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Transcript of Psychology
PsychologyPsychology
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Psychological MethodsPsychological Methods
Bell WorkBell Work
Task # 1 Ch. 2Task # 1 Ch. 2– Read pg. 25 Vignette; put down 2 personal Read pg. 25 Vignette; put down 2 personal
thoughtsthoughts– Read/Write down Truth/Fiction of pg. 26Read/Write down Truth/Fiction of pg. 26
These will be revisted throughout chapterThese will be revisted throughout chapter Hand in Redone QuizzesHand in Redone Quizzes TodayToday
– Bell workBell work– Scientific researchScientific research– ExamplesExamples
Steps of Scientific Steps of Scientific ResearchResearch1)1) Forming a research QuestionForming a research Question
1)1) Most come from everyday lifeMost come from everyday life2)2) Vignette ExampleVignette Example
1)1) What do fighting fish placed together do to What do fighting fish placed together do to each other?each other?
2)2) Form a hypothesisForm a hypothesis1)1) HypothesisHypothesis: an educated guess based : an educated guess based
on research question; can be testedon research question; can be tested1)1) Vignette Example:Vignette Example:
1)1) That the fighting fish (b/c of name or sales guy) That the fighting fish (b/c of name or sales guy) would fightwould fight
Steps of Scientific Steps of Scientific ResearchResearch Test the HypothesisTest the Hypothesis
– Hypothesis cannot be considered Hypothesis cannot be considered correct until it has been testedcorrect until it has been tested
– How did the guys test their How did the guys test their hypothesis?hypothesis? By placing mirror up to tankBy placing mirror up to tank
– What could be another way?What could be another way? By placing two fighting fish in the tank By placing two fighting fish in the tank
togethertogether
Steps of Scientific Steps of Scientific ResearchResearch Analyze the ResultsAnalyze the Results
– Attempts to determine what their findings Attempts to determine what their findings mean?mean?
– Vignette Example?Vignette Example? Todd interpreted the fish’s actions as aggressionTodd interpreted the fish’s actions as aggression
Draw a conclusionDraw a conclusion– Psychologist must draw a conclusion about Psychologist must draw a conclusion about
whether or not their question was answered whether or not their question was answered and their hypothesis right/wrongand their hypothesis right/wrong
Keep an open mind, might have to adjust Keep an open mind, might have to adjust hypothesis.hypothesis.
Vignette:Vignette:– Boys hypothesis was correct and sufficient b/c they Boys hypothesis was correct and sufficient b/c they
deemed the action of the fish to be aggressivedeemed the action of the fish to be aggressive
ConclusionConclusion
Two extra things need to be done to Two extra things need to be done to make the question/hypothesis be make the question/hypothesis be confirmedconfirmed
ReplicateReplicate– Study/steps must be repeated and it must Study/steps must be repeated and it must
produce same results to be confirmedproduce same results to be confirmed– What would be another way to replicate What would be another way to replicate
the vignette?the vignette? Put two fish together in tankPut two fish together in tank
ConclusionConclusion
New QuestionsNew Questions– Whether the hypothesis is supported or Whether the hypothesis is supported or
contradicted, new questions will emergecontradicted, new questions will emerge– Vignette example when proven?Vignette example when proven?
Why do they fight, are there certain reasons, Why do they fight, are there certain reasons, etc.etc.
– Vignette example if proven wrong?Vignette example if proven wrong? Would they fight a real fish?Would they fight a real fish? If not, why are they called fighting fishIf not, why are they called fighting fish
Once new questions are formed Once new questions are formed psychologists go back to what?psychologists go back to what?– Forming a hypothesis!Forming a hypothesis!
Lesson ClosingLesson Closing
Task #2Task #2– Complete Thinking about psychologyComplete Thinking about psychology– For #3 read article in back and For #3 read article in back and
answer it with a partneranswer it with a partner
PsychologyPsychology
Section 2Section 2
Bell WorkBell Work
Grab Book:Grab Book: Fill out survey for me, anonymously, Fill out survey for me, anonymously,
turn overturn over Write out in top of notes for today!Write out in top of notes for today!
