Thinking and

Problem Solving

Thinking

Thinking-is type of behavior that uses as “inner representations” of objects and events.

-the symbolic reference deals with remembered,absent or imagined things and events,including those and elaborates on what is present in perception and movement

THINKING

Directed Thinking

Critical Thinking

Creative Thinking

Thinking Process Involves:a) The presence of a problemb) A definition of the problem, involving the arousal of relevant concepts

c) A weighing of relevance or probabilities and

d) verification

Two theories that suggest differing functions of the brain:

Peripheralists

-hold that all thinking goes on muscular movement.

-all that psychology requires is a stimulus –response analysis of thinking.

Centralists

-hold that thinking goes on inside the brain and nervous system and that muscular movement merely accompanies the “central process”

Problem Solving

Problem Solving

*whenever goal-oriented activity is blocked,or whenever a need remained unfulfilled,or perplexity unresolved,there is a problem.

* Solving a problems usually involves discovering a correct response to a new situation

*It involves the appropriate combination of concepts ,ideas and skills.

Habitual Set

Functional Fixedness

Preparation

Incubation

Illumination

Verification

Creative Thinking -is a process in which the individual generates an original, unusual and productive solution to a problem.

Kinds of Higher Mental Process

*Autistic -thinking refers to fantasy and to the kind of imaginative productions not primarily concerned with reality or the solutions of problems.

*Dreams-common with autistic thinking in that they are motivated but not bound by reality.

Autistic Thinking

Dreams

Heuristics

Algorithm

Trial and Error

Insight

Solving

Problems

Lacaden,Judy AnnDis-ing,LaureneAjan,Juliet