
85
»;n
85
44
84
72
79
Mate
r p
78 ""
85
82
83
79
94
87
85
76
84
85
85
69
85
78
81
37
82
37
84
64
82
Feiiale
f P
79 ""
35
76
93
83
83
83
90
64
87
78
90
81
74
66
75
59
85
54
84
79
76
n=97
TABLE 11
Alpha Coefficients of VPI an(3 LPI for All Scales for Sample with No Missing Data
at First and Second Testing
29
Type Scales Non-Type Scales
R-LPM RiR-2 R-\/R-1
R 'R-2
iiR-1 l-LR-2 K/R-1 IVP!-2
AiPi-1 AiR-2 AVR-1
AVPI-2
SiR-1 S-LR-2 S ?l-1 SVR-2
E-LPr1 E-LR-2
E-VR-I E-VP!-2
CiPI-1 C-LPI-2
CVR-1
C-VR-2
n ! 8 .
i 82
1 1 ^
81 m
i 90
' 83
84 91 88 90
SO 93 87 92
86 94 89 •91
89 93 91 95
r 8? 86 85 87
66 75 87 1
85 1
82 90 51
80 84 81 88
61 68 84 88
67 79 87 88
SC-LF1-1
SC-LR-2
.SCWi-1
SC-v'R-2
n 86 as .98 88
f
78 j
Ov 1
89 1
M-LR-1
M-LPi-2
M-yR-1
MA/R-2
ST-LR-1
ST-LPi-2
STVPi-1
ST-VPI-2
INFiR-1
!MF-LP!-2
INF-\/R-1
INF-^^-2
88 96 92 93
86 92 89 87
76 82 81 8?
j 34 i ! •>- !
6G •
SC ;
•01 1
• ^ 46 I 48 1
•3? (
55 1 42 j
A£Q-LR-1
ACQ-LR-2
ACQ^'R-1
•A.CQVR-2
73 87 31 84
71 SO 79 32
TABLE 12
Validity Coefficients for the Sample with No Missing Data
30
Variables
Reafetic
Realistic
LPI-1
LPI-2
ReaKstic
Reabstic
VPl-1
VPl-2
Investigative
Investigtfive
LPl-1
LPI-2
Investigative
Investigative
VPl-1
VPl-2
Artistic
Artistic
LPI-1
LPl-2
Artistic
Artistic
: VPf-1
VPI-2
Social
Sodai
LPI-1
LPI-2
Sodaf
Sodai
1 VPl-1 '
i VPI-2
Enterprising
Enterprising
LPI-1
LPI-2
Enterprising
Enterprisirtg
VPl-1
VPI-2
Conventior\ai
Conventional
LPI-1
LPl-2
Conventional
Conventional
VPl-1
VPI-2
Self Control
Self Control
LPl-1
LPI-2
Self Contioi
Self Control
VPl-1
VPI-2
Mascufinitp
Mascuiinity
LPI-1
LPI-2
Mascuiinity
liascuiinity
VPf-1
VPI-2
Status
Status
LPI-1
LPI-2
Status
Status
VPl-1
VPf-2
Infrequency I—
1 {frequency
LPI-1
LPI-2
Infrequency
Infrequency
VPl-1
VPl-2
Acquiscence
Acquiscence
LPl-1
LPl-2
AcquiscerKe
Acqiflscence
VPl-1
VPI-2
r
77
78
38
48
-06
01
31
38
46
54
41
30
63
85
50
37
11
-12
40
13
43
72
Total
P
tXT*
U I I
rx
i t z
s
u
zzx
XXXI
n
X
z n x
xsxx
I I I
«
XX
XX
I IXX
r
60
72
19
38
10
-08
39
51
54
60
53
33
47
79
17
18
42
08
38
0
38
67
Male
' o< .05
" p< .01
" p< .001
•" p< .0001
Feitate
f P
69 "
69 "*
37
45
-18
22
22
33
40
44
31
50
53
81 ° "
35
-06
-11
-27
45
25
50
74
n=47
TABLE 13
Validity Coefficients for All Participants
31
Variables
Realistic
Reafistk
LPI-1
LPl-2
Realistic
Rea&stic
VPl-1
VPl-2
1 Investigative
[Investigative
LPl-1
LPI-2
Investigative
Investigative
VPl-1
VPl-2
Artistic
Artistic
LPf-1
LPI-2
Artistic
Artistic
VPl-1
VPl-2
Sodai
Sodal
LPI-1
LPf-2
Sodai
Social
i VPl-1 j
VPl-2 1
Enterprising
fEnterpnsing
LPl-1
LPf-2
Enterprising
Enterprising
VPl-1 !
