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Transcript of PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner INTRODUCTION. SYLLABUS QUIZ How many tests will there be in this...
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PSYCHOLOGYSchacterGilbertWegner
INTRODUCTION
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SYLLABUS QUIZ
• How many tests will there be in this class?• Are make-up tests given?• What optional assignment can be turned in before
each test?• Is the final comprehensive?• Is attendance taken?• Is cheating on tests/papers allowed?• Am I expected to be in class, seated and ready to
participate at the beginning of class?• What can I do to make the best grade possible?
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TRUE OR FALSE
The titles “psychologist” and psychiatrist” refer to the same profession.
Psychologists study behavior and the mind but not biology. Negative reinforcement is the same as punishment. We can’t do much to improve our memory. Eyewitness testimony is the most reliable evidence in court. Psychologists just do therapy. A correlation between two variables means that one causes the
other. A person with schizophrenia has a split personality. Adolescents emerge from this stage with emotional scars and
conflicts. Most old people are at least a little bit senile.
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WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
Psychology: the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
Mind: our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings.
Behavior: observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals.
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Philosophical Developments
How are mind and body related?AristotleRené Descartes (1596–1650)—Interactive
dualismThe mind and body interact to produce
conscious experience
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Psychology separated from philosophy in 19th century
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)–Leipzig, Germanyestablished first psychology lab “stream of consciousness” - a person’s
subjective experience of the world applied laboratory techniques to study of the
mind (reaction times)
Foundations of Modern Psychology
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Wilhelm Wundt’s First Psychological Laboratory
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Foundations of Modern Psychology
Edward Titchener (1867–1927) Wundt’s student, professor at Cornell University
structuralism— breaking down stream of consciousness into elemental components
introspection- method of examining one’s own conscious experience
focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes
44,000 elemental qualities of conscious experience
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Edward Titchener and William James
William James (1842-1910)
Edward Titchener (1867-1927)
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Foundations of Modern Psychology
William James-started psychology at Harvard Opposed Wundt and Titchener Functionalism: the study of the purpose
mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)natural selection: the features of an
organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations.
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Schools of Psychology-Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)unconscious: the part of the mind that operates
outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions.
psychoanalytic theory: an approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
psychoanalysis: a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders
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Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Couch
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Schools of Psychology- Behaviorism
John Watson (1878-1958)Behaviorism: an approach that advocates
psychologists to restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior.
Key Influence: Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Behaviorism grew out of his work with dogs associating a neutral stimulus with an automatic behavior
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John Watson and Ivan Pavlov
John Watson (1878-1958)
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
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Schools of Psychology- Behaviorism (cont’d)
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
American psychologist at Harvard studied learning and effect of reinforcement reinforcement: the consequences of behavior
determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur again
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Carl Rogers (1902-1987)Humanistic psychology: an approach to
understanding human nature that emphasizes the unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)Hierarchy of Needs
Schools of Psychology- Humanism
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Perspective is a way of viewing phenomena Psychology has multiple perspectives
Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Positive Psychology Cognitive Cultural Evolutionary
Major Perspectives in Psychology
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Biological PerspectiveStudies the physiological mechanisms in
the brain and nervous system that organizes and controls behavior
Focus may be at various levels individual neurons areas of the brain specific functions like eating, emotion, or learning
Interest in behavior distinguishes biological psychology from many other biological sciences
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychoanalytic approach (Sigmund Freud)both a method of treatment and a theory of
personalitydrives and urges within the unconscious
component of mind influence thought and behavior
early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations
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Just for fun…
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Behavioral Perspective
View of behavior based on experience or learning (Watson, Skinner, Pavlov)Classical conditioningOperant conditioning
Psychologists associated: Ivan PavlovJohn WatsonB.F. Skinner
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Humanistic Perspective
Developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
behavior reflects innate ‘actualization’; growth and unique potential of person
focus on conscious forces and self perception; free will
more positive view of basic forces than Freud’s
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Cognitive Perspective Advent of computers
model for human mind (both register, store, and retrieve information).
information processing systems. Cognitive psychology: the scientific study of mental
processes, (how knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered) which includes perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.
Influences include: Noam Chomsky –cognitive account of language
acquisition Jean Piaget-intellectual development of children
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Digital Computers in the 1950’s
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Cultural Perspective
The study of how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior and mental processes
The study of psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups
How are people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by their culture?
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Positive Perspective
Focuses on the study of positive emotions, states, and traits that increase personal well-being
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Evolutionary Perspective
Influenced by Darwin and the emphasis on innate, adaptive behavior patterns
Application of principles of evolution to explain behavior and psychological processes
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Review-Perspectives
Column A Column BPerspective Emphasis
___1. Behavioral A. How cultural factors influence behaviour
___2. Biological B. Darwin’s theory of natural selection
___3. Cognitive C. The study of observable behaviour
___4. Cultural D. The study of positive emotions, psychological states, and positive individual traits
___5. Humanistic E. The unconscious, sex, aggression, conflicts, early childhood trauma, repression
___6. Psychoanalytic F. Physical bases of human and animal
behaviour
___7. Evolutionary G. How mental processes work
___8. Positive H. Human potential, self-actualization, and free
will
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Specialty Areas in Psychology
Biological Clinical Cognitive Counseling Educational Experimental Developmental
Forensic Health Industrial/organizational Personality Rehabilitation Social Sports
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The Major Subfields in Psychology
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Employment Settings of Psychologists
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Similarities/Differences-Psychiatrists and Psychologists
Both trained in the diagnosis, treatment, causes, and prevention of psychological disorders
Clinical psychologists receive doctorate (Ph.D. or Psy.D.)
Psychiatrists receive a medical degree (M.D. or D.O.) followed by years of specialized training in treatment of mental disorders