– List/Describe the 5 steps that Scientists List/Describe the 5 steps that Scientists follow in conducting researchfollow in conducting research
– Why is replication of a research study Why is replication of a research study important?important?
– What are two questions the boys from the What are two questions the boys from the vignette could have asked had their vignette could have asked had their hypothesis been proven wronghypothesis been proven wrong
Bell Work AnswersBell Work Answers
5 Steps of Research Method5 Steps of Research Method– Form research question, form hypothesis, Form research question, form hypothesis,
test hypothesis, analyze results, draw test hypothesis, analyze results, draw conclusionconclusion
Replication important?Replication important?– Can confirm or un-confirm a study’s resultsCan confirm or un-confirm a study’s results
Two new QuestionsTwo new Questions– Would the fighting fish fight a real fish? Would the fighting fish fight a real fish?
Instead of mirror?Instead of mirror?– If they don’t fight, why are they called If they don’t fight, why are they called
fighting fish?fighting fish?
Surveys, Samples, Surveys, Samples, PopulationsPopulations Survey MethodSurvey Method
– When people are asked to respond to a When people are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular series of questions about a particular subjectsubject
– What could some examples of this be?What could some examples of this be? How they feel about the presidentHow they feel about the president Would they support a black president?Would they support a black president? Would they support a female vice-president?Would they support a female vice-president?
– Conducted by asking people to fill out Conducted by asking people to fill out questionnaires, and by interviewing orallyquestionnaires, and by interviewing orally
Calvin & Hobbs Calvin & Hobbs ExampleExample Read the ComicRead the Comic What does this comic suggest What does this comic suggest
about Surveys?about Surveys?– They may elicit false informationThey may elicit false information
Why might a magazine survey not Why might a magazine survey not produce reliable results?produce reliable results?– Some people completing the survey Some people completing the survey
might not take it seriously might not take it seriously
Cooperative LearningCooperative Learning
Tally Stats for SurveyTally Stats for Survey Tally stats for oral questioning?Tally stats for oral questioning? Compare/ContrastCompare/Contrast Why could/did the numbers Why could/did the numbers
differ?differ?
Populations and Populations and SamplesSamples Researchers must consider the group or Researchers must consider the group or
group of people they wish to examine group of people they wish to examine and how that group will be selectedand how that group will be selected
Target Population:Target Population:– The whole group you want to study or The whole group you want to study or
describedescribe– It can often be hard to interview or It can often be hard to interview or
question every member of a target question every member of a target populationpopulation
Populations and Populations and SamplesSamples Sample:Sample:
– Only a part of the target population Only a part of the target population studied, studied, done by researchers if they done by researchers if they can’t cover entire population.can’t cover entire population.
Selecting Samples:Selecting Samples:– Must represent the target population Must represent the target population
as much as possibleas much as possible
Types of SamplesTypes of Samples
Random Sample:Random Sample:– All of the individuals in a population group All of the individuals in a population group
have an equal chance of being selected. have an equal chance of being selected. Increasing the likelihood that the sample Increasing the likelihood that the sample group is representative of the populationgroup is representative of the population
Stratified SampleStratified Sample– Sub-groups in the population are Sub-groups in the population are
represented proportionally in the samplerepresented proportionally in the sample 12% of nation is African American; if we did a 12% of nation is African American; if we did a
study with 100 people how many African study with 100 people how many African Americans would be represented?Americans would be represented?
– 12!12!
Classroom ExampleClassroom Example
How many students are in classHow many students are in class Male/FemaleMale/Female Sample group of 10 would have how Sample group of 10 would have how
many boys and how many girls?many boys and how many girls?– Any combinationAny combination
Stratified Sample would have what?Stratified Sample would have what?– Representative proportion of girls/boysRepresentative proportion of girls/boys
Determining Determining Populations/Samples Populations/Samples
ExampleExample West Point is West Point is
about to try and about to try and enact a 10 pm enact a 10 pm curfew for people curfew for people under the age of under the age of 18. They want to 18. They want to know if the act know if the act would pass.would pass.