VPI-2 j
1 Conventional I IConverttional
LPI-1
LPI-2
Corwentionai
Convention^
VPl-1
VPI-2
Setf Control
Self Control
LPI-1
LPl-2
Setf Control
Self Control
VPl-1
VPI-2
1
IMascuiinrty i JMascufinity
LPI-1
LPl-2
Masculinity
Mascufinity
VPl-1
VPI-2
{Status
1 1 Status
LPI-1
LPI-2
Status
Status
VPl-1
VPI-2
infrequency
i Infrequency
LPl-1
LPI-2
Acquiscence
Acquiscence
LPI-1
LP12
Infrequency
InfrequerKy
VPl-1
VPI-2
Acquiscence
AcquiscerKe
VPl-1
VPl-2
' o< .05
" p< .01
" p< .001
" p< .0001
Total r P
76 " "
85 ° "
39 ° "
54
-04
02
31
42 ""
43 ""
58 "°
\
62
66
26
51
-02
-06
42
51
54
64
Male
37
39
69
80
56
48
-07
27
22
51
70
40
41
63
78
44
37
40
-10
11
06
45
65
Fe«ale
r P
61 " "
60 "
40
55
-02
12
23
34
30
51
31
38
61
77
32
23 I
j 05
I 03 I I I
j 45
I 33 ! i
I 56 I 74
n=97
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION
The f i r s t major p r e d i c t i o n , t h a t t h e r e w i l l be a s i g n i
f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n be tween t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t y p e
s c a l e s o f t h e LPI and V P I , was upheld for a l l t h e d a t a for
a l l t y p e s e x c e p t A r t i s t i c . In g e n e r a l , o t h e r t y p e s c a l e
c o r r e l a t i o n s were h i g h w i t h t h e i r a d j a c e n t t ype s c a l e s of
t h e Ho l l and (1985a) hexagona l c o n f i g u r a t i o n . For e x a m p l e ,
t h e E n t e r p r i s i n g s c a l e of t h e VPI c o r r e l a t e d most h i g h l y
w i t h t h e E n t e r p r i s i n g s c a l e of t h e L P I , s e c o n d most h i g h l y
w i t h t h e S o c i a l s c a l e , and t h i r d most h i g h l y w i t h t h e
C o n v e n t i o n a l s c a l e . In a d d i t i o n , s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e
c o r r e l a t i o n s were found between t h e two i n s t r u m e n t s for t h e
m a j o r i t y of t h e n o n t y p e s c a l e s . Four of t h e f i v e n o n t y p e
s c a l e s o f t h e LPI c o n s i s t e n t l y y i e l d e d p o s i t i v e and
s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s f o r t h e
VPI . One non type s c a l e . S t a t u s , d id not a c h i e v e s t a t i s t i c a l
s i g n i f i c a n c e in i t s c o r r e l a t i o n between LPI and VPI .
The second major p r e d i c t i o n , t h a t t h e LPI w i l l be shown
t o b e r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e o v e r t i m e t h r o u g h t e s t - r e t e s t
a n a l y s i s , was s u b s t a n t i a l l y u p h e l d . H o l l a n d ' s (1985b) t w o -
week t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y d a t a show c o r r e l a t i o n s of .69
t o . 8 9 f o r t h e V P I . The VPI r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t
i n v e s t i g a t i o n show two-week t e s t - r e t e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s of .82
t o .90 for t h e t ype s c a l e s and .76 t o .84 f o r t h e n o n t y p e
s c a l e s . T h e L P I t y p e s c a l e r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t
32
33
i n v e s t i g a t i o n c o m p a r e f a v o r a b l y t o H o l l a n d ' s ( 1985a ) VPI
r e s u l t s and t o t h o s e of t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n , r a n g i n g
from . 7 1 t o . 8 5 . The non type LPI s c a l e r e s u l t s compare l e s s
f a v o r a b l y , r a n g i n g from .27 t o . 8 2 . In p a r t i c u l a r , t h e
n o n t y p e s c a l e , I n f r e q u e n c y , d i d n o t a c h i e v e s t a t i s t i c a l
s i g n i f i c a n c e for t h e sample wi th no m i s s i n g d a t a .
The t h i r d major p r e d i c t i o n , t h a t i n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y
o f t h e LPI w i l l p r o v e t o be a d e q u a t e , was s u p p o r t e d by t h e
d a t a . H o l l a n d ( 1 9 8 5 b ) r e p o r t e d i n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y
c o e f f i c i e n t s for t h e VPI r ang ing from .69 t o . 8 9 . The data-
g a t h e r e d from t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n y i e l d s A lpha c o e f f i c i e n t s
o f . 8 1 t o . 9 1 f o r t h e V P I . Alpha c o e f f i c i e n t s for t h e LPI
s p a n f r o m . 6 1 t o . 8 7 o v e r b o t h t e s t a n d r e t e s t
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s , i n d i c a t i n g a c o n s i s t e n t measurement of t h e
t e s t c o n s t r u c t a c r o s s t y p e i t e m s . I n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y f o r
t h e n o n t y p e s c a l e s was no t a s no tewor thy for e i t h e r t h e LPI
o r VPI . A l p h a c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e n o n t y p e s c a l e s r a n g e
from . 8 9 t o .42 f o r t h e VPI and from .83 t o - . 3 7 for t h e
L P I .
in the LPI's correlation with the VPI, results for
gender differences were generally not as remarkable, but
this may be attributable in part to the low number of
subjects in the various subgroupings (sample with no missing
data, 25 males and 22 females; sample with all participants,
49 males and 48 females). As a general trend among men, the
LPI type scales. Investigative and Artistic, and the nontype
34
s c a l e , I n f r e q u e n c y , d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y wi th
t h e i r VPI e q u i v a l e n t s c a l e . Among women . S o c i a l and
A r t i s t i c t y p e s c a l e s , a l o n g w i t h M a s c u l i n i t y and S t a t u s
n o n t y p e s c a l e s , d i d n o t g e n e r a l l y a c h i e v e s t a t i s t i c a l
s i g n i f i c a n c e .
