Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor COUNSELORS w Master’s degree (MSW or MC) w Works with...
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Transcript of Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor COUNSELORS w Master’s degree (MSW or MC) w Works with...
Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor
COUNSELORS Master’s degree (MSW or MC) Works with less severe mental
health problems Family, relationship, substance
abuse, anxiety
PSYCHOLOGISTSMasters (2 years)Doctoral (3-5 years) [PhD or PsyD (clinical)]Cannot prescribe drugs Types:PractitionersAcademicResearchers
PSYCHIATRISTSMedical Doctor M.D.Medical school with internship in PsychiatryCan prescribe drugs
Types of Psychologists Clinical Counseling Social Experimental Physiological/Neurological Cognitive Developmental Psychometrics Industrial/Organizational Education/school Forensic
Applied Perspectives Clinical Psychology-provide counseling to clients with
psychological disorders
Counseling Psychology-provide counseling to clients with more day to day problems
Educational and School Psychology-work to improve the delivery of education to students
Industrial and Organizational Psychology-work to improve work conditions, productivity and morale in business and industry
Sports Psychology-work to train athletes in mental preparation for performance
Forensic Psychology-as an example, work to provide profiles of criminal behavior, to advise on the psychology of courtroom proceedings
Major Research Areas pie chart
Careers in Psychology: Percentage of Psychology Degrees by Specialty
1909- Clark University Psychology Convention
C:\Documents and Settings\REEDS\Desktop\images.jpg
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Woman and Minorities
Few woman and minorities in early 1900’s
Women Margaret Floy Washburn - first PhD 1894
- Mary Calkins - first president of APA
- Currently woman get about 70% of PhD’s
African Americans Francis Sumner - first PhD in 1920
- Kenneth B. Clark- first PhD from Colombia in 1940 - brown vs. white doll study - helped with desegregation of public schools
Defining Psychology
Definition • The study of behavior and mental processes
Goals of Psychology• To fulfill a genuine curiosity about behavior• To understand the contributions of genetics and
environment (social and cultural) in behavior and mental process
• To study behavior using methods that deem the study scientific
Roots of Psychology in Philosophy
Psyche (life/self) logos (logic)
Plato (400BC): Rationalism, deductive reasoning
Aristotle: Associations
Descartes: Dualism- Mind and Body, Nativism
John Locke: Empiricism, tabula rasa
The Roots of Psychology & Science
In the late 1800’s both physiologists and philosophers were investigating the mind
Philosophy- “Why?”
Physiology- “How?”
Psychology - A scientific discipline
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)• Worked to have Psychology become an
independent science• Founded the 1st psychology laboratory in
Germany (1879)
Structuralism• Wundt and Titchener• Structuralism focused on the structure of
consciousness• Premise: The content of conscious experience
can be analyzed into its basic elements
Competing Schools of Thought That Shape Psychology
Psychology Comes to America
G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924)• A student of Wundt• Establishes 1st American laboratory at Johns
Hopkins (1883) • Founded 1st American Psych. journal (1887)• Founded American Psychological Association-
APA (1892)
Competing Schools of Thought That Shape Psychology Functionalism
• William James and G. Stanley Hall were the primary proponents
• Interested in studying the functions of consciousness
• Premise: The function of a conscious experience in providing adaptation of the organism is more important than the structure of that conscious experience
William James
Current Perspectives
Psychoanalytic Behavioral Cognitive Biological Humanistic Others Evolutionary, Sociocultural, etc.
Psychoanalytic Early 1900sFreud- Interpretations of Dreams (1900) Behavior influenced by unconscious processes Stressed early childhood experiences determine
later behavior Negative view of humanity (aggression, sex)
Early Behaviorists
Pavlov (1913)- Dog Salvation Watson (1925)- Little Albert
B. F. Skinner (1930s)- Skinner Box, rewards & punishments
Behaviorists (Skinner, Watson, Pavlov)
Environment determines behavior (clean slate)
Stimulus Response
Reinforcements and punishment
Studies observable (overt) behavior and stimuli, not concerned with internal states
Humanistic Carl Rogers founder
(Maslow also important)
Emerged as a revolt against behaviorism & psychoanalytic approaches
Inherent Goodness of Human Beings
FREE WILL
Unconditional Positive Regard
Rogers believed for a person to grow they need an environment that provides ‘genuineness’ (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to & understood).
Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should – much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water.
Cognitive
We are prone to adopting irrational beliefs & behaviors that stand in the way of achieving goals and purposes
The presence of extreme philosophies can make the difference between healthy negative emotions (such as sadness/regret/ concern) and unhealthy negative emotions (such as depression/guilt/anxiety).
Thoughts and mental processes
Stimulus Mental process Behavior
Rational Emotive Therapy
Biological
Observable behavior given physiological explanations
Genetics, biochemical, neurological
Current Perspectives in Psychology
Seven Themes of Psychology1. Psychology is Empirical
2. Psychology is theoretically diverse
3. Psychology evolves in a sociohistoric
4. Behavior has multiple causes
5. Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage
6. Behavior is influenced by heredity and environment
7. Our experience of the world is highly subjective
In Such a Diverse Science, What Holds It All Together?
The desire to: Describe Explain Predict Change/Control Behavior