Task #3: Answer these in Task #3: Answer these in journaljournal
What would their Target What would their Target Population be?Population be?– All Voters in West PointAll Voters in West Point
What could a Sample of that What could a Sample of that Target be?Target be?– Any # of people that voteAny # of people that vote
What would be a random What would be a random sample of 100?sample of 100?– 35 women/65 male voters35 women/65 male voters
What would a stratified What would a stratified sample consist of if men sample consist of if men outnumber women 3-2?outnumber women 3-2?– 60% men/40% women60% men/40% women
Lesson ClosingLesson Closing
Task #4Task #4– Read Exploring Diversity on pg. 32Read Exploring Diversity on pg. 32– Write down 3 ways under “Think Write down 3 ways under “Think
about it”about it”– Answer 1Answer 1stst two of True/False two of True/False
statements as a class (pg.26/28)statements as a class (pg.26/28)
Bell WorkBell Work
Read pg. 33 and 34 up to Read pg. 33 and 34 up to Thinking about psychologyThinking about psychology
Task #5Task #5– Answer Thinking about Psych in Answer Thinking about Psych in
foldersfolders
Generalizing ResultsGeneralizing Results
Because taking perfect sample Because taking perfect sample groups may be impractical or groups may be impractical or impossible, researchers may not use impossible, researchers may not use them all the timethem all the time
In this case it is important that they In this case it is important that they are cautious about generalizing their are cautious about generalizing their findings to groups other than those findings to groups other than those from which their samples were from which their samples were drawn.drawn.
Generalizing ResultsGeneralizing Results
GeneralizingGeneralizing– Means to make vague or indefinite Means to make vague or indefinite
statements about an entire group, statements about an entire group, when should be particularwhen should be particular
Examples: Study over car Examples: Study over car preferences: Sample made up of preferences: Sample made up of only men should be avoided b/c only men should be avoided b/c why? why? – Men may have different preferences Men may have different preferences
than women for cars. than women for cars.
Volunteer BiasVolunteer Bias
B/C researchers have little control over B/C researchers have little control over who actually fills out their questionnaire.who actually fills out their questionnaire.
Psychologists must take into account who Psychologists must take into account who is actually participatingis actually participating
Volunteer BiasVolunteer Bias– Idea that the people who volunteer to Idea that the people who volunteer to
participate in the studies are often different participate in the studies are often different than the people who don’t.than the people who don’t.
– Read Magazine example from bottom of 33-34Read Magazine example from bottom of 33-34
M & M Activity; vol.4 M & M Activity; vol.4 pg.68pg.68 Separate and only take your Separate and only take your
journal!journal!
Record everything in your journal Record everything in your journal under Task #5under Task #5
Blue Brown Green Orange Red Yellow
Observed
Predicted
Survey Project: Survey Project: Results (25 points)Results (25 points) Find a partner, group of 3 if ok’dFind a partner, group of 3 if ok’d Create a simple survey about something Create a simple survey about something
around the school you are interested inaround the school you are interested in Administer the survey throughout the rest Administer the survey throughout the rest
of the day, and we will report our findings of the day, and we will report our findings tomorrow (make sure appropriate)tomorrow (make sure appropriate)
No more than 10 no less than 5 questionsNo more than 10 no less than 5 questions Identify your target population. Identify your target population. Identify if stratified or random sampleIdentify if stratified or random sample Any ProblemsAny Problems Turn in Draft for copying 2morro.Turn in Draft for copying 2morro.