T e s t - r e t e s t a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e LPI i s
r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e o v e r t i m e w i t h i n g e n d e r . H o l l a n d ' s
( 1 9 8 5 b ) t w o - w e e k t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y d a t a for t h e t ype
s c a l e s show c o r r e l a t i o n s of . 8 7 t o . 9 1 f o r men and .86 t o
.90 f o r women f o r t h e V P I . The VPI r e s u l t s f o r t h e type
s c a l e s of t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e v e a l two-week t e s t -
r e t e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s of ,75 t o .94 for men and .31 t o .93 for
w o m e n . T h e L P I t y p e s c a l e r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t
i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e shown t o be s i m i l a r t o H o l l a n d ' s (1985b)
VPI r e s u l t s , and t o t h o s e of t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
r a n g i n g from .88 t o .66 f o r men and .84 t o .64 f o r women.
H o l l a n d ' s (1985b) r e l i a b i l i t y d a t a for t h e non type s c a l e s of
t h e VPI n o n t y p e s c a l e s span from .85 t o .42 for men and .81
t o . 5 3 f o r women . R e l i a b i l i t y d a t a o f t h e p r e s e n t
i n v e s t i g a t i o n f o r t h e VPI show c o r r e l a t i o n s of .87 t o .73
fo r m a l e s and .85 t o . 71 for women. The LPI n o n t y p e s c a l e s
r e v e a l t e s t - r e t e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s of .78 t o .15 for men and
. 8 1 t o .53 for women.
The d a t a c o n s i s t e n t l y show s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e
c o r r e l a t i o n s between t h e t y p e s c a l e s of t h e VPI and t h e L P I .
The A r t i s t i c t y p e s c a l e i s a n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n wh ich i s
35
c o n s i s t e n t ove r both t ime and g e n d e r . T h i s p a t t e r n i s
e v i d e n t d e s p i t e t h e p r e s e n c e of p o s i t i v e and s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s for the
A r t i s t i c c a t e g o r y i n b o t h t h e VPI and L P I . T a b l e 14
p r o v i d e s means and s t andard d e v i a t i o n s for the A r t i s t i c type
s c a l e of t h e LPI and VPI as found in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
along with VPI means and s tandard d e v i a t i o n s of the A r t i s t i c
t y p e s c a l e for o t h e r comparable p o p u l a t i o n s . As a gene ra l
t r e n d , s t anda rd d e v i a t i o n s for the A r t i s t i c t ype s c a l e a r e
n e a r l y a s l a r g e a s t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g m e a n s . T h i s
i n d i c a t e s the p r e s e n c e of a skewed d i s t r i b u t i o n , and i s a
v i o l a t i o n of t h e homogene i ty of v a r i a n c e a s s u m p t i o n . A
d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e (more than 67%) major i ty of the p o p u l a t i o n
f a l l w i t h i n one s t andard d e v i a t i o n (in e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n ) of
t he mean, with a small group of o u t l i e r s who possess extreme
s c o r e s . The extreme sco res a re l a r g e l y i n d i c a t i v e of t h o s e
i n d i v i d u a l s who h i g h l y endorse A r t i s t i c a l l y der ived i t e m s .
A l t h o u g h t h i s f i n d i n g may g i v e c r e d e n c e t o t h e
d i s c r i m i n a b i l i t y of t h e A r t i s t i c t ype s c a l e , t h e lack of
normal d i s t r i b u t i o n may have an e f f e c t upon the c o r r e l a t i o n
between the A r t i s t i c type s c a l e s of the VPI and LPI. Skewed
d i s t r i b u t i o n s t e n d t o m a n i f e s t l o w e r s t a t i s t i c a l
r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Upon f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , however , i t has
been found t h a t h igh s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s in r e l a t i o n to
t h e i r means a re common a c r o s s a l l type s c a l e s of the VPI and
L P I , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e s c a l e s t h a t c o r r e l a t e h i g h l y and
36
s i g n i f i c a n t l y . This f ind ing suppor t s two bas i c c o n c l u s i o n s .
As t h e VPI and LPI a r e des igned to d i s c r i m i n a t e i n d i v i d u a l
i n t e r e s t s in a p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n , a skewed d i s t r i b u t i o n has
r e s u l t e d which t e n d s t o lower any r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
c o r r e s p o n d i n g s c a l e s of t h e two m e a s u r e s . T h e r e f o r e , a
c o r r e l a t i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n between the VPI and LPI i s not
op t ima l due t o t h e i r i n h e r e n t d e s i g n . R e l a t i o n s h i p s between
t h e c o n s t r u c t s measured by the VPI and LPI may, in f a c t , be
h igher than the c o r r e l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e . S e c o n d l y , p o s i t i v e
and s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s c o n s i s t e n t l y e x i s t between
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t y p e s c a l e s of t he VPI and LPI d e s p i t e t he
l a c k of n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e , the l a c k of
r e l a t i o n s h i p between the A r t i s t i c type s c a l e s of the VPI and
LPI may not be a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h i s s t a t i s t i c a l phenomenon,
b u t t o r e a l d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t e x i s t between v o c a t i o n a l l y and
a v o c a t i o n a l l y der ived A r t i s t i c i t e m s . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t
t h e two A r t i s t i c c a t e g o r i e s a re measuring domains which a re
b o t h s a l i e n t and d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . One may d e r i v e g r e a t
e n j o y m e n t by b r o w s i n g t h r o u g h a r t g a l l e r i e s d u r i n g t he
weekends, p a i n t i n g as a form of r e l a x a t i o n , or a t t end ing the
o p e r a . But t h i s same i n d i v i d u a l may be more c o n t e m p l a t i v e
and /or r e s t r i c t e d when cons ide r ing ca ree r i n t e r e s t s . I s sues
such as j o b s t a b i l i t y and s t a t u s , a v a i l a b i l i t y of work ,
advancement, and monetary concerns may confound and p o s s i b l y
a l t e r the i n d i v i d u a l ' s d e f i n i t i o n of " i n t e r e s t s . " If s o .
