Psychological Disorders “Manic Monday” by The Bangles Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007.

Psychological Disorders“Manic Monday” by The Bangles

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

(Think) On your power point notes, indicate what you think mental illness is.

(Pair/Share) Share with your neighbor your thoughts about what mental illness is.


A woman's mother died. After the funeral everyone went to the mother's house where everyone ate and remembered the mother. At the reception the woman noticed a man and fell head-over-heels in love with him. People kept occupying her time, talking to her about her mother. When she finally got free, she searched all over but the man had left. The woman was so upset as she hadn't even gotten his name, she was so taken with him. Two weeks later, she killed her sister. Why did she kill her sister?


Ans: She killed her sister because she thought that since the man knew her mother and was at her funeral, maybe he knew her sister and would come to her funeral also. Then she could meet him.

• A form of “hypochondriasis” can occur when learning about abnormal psychology.

• You may find that some of the symptoms we discuss in this chapter sound like something you have experienced.

• This is normal; happens with medical students, too!

• Note, though, that all psychological disorders involve exaggerations of normal tendencies.

• If you can answer, “no” to the question, “Is this out of the norm for me?”, then you probably do not have a disorder!



The medical model takes a “disease” view, while

psychology sees psychological disorder as an

interaction of biological, cognitive, social, and

behavioral factors

Psychopathology –Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals◦ Synonymous terms include:

Mental illness Mental disorder Psychological disorder


Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder • Hallucinations• Delusions• Severe affective disturbances


Johnny has been hearing voices that are not his own and not coming from other people. These voices are mean and tell him that people are out to get him. Johnny is experiencing what?

Sally has been telling people that she is the President of the United States when she clearly is not. She fully believes that she is and even goes to the White House and insists to the Secret Service that she be let in. Sally is experiencing what?

Other signs of a disorder are more subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily on clinical judgment; typically, two or more of these indicators are cause for concern.


Distress

Maladaptiveness

Irrationality

Unpredictability

Unconventionality and undesirable

behavior

•Prolonged anxiety•Overwhelmed to the point of losing concentration.


• Others are afraid of the person due to how the person acts or behaves.

• The person’s behavior interferes with their own well-being (e.g. drinking so heavily that the person loses their job or is in danger of harming others on the road.)


• Irrational speech (e.g. talking to someone who clearly is not there).

• Talking in ways that are incomprehensible (e.g. word salad).

• Behavior or emotional responses that are inappropriate to the situation (e.g. laughing at the scene of a tragedy).


• Erratic and inconsistent behavior from one event to the next (e.g., laughing and happy one day and then irritable and abusive the next – note, this is something that is continuous and not just due to “a bad day.”)

• Individual acts as though they are experiencing a loss of control.


• The person behaves in ways that are statistically rare and violate social norms (the overall rules of society).

• Being merely “unusual” is not a sign of abnormality (e.g., green mohawk); however, if the individual is running around town wearing a green mohawk and nothing else, then that is abnormal.


Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning

Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others


Although most psychologists have reservations about the medical model, they do not deny the influence of biology on thought and behavior.



The most widely used system, found in the DSM-IV, classifies disorders by

their mental and behavioral symptoms

DSM-IV: (newest is DSM – IV R and DSM V is in the works).Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United States – recently revised.

In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look at the entire person, not just their “abnormal” behavior


Axis I – Clinical Disorders (can be changed through medication or symptoms can be treated)

Axis II – Personality disorders and Mental Retardation (cannot be changed)

Axis III – General Medical Conditions

Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems

Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (on a scale of 1-100 how the person is functioning at the time they are first seen – used as a comparative throughout treatment).



Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become

labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the

social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise

Insanity –A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law


Major depression – Form of depression that does not alternate with mania◦ Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) –

Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight Bipolar disorder –

Mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression


Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause

Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience

Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces


Phobias– A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation

Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors


Obsessive-compulsive disorder – Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors


Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints

Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause


Glove Anesthesia


Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease


Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality


Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia

DissociativeDissociativefuguefugue

Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder

Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder

A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information


Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia

Dissociative fugue

Depersonalization disorder

Dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job


Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative fugueDissociative fugue



Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated



Dissociative Fugue

Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder


Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities



Dissociative Fugue


Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder

Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – stemming from psychological reasons rather than organic causes

Bulimia – Eating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typical initiated as a weight-control measure


Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions



DisorganizedDisorganized

CatatonicCatatonic

ParanoidParanoid

UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated

ResidualResidual

PositivePositive

NegativeNegative

Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior


DisorganizedDisorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated

Residual Type

Involves stupor or extreme excitement


Disorganized

CatatonicCatatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated

Residual Type

Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations


Disorganized

Catatonic

ParanoidParanoid

Undifferentiated

Residual Type

Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories


Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated

Residual Type

Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms


Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated

Residual TypeResidual Type

Any form in which the person displays active symptoms(e.g. delusions, hallucinations)


PositivePositiveSchizophreniaSchizophrenia

NegativeSchizophrenia

Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes


PositiveSchizophrenia

NegativeNegativeSchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry

Diathesis-stress hypothesis –Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder


Personality disorders – Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control


Narcissistic personality disorder – Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention


Antisocial personality disorder – Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others


Borderline personality disorder – An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior



Mild depressionMild depression

Physical Physical complaintscomplaints

Marital Marital problemsproblems

Academic Academic problemsproblems

Parent-child Parent-child problemsproblems

BereavementBereavement MalingeringMalingering

Job problemsJob problems

Autism – A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind

Dyslexia – A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder


Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period


Shyness, a distressing pattern of avoiding or withdrawing from social contact is treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder


Psychological Disorders “Manic Monday” by The Bangles Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007.

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Transcript of Psychological Disorders “Manic Monday” by The Bangles Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007.