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Transcript of Psychology: History subfields
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Introduction to Psychology
Danahalaya Institute of Formation, Punnapra
Dr Manuel Karimpanackal MST
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2.Know Others
3.Personal Effectiveness
Temple of Apollo at Delphi,
4th C., B.C.
Gnothi seauton
1.KnowSelf
Sages of India
Self-realization
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Cavemen and modern meneagerly concerned with the
problems of a psychological
nature.
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The Story of Psychology
Psychologys Roots
Prescientific Psychology
Birth of Psychology as a Science Psychology modern approaches
Definition
subfields
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Vedas Lao Tzu Plato
1500 BC 600 BC 427-347 BC
Mind and matter
Ideas innate
Mental aspects ------mental philosophy
Early psychology called mental philosophy
Alignment with BeingAncient psychologicalviews and the art of
spiritual livingUpanisads
samkhya yogaa theory of mind and a practical discipline thatclaims to provide empirical support for its ideas.
Presc
ientific Psychology
http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/zt.htmhttp://www.philosophypages.com/dy/zt.htmhttp://www.philosophypages.com/dy/zt.htmhttp://www.philosophypages.com/dy/zt.htm -
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Yoga sutra
Indian psychospiritual craft, for
personal transformation and to
alleviate human suffering
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Daodejing
Pproposed a life orientation that transcends the self, socialstandards, and the unreliable and perishable pursuits ofwealth and objects.
Instead, one should understand, attend to, and tune in to
the Dao so that onecan be in harmony with the natural forces of the universe
and attain the ultimate
peace and unity with the Dao. In addition, the Daodejingsuggested a
way for one to link with the Dao through meditativeintrospection.
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Ideas, thoughts, memories through senses
Transition from inorganic to organic bodies
Vegetative, sentient rational soulMental philosophy----faculties of the soul
Psychology defined --- study of soul
Psyche=soul, life principle. Logos=discourse
Aristotle
Speculated about
Thinking,
intelligence,motives,
emotions
in--About the Soul
Prescientific Psychology
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Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-bodyseparation, but wondered how the immaterial
mind and physical body communicated.
http://www.spacerad.com
http://ocw.mit.edu
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Prescientific Psychology
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science,particularly the experimental method.
http://www.iep.utm.edu
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Prescientific Psychology
John Locke (1632-1704)
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, orblank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.
biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Lock
e.jpg
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Prescientific Psychology
Mind and body are
connected
Mind and body are
distinct
The Hebrews Socrates
Aristotle Plato
Augustine Descartes
What is the relation of mind to the body?
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Prescientific Psychology
Some ideas are inbornThe mind is a blank
slate
Socrates Aristotle
Plato Locke
How are ideas formed?
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About 400 years ago, mental philosophersbegan to translate psyche as mind then
psychology was defined as the study of
mind.
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Laboratory studies: From the above philosophical
background grewexperimental method
laboratory studies on sense organs.
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Origin of Species (1859) also suggested continuitybetween the human and the animal mind. Thisstimulated interest in the study of psychologicalbehaviour of man and animals the nature ofanimal and human instinct, motivation andthinking.
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Birth of scientific psychology:
The success of experimental method insciences made some philosophers think
mind and behaviour could be studied with
scientific methods.
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Father of scientific psychology
German philosopher and psychologist
established the first psychological laboratory
at university of Leipzig in 1879, Germany.
Wilhelm Wundt1832 1920
HISTORICAL APPROACHES
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Psychological Science is Born
Structuralism
Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) ofthe mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig.
The early school of psychology grew up around theideas of Wundt and was established by his student
Edward B. Titchner.
Titchner (1867-1927)
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Structuralism.
Science of consciousness (mental life):
For Wundt, the aim of psychology was toanalyses conscious experience, as a
chemist analyses matter into its elements,
to disclose the simplest unit or elements of
mind, or consciousnessa view known as
structuralism.
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Structuralism
method of experimental introspection.
examines or reflects on ones experience
Wundt focussed on inner sensations,thoughts, and emotional states.
Thus psychology was defined as the
science of mental life or conscious
experience.
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schools of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt and other psychologists of the
time thought of psychology as the study of
mind. In the first decades of the twentieth
century, psychologists came to hold quitedifferent views about the nature of mind and the
best ways to study it. Schools of thought formed
around these psychologists. These schools ofthought were known as the schools of
psychology
F ti li
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challenged by William James and other
psychologists
should focus not on the structure of
consciousness but on its functions.