37
t h e a r t i s t i c a l l y i n t r i g u e d i n d i v i d u a l may m a n i f e s t t h i s
d e s i r e a v o c a t i o n a l l y , as a form of s u b l i m a t i o n .
This f ind ing r a i s e s two b a s i c q u e s t i o n s , one concerning
the sample group used for the p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n , and the
o t h e r concern ing the most e f f e c t i v e way to d e r i v e m e a s u r e s
of t r u e i n t e r e s t . The sample group was composed of c o l l e g e
s t u d e n t s , who presumably are formally p repar ing for a fu tu re
o c c u p a t i o n . C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t A r t i s t i c o c c u p a t i o n s o f t e n
r e q u i r e t r a i n i n g o u t s i d e the formal academic s e t t i n g , i t i s
p o s s i b l e t h a t t h o s e in t he p o p u l a t i o n group wi th s t r o n g
A r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t s have a l r e a d y d e c i d e d to subl imate t h i s
i n t e r e s t as an a v o c a t i o n a l amusement . I s t h e r e an u n d e r -
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e w i l l i n g or a b l e t o
c o n s o l i d a t e a r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t s i n t o a c a r e e r ? S e c o n d l y , i f
e x t e n u a t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s a l t e r t he i n d i v i d u a l ' s i n t e r e s t
p a t t e r n , would i t no t be more a p p r o p r i a t e to measure pu re
i n t e r e s t in a way t h a t r e d u c e s the e f f e c t of modi fy ing
v a r i a b l e s ? L e i s u r e i n t e r e s t s a r e u n i q u e in t h a t t h e y
g e n e r a l l y i n v o l v e a h igh d e g r e e of p e r s o n a l c h o i c e . Most
p e o p l e engage in a v o c a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s t h a t g i v e them
p l e a s u r e and s a t i s f a c t i o n . I n a s m u c h , s u r v e y i n g an
i n d i v i d u a l ' s a v o c a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y may p r o v i d e a window
t h r o u g h w h i c h o n e may d e r i v e a p r i s t i n e and r e l a t i v e l y
unbiased measure of h i s / h e r i n t e r e s t s . Th i s i s a c o n c e r n
t h a t needs t o be addressed with fu tu re r e s e a r c h .
38
S t a t i s t i c a l r e s u l t s for t he d i f f e r e n c e s in gender a re
no tewor thy , and may provide f u r t h e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n t o the
V a 1 u e / 1 im i t a t i o n s o f t h e L P I . As a g e n e r a l t r e n d ,
c o r r e l a t i o n s be tween t h e VPI and LPI were low f o r t h e
A r t i s t i c and I n v e s t i g a t i v e t y p e s c a l e s among men. Since
f i n d i n g s for the A r t i s t i c s c a l e appea r to subsume g e n d e r ,
and c o r r e l a t i o n s between the I n v e s t i g a t i v e s c a l e s of the VPI
and LPI among women a re p o s i t i v e and s i g n i f i c a n t , i t may be
assumed t h a t some p a r t i c u l a r d i s t i n c t i o n s a r i s e between the
g e n d e r s w h i c h h a v e an e f f e c t upon the outcomes of t he
I n v e s t i g a t i v e s c a l e . The mean number of i t ems e n d o r s e d
among men for the I n v e s t i g a t i v e ca tegory of the LPI was 6.2
(SD = 3) . The mean number for the I n v e s t i g a t i v e ca tegory of
the VPI was 4.05 (SD = 3 . 7 ) , ave raged a c r o s s both t e s t i n g
s e s s i o n s for t h e g r o u p c o n t a i n i n g a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s . Men
tended to endorse fewer I n v e s t i g a t i v e i tems of t he VPI than
LPI, and for the VPI, were more v a r i a b l e in t h e i r r e s p o n s e s .
Both the LPI and VPI were shown to be r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e over
t ime t h r o u g h t e s t - r e t e s t a n a l y s i s ( .82—LPI and .83—VPI,
fo r t h e g r o u p c o n t a i n i n g a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s ) . T h i s may
i n d i c a t e t h a t , for men in p a r t i c u l a r , t h e r e may be d i s t i n c t ,
d i f f e r e n t i a l a s p e c t s which e x i s t between the v o c a t i o n a l and
a v o c a t i o n a l a s p e c t s of the I n v e s t i g a t i v e type s c a l e . While
m a l e s a s a g r o u p appea r more w i l l i n g to e n d o r s e l e i s u r e
a s p e c t s of t h e I n v e s t i g a t i v e c a t e g o r y , t hey may be more
a i s c r i m i n a t i n g and l e s s a g r e e a b l e in t h e i r suppor t of the
39
v o c a t i o n a l l y based i t e m s . F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i s r e q u i r e d t o
b e t t e r d e f i n e t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s .