FridayFriday
11stst Twenty Minutes Twenty Minutes– Work on developing a good survey Work on developing a good survey
to hand out to students to completeto hand out to students to complete– Have completed (pref. typed) by Have completed (pref. typed) by
MON. and I’ll make copies for you to MON. and I’ll make copies for you to hand outhand out
22ndnd half of class half of class– Good Will HuntingGood Will Hunting
Methods of Methods of ObservationObservation
Ch. 2 Section 3Ch. 2 Section 3
Bell Work: Grab Bell Work: Grab charts/folders/bookscharts/folders/books What are two different ways by which surveys What are two different ways by which surveys
are conducted?are conducted?– Written Questionnaires and orally (questions)Written Questionnaires and orally (questions)
Explain importance of random and stratified Explain importance of random and stratified samplingsampling– Random= everyone is target population has an Random= everyone is target population has an
equal chance of being includedequal chance of being included– Stratified= respondents randomly selected to Stratified= respondents randomly selected to
represent their proportion w/in the target populationrepresent their proportion w/in the target population Example of SurveyExample of Survey
– Indiv.’s who volunteered to participate in a study of Indiv.’s who volunteered to participate in a study of depression could be more likely to have a personal depression could be more likely to have a personal or professional interest, whereas random selecting or professional interest, whereas random selecting might not.might not.
Group Activity: vol. 4 Group Activity: vol. 4 pg.53pg.53 2 Volunteers2 Volunteers
– QuicklyQuickly Purpose of ActivityPurpose of Activity
– To show some of the difficulties observation To show some of the difficulties observation methods can have!methods can have!
What is a fidget?What is a fidget? How did you record your data observers?How did you record your data observers? How was your vision?How was your vision? You guys knew you were being observed! Did that make a You guys knew you were being observed! Did that make a
difference?difference?
Methods of Methods of ObservationObservation Everyone observes behavior and Everyone observes behavior and
makes generalizations. But to draw makes generalizations. But to draw scientific conclusions, psychologists scientific conclusions, psychologists follow carefully structured methods of follow carefully structured methods of observationobservation
6 main types6 main types– Create a chart separated into 4 columns Create a chart separated into 4 columns
across the topacross the top Research method, Description, adv.’s, Research method, Description, adv.’s,
disadv.’sdisadv.’s
Testing MethodTesting Method
Differing Types, used to measure Differing Types, used to measure elements of human behavior like elements of human behavior like abilities, interests, and personalityabilities, interests, and personality
Advantages:Advantages:– Helps to gain insight to Helps to gain insight to certaincertain aspects of aspects of
persons abilities or behaviorspersons abilities or behaviors Disadvantages:Disadvantages:
– Doesn’t always provide complete Doesn’t always provide complete representation of person’s ability or representation of person’s ability or personalitypersonality
Case-StudyCase-Study
Conduct in-depth investigations of Conduct in-depth investigations of people or small groupspeople or small groups
Advantages:Advantages:– Helps to give insight into specific Helps to give insight into specific
casescases DisadvantagesDisadvantages
– May focus on isolated eventsMay focus on isolated events– Interviewed may distort answersInterviewed may distort answers
Longitudal MethodLongitudal Method
Group of participants are Group of participants are observed at intervals over an observed at intervals over an extended period of timeextended period of time
AdvantagesAdvantages– Helps researchers see how people Helps researchers see how people
change over timechange over time DisadvantagesDisadvantages
– Time-consuming and expensiveTime-consuming and expensive
Cross-SectionalCross-Sectional
Researchers compare the Researchers compare the differences/similarities among people in differences/similarities among people in different age groups at a given timedifferent age groups at a given time
AdvantagesAdvantages– Less time-consuming for studying changes Less time-consuming for studying changes
over timeover time DisadvantagesDisadvantages
– Differences b/t the members of the sample Differences b/t the members of the sample can’t always be attributed to can’t always be attributed to age/developmentage/development
Naturalistic-Naturalistic-ObservationObservation Observe behavior of Observe behavior of
people/animals in natural habitatpeople/animals in natural habitat AdvantagesAdvantages
– Helps researchers see behavior in Helps researchers see behavior in real settingsreal settings
DisadvantagesDisadvantages– No control over the setting or eventsNo control over the setting or events
Laboratory-Laboratory-ObservationObservation Participants are observed in a lab Participants are observed in a lab
settingsetting AdvantagesAdvantages
– Researchers can control certain Researchers can control certain settings/aspectssettings/aspects
DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Can’t duplicate real-life environmentCan’t duplicate real-life environment
Analyzing Analyzing ObservationsObservations Once Psychologists have made their Once Psychologists have made their
observations, they must do what?observations, they must do what?– Analyze and interpret them.Analyze and interpret them.