1842 1910
Functionalism
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Principles of psychology:
The three volume textbook
1890
William James demonstrates the spirit of psychology as a
new separate field of study as it developed
in the last years of the 19th centaury.
It focused on learning, memory, instincts
and related problems.
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PsychoanalysisFounded by the psychiatrist
Sigmund Freud (18561938).
attempts to explain personality,
motivation, and mental
disorders by focusing onunconscious
determinants of behavior.
P h l i
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Psychoanalysis
- the theory and therapy based
on the work of Sigmund Freud.
-Freud proposed that there
is an unconscious (unaware)mind which influence behaviour.
Stressed the influence of unconscious fears,
desires, and motivations on thoughts,behaviors, the development of personality
traits and psychological problems later in life
P h l ti h
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Psychoanalyticapproach
He believed that
these repressed
urges, in trying to
surface, creatednervous disorders.
Freud stressed the
importance of earlychildhood
experiences.
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Gestalt Psychology
Gestaltgood figure
psychology.
Menu
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founded in Germany about 1912 by Max Wertheimer and his
colleagues. These psychologists felt that structuralists were
wrong in thinking of the mind as being made up of elements.
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They argued that
mind could be
thought of asresulting from the
whole pattern of
sensory activity and
the relationships and
organizations within
this pattern.
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emphasized that
perception is more
than the sum of itsparts and studied
how sensations are
assembled into
meaningfulperceptual
experiences
Gestalt Approach
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Behaviourism.
From the 1920s into the 1960s American
psychologists led by John Watson
redefined psychology as the science of
observable behaviour. They said scienceis rooted in observation. You cannot
observe a sensation, a feeling or a thought
but you can observe peoples outerbehaviour in reaction to external
stimulation
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J B Watson
studies how organisms learn new behaviors
or modify existing ones, depending on
whether events in their environments rewardor punish these behaviors
Behaviourism
emphasized the
objective, scientificanalysis of observable
behaviors
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+Towards Humanistic psychology
Psychology had, until the middle of
the twentieth century, beendominated by two major ideological
traditions.
Scientific behaviourism
Freudian psychoanalysis
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+Towards Humanistic psychology
Gradually a new tradition began toemerge whose adherents, including
Maslow and Rogers, were
convinced of the limitations of
behaviourism and psychoanalysis.
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+Towards Humanistic psychology
Behaviourism, with its view thatfreedom is restricted by social and
cultural conditioning was, in theiropinion, a limiting one.
Psychodynamic explanation that
unconscious forces also restrict the
ability to make free and informed
choices, seemed limiting too.
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Unlike Behaviourism and psychoanalysis,acknowledge important human qualities like
creativity, self-actualisation, self-awareness,
love, choice and freedom.Aim:help each person attain his full potential
to become all that he can become.
Humanistic psychology
Rogers Maslow
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Humanistic psychology
By 1950 established a new force inpsychology called
humanistic psychology,
later known as the third force.
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Many ideas expressed by Rogers and his
colleagues are similar to the
existential approach
stresses the individual's unique and
subjective world and the capacity for
freedom and choice.
Existential approach
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CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
(Major Perspectives)
Except for the modern version of behaviorism and
psychoanalysis, the old schools of psychologyare no more in existence.
Various viewpoints about what is important in
understanding mental life and behavior,characterize the present outlook.
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Cognitive approach
examines how we process, store, and use informationand how this information influences behaviour and
mental events [what we attend to, perceive, learn,
remember, believe, feel and do]
Study how we
perceive, think, andsolve problems
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
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Regaining Mind
1960s psychology began to recapture its initialinterest in conscious and unconscious mental
process with the rise ofHumanistic
Psychology, and Cognitive Revolution arenewal of interest in all aspects of cognition.
(Many psychologists became interested in
studying how our mindsprocess, store, andretrieve informationand how cognitiveprocesses influence our behaviors)
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CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
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CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
Evolutionary approach
Human and animal behaviour is the result of theprocess of evolution.
Seeks to explain behaviour through principles of
evolution based on natural selectionEvolut ionary psycho logyexamines behavioral
processes in terms of
their adaptive value formembers of a species
over the course of
many generations.
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Evolutionary approach
Evolut ionary psycho logyexamines
behavioral processes in terms of their
adaptive value for members of a
species over the course of manygenerations.