S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s r e v e a l s t h a t among women, t h e
A r t i s t i c and S o c i a l t y p e s c a l e s d id no t tend t o c o r r e l a t e a t
a s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l . As t h e A r t i s t i c s c a l e a p p e a r s t o l a c k
r e l a t i o n s h i p i n i t s c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e VPI and LPI
r e g a r d l e s s of g e n d e r , and b e c a u s e t h e S o c i a l t y p e s c a l e of
t h e LPI c o r r e l a t e s p o s i t i v e l y and s i g n i f i c a n t l y wi th t h e VPI
among men , i t may be assumed t h a t some d i s t i n c t d i f f e r e n c e s
e x i s t a s a f u n c t i o n of gender which have an e f f e c t upon t h e
o u t c o m e s o f t h e S o c i a l t y p e s c a l e . The mean number of
r e s p o n s e s e l i c i t e d from women for t h e S o c i a l t y p e s c a l e of
t h e LPI was 9 .56 (SD = 2 . 9 ) , and for t h e VPI 4 .2 (SD = 3 . 9 ) ,
a v e r a g e d o v e r bo th t e s t i n g s e s s i o n s in t h e g roup c o n t a i n i n g
a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s . R e l i a b i l i t y was e s t a b l i s h e d f o r b o t h
S o c i a l t y p e s c a l e s t h r o u g h t e s t - r e t e s t a n a l y s i s ( .76—LPI
and . 9 3 — V P I , fo r t h e t o t a l g roup of p a r t i c i p a n t s ) . Women
a s a g r o u p were i n c l i n e d t o e n d o r s e t w i c e a s many S o c i a l
i t e m s on t h e a v o c a t i o n a l l y based LPI t h a n t h e y were on t h e
v o c a t i o n a l l y g r o u n d e d V P I . A d d i t i o n a l l y , e n d o r s e m e n t s on
t h e VPI t e n d e d t o be m o r e v a r i a b l e . The f e m a l e g r o u p
e n d o r s e d more i t e m s on t h e S o c i a l s c a l e of t h e LPI t h a n any
o t h e r t y p e s c a l e of t h e LPI a n d / o r V P I . T h i s r e s u l t may
i n d i c a t e t h a t women a s a g r o u p a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n
e s t a b l i s h i n g and m a i n t a i n i n g c o n t a c t w i t h o t h e r s , b u t t h a t
40
t h e d e s i r e fo r s o c i a b i l i t y may not be a s t rong de te rminan t
of v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s .
I n t e r e s t i n g l y , M a s c u l i n i t y and S t a t u s non type s c a l e s
c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y and a t a s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l in t h e i r
c o r r e l a t i o n be tween t he VPI and LPI for men, but not for
w o m e n . A l t h o u g h a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h i s r e q u i r e d t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e r e a s o n fo r t h i s p h e n o m e n o n , t h i s f i n d i n g
f u r t h e r h i g h l i g h t s t h e i m p o r t a n c e of i n v e s t i g a t i n g gender
d i f f e r e n c e s in t e s t c o n s t r u c t i o n . I s i t p o s s i b l e t h a t men
and women have d i f f e r i n g views of the meaning or express ion
of m a s c u l i n i t y or s t a t u s ? Did the d i f f e r i n g a u t h o r s of the
t e s t s under r e v i e w c o n s t r u c t t he meaning of t h e s e t e rms
d i f f e r e n t l y ? Does the meaning or express ion of t h e s e t e rms
a l t e r as one c h a n g e s from t h e v o c a t i o n a l c o n t e x t to t he
a v o c a t i o n a l ? Only fu r the r r e sea rch w i l l suggest the answers
t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s .
As a l l uded to p r e v i o u s l y , s u b j e c t s endorsed more i t e m s
on c e r t a i n t y p e s c a l e s of t h e LPI than on o t h e r s . Male
endorsement , on the ave rage , was more heav i ly loaded on the
R e a l i s t i c t y p e s c a l e for the VPI, and more prominent on the
S o c i a l and I n v e s t i g a t i v e s c a l e s of t h e L P I . F e m a l e s
averaged higher s co re s on the E n t e r p r i s i n g type s c a l e of the
VPI and on t h e S o c i a l t y p e s c a l e of t h e L P I . On t he
a v e r a g e , however, i n d i v i d u a l s endorsed 43% of t h e LPI i t ems
and 30% of t h e VPI i t e m s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , the mean number of
r e s p o n s e s for t h e LPI t y p e s c a l e s was 6 .05 (SD = 3 . 1 7 ) ,
41
compared t o a mean of 4.15 (SD = 3.75) for the VPI. Perhaps
t h e s u b j e c t pool f e l t a g r e a t e r sense of freedom to endorse
i tems which were l e s s c o n s t r a i n e d by e x t r a n e o u s v a r i a b l e s
t h a t i n f l u e n c e c a r e e r c h o i c e . R e s p o n s e s ( a c r o s s
i n d i v i d u a l s ) t o t h e LPI a l s o t e n d t o m o r e c l o s e l y
a p p r o x i m a t e a normal d i s t r i b u t i o n , which may render i t more
s u i t a b l e for comparison with o the r i n s t r u m e n t s . While t he
LPI may be a b l e t o measure i n t e r e s t s in a purer form, the
VPI may be a more d i s c r i m i n a t i n g measure of i n t e r e s t s .