Correlation = one methodCorrelation = one method– Measure of how closely one thing is related to Measure of how closely one thing is related to
another. another. – Psychology ExamplePsychology Example
Are people w/ a stronger need for achievement Are people w/ a stronger need for achievement more likely to advance faster in jobsmore likely to advance faster in jobs
What is relationships b.t. grades earned by students What is relationships b.t. grades earned by students and extra-curricular activitiesand extra-curricular activities
CorrelationCorrelation
Positive CorrelationPositive Correlation– A relationship b.t. variables in which one A relationship b.t. variables in which one
variable increases as the other also variable increases as the other also increasesincreases Example:Example:
– Higher need for achievement and job advancementHigher need for achievement and job advancement
Negative CorrelationNegative Correlation– An unpleasant stimulus b.t. two variables in An unpleasant stimulus b.t. two variables in
which one variable increases as the other which one variable increases as the other decreasesdecreases Example:Example:
– Stress and health; as stress goes up, health goes downStress and health; as stress goes up, health goes down
Limit of CorrelationLimit of Correlation
Can only describe relationshipsCan only describe relationships Cannot explain cause and effectCannot explain cause and effect Grades/Extra-Curricular involvementGrades/Extra-Curricular involvement
– Study finds that there is a positive Study finds that there is a positive correlation b.t. the two meaning?correlation b.t. the two meaning? As one goes up, so does the otherAs one goes up, so does the other
– Does this mean one causes the other; vice Does this mean one causes the other; vice versa?versa? No, but there could be other factors like their No, but there could be other factors like their
desire to succeed.desire to succeed.
Lesson ClosingLesson Closing
Task #6:Task #6:– Complete thinking about Psych on Complete thinking about Psych on
page 40page 40
Bell WorkBell Work
Get books, folders, unit reviewGet books, folders, unit review Go over answers to Task #6Go over answers to Task #6 Leave Candy on DeskLeave Candy on Desk Hand in surveys to be copied!Hand in surveys to be copied!
– Complete survey hand outs by Complete survey hand outs by Friday!Friday!
– Have results by Friday! Extra credit Have results by Friday! Extra credit if you interpret the results too!if you interpret the results too!
Group ActivityGroup Activity
4 Volunteers4 Volunteers– Two male; 2 female to leave roomTwo male; 2 female to leave room
ObservationObservation Purpose of 1Purpose of 1stst Activity Activity
– Everyone observes behavior and makes Everyone observes behavior and makes generalizations. But to draw scientific generalizations. But to draw scientific conclusions, psychologists follow carefully conclusions, psychologists follow carefully structured methods of observationstructured methods of observation
Purpose of 2Purpose of 2ndnd Activity? Activity?– To Demonstrate the 5 goals of psychology!!To Demonstrate the 5 goals of psychology!!
Experimental Method: Experimental Method: VocabVocab Population: Population:
– anyone that could possibly be selected to anyone that could possibly be selected to be in the samplebe in the sample
Hypothesis: Hypothesis: – Testable prediction that expresses Testable prediction that expresses
relationship between two variablesrelationship between two variables Validity:Validity:
– Extent to which a test/experiment Extent to which a test/experiment measures/predicts what it is supposed tomeasures/predicts what it is supposed to
Participants: Participants: – Individuals selected to be in studyIndividuals selected to be in study
Experimental MethodExperimental Method
Independent Variable:Independent Variable:– Variable that is manipulated (changed): Variable that is manipulated (changed):
the thing that causes the change!!the thing that causes the change!! Dependant Variable:Dependant Variable:
– Depends on the indep. VariableDepends on the indep. Variable– Where the Change/action is measuredWhere the Change/action is measured
Control GroupControl Group– In experiment is the group where indep. In experiment is the group where indep.