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
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CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
Cross-cultural approach
examines the influence of cultural and
ethnic similarities and differences onpsychological and social functioning of a
cultures members
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CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
How do psychologists answer questions? Approaches to understanding behavior include:
Biological
Cognitive
Behavioral
Psychoanalytic (more broadpsychodynamic)
Humanistic
Cross cultural
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To include psychologys concern both
with overt behaviour and covertprocess (thoughts and feelings),
todaypsychologyisdefined as thescience of
behaviour and mentalprocesses
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Psychology is a science:
A body of systematized knowledge gathered bycarefully observing and measuring events.
uses the methods of science;
psychologists conduct experiments and makeobservations, which others can repeat.
They obtain data, often in the form ofquantitative measurements,
which others can verify quite different from forming opinions on the
basis of individual experiences
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behaviour any observable action or reaction of a
living organism (eating, speaking, reading,running, sleeping, laughing)
-- overt actions
cognitive(mental) processes every aspect of our mental lifethinking,imagining, studying,decision making.
Psychology -young science but an old
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Psychology young science but an oldsubject
a long past but a short history.
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Sub-fields of
psychology
One way of describing the
work of psychology is to
discus some of the major sub-fields of psychology.
Clinical psychology
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Clinical psychology
study, diagnose, and
treat psychologicaldisorders by
psychotherapy.
Any treatment/interaction in
which a trained therapist usespsychological techniques to
help someone suffering from
psychological difficulties
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+Clinical psychology
(the treatment of psychologicaldisorders using psychological rather
than biological methods.)
-administer psychological tests to facilitatediagnosis
-perform research on problems of clinical nature.
Clinical psychology
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Clinical psychology
People often confuse clinical
psychologist with psychiatrists.
In training, psychologist has Ph.D.psychiatrists require M.D.
psychiatrists can prescribe drugs,
clinical psychologists cannot.work in conjunctions with
psychiatrists
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PsychoanalystPsychoanalyst is one
who uses the
particularpsychotherapeutic
technique, whichoriginated with Freud.
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Counselling psychology
It is quite similar to clinicalpsychology.
-milder emotional or personality
problems within the normal range.-consulted by people with specific
questions choice of career,educational guidance problems
relating to married life.
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Educational psychologyThey study factors involved in
learning, teaching and schooling.
They are concerned with learningdifficulties, efficiency of learning,
educational devices etc.
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Experimental psychology
Conducts much of theirresearch under carefully controlled
lab conditions with both animal and
human subjects. It typically includesthe study of animal and human
learning and behaviour, perception,languages, thinking memory,
motivation, emotion etc.
Industrial psychology
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Industrial psychology
-branch of applied psychology
applies the principles and theoriesof psychology in relation to
industrial environment.-try to improve the ways and means
of knowing the tastes and interests
of the consumers, advertising andsale of products, selection training
and placing of personnel
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-solving labour problems,establishing harmonious
relationship between employeesand employer,
-strengthening morale of workers
and increasing production.
S l h l
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Social Psychology
studies how an individuals thoughts,feelings, and behavior are affected byother people.
Social psychology
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Social psychology
-how social factors affect behaviour.group processes.
-the influence of the group on theindividual.
-interpersonal events in group like
attraction, aggression, emergenceof leadership, competition, customs,
culture and family Developmental psychology
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p p y gy-They study physical and
psychological changes thataccompany growth and aging.
-concerned with the effects of
maturation and experience across
life span.
-interests and tasks related toeach stage of healthy
development
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Engineering psychologyThey try to develop equipments
and systems that most suited forhuman operation. More efficient
interaction between people and
machine is their goal. (computer)
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Environmental psychology
They study the effect of
environment on behaviour. Theystudy things like the effect of noise,
pollution, crowding in cities etc
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Psychometrics
Focuses on the measurement of
peoples abilities, skills,
intelligence, personality, and
abnormal behaviors
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Positive Psychology
a viewpoint that recommends shifting the
focus of psychology away from the
negative aspects to a more positive focus
on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit ofhappiness, virtues, and optimal behavior
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Transpersonal psychology
school of psychology that studies thetranspersonal, the transcendent or spiritual
aspects of the human mind.
incorporates spiritual dimensions of existence in
the scientific study of human beings.
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Transpersonal psychology
Transpersonal psychology developed
from earlier branches of psychology
including psychodynamic, behaviorism,
humanistic, existential-phenomenological and cognitive.
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Transpersonal psychology
Transpersonal literally means beyond thepersonal, beyond the ego, to include soul
consciousness. Mind, spirituality, and
higher states of consciousness are a mainfocus within transpersonal psychology.
Within this context, spirituality refers to a
universal dimension that is bothtranscendent and immanent.