The p r o j e c t r epor t ed here has at tempted to psychometr i -
c a l l y e v a l u a t e t h e L e i s u r e P r e f e r e n c e I n v e n t o r y . I t has
been d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t , excluding the A r t i s t i c type s c a l e ,
s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s e x i s t b e t w e e n t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t y p e s c a l e s of the VPI and LPI. The LPI has
been shown t o be r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e over t ime t h r o u g h t e s t -
r e t e s t a n a l y s i s . Da ta s u p p o r t e d t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t
i n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y of t h e LPI was a d e q u a t e . Gender
d i f f e r e n c e s were e x p l o r e d and fu r the r r e sea rch i s s u e s were
p roposed . A d d i t i o n a l l y , item a n a l y s e s were per formed such
t h a t the ins t rument might be improved in the f u t u r e .
42
TABLE 14
Means and Standard Deviations of the LPI and VPI Artistic Type Scales with Various Populations
Measure Population M SD
LR FYesent Study
No Missing Data, First Testing No Missing Data, Second Testing Ml Pailicipants, First Testing All Participants, Second Testing
VR Present Study
VR Midwestern University, College of Education Students
V R Midwestern College, Two-Year College Students
5.53 4.94 v . v w
5.36
2.99 3.36
0 ff) J.lL.
No Missing Data, First Testing No Missing Data, Second Testing All Participants, Rrst Testing All Participants, Second Testing
4.47 4.19 4.20 3.99
4.47 4.42 4,12 4.23
Freshnf ian Males Freshman Ferriales Sophomore, Junior, Senior Males Sophomore, Junior, Senior Females
5.68 6.75 6.36 7.21
4.36 4.38 4.10 4.45
Males in Transfer Cjjrriculum Women in Transfer Cuniculum Men In Occupational Cuniculum Women in Occupational Curriculum
1.83 4.01 0.92 2.97
2.50 3.70 1.60 3.50
REFERENCES
Chesson, C. V. (1986). Holland codes and congruency of life i^oles. Dissertation Abstracts International, 87, AC801 T3. ~ —
Holland, J. L. (1985a). Making vocational choices; A theory of careers (2nd ed .) . Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice-Hall.
Holland, J. L. (1985b). Manual for the Vocational Preference Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources .
Kuder, F., & Diamond, E. E. (1979). Kuder DD Occupational Interest Survey general manual (2nd ed.). Chicago: Science Research Associates.
Melamed, S., & Meir, E. (1981). The relationship between interests-job incongruity and selection of avocational activity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18, 310-325.
varca. P., & Shaffer, S. (1982). Holland's theory: Stability of avocational interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 21, 288-298.
Warren, S. D., & Winer, J. L. (1980a). An experimental personality inventory: The Leisure Preference Inventory. Paper presented at the meeting of Southwestern Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.
Warren, S. D. , & Winer, J. L. (1980b). Leisure Preference Inventory. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University.
43
APPENDIX A
CONSENT FORM
44
45
Consent Form
I h e r e b y g i v e my c o n s e n t t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e p r o j e c t e n t i t l e d " L e i s u r e I n t e r e s t s and H o l l a n d C o d e s . " I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e p e r s o n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r o j e c t i s J a n e L. Winer , P h . D . ( 7 4 7 - 3 7 3 2 ) . She or her r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , P a t R a n d o l p h , h a s e x p l a i n e d t h e p r o c e d u r e s t o be fo l lowed t h u s l y : i w i l l c o m p l e t e t h e L e i s u r e P r e f e r e n c e I n v e n t o r y and t h e V o c a t i o n a l P r e f e r e n c e I n v e n t o r y . These i n v e n t o r i e s ask me t o i n d i c a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t I l i k e v a r i o u s l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s ( s u c h a s p l a y i n g c h e s s o r h u n t i n g ) and o c c u p a t i o n s (such as a i r p l a n e p i l o t or f o r e s t e r ) . I w i l l a l s o c o m p l e t e an i n f o r m a t i o n form which a s k s f o r my a g e , g e n d e r , o c c u p a t i o n , l e i s u r e i n t e r e s t or a c t i v i t y , and which a s k s me t o choose one of s i x d e s c r i p t i o n s as b e s t d e s c r i b i n g my o c c u p a t i o n and l e i s u r e i n t e r e s t o r a c t i v i t y . I n a d d i t i o n , I w i l l be asked t o r e t u r n a t a l a t e r d a t e t o t a k e t h e i n v e n t o r i e s a g a i n a n d t o p r o v i d e s u p p l e m e n t a l i n f o r m a t i o n . I w i l l have t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e c e i v e f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t work and l e i s u r e i n t e r e s t s . A l s o d e s c r i b e d w e r e t h e a t t e n d a n t d i s c o m f o r t s and r i s k s : t h e r e a r e no r i s k s .
Dr . Winer o r her a u t h o r i z e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , P a t R a n d o l p h , ha s a g r e e d t o answer any i n q u i r i e s I may have c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r o c e d u r e s and has informed me t h a t I may c o n t a c t t h e Texas Tech U n i v e r s i t y I n s t i t u t i o n a l Review Board f o r t h e P r o t e c t i o n of Human S u b j e c t s by w r i t i n g them in c a r e of t h e Of f i ce of R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e s , TTU, Lubbock, Texas 79409, or c a l l i n g (806) 7 4 2 - 3 8 8 4 .