Variable is not manipulatedVariable is not manipulated Experimental GroupExperimental Group
– Group in experiment where manipulatedGroup in experiment where manipulated
Example: Task #7Example: Task #7
Hypothesis: Women who consume more than Hypothesis: Women who consume more than 4 alcoholic drinks are more likely to be a 4 alcoholic drinks are more likely to be a victim of date rapevictim of date rape
Setting: Real SettingSetting: Real Setting Exp. Group: Exp. Group:
– Women consuming more than 4 alcoholic drinksWomen consuming more than 4 alcoholic drinks Control Group: Control Group:
– No drinking: given non-alcoholic drinksNo drinking: given non-alcoholic drinks Independent Variable: Independent Variable:
– Amount of AlcoholAmount of Alcohol Dependant Variable: Dependant Variable:
– Likelihood they are more susceptible to date rapeLikelihood they are more susceptible to date rape
Quick ActivityQuick Activity
Leave Candy on Desk until Leave Candy on Desk until instructed!instructed!
Class ExampleClass Example
Hypothesis:Hypothesis:– That people knowing their candy will be removed That people knowing their candy will be removed
prior will react more positive than unknowing prior will react more positive than unknowing participantsparticipants
Indep. VariableIndep. Variable– CandyCandy
Dependent VariableDependent Variable– ReactionReaction
Control GroupControl Group– Group that knows priorGroup that knows prior
Experimental GroupExperimental Group– Unknowing groupUnknowing group
Lesson ClosingLesson Closing
Complete some of Chapter 2 Complete some of Chapter 2 Review on page 49 Review on page 49 – Task #8 (review 1-10 T/C, 1-4 C/T)Task #8 (review 1-10 T/C, 1-4 C/T)
Quiz on FridayQuiz on Friday Unit Test (1 and 2) next Unit Test (1 and 2) next
Tuesday!!!!Tuesday!!!!
Bell Work Sept. 16Bell Work Sept. 16
Task #9 leave room to finish #8Task #9 leave room to finish #8– Come up with a personal experiment Come up with a personal experiment
that you could conduct around your that you could conduct around your home or schoolhome or school Identify the hyp., ind/dep variables, as Identify the hyp., ind/dep variables, as
well as population and samplewell as population and sample
– Extra points if you actually do it!Extra points if you actually do it!
Practice WorkPractice WorkTexting ExperimentTexting Experiment Identify the hypothesis, control group, Identify the hypothesis, control group,
experimental group, indep. Variable, and experimental group, indep. Variable, and dep. variable of this experiment as well as dep. variable of this experiment as well as the population, and sample.the population, and sample.
What are two things the boys could have What are two things the boys could have thought to do if they wanted to really see if thought to do if they wanted to really see if the results, and if texting did affect the the results, and if texting did affect the grades?grades?– Check grades prior to that time, maybe ½ Check grades prior to that time, maybe ½
quarter, then do their experiment the 2quarter, then do their experiment the 2ndnd ½ of ½ of the quarter.the quarter.
Placebo EffectPlacebo Effect
Is a substance or treatment that Is a substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a has no effect apart from a person’s belief in it.person’s belief in it.
Example:Example:– Testing a new drug, give some the Testing a new drug, give some the
drug and other maybe just an advil drug and other maybe just an advil or something.or something.
Single-Blind StudySingle-Blind Study
Participants do not know if they Participants do not know if they are receiving the treatment or are receiving the treatment or not.not.
Drug Example:Drug Example:– One group given drug, other One group given drug, other
placebo; and neither group knows placebo; and neither group knows which got whichwhich got which
Double-Blind StudyDouble-Blind Study
Where both the participants and Where both the participants and the experimenters are unaware of the experimenters are unaware of who is getting the treatment and who is getting the treatment and who is getting the placebo.who is getting the placebo.
EthicsEthics
EthicsEthics– Standards for proper and Standards for proper and
responsible behaviorresponsible behavior Informed ConsentInformed Consent
– When people agree, or consent, to When people agree, or consent, to participate in a study after being participate in a study after being given an overview of given an overview of purpose/practices of studypurpose/practices of study
Lesson ClosingLesson Closing
Finish any of chapter 2 reviewFinish any of chapter 2 review Work on Personal Experiment Work on Personal Experiment
(Quick explanation due tomorrow)(Quick explanation due tomorrow) Quiz before movie tomorrow!Quiz before movie tomorrow!