T l h l
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Transpersonal psychology
They recognize the importance ofintegrating spiritual with physical and
mental reality to form a holistic approach
to the study of the human person andbehaviour
h l
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parapsychologyPara = next to, along sideof, beyond.
A more or less acceptedbranch of psychology
concerned with paranormal
phenomena i. e. those that
are presumed to be
unexplainable using known
laws and principles.
Generally included in this
branch are esp.
h l
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parapsychology
Telepathy: ability to transfer ones thoughts toanother or to read the thoughts of others
Ability for direct mental contact between two
or more persons. A teacher breaks rule andleaves students to be near the phone. It ringsyour sister is dying.
Telekinesis:
(Lit. Movement from afar;
ability to manipulate
objects mentally
h l
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parapsychology
Clairvoyance: ability to perceive events or objects that
are out of sight
People can pick up information about remote /
hidden objects, persons and events. Uri Geller(Israelis) ten times without error identifiedsealed tins containing an object. The odds: 1in a 1000 million.
Precognition: ability to foretell events
---Advance knowledge of events.
A 19-year-old girl cancelled her programme,went home - moved mother from chair. Sooncar crashed and destroyed the chair.
Biological
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Biological
9.9%
Developmental
24.6%
Cognitive8.0%
Personality
4.8%
Social 21.6%
Psychometrics
5.5%
Experimental
14.1%
Other 11.5%
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HISTORICAL APPROACHES
How did psychology begin?
Structuralism: Elements of the
Mind
Functionalism: Functions of the
Mind
Gestalt Approach: Sensationsversus Perceptions
Behaviorism: Observable
Behaviors
HISTORICAL
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APPROACHES Structuralism
was the study of
the most basic
elements, primarilysensations and
perceptions, that
make up our
conscious mentalexperiences
Wilhelm Wundt
CULTURAL DIVERSITY: EARLY
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CULTURAL DIVERSITY: EARLY
DISCRIMINATION
(CONT.) Minorities inPsychology
Ruth Howard was
the first AfricanAmerican woman
to receive a Ph.D in
psychology
from the University
of Minnesota in
1934.
was a successful
CULTURAL DIVERSITY: EARLY
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Minorities in Psychology
George Sanchez (an Hispanic)
conducted pioneering work on the
cultural bias of intelligence tests given tominority students
Sanchez showed that intelligence tests
contained many questions that werebiased against minorities
resulting in lower scores
DISCRIMINATION (CONT.)
CAREERS IN
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PSYCHOLOGY Psychologist versus Psychiatrist
psychologists have completed four to five years
of postgraduate education and have obtained a
Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D in psychology clinical psychologists have a Ph.D., PsyD., or
Ed.D., have specialized in a clinical subarea,
and have spent an additional year in a
supervised therapy setting to gain experience indiagnosing and treating a wide range of
abnormal behaviors
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CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Psychologist versus Psychiatrist counseling psychologists provide many
of the same services as Clinical
Psychologists, but usually work withdifferent problems such as thoseinvolving marriage, family, or careercounseling
psychiatrists are medical doctors(M.D.s) who have spent several years inclinical training, which includes
diagnosing possible physical and
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CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Many Career Settings 49% of psychologists work as clinical or
counseling psychologists in either
private practice or therapy settings 28% of psychologists work in academic
settings of universities and colleges
13% of psychologists work in a varietyof other kinds of jobs and careersettings
6% of psychologists work in industrial
settin s
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p17 Piechart
RESEARCH AREAS
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RESEARCH AREAS
Areas ofSpecialization
Social and
Personality Developmental
Experimental
Biological Cognitive
Psychometrics
RESEARCH AREAS
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(CONT.) Areas of Specialization
Social psychology
involves the study of social
interactions, stereotypes, prejudices,attitudes,conformity, group behaviors,
and aggression
Personality psychology involves the study of personality
development, personality change,
assessment, and abnormal behaviors
RESEARCH AREAS
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(CONT.) Areas of Specialization
Developmental psychology
examines moral, social, emotional,
and cognitive development throughouta persons entire life
Experimental psychology
includes areas of sensation,perception, learning, human
performance, motivation, and emotion
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RESEARCH AREAS (CONT )
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RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)
Areas of Specialization Biological psychology
or psychobiology
involves research onthe physical and
chemical changes that
occur during stress,
learning, and emotions,as well as how our
genetic makeup, brain,
and nervous system
RESEARCH AREAS (CONT )
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RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)
Areas of Specialization
Cognitive psychology
involves how we process, store,and retrieve information and how
cognitive processes influence our
behaviors Psychometrics
focuses on the measurement of