I f t h i s p r o j e c t c a u s e s any p h y s i c a l i n j u r y t o p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h i s p r o j e c t , t r e a t m e n t i s no t n e c e s s a r i l y a v a i l a b l e a t Texas Tech U n i v e r s i t y or t h e S t u d e n t H e a l t h C e n t e r , no r i s t h e r e n e c e s s a r i l y any i n s u r a n c e c a r r i e d by t h e U n i v e r s i t y or i t s p e r s o n n e l a p p l i c a b l e t o c o v e r a n y s u c h i n j u r y . F i n a n c i a l compensa t i on for any such i n j u r y must be p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h t h e p a r t i c i p a n t ' s own i n s u r a n c e p rog ram. F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e s e m a t t e r s may be o b t a i n e d from D r . D o n a l d R. H a r a g a n , V i c e P r e s i d e n t for Academic A f f a i r s and R e s e a r c h , 104 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n B u i l d i n g , 7 4 2 - 2 1 8 4 , T e x a s Tech u n i v e r s i t y , Lubbock, TX 79409.
I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t I may d i s c o n t i n u e t h i s p r o j e c t a t any t i m e I c h o o s e w i t h no p e n a l t y and t h a t I may r e f u s e t o a l l o w t h e use of i n f o r m a t i o n I have g iven as d a t a .
A l l i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l be c o l l e c t e d w i t h i d e n t i f y i n g i n f o r m a t i o n so t h a t my r e s p o n s e s from t h e f i r s t s e s s i o n w i l l
46
be matched w i t h my r e s p o n s e s from t h e second s e s s i o n . My I . D . number w i l l be used to match t h e s e m a t e r i a l s ; t h e r e s e a r c h e r s w i l l no t keep my name on any of t he m a t e r i a l once the da t a have been c o l l e c t e d .
S i g n a t u r e of P a r t i c i p a n t S igna tu re of I n v e s t i g a t o r or R e p r e s e n t a t i v e 742-3732
Date :
APPENDIX B
LEISURE PREFERENCE INVENTORY
47
48
L e i s u r e P r e f e r e n c e I n v e n t o r y
T h i s i s an i n v e n t o r y o f y o u r f e e l i n g s and a t t i t u d e s a b o u t many k i n d s of l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s . F i l l o u t y o u r answer s h e e t by f o l l o w i n g t h e d i r e c t i o n s g i v e n be low:
1 . Show on your a n s w e r s h e e t t h e l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s which i n t e r e s t or a p p e a l t o you by b l a c k e n i n g Y for " y e s . "
2 . Show t h e l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s which you d i s l i k e or f i n d u n i n t e r e s t i n g by b l a c k e n i n g N for " n o . "
3 . Make no m a r k s when y o u a r e u n d e c i d e d a b o u t a l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y .
1 . r e a d i n g m y s t e r y s t o r i e s 2 . chopping wood 3 . g i v i n g d i n n e r p a r t i e s 4. doing taxidermy work 5. taking photographs 6. gardening 7. coaching a Little League team 8. telling jokes 9. developing film
10. being a Big Brother/Big Sister
11. building model airplanes 12. playing chess 13. directing a youth camp 14. collecting stamps 15. making speeches 16. writing poetry 17. scuba diving 18. playing tennis 19. being a dramatic coach 20. taking part in debates
21. hunting 22. flying an airplane 23. working with Girl Scouts/Boy Scouts 24. taking minutes at a club meeting 25. playing poker 26. playing the guitar 27. mountain climbing 28. participating in Future Farmers 29. tutoring school children 30. being a hospital volunteer
copyright c jane L. Winer, July 1980
49
31. riding a bike 32. playing Scrabble 33. working with juvenile delinquents 34. keeping records at sporting events 35. playing Monopoly 36. composing music 37. boxing 38. being a club treasurer 39. working with chemistry sets 40. bartending at parties
41. carpentry 42. visiting a museum 43. teaching classes at the "Y" 44. keeping a diary 45. following politics in the news media 46. writing stories 47. skydiving 48. selling tickets for a play 49. performing a magic act 50. playing polo
51. painting the house 52. finding artifacts (arrowheads, pottery) 53. giving advice 54. working on a scrapbook 55. betting on a football game 56. decorating rooms 57. training exotic animals 58. keeping family records in order 59. making ceramics 60. attending the opera
61. working on a car 62. reading Scientific American 63. visiting bars or clubs 64. tidying up sheds, cupboards, etc. 65. being on a committee 66. designing clothes 67. motorcycle racing 68. driving in an automobile 69. playing football 70. volunteer work for a political party
71. woodworking 72. repairing a television 73. attending a movie with friends 74. figuring income taxes 75. taking part in Junior Achievement
copyright c jane L. Winer, July 1980
50
76. drawing cartoons 77. horseback riding 78. reading Good Housekeeping 79. working with Civil Defense 80. yachting
81. operating a CB radio 82. studying astronomy 83. working for a Helpline 84. preparing income tax forms 85. organizing a fund raising drive 86. acting for a community theatre 87. racing cars 88. playing frisbie 89. refereeing sporting events 90. jogging
91. fishing 92. reading technical articles 93. working for a religious organization 94. collecting matchbook covers 95. being a master of ceremonies 96. drawing portraits 97. flying toy rockets 98. listening to the police band 99. reading poetry
100. traveling to foreign countries
101. doing yardwork 102. visiting science fairs 103. visiting relatives 104. operating a home computer 105. playing backgammon 106. singing with a band 107. surfing 108. swimming 109. playing softball 110. golfing
111. driving on a trip 112. being a rock hound 113*. attending religious services -124! being a club historian 115' looking at houses •^•^^[ making jewelry • , • 1 7 , climbing mountains -j^j^S. knitting jj9, making quilts 120. bowling
copyright c j3ne L. Winer, July 1980
51
121. repairing watches 122. working crossword puzzles 123. supervising children 124. reading books about insurance 12 5. shopping 126. arranging flowers 127. cross country running 128. playing solitaire 129. watching basketball 130. hiking
131. working in a metal shop 132. looking through an encyclopedia 133. listening to people's problems 134. using an adding machine 135. reading books about selling 136. making home movies 137. exploring caves 138. flying a kite 139. sewing 140. playing horseshoes
141. repairing small electrical appliances 142. reading about planets 143. teaching hobbies 144. collecting coins 145. going to garage sales 146. sculptor/sculptress 147. hang gliding 148. making pottery 149. lifting weights 150. restoring old homes
151. reading obituaries 152. mindreading 153. styling hair for friends 154. being a masseur/masseuse 155. putting files in order 156. following ambulances 157. giving manicures 158. clipping coupons out of the newspaper 159. counting money 160. bricklaying
copyright c jane L. Winer, July 1980
52
Information Form
Personal Information: Age Male or Female
Occupation: If a student, college major: Favorite hobby or leisure activity: ^
Please read the following six descriptions.
Descriptions:
1. I like mechanical activities and athletic activities much more than social situations and dealing with human relations. I value money, power, and status. I am hard-headed and practical, and I like material things.
2. I like observing and understanding intellectual problems much more than persuading people and taking part in social situations. I value science. I am analytical, introspective, and reserved.
3. I like creative and artistic activities much more than systematic and clerical activities. I value aesthetic qualities. I am complicated, imaginative, and nonconforming.
4. I like helping people and being with people much more than mechanical activities. I value social and ethical activities. I am cooperative, kind, and understanding.
5. I like to reach organizational goals and make money much more than understanding intellectual problems. I value political and economic achievement. I am ambitious, extroverted, and self-confident.
fi I like orderly and systematic activities much more than artistic and creative activities. I value business and economic achievements. I am careful, orderly, and persistent.
ite the number of the description which best describes ourself in your occupational or college life here:
write the number of the description which best describes yourself in your leisure life here:
Based on material from Holland, J. L. (1985) . Making voca-j Qf al choices: A theory of vocational personalities and
Tp;Tir"invironments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
53
Name
Sex
Leisure Preference Inventory
ID NO.
Age
O c c i
DATI
1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 .
1 0 . 1 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 26 . 2 7 .
i p a t i o r
7
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
1
2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4 . 3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 4 0 . 4 1 . 4 2 . 4 3 . 4 4 . 4 5 . 4 6 . 4 7 . 4 8 . 4 9 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 5 2 . 5 3 . 5 4 .
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
5 5 . 5 6 . 5 7 . 5 8 . 5 9 . 6 0 . 6 1 . 6 2 . 6 3 . 6 4 . 6 5 . 6 6 . 6 7 . 6 8 . 6 9 . 7 0 . 7 1 . 7 2 . 7 3 . 7 4 . 7 5 . 7 6 . 7 7 . 7 8 . 7 9 . 8 0 . 8 1 .
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
8 2 . 8 3 . 8 4 . 8 5 . 8 6 . 8 7 . 8 8 . 8 9 . 9 0 . 9 1 . 9 2 . 9 3 . 9 4 . 9 5 . 9 6 . 9 7 . 9 8 . 9 9 .
1 0 0 . 1 0 1 . 1 0 2 . 1 0 3 . 1 0 4 . 1 0 5 . 1 0 6 . 1 0 7 . 1 0 8 .
Maj
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
or Fie
1 0 9 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 2 . 1 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 1 1 5 . 1 1 6 . 1 1 7 . 1 1 8 . 1 1 9 . 1 2 0 . 1 2 1 . 1 2 2 . 1 2 3 . 1 2 4 . 1 2 5 . 1 2 6 . 1 2 7 . 1 2 8 . 1 2 9 . 1 3 0 . 1 3 1 . 1 3 2 . 1 3 3 . 1 3 4 . 1 3 5 .
Id
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
1 3 6 . 1 3 7 . 1 3 8 . 1 3 9 . 1 4 0 . 1 4 1 . 1 4 2 . 1 4 3 . 1 4 4 . 1 4 5 . 1 4 6 . 1 4 7 . 1 4 8 . 1 4 9 . 1 5 0 . 1 5 1 . 1 5 2 . 1 5 3 . 1 5 4 . 1 5 5 . 1 5 6 . 1 5 7 . 1 5 8 . 1 5 9 . 16 0 .
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
PERMISSION TO COPY
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for a master's degree at Texas Tech University, I agree
that the Library and my major department shall make it freely avail
able for research purposes. Permission to copy this thesis for
scholarly purposes may be granted by the Director of the Library or
my major professor. It is understood that any copying or publication
of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my
further written permission and that any user may be liable for copy
right infringement.
Disagree (Permission not granted) Agree (Permission granted)
Student's signature
/i.y ^ ^^ /'
^udent's signature
Date Date h/oAJ'